Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Article Shared by
This article throws light upon the four applications of biosensors. The four applications are:
(1) Applications in Medicine and Health (2) Applications in Industry (3) Applications in
Pollution Control and (4) Applications in Military.
Object 1
Biosensors have become very popular in recent years. They are widely used in various fields.
Biosensors are small in size and can be easily handled. They are specific and sensitive, and work in
a cost-effective manner. The tentative market share of biosensor applications is given in Table 21.9.
Some of the important applications of biosensors are broadly described hereunder.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
4. Applications in Military:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Biosensors have been developed to detect the toxic gases and other chemical agents used during
war.
Biosensors
1. 1. BIOSENSORS BY, A. POOJA SHUKLA M. Tech (I yr) 1821310006 SRM
UNIVERSITY
2. 2. WHAT IS SENSOR?? A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
3. 3. Nanosensors are any biological, chemical, or surgical sensory points used to convey
information about nanoparticles to the macroscopic world. medicinal purposes
nanoproducts, such as computer chips that work at the nanoscale and nanorobots. WHAT IS
NANO - SENSOR??
4. 4. WHAT IS BIO - SENSOR?? A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection
of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
5. 5. Father of the Biosensor Professor Leland C Clark Jnr 19182005 A device
incorporating a biological sensing element either intimately connected to or integrated
within a transducer. Recognition based on affinity between complementary structures
like: enzyme-substrate, antibody-antigen and receptor-hormone complex. Selectivity
and specificity depend on biological recognition systems connected to a suitable transducer.
BIO - SENSOR??
6. 6. It is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal.
It detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or
process. It determines the presence and concentration of a specific substance in any test
solution. BIO - SENSOR??
7. 7. Basic priciple of biosensor involved in three element :- First biological recognization
element which highly specific towards the biological material analytes produces. Second
transducesrs detect and transduces signal from biological target - receptor molecule to
electrical signal which is due to reaction occur. Third after transduction sinal from
biological to electrical signal where its amplification is necessary and takes place and read
out in detector after processing the values are displayed for monitor and controlling the
system . BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
8. 8. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
9. 9. The biological material is immobilized and a contact is made between the immobilized
biological material and the transducer The analyte binds to the biological material to form
a bound analyte which in turn produces the electronic response that can be measured.
Sometimes the analyte is converted to a product which could be associated with the release
of heat, gas (oxygen), electrons or hydrogen ions. The transducer then converts the product
linked changes into electrical signals which can be amplified and measured BASIC
PRINCIPLE OF BIOSENSOR
10.10. Detector COMPONENTS OF BIOSENSOR
11.11. Microorganism Tissue Cell Organelle Nucleic Acid Enzyme Enzyme Component
Receptor Antibody The component used to bind the target molecule. Must be highly
specific, stable under storage conditions, and immobilized. 1st COMPONENT
BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT
12.12. Function To interact specifically with a target compound i.e. the compound to be
detected. It must be capable of detecting the presence of a target compound in the test
solution. The ability of a bio-element to interact specifically with target compound
(specificity) is the basis for biosensor. 1st COMPONENT BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT
13.13. Acts as an interface, measuring the physical change that occurs with the reaction at the
bioreceptor then transforming that energy into measurable electrical output. 2nd
COMPONENT PHYSIOCHEMICAL TRANSDUCER
14.14. Signals from the transducer are passed to a microprocessor where they are amplified and
analyzed. The data is then converted to concentration units and transferred to a display
or/and data storage device. 3rd COMPONENT DETECTOR
15.15. PRINCIPLE OF DETECTION PIEZOELECTRIC Measures change in mass
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL Measures change in electric distribution OPTICAL Measures
change in light intensity CALORIMETRIC Measures change in heat
16.16. a- Bio-element b- Transducer Figure. Schematic Diagram of Biosensor c- Amplifier dProcessor e- Display WORKING OF BIOSENSOR
17.17. Biosensors basically involve the quantitative analysis of various substances by
converting their biological actions into measurable signals. Generally the performance of
the biosensors is mostly dependent on the specificity and sensitivity of the biological
reaction, besides the stability of the enzyme. HOW DOES THEY WORK??
18.18. Analyte Sample handling/preparation Detection Signal Analysis Response HOW DOES
THEY WORK??
19.19. The output signal must be relevant to measurement environment. The functional
surface must be compatible with the transducer. High specificity and selectivity (low
interference). Sufficient sensitivity and resolution . IDEAL BIOSENSOR
20.20. Sufficient accuracy and repeatability Sufficient speed of response Sufficient
dynamic range. Insensitivity to environmental interference or their effects must be
compensated IDEAL BIOSENSOR
21.21. 1. LINEARITY - Linearity of the sensor should be high for the detection of high
substrate concentration. 2. SENSITIVITY - Value of the electrode response per substrate
concentration. 3. SELECTIVITY - Chemicals Interference must be minimised for obtaining
the correct result. 4. RESPONSE TIME - Time necessary for having 95% of the response.
