Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lab (10CVL77)
INTRODUCTION
Environment can be defined as ones surrounding. It consists of both biotic and
abiotic substances. Water is one of the most important and abundant compound
found in nature. Pollution of surface and groundwater resources by intensive
industrialization, population growth and agricultural activities are increasing day by
day. For effective maintenance of water quality through appropriate control
measures, one has to know to what extent pollution has occurred at a particular
source of water. This needs analysis of physical, chemical and biological quality of
water.
The Objectives of water examination are
To find out the substance that cause difficulties in treatment as foam, nonbiodegradable organics.
To find out the treatability constants and to arrive design parameters for an
effective treatment plant unit sizes for a specific waste.
Page 1
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically safe,
aesthetically attractive and palatable in an economic manner. The set of procedures
or
events
that
an
engineer
adopts
to
treat
water
is
known
as
unit
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Dept. of Civil Engg., VVCE, Mysore
Page 2
Page 3
Such samples are useful for rivers or streams that vary in composition across its
width and depth. The needs for integrated samples exist if combined treatment is
proposed for several separate wastewater streams.
SAMPLING METHODS
The process of collecting sample is known as sampling. There are two types of
sampling methods.
a. Manual sampling
Manual sampling involves minimal equipment but may be timeconsuming for routine & unduly costly for large-scale sampling
programs.
b. Automatic sampling
Automatic samples can eliminate human errors in manual sampling ,
can reduce labour costs, may provide the means for more frequent
sampling & are used increasingly. It should be sure that the automatic
sampler does not contaminate the sample.
SAMPLING CONTAINERS
The type of sample containers used are of utmost importance. Containers typically
are made of plastic or glass, but one material may be preferred over the other. For
example: silica and sodium may be leached from glass but not plastic and trace
levels of metals may be absorbed into the walls of glass containers.
For samples containing organics, avoid plastic containers except those made
of fluorinated polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
For samples containing volatile organics, some compounds may dissolve into
the walls of plastic containers or such compounds may even leach
substances from the plastic. Container failure due to breakdown of the plastic
is possible.
Use foil or
Tetraflluoroethyl liners, serum vials with TFE lined rubber or plastic septa are
useful.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Page 4
a. Sample labels: Use labels for identification. Gummed paper labels or tags
generally are adequate. Include the following information. Sample number, name
of collector, date and time of collection and place.
b. Field log book: Record all information pertinent to a field survey in a bound log
book. Purpose of sampling, location of sampling point, name and address,
different location and type of samples are included in the log book.
c. Chain of custody records: Fill out a chain of custody record to accompany each
sample or group of samples. The record includes information of sample numbers,
signature of collector, date, time and address of collection, sample type.
d. Sample analysis request sheet: Accompanies samples to the laboratory. The
lab. portion of such a sheet is completed by lab personnel and includes name of
person receiving the sample, lab sample number, date of sample receipt and
determinations to be performed.
e. Sample delivery to lab: Deliver as soon as practicable. Accompany sample with
chain of custody record and a sample analysis request sheet. Deliver sample to
sample custodian.
f. Receipt and logging of sample: The sample custodian receives the
sample and inspects its condition and seal, reconciles label information and seal
against the chain of custody records, assigns lab number and stores it in a
storage room until it is assigned to an analyst.
Precautionary measures to be followed for sample collection
Cool the hot samples collected under pressure while they are still under
pressure.
Collect samples from wells only after the well has been pumped
sufficiently to ensure that it represents the ground water source.
Page 5
catch sample can be collected, take it in the middle of the stream and at
mid-depth.
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
a. Nature of sample changes
Some determinations are more likely than others to be affected by sample
storage before analysis. Certain cations are subjected to loss by adsorption on &
ion exchange with the wall of glass containers. Temperature changes quickly ; pH
may change significantly in a matter of minutes; dissolved gases may be lost.
Because changes in such basic water quality properties may occur so quickly
determine temperature, pH & dissolved gases in the immediately after taking
sample.
b. Time interval between collection & analysis
In general, the shorter the time that elapses between a collection of samples and
its analysis, the more reliable will be the analytical results. For certain
constituents and physical values, immediate analysis in the field is required. For
composited samples it is common practice to use the time at the end of
composite collection as the sample collection time.
Page 6
Methods of preservation are relatively limited and are intended generally to retard
biological action, retard hydrolysis of chemical compounds and complexes and
reduce volatility of constituents.
chemical addition, the use of amber and opaque bottles, refrigeration, filtration and
freezing. Table 1 shows the preservation techniques of water sample to be adopted
for various parameter analysis.
SAMPLE VOLUME
Collect 2 litre sample for most of physical and chemical analysis.
For certain
determinations, larger samples may be necessary. Do not use the same sample for
chemical (organic and Inorganic) and bacteriological/microscopic examinations,
because methods of collecting and handling are different. Table 1 shows the volume
of sample required for analysis based on the parameter.
Recommende
Recommende
Page 7
Preservation method
Maximum
d sample
Acidity
Alkalinity
BOD
Colour
Conductivity
Solids
Sulfate
COD
d container
storage time
volume, mL
100
200
1000
500
500
material
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Refrigeration at 4C
Refrigeration at 4C
Refrigeration at 4C
Refrigeration at 4C
Refrigeration at 4C
24 hr
24 hr
6 hr
24 hr
28 days
100
100
100
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Refrigeration at 4C
Refrigeration at 4C
Analysis as soon
7 days
28 days
7 days
as
500
Plastic, Glass
pH<2
Analyse immediately
dual)
Fluoride
Hardness
Nitrate
500
100
100
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Not required
Add HNO3 to pH<2
Referigeration at 4C,
28 days
6 months
48 hr
Nitrite
pH
Temperature
DO
200
100
100
300
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Plastic, Glass
Glass
2 hr
6 hr
Glass
fix on site
For dissolved Phosphate
48 hr
Phosphate
100
filter
Salinity
Turbidity
240
100
immediately,
Glass
refrigeration at -10C
Analyse immediately or
6 months
Plastic, Glass
24 hr
store in dark
24 hr
Page 8