Switching Systems - Circuit and Packet Switching

Lecture notes
Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen
Switching Systems
Circuit switching
Jorma Kekalainen
76
Circuit-switched Networks
A circuit-switched network consists of a set of
switches connected by physical links.
A connection between two stations is a dedicated
path made of one or more links.
Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on
each link.
Each link is normally divided into n channels by using
FDM or TDM.
The end systems, such as computers or telephones,
are directly connected to a switch.
77
Circuit and packet switching
Page 1
Lecture notes
Circuit-switching
Before starting communication, the stations must make a
reservation for the resources
channels,
switch buffers,
switch processing time, and
switch input/output ports
to be used during the communication.

These resources must remain dedicated during the entire
duration of data transfer until the teardown phase.
The data are a continuous flow sent by the source station and
received by the destination station, although there may be
periods of silence.
There is no addressing involved during data transfer.
The switches route the data based on their occupied band
(FDM) or time slot (TDM).
Of course, there is end-to- end addressing used during the
setup phase.
78
Note
A circuit-switched network is made of

a set of switches connected by
physical links, in which each link is
divided into n channels.
79
Page 2
Lecture notes
Three Phases
The actual communication in a circuit-switched network requires
three phases: connection setup, data transfer, and connection
teardown.
Setup Phase
Before the two parties (or multiple parties in a conference
call) can communicate, a dedicated circuit (combination of
channels in links) needs to be established.
The end systems are connected through dedicated lines to
the switches, so connection setup means creating dedicated
channels between the switches.
Data Transfer Phase
After the establishment of the dedicated circuit (channels),
the two parties can transfer data.
Teardown Phase
When one of the parties needs to disconnect, a signal is sent
to each switch to release the resources.
80
Example: Setup phase

In Figure, when system A
needs to connect to system
M, it sends a setup request
that includes the address of
system M, to switch I.
Switch I finds a channel
between itself and switch IV
that can be dedicated for
this purpose.
Switch I then sends the
request to switch IV, which
finds a dedicated channel
between itself and switch
III.
81
Page 3
Lecture notes
Example: Setup phase (2)

Switch III informs system M
of system As intention at this
time.
In the next step to making a
connection, an acknowledgment
from system M needs to be
sent in the opposite direction
to system A.
Only after system A receives
this acknowledgment is the
connection established.
82
Note
In circuit switching, the resources need to
be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the
entire duration of data transfer until the
teardown phase.
83
Page 4
Lecture notes
Example: Circuit-switched network

Let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight telephones
in a small area.
Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels.
We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two
voice channels.
The bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz.
Telephone 1 is connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6.
Of course the situation may change when new connections are
made.
The switch controls the connections.
84
Example: Circuit-switched network

Consider a circuit-switched network that connects computers in two
remote offices of a private company.
The offices are connected using a T-1 line leased from a
communication service provider.
There are two 4 8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this network.
For each switch, four output ports are folded into the input ports to
allow communication between computers in the same office.
Four other output ports allow communication between the two offices.
85
Page 5
Lecture notes
Efficiency
Circuit-switched networks are not efficient because
resources are allocated during the entire duration of
the connection.
These resources are unavailable to other connections.
In a telephone network, people normally terminate
the communication when they have finished their
conversation.
However, in computer networks, a computer can be
connected to another computer even if there is no
activity for a long time.
In this case, allowing resources to be dedicated
means that other connections are deprived.
86
Delay
Although a circuit-switched network normally has low
efficiency, the delay in this type of network is
minimal.
During data transfer the data are not delayed at each
switch; the resources are allocated for the duration
of the connection.
There is no waiting time at each switch.
The total delay is due to the time needed to create
the connection, transfer data, and disconnect the
circuit.
87
Page 6
Lecture notes
Setup delay
The delay caused by the
setup is the sum of four
parts:
the propagation time of
the source computer
request (slope of the
first green bar),
the request signal
transfer time (height of
the first green bar),
the propagation time of
the acknowledgment from
the destination computer
(slope of the second
green bar), and
the signal transfer time
of the acknowledgment
(height of the second
green bar).
88
Data transfer delay

