Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Choose the name of a substance from the box to answer parts (a) to (e).
1)
Each name may be used once, more than once or not at all.
ammoniachlorinehaematiteironsodium hydroxide
(1)
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(1)
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(1)
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(1)
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(1)
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TOTAL
MARKS2 =
(Total
for Question
=5
5 marks)
*P38732A0420*
2)
(i) Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when sodium oxide is formed in this reaction.
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............................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................(3)
(ii) The reaction of sodium to form sodium oxide can be described as oxidation because it involves the addition of oxygen. State one other
reason why this reaction can be described as oxidation.
............................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................(1)
(c) Explain why water has a much lower melting point than sodium oxide.
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................................................................................................................................ ...................................................................................................(2)
d) Hydrogen is used as a fuel. The equation for its combustion is (2H2 + O2 = 2H20). Explain, in terms of energy changes involved in breaking and
making bonds, why this reaction gives out heat.
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.................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................. ..(3)
e) Solid lithium nitride conducts electricity and is used in batteries. Why would you except solid lithium nitride not to conduct electricity?
............................................................................................................................. ......................................................................................................(1)
TOTAL MARKS = 10
3)(c) (i) The electronic configurations of atoms of sodium and chlorine are
Na 2.8.1
Cl 2.8.7
Describe the changes in the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine
when these atoms form sodium chloride.
(3)
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TOTAL
MARKS5 = 11
5 marks)
(Total
for Question
*P42865A01132*
11
Turn over
13
4) The diagram shows three different forms of carbon.
diamond structure
graphite structure
fullerene molecule
(a) Name the type of bond that exists between the carbon atoms in all three structures.
(1)
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(b) (i) Explain why diamond has a very high melting point.
(4)
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TOTAL MARKS = 7
26
*P42865A02632*
95) The diagram shows the displayed formulae of five hydrocarbons A, B, C, D and E.
H
H
H H
H
H C
H H
H H H
H
C C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H H H H
H
H C C
H H H
H H H H
(ii) Which other hydrocarbon is produced, together with D, when pentane (C5H12)
is cracked?
(1)
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(iii) Which hydrocarbon can undergo an addition reaction with hydrogen to form B?
(1)
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18
*P42865A01832*
(d) Two reactions that can occur when hydrocarbon A is burned in air are represented
by these equations.
Equation for reaction 1
Explain why a different product is formed in reaction 2 and why this product is dangerous.
(3)
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TOTAL MARKS = 11
(Total for Question 9 = 11 marks)
*P42865A01932*
19
Turn over
C C
H H H H H H H
Which one of the displayed formulae below does not represent an isomer of heptane?
Place a cross ( ) in the box to indicate your answer.
(1)
H
H C
H H H
H
H
H
H C
H
B
H H H
C C C
H H
H
H
H H H
H H H
H
H
C
12
H H H
H
H
C
H C
C
H
H H
H H H
H
H C
*P43317A01236*
(ii) Complete the following diagram to show the structural formula of heptene (C7H14)
by inserting lines to represent the covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
(2)
H
(d) When heptene is added to bromine water, and the mixture is shaken, a reaction occurs.
State the type of reaction and give the colour of the bromine water before and
after the reaction with heptene.
(3)
Type of reaction.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................... ..................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colour before .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................ ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colour after ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... ................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Explain, in terms of the bonds present, why heptane is described as saturated and
heptene as unsaturated.
(2)
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TOTAL MARKS = 11
(Total for Question 5 = 11 marks)
*P43317A01336*
13
Turn over
7 The table shows percentage by mass of the fractions obtained from a sample of crude oil
and the percentage market demand for these fractions.
Fraction
Percentage by mass
in crude oil
Market demand
(%)
refinery gases
gasoline
12
28
kerosene
20
diesel
15
25
fuel oil
51
20
bitumen
10
(a) Why is the market demand for the gasoline fraction greater than that for the fuel oil fraction?