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOSENSOR
22.22. BIOSENSOR TECHNOLOGY
23.23. Based on bioreceptors Enzyme biosensor Microbial biosensor Affinity biosensor
Based on transducer Potentiometric Amperometric conductometric Optical Acoustic or
piezoelectric etc. TYPES OF BIOSENSOR
24.24. Colorimetric for color: Measure change in light adsorption as reactants are converted
to products. Photometric for light intensity: Photon output for a luminescent or fluorescent
process can be detected with photomultiplier tubes or photodiode systems. OPTICAL
BIOSENSORS
25.25. If the enzyme catalyzed reaction is exothermic, two thermistors may be used to measure
the difference in resistance between reactant and product and hence the analyte
concentration. CALORIMETRIC BIOSENSORS
26.26. For voltage: Change in distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes,
such as pH- meters. POTENTIOMETRIC BIOSENSORS
27.27. The change in frequency is proportional to the mass of absorbed material. Piezo-electric
devices use gold to detect the specific angle at which electron waves are emitted when the
substance is exposed to laser light or crystals, such as quartz, which vibrate under the
influence of an electric field. PIEZO - ELECTRIC BIOSENSORS
28.28. Principle Many chemical reactions produce or consume ions or electrons which in
turn cause some change in the electrical properties of the solution which can be sensed out
and used as measuring parameter. Classification (1) Amperometric biosensor (2)
Conductimetric biosensor (3) Potentiometric biosensor ELECTROCHEMICAL
BIOSENSORS
29.29. Amperometric for applied current: Movement of e- in redox reactions detected when a
potential is applied between two electrodes. Potentiometric for voltage: Change in
distribution of charge is detected using ion-selective electrodes, such as pH-meters.
Conductimetric for impedance ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
30.30. Measuring parameter : Electric current Based on oxidase enzymes that generate
H2O2 and consume oxygen. Formation of H2O2 can be detected by the help of Ptelectrode. AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS
31.31. Glucose reacts with glucose oxidase(GOD) to form gluconic acid. Two electrons &
two protons are also produced. Glucose mediator reacts with surrounding oxygen to form
H2O2 and GOD. Now this GOD can reacts with more glucose. Higher the glucose
content, higher the oxygen consumption. Glucose content can be detected by Ptelectrode. GLUCOSE BIOSENSORS
32.32. Steps involved in electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors: Formation of
the DNA recognition layer Actual hybridization event Transformation of the
hybridization event into an electrical signal ELECTROCHEMICAL DNA BIOSENSORS
33.33. Motivated by the application to clinical diagnosis and genome mutation detection
Electrodes Chips Crystals DNA BIOSENSORS TYPES
34.34. Pregnancy test - Detects the hCG protein in urine. EXAMPLE OF BIOSENSOR
35.35. Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients) Monitors the glucose level in the
blood. EXAMPLE OF BIOSENSOR
36.36. BIOSENSORS AT NANOSCALE
37.37. WHAT IS NANO BIOSENSOR?? Comparison of nano-rangeNano - very small
Includes many fields Its the Miniatured Biology Nanotechnology- manipulating matter at
nanoscale. BIO-SENSOR AT NANOSCALE
38.38. Nanoparticles have novel property. Integration of material science, molecular
engineering, chemistry and biotechnology. Improve the sensitivity and specificity of
biomolecule detection Efficient biomolecular recognition, pathogenic diagnosis and
environment monitoring. WHY NANO BIOSENSOR??
39.39. PROPERTIES PARTICLES USED Gold nanoparticle Carbon Nanotubes
Magnetic particles Quantum dots Unique physical chemical, mechanical, magnetic
and optical properties, markedly enhance the sensitivity and specificity of detection.
NANOPARTICLES??
40.40. Allows the placement of small structures with precision, simplicity and low cost.
Small particles high efficiency Leads to economic growth Enhances national security
Improves the quality of life Job oppurtunities NEED FOR NANOPARTICLES??
41.41. Material Medical Stronger End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart disease) Lighter
Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu) Cheaper Body Sculpting (i.e. change your appearance)
Durable Precise ADVANTAGE OF USING NANOPARTICLES??
42.42. Dr. Michael Strano at the University of Illinois, "We have developed molecular sheaths
around the nanotube that respond to a particular chemical and modulate the nanotube's
optical properties." CURRENT RESEARCH SPOT-NOSED Project: A layer of olfactory
proteins on a nanoelectrode could react with low-concentration odorants. This technology
could be used by doctors to diagnose diseases at earlier stages.
43.43. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) derived triangular Ag nanoparticles were used to detect
streptavidin down to one picomolar concentrations. CURRENT RESEARCH The School of
Biomedical Engineering has developed an anti-body based piezoelectric nanobiosensor to be
used for anthrax, HIV hepatitis detection.
44.44. Food Analysis Study of biomolecules and their interaction Drug Development
Crime detection Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use)
Environmental field monitoring Quality control Industrial Process Control
Detection systems for biological warfare agents Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and
Biosensor ppt
1. 1. DEFINITION Self-contained integrated device that is capable of providing specific
qualitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element
which is in direct-spatial contact with a transduction element. (IUPAC,1998) 1)Biosensor
Bioanalytical System 2)An Enzyme Electrode is a Biosensor
2. 2. CURRENT DEFINITION A sensor that integrates a biological element with a
physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte
which is then conveyed to a detector.
3. 3. Father of Biosensors Leland C. Clark invented the Clark Oxygen Electrode, a pivotal
device that allows real-time monitoring of patients blood oxygen levels and has made
surgery Safer and more successful for millions around the world
4. 4. COMPONENTS Detector
5. 5. ELEMENTS OF BIOSENSORS
6. 6. BIOSENSOR Analyte Sample handling/preparation Detection Signal Analysis Response
7. 7. THE ANALYTE (What do you want to detect?) Molecule Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin,
sugar, metal ion Cholera toxin Glucose
8. 8. SAMPLE HANDLING (How to deliver the Analyte to the Sensitive Region?) (Micro)
fluidics Concentration (increase/decrease) Filtration/selection
9. 9. DETECTION/RECOGNITION (How do you specifically recognize the analyte?)
Antibody Enzyme Active site Fc Cell Membrane receptors Polymer/Hydrogel Competitive
binding Fab
10.10. SIGNAL (How do you know there was a detection?) Common Signaling Principles
Optical(SPR,ELM,IR). Electrical(Voltametry,Potentiometry, Conductivity).