The delay due to data transfer is the sum of two parts:
the propagation time (slope of the gray bar) and data transfer
time (height of the gray bar), which can be very long.
The fourth bar shows the time needed to tear down the circuit.
89
Page 7
Lecture notes
Note
Switching at the physical layer in the

traditional telephone network uses
the circuit-switching approach.
90
Switching Systems
Routing and signaling in
circuit switched networks
91
Page 8
Lecture notes
Examples of circuit switching

networks
Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN
Private Automatic Branch Exchange - PABX
Integrated Services Digital Network - ISDN
92
Public Switched Telephone Network

(PSTN) elements
Subscribers
Local loop
Connects subscriber to
local telco exchange
Exchanges
Telco switching centers
Also known as end office
Trunks
Connections between
exchanges
Carry multiple voice
circuits using FDM or
synchronous TDM
93
Page 9
Lecture notes
Typical circuit route for medium

distance calls
94
PSTN connectivity
95
Page 10
Lecture notes
Issues in circuit switched networks

Routing
Signaling
96
Routing
Routing in the network tries to determine the path from
a given source to a given destination
Often connections will need paths through more than one
switch
Static routing uses the same approach all the time
Dynamic routing allows for changes in routing depending
on traffic
Newer circuit-switched networks are dynamically routed
making routing more complex - almost like packet
switching
97
Page 11
Lecture notes
Static hierarchical routing

Minimum switching costs, flexibility only via
alternate trunks
Not able to adapt to changing conditions
Not able to adapt to node failures
98
Alternate routing
Possible routes between two end offices are
predefined
Originating switch selects the best route for
each call
Routes listed in preference order
Different sets of routes may be used at
different times
Routing paths can be fixed (1 route) or
dynamic (multiple routes, choice based on
current and historical traffic)
99
Page 12
Lecture notes
Alternate routing
100
Adaptive routing
Traffic reporting and analysis with new paths
computed periodically, adapts to load, events
Need to use algorithms to determine paths
dynamically, based on load/congestion vectors
101
Page 13
Lecture notes
Signaling
In a telecommunication network signaling has
the following meaning: the information
exchange concerning the establishment and
control of a connection and the management
of the network.
So signaling means the use of signals for
controlling communications.
Signaling systems can be classified according
to their principal properties e.g.
In-Channel
Common-Channel
102
In channel signaling
Use same channel for signaling control and call
Requires no additional transmission facilities
Inband
Control signals have same electromagnetic properties
(frequency) as voice signal
Can go anywhere a voice signal can
Impossible to set up a call on a faulty speech path
Out of band
Voice signals do not use full 4kHz bandwidth

Narrow signal band within 4kHz used for control
Can be sent whether or not voice signals are present
Need extra electronics
Slower signal rate (narrow bandwidth)
103
Page 14
Lecture notes
Channel-associated signalling (CAS)

CAS means in-band signalling over the same physical channels as
the circuit-switched user traffic (e.g. voice).
Signalling is possible
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Circuit switched connection
Signalling is not possible

before previous circuitswitched link is established
CAS has two serious draw-backs:

Setting up a circuit switched connection is very slow.
Signalling to/from databases is not feasible in practice
104
Control Signaling Functions
Audible communication with subscriber

Transmission of dialed number
Call ended indication
Signal to ring phone
Billing info
Equipment and trunk status info
Diagnostic info
Control of special equipment (e.g. satellite
channel equipment)
105
Page 15
Lecture notes
Subscriber signaling
PSTN
Switching in
exchanges
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signaling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
DSS1 - Digital Subscriber Signaling 1 is Access Signaling protocol used between the subscriber
terminal and the ISDN network. HLR - The Home Location Register is a database found within
106
cellular networks. It stores subscriber data relating to services and features in addition to location
area based information
Analog subscriber signaling