(1)
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.............................................
(ii) Give the name of a catalyst used in industry to crack long-chain hydrocarbons
and state a temperature at which cracking is carried out.
(2)
Catalyst
.................... ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature
14
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*P40127A01416*
(c) Ethene (C2H4) can be produced by cracking long-chain hydrocarbon molecules obtained
from crude oil. The ethene produced can then be used to make ethanol.
Ethanol can also be made by the fermentation of sugars.
(i) Give two advantages of making ethanol from ethene, rather than by fermentation.
(2)
1
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(ii) Suggest two reasons why ethanol is sometimes made by fermentation, rather
than from ethene.
(2)
1
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MARKS
(TotalTOTAL
for Question
7 ==88marks)
*P40127A01516*
15
Turn over
8)
a) The alcohols are a homologous series of hydrocarbon obtained by the process of fermentation or hydration.
(i) Describe the process of fermentation.
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.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(5)
(ii) Give the equation that represent production of ethanol by fermentation. Give state symbol.
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)
(iii) Describe the process of hydration.
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.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)
(iv) State the conditions needed for hydration.
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.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)
(v) Give two advantages of fermentation and hydration.
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(vi) Explain what is meant by dehydration, give the name of the catalyst needed for dehydration of ethanol.
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.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)
(vii) State what type of reaction occurs when chlorine gas(green colour) reacts with ethane in presence of UV light and give one observation.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)
TOTAL MARKS = 23
59) Fractional distillation and cracking are important steps in processing crude oil.
(a) Place ticks (9) in the columns to show which statements apply to each step.
You may place a tick in one column, in both columns or in neither column.
The first one has been done for you.
(5)
Statement
Crude oil is heated
Fractional
distillation
Cracking
(v) Give the general formula of the homologous series that contains this compound.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P43318A0816*
(c) The products of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons are carbon dioxide
and water.
(i) Balance the equation to show the complete combustion of ethene (C2H4).
(2)
C2H4 +
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
O2
...................
CO2 +
...................
H2 O
(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in an ethene molecule.
Show only the outer electrons in each atom.
(2)
*P43318A0916*
Turn over
(d) Ethanol can be manufactured by the hydration of ethene. The equation for this
reaction is
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g)
(i) Identify the catalyst and state the temperature used in this process.
(2)
Catalyst ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. ............................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Temperature ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................. ............................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A 20 mol sample of ethanol was produced using this reaction.
Deduce the amount, in moles, of ethene needed and the volume, in dm3, that
this amount of ethene would occupy at room temperature and pressure.
Assume that all of the ethene is converted into ethanol and that the molar volume
of ethene is 24 dm3 at rtp.
(3)
Amount of ethene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................................................. ............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . mol
Volume of ethene
TOTAL
MARKS 5= =19
(Total
for Question
19 marks)
10
*P43318A01016*
10)
(b) The students teacher uses this apparatus to electrolyse a pure sample of
moltenlead(II) bromide.
lamp
heat
The student records these observations.
a small blob of a silvery liquid appears at one electrode
a brown substance forms at the other electrode
the lamp stops working soon after the teacher stops heating the lead(II) bromide
(i) Which is the correct statement about this electrolysis?
(1)
A the brown substance is bromide
B the products are both elements
C the silvery liquid forms at the positive electrode
D the silvery liquid is molten lead(II) bromide
*P44254A02736*
27
Turn over
(ii) The student writes this half-equation to show the reaction in which the brown
substance forms.
2Br + 2e o 2Br
Identify the two mistakes in her half-equation.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain why the lamp stops working after the teacher stops heating the
lead(II) bromide.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARKS
(TotalTOTAL
for Question
10==49 marks)
28
*P44254A02836*
6 Most experiments involving electrolysis use inert electrodes, which do not take part in the
11)
reactions. However, in some experiments the electrodes do take part in the reactions.