1
The calling party (user A) tells the local exchange to set

up (disconnect) a call by generating a short (open)
circuit in the terminal => off-hook (on-hook) operation.
The dialled called party (user B) number is sent to the

local exchange in form of Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
(DTMF) signal bursts.
Alerting (ringing) means that the local exchange sends a

strong sinusoid to the terminal of user B.
In-channel information in form of audio signals (dial

tone, ringback tone, busy tone) is sent from local
exchange to user. User can send DTMF information to
network.
107
Page 16
Lecture notes
DTMF keypad frequencies

1209 Hz
1336 Hz
1477 Hz
1633 Hz
697 Hz
770 Hz
852 Hz
941 Hz
108
Control signal sequence
Both phones on hook

Subscriber lifts receiver (off hook)
Switch responds with dial tone
Caller dials number
If target not busy, send ringer signal to target
subscriber
Feedback to caller
Ringing tone, engaged tone, unobtainable
Target accepts call by lifting receiver

Switch terminates ringing signal and ringing tone
Switch establishes connection
Connection release when source subscriber hangs up
109
Page 17
Lecture notes
ISDN User Part (ISUP)

ISUP is a signaling application protocol and a part of the
Signaling System #7.
It is used for establishing and releasing circuit-switched
connections (calls) between exchanges in Public Switched
Telephone Networks.
The telephone exchanges are connected via trunks (e.g. E1,T1)
which transport the speech from the calls.
These trunks are divided into 64 kbit/s timeslots, and one
timeslot can carry exactly one call.
Each timeslot between two switches is uniquely identified by a
Circuit Identification Code (CIC) that is included in the ISUP
messages.
The exchange uses this information along with the received
signaling information (especially the Called Party Number) to
determine which inbound CICs and outbound CICs should be
connected together to provide an end to end speech path.
110
Analog subscriber signaling in action

User A
LE A
Off-hook
Dial tone
LE B
SS7
signalling
(ISUP)
User B
LE = local exchange
B number
Ringing
signal
Ringback
tone (or
busy tone)
Off-hook
(user B
answers)
Connection established
The ISDN User Part or ISUP is part of the Signaling System #7 which is
used to set up telephone calls in Public Switched Telephone Networks.
111
Page 18
Lecture notes
The most common ISUP messages

Initial Address Message (IAM) First message sent to inform
the partner switch that a call has to be established on the CIC
contained in the message.
Contains the called and calling number, type of service (speech or
data) and many more optional parameters.
Address Complete Message (ACM) Message returned from

the terminating switch when the subscriber is reached and the
phone starts ringing.
Answer Message (ANM) Sent when the subscriber picks up
the phone.
Normally charging starts at this moment.
Release (REL) Sent to clear the call when a subscriber goes on

hook.
Release complete (RLC) Acknowledgement of the release the
timeslot is idle afterwards and can be used again.
This is also sent if the terminating switch determines that the call
cannot be completed.
112
Basic ISUP signaling messages

Call setup:
IAM (Initial address message)
ACM (Address complete message)
From LE A to LE B
From LE B to LE A
ANM (Answer message)
Call release:
REL (Release message)
RLC (Release complete message)
Direction depends
on releasing party
(user A or user B)
113
Page 19
Lecture notes
Setup of a call using ISUP

User A
LE A
Transit exchange
Setup
LE B
User B
IAM
IAM
DSS1
signaling
assumed
Setup
Number analysis
Alert
ACM
ACM
Alert
Connect
ANM
ANM
Connect
Charging of call starts now
114
Call setup: Signaling sequence 1

User A
Off hook
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
Dial tone
Local exchange (LE) detects

setup request and returns dial
tone
B number
Local exchange:
analyzes B number
determines that call

should be routed via
transit exchange (TE)
115
Page 20
Lecture notes

User A
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
Initial address message (IAM)
ISUP message IAM is sent to transit exchange (TE).

TE analyzes B number and determines that call
should be routed to local exchange of user B (LE B).
IAM message is sent to LE B.
There now exists a circuit-switched path (the path
is cut through) between user A and LE B.
116

User A
LE A
Ringback
tone
TE
Address complete
message (ACM)
LE B
User B
Ringing signal
or
Ringing signal is sent to user B (=> user B is alerted).

Ringback tone (or busy tone) is sent to user A.
(Ringback/busy tone is generated locally at LE A or is
sent from LE B through circuit switched path.)
117
Page 21
Lecture notes

User A
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
User B answers
Charging
starts now
Answer message (ANM)
Conversation over this pipe
User B answers, connection is cut through at LE B.

Charging of the call starts when ISUP message ANM
is received at LE A (the normal case).
The 64 kbit/s bi-directional circuit switched
connection is now established.
118
Signaling sequence for call release

User A
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
Conversation over this pipe

On hook
Charging
stops
Release message (REL)

Release complete message (RLC)
The circuits between exchanges are released one by one.
119
Page 22
Lecture notes
ISDN subscriber signaling in action

User A
LE A
Off-hook
B number
Setup
LE B
SS7
signalling
(ISUP)
DSS1 signaling
messages
Setup
Call proc
Tones
generated
in terminal
User B
Alert
Ringing
Conn
Off-hook
(user B
answers)
Alert
Conn
Connection established
The ISDN User Part or ISUP is part of the Signaling System #7 which is
used to set up telephone calls in Public Switched Telephone Networks.
120
What does ISDN originally mean?

1. End-to-end digital connectivity
2. Enhanced subscriber signaling
Idea originated
in the 1970s
3. A wide variety of new services (due to 1 and 2)

4. Standardized access interfaces and terminals
ISDN is not a new network separated from the PSTN.
Interworking with normal PSTN equipment is very
important.
ISDN
terminal
interaction is
possible
PSTN
terminal
121
Page 23
Lecture notes
PSTN vs. ISDN user access

PSTN
300 3400 Hz analog transmission band

Poor-performance subscriber signaling
Basic
Rate
Access
ISDN
2 x 64 kbit/s digital channels (B channels)
Primary
Rate
Access
ISDN
30 x 64 kbit/s digital channels (B channels)
16 kbit/s channel for signaling (D channel)

Digital Subscriber Signalling system nr. 1
(DSS1)
=>
64 kbit/s channel for signaling (D channel)

Mainly used for connecting private branch
exchanges (PBX) to the PSTN.
122
Signaling System nr. 7 (SS7)

PSTN
Switching in
exchanges
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signaling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
123
Page 24
Lecture notes
History of inter-exchange signaling

CAS
Before 1970, only channel-associated signalling (CAS)

was used. In CAS systems, the signalling is carried inband along with the user traffic.
CCIS
CCIS (common channel interoffice signaling) was

deployed in North America as an interim solution.
Note: SS6 is not the same as SS7.
SS7
Starting from 1980 (mainly in Europe), CAS was being

replaced by SS7. SS7 technology is based on protocol
stacks and signaling messages are transmitted over
separate signaling channels.
124
Common channel signaling (CCS)

In practice, CCS = SS7.
Signaling is possible anywhere anytime
Exchange
Exchange
Database
The packet-switched signaling network is totally separated

from the circuit-switched connections. Consequently:
Signaling to/from databases is possible anytime.
End-to-end signaling is possible before call setup and also
during the conversation phase of a call.