A student investigates the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution using copper electrodes
which do take part in the reaction. She uses this apparatus.
power supply
+
lamp
positive electrode
negative electrode
use one strip as the positive electrode and the other as the negative electrode
after electrolysis wash the strips of copper with ethanol (a liquid that boils at 78C)
Cu(s) 2e Cu2+(aq)
Negative electrode
Cu2+(aq) + 2e Cu(s)
(a) Suggest why the copper strips would dry more quickly when washed with ethanol
rather than with water.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P43318A01216*
Negative electrode
8.78
7.95
8.46
8.25
The table shows that the decrease in mass of the positive electrode was 0.32 g.
(i) Calculate the increase in mass, in grams, of the negative electrode.
(1)
*P43318A01316*
13
Turn over
(c) Another student investigated the effect of changing the electrical charge, in faradays,
passed during the electrolysis.
He wanted to find how this affected the increase in mass of the negative electrode.
One faraday is the electrical charge of one mole of electrons.
His results are shown in the table.
Experiment
Electrical charge
in faradays
Increase in mass
in g
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
3.20
4.80
7.40
8.00
9.60
11.20
12.80
14.40
16.00
(i) On the grid, plot a graph of increase in mass against electrical charge.
Draw a straight line of best fit. Start your line at the origin (0,0).
(3)
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
Increase in mass
in g
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
14
*P43318A01416*
(iii) Suggest why the straight line should go through the origin.
(1)
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(iv) Explain why the graph shows that the increase in mass is directly proportional
to the electrical charge passed.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(v) Use your graph to estimate the increase in mass, in grams, of the copper electrode
that would be produced by passing an electrical charge of 0.55 faradays.
(2)
Increase in mass =
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MARKS
(Total TOTAL
for Question
6 = =1210
marks)
TOTAL
60 MARKS
Flip
the FOR
pagePAPER
for the=next
question
*P43318A01516*
15
positive
electrode
molten
electrolyte
negative
electrode
steel tank
molten aluminium
What are the electrodes made of?
(2)
Negative electrode
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................. ........................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P43317A01036*
(c) The ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode is
Al3+ + 3e o Al
What type of reaction is occurring at the negative electrode?
Explain your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The waste gases escaping from the electrolysis cell contain carbon dioxide.
Describe how the carbon dioxide is formed.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for this use.
You should not refer to cost in your answers.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARKS
10marks)
(TotalTOTAL
for Question
4 ==10
*P43317A01136*
11
Turn over
11 A student burned four liquid fuels in order to compare the amount of energy they released,
13)
in the form of heat.
She used this apparatus.
thermometer
copper can
water
spirit burner
liquid fuel
The energy released when each fuel was burned was used to raise the temperature of
100 g of water. For each fuel, the student recorded the mass of fuel burned and the
increase in temperature of the water.
Her results are shown in the table.
Average relative
formula mass
Mass of fuel
burned in g
Amount of fuel
burned in mol
Increase in
temperature in qC
170
0.024
15
ethanol
46
0.065
10
methanol
32
0.063
114
0.009
Fuel
diesel
petrol
The best fuel is the one that releases the most energy.
(a) The student suggested that petrol was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Another student suggested that diesel was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P43317A03136*
31
Turn over
(c) In another experiment, a student burned propanol and then used his results to
calculate the energy released when one mole of propanol was burned.
He then compared his result with a value from a data book.
The values are shown in the table.
Energy released per mole of
propanol burned in kJ
Students result
1020
2010
Suggest two reasons why the students result is lower than the data book value.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............................................................................................................................. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
*P43317A03236*
(d) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.
A
energy
C
reactants
B
products
t
t
UIFBDUJWBUJPOFOFSHZGPSUIFSFBDUJPO
UIFBNPVOUPGFOFSHZHJWFOPVUEVSJOHUIFSFBDUJPO
(2)
Activation energy =
Energy released =
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................. .......................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. ............................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out energy.