There is one drawback: It is difficult to check if the circuitswitched connections are really working (= continuity check).
125
Page 25
Lecture notes
Signaling points (SP) in SS7

Network elements (relevant from signaling point of view)
contain signaling points identified by unique signaling point
codes.
STP
Signaling Transfer Points only relay signaling messages

STP
SP
Signaling Point (in a database,

such as HLR in mobile network)
STP
Signaling Point (signaling
termination in an exchange)
SP
Exchange
126
Signaling example
A typical scenario:
User A calls mobile user B. The call is routed to a specific
gateway exchange (GMSC) that must contact a database
(HLR) to find out under which exchange (MSC) the mobile
user is located. The call is then routed to this exchange.
Exch
User A
(calling
user)
Exch
Exch
User B
(called
user)
Database
The gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines which visited MSC the 127
subscriber who is being called is currently located. It also interfaces with the PSTN.
Page 26
Lecture notes
Switching systems
Packet switching
128
Use of packets
129
Page 27
Lecture notes
Advantages
Line efficiency
Single node to node link can be shared by many packets over
time
Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible
Data rate conversion

Each station connects to the local node at its own speed
Nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates
Packets are accepted even when network is busy

Delivery may slow down
Priorities can be used
130
Circuit vs. packet switching

Circuit switching
Packet switching
Bandwidth guaranteed
Circuit capacity not
reduced by other
network traffic
Circuit costs
independent of amount
of data transmitted,
resulting in wasted
bandwidth
Bandwidth dynamically
allocated on as-needed
basis
May have concurrent
transmissions over
physical channel
May have delays and
congestion
More cost-effective
131
Page 28
Lecture notes
Network-layer
transport segment from
sending to receiving host
on sending side network
layer encapsulates
segments into datagrams
(=network-layer packets),
on receiving side, delivers
segments to transport
layer
network layer protocols in
every host and router
router examines header
fields in all IP datagrams
passing through it
application
transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
network
data link
data link
physical
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
132
Key network-layer functions

forwarding: move packets from routers input to appropriate
router output
routing: determine route taken by packets from source to
destination
routing algorithms
connection setup is important function in some network

architectures:
ATM, frame relay, X.25
before datagrams flow, two end hosts and intervening routers
establish virtual connection
routers get involved
network vs transport layer connection service:

Network layer: between two hosts (may also involve intervening
routers in case of VCs)
Transport layer: between two processes
133
Page 29
Lecture notes
Forwarding table
Every router has a forwarding table.
A router forwards a packet by examining the value of a field in
the arriving packets header, and then using this value to index
into the routers forwarding table.
The result from the forwarding table indicates to which of the
routers outgoing link interfaces the packet is to be forwarded.
Depending on the network-layer protocol, this value in the
packets header could be the destination address of the packet or
an indication of the connection to which the packet belongs.
The routing algorithm determines the values that are inserted
into the routers forwarding tables.
The routing algorithm may be centralized
an algorithm is executed on a central site and downloaded routing
information to each of the routers
or decentralized
a piece of the distributed routing algorithm is running in each router
In either case, a router receives routing protocol messages, which

are used to configure its forwarding table.
134
Routing vs. Forwarding

We need to make a distinction
routing = routing protocols build the routing tables
distributed routing protocol
build forwarding/routing/lookup table
forwarding = send packets to their next hop

lookup destination address in forwarding table
forward packet
135
Page 30
Lecture notes
Forwarding
136
Forwarding
137
Page 31
Lecture notes
Forwarding
138
Forwarding
139
Page 32
Lecture notes
Forwarding
140
Interplay between routing and forwarding

A packet with a header field value of
0111 arrives to a router. The router
indexes into its forwarding table and
determines that the output link
interface for this packet is
interface 2. The router then
internally forwards the packet to
interface 2.
routing algorithm
local forwarding table

header value output link
0100
0101
0111
1001
3
2
2
1
value in arriving
packets header
0111
1
3 2
141
Page 33
Lecture notes
Network service model

The network service model defines the
characteristics of end-to-end transport of packets
between sending and receiving end systems.
In the sending host, when the transport layer passes
a packet to the network layer, specific services that
could be provided by the network layer for individual
datagrams include:
Guaranteed delivery
This service guarantees that the packet will eventually arrive at
its destination.
Guaranteed delivery with bounded delay

This service not only guarantees delivery of the packet, but
delivery within a specified host-to-host delay bound (e.g. within
100 msec).
142

The following services could be provided to a flow of packets
between a given source and destination:
In-order packet delivery
This service guarantees that packets arrive at the destination in
the order that they were sent.
Guaranteed minimal bandwidth

This network-layer service emulates the behavior of a transmission
link of a specified bit rate (for example, 1 Mbps) between sending
and receiving hosts (even though the actual end-to-end path may
traverse several physical links).
As long as the sending host transmits bits (as part of packets) at a
rate below the specified bit rate, then no packet is lost and each
packet arrives within a prespecified host-to-host delay (e.g. within
40 msec).
Guaranteed maximum jitter

This service guarantees that the amount of time between the
transmission of two successive packets at the sender is equal to the
amount of time between their receipt at the destination (or that
this spacing changes by no more than some specified value).
143
Page 34
Lecture notes

Security services
Using a secret session key known only by a source and
destination host, the network layer in the source host could
encrypt the payloads of all datagrams being sent to the
destination host.
The network layer in the destination host would then be
responsible for decrypting the payloads.
With such a service, confidentiality would be provided to all
transport-layer segments (TCP and UDP) between the source
and destination hosts.
In addition to confidentiality, the network layer could
provide data integrity and source authentication services.
Data integrity is a term used in telecommunications that can mean ensuring data is "whole" or
complete, the condition in which data is identically maintained during any operation (such as
144
transfer, storage or retrieval). Put simply, data integrity is the assurance that data is
consistent and correct.
Best-effort service model

The Internets network layer provides a single
service, known as best-effort service.
With best-effort service,
timing between packets is not guaranteed to be preserved,
packets are not guaranteed to be received in the order in
which they were sent,
nor is the eventual delivery of transmitted packets
guaranteed.
Note. Given this definition, a network that delivered

no packets to the destination would satisfy the
definition of best-effort delivery service.
However, there are sound reasons for such a
minimalist network-layer service model.
145
Page 35
Lecture notes
Network layer service models

Network
Architecture
Internet
Service
Model
Guarantees ?
Congestion
Bandwidth Loss Order Timing feedback
best effort none
ATM
CBR
ATM
VBR
ATM
ABR
ATM
UBR
constant
rate
guaranteed
rate
guaranteed
minimum
none
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no (inferred
via loss)
no
congestion
no
congestion
yes
no
yes
no
no
Variable Bit Rate (VBR) service category is used for connections that transport traffic at
variable rates traffic that relies on accurate timing between the traffic source and
destination
146 of
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) service generally is used for applications that are very tolerant
delay and cell loss
ATM service models

Other network architectures have defined
and implemented service models that go
beyond the Internets best-effort service.
For example, the ATM network architecture
provides for multiple service models, meaning
that different connections can be provided
with different classes of service within the
same network.
Two of the ATM service models are constant
bit rate and available bit rate service
147
Page 36
Lecture notes
Constant bit rate (CBR) ATM network

service
This was the first ATM service model to be standardized,
reflecting early interest by the telephone companies in ATM and
the suitability of CBR service for carrying real-time, constant
bit rate audio and video traffic.
The goal of CBR service is conceptually simpleto provide a flow
of packets (known as cells in ATM terminology) with a virtual
pipe whose properties are the same as if a dedicated fixedbandwidth transmission link existed between sending and
receiving hosts.
With CBR service, a flow of ATM cells is carried across the
network in such a way that a cells end-to-end delay, the
variability in a cells end-end delay (jitter), and the fraction of
cells that are lost or delivered late are all guaranteed to be
less than specified values.
These values are agreed upon by the sending host and the ATM
network when the CBR connection is first established.
148
Available bit rate (ABR) ATM network