(3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARKS
(TotalTOTAL
for Question
11==99 marks)
TOTAL
120question
MARKS
Flip
the FOR
pagePAPER
for the=next
*P43317A03336*
33
liquid L
electrode H
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(1)
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv)
Liquid L contains aluminium oxide and one other substance.
Name this other substance and give one reason for its use in the extraction of
aluminium.
(2)
Other substance
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL MARKS = 5
22
*P38731A02232*
5 The apparatus shown can be used to electrolyse aqueous sodium chloride in the laboratory.
15)
chlorine
gas A
aqueous
sodium
chloride
collecting
tube
carbon
electrode
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P40127A01016*
(b) Some of the solution formed after the electrolysis was tested with the indicator
phenolphthalein. The indicator turned pink
Explain this result.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The equation for the reaction taking place at the positive electrode is:
2Cl(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e
Ten faradays (10 F) of electricity were passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of chlorine formed.
(1)
TOTAL MARKS = 7
(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)
*P40127A01116*
11
Turn over
nitrogen gas
heated
catalyst
separator
mixer
AmmoBoost
hydrogen gas
(a) The first step in the process is the conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas into
ammonia.
(i) State a raw material used as the source of each gas.
(2)
nitrogen
.................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hydrogen
.............................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Only a small percentage of the nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is converted into
ammonia.
Explain how the unreacted gases are separated from the ammonia.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P40126A02028*
(c) EnAitchThree is another company that manufactures ammonia using the same reaction
as AmmoFert but using different conditions.
EnAitchThree uses a higher temperature and a higher pressure than AmmoFert.
(i) Predict the effect on the rate of reaction and on the equilibrium position by changing
to the temperature used by EnAitchThree.
(2)
Effect of higher temperature on rate of reaction
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Predict the effect on the equilibrium position by changing to the pressure used
E\(Q$LWFK7KUHH-XVWLI\\RXUSUHGLFWLRQ
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P40126A02128*
21
Turn over
(d) The main compound in AmmoBoost contains 35% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by mass.
The remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the compound.
(1)
TOTAL MARKS = 18
(Total for Question 9 = 18 marks)
22
*P40126A02228*
11 Some students investigated the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate solution and
17)
hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2(g)
The precipitate of sulfur makes the reaction mixture go cloudy.
The students used this method.
3ODFHDPL[WXUHRIVRGLXPWKLRVXOIDWHVROXWLRQDQGZDWHULQDFRQLFDOIODVN
$GGVRPHGLOXWHK\GURFKORULFDFLGVZLUOWKHPL[WXUHDQGVWDUWDWLPHU
3ODFHWKHIODVNRYHUDEODFNFURVVPDUNHGRQDSLHFHRISDSHU
5HFRUGWKHWLPHWDNHQIRUWKHFURVVWRGLVDSSHDUZKHQYLHZHGIURPDERYH
Student
Volume of sodium
thiosulfate solution
in cm3
50
26.6
40
10
35
15
76.4
30
20
105.6
25
25
20
30
223.5
15
40
321.4
Volume of water
in cm3
Time
in s
24
*P40126A02428*
(b) Plot the results of the six other students on the grid below. Draw a curve of best fit
through the points.
(3)
250
200
150
Time
in s
100
50
0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Volume of sodium
thiosulfate solution in cm3
(c) The students used this equation to calculate the rate of each reaction in their investigation.
rate of reaction =
1000
time taken
5DWH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P40126A02528*
25
Turn over
(d) Another group of students used the same method but with different solutions of
sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid. They calculated the rate of reaction for
each experiment they did. Their results are shown on the following graph.
40
30
5DWHRIUHDFWLRQ
LQV
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
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. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why increasing the concentration has this effect on the rate.
(3)
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. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .............................. ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL
MARKS
(Total
for Question
11==11
11 marks)
TOTAL
MARKS
FOR THE
PAPER
= 173
TOTAL
FOR PAPER
= 120
MARKS
26
*P40126A02628*