service
With the Internet offering so-called best-effort service,
ATMs ABR might best be characterized as being a slightlybetter-than-best-effort service.
As with the Internet service model, cells may be lost under ABR
service.
Unlike in the Internet, however, cells cannot be reordered
(although they may be lost), and a minimum cell transmission
rate (MCR) is guaranteed to a connection using ABR service.
If the network has enough free resources at a given time, a
sender may also be able to send cells successfully at a higher
rate than the MCR.
Additionally, ATM ABR service can provide feedback to the
sender (in terms of a congestion notification bit, or an explicit
rate at which to send) that controls how the sender adjusts its
rate between the MCR and an allowable peak cell rate.
149
Page 37
Lecture notes
Recap: Network service model

The network service model defines the characteristics
of end-to-end transport of packets between sending
and receiving end systems
Example services for
individual datagrams:
guaranteed delivery
guaranteed delivery
with less than 40 msec
delay
Example services for a

flow of datagrams:
in-order datagram
delivery
guaranteed minimum
bandwidth to flow
restrictions on
changes in interpacket spacing
150
Connection-oriented and connectionless

services
Recall a transport layer can offer applications connectionless
service or connection-oriented service.
E.g., the Internets transport layer provides each application a
choice between two services: UDP, a connectionless service; or TCP,
a connection-oriented service.
In a similar manner, a network layer can also provide

connectionless service or connection-oriented service.
Network-layer connection and connectionless services in many
ways parallel transport-layer connection-oriented and
connectionless services.
E.g, connection-oriented service begins with handshaking; and
connectionless service does not have any handshaking preliminaries.
However, there are crucial differences e.g.:

In the network layer these services are host-to-host services
provided by the network layer to the transport layer.
In the transport layer these services are process- to-process
services provided by the transport layer to the application layer.
151
Page 38
Lecture notes
Connection-oriented and connectionless

services
In all major computer network architectures (Internet, ATM,
frame relay, etc), the network layer provides either a host-tohost connectionless service or a host-to-host connection service,
but not both.
Computer networks that provide only a connection service at the
network layer are called virtual-circuit (VC) networks; computer
networks that provide only a connectionless service at the
network layer are called datagram networks.
The implementations of connection-oriented service in the
transport layer and the connection service in the network layer
are fundamentally different.
The transport-layer connection-oriented service is implemented at
the edge of the network in the end systems; the network-layer
connection service is implemented in the routers in the network
core as well as in the end systems.
152
Recap: Network layer connectionoriented and connectionless service

datagram network provides network-layer
connectionless service
VC network provides network-layer
connection service
analogous to the transport-layer services,
but:
service: host-to-host
no choice: network provides one or the other
implementation: in network core
153
Page 39

Switching Systems - Circuit and Packet Switching

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Switching Systems - Circuit and Packet Switching

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Lecture notes

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

to be used during the communication.

A circuit-switched network is made of

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Setup phase

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Setup phase (2)

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Circuit-switched network

Example: Circuit-switched network

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Data transfer delay

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Switching at the physical layer in the

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Examples of circuit switching

Public Switched Telephone Network

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Typical circuit route for medium

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Issues in circuit switched networks

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Static hierarchical routing

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Voice signals do not use full 4kHz bandwidth

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Channel-associated signalling (CAS)

Circuit switched connection

Signalling is not possible

CAS has two serious draw-backs:

Control Signaling Functions

Audible communication with subscriber

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

Analog subscriber signaling

The calling party (user A) tells the local exchange to set

The dialled called party (user B) number is sent to the

Alerting (ringing) means that the local exchange sends a

In-channel information in form of audio signals (dial

Circuit and packet switching

Switching Systems by Jorma Kekalainen

DTMF keypad frequencies

Control signal sequence

Both phones on hook

Target accepts call by lifting receiver

Circuit and packet switching