09 - HPW 13 Ism 04 I PDF

Chapter 4
Apply It 4.1
second year is (1 r )2 = (1 0.15)2 = 0.72 . This

pattern will continue as shown in the table.
1. The shapes of the graphs are the same. The value

of A scales the value of any point by A.
Year
Multiplicative
Decrease
Expression
0.850
0.85
0.851
0.72
0.852
0.61
0.853
2. If P = the amount of money invested and

r = the annual rate at which P increases, then
after 1 year, the investment has grown from P to
P + Pr = P(1 + r). Since r = 0.10, the factor by
which P increases for the first year is
1 + r = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1. Similarly, during the
second year the investment grows from P(1 + r)
to P(1 + r ) + r[ P (1 + r )] = P(1 + r ) 2 . Again, since
r = 0.10, the multiplicative increase for the
second year is (1 + 0.10)2 = (1.1)2 = 1.21. This

Year
Thus, the depreciation is exponential with a

base of 1 r = 1 0.15 = 0.85. If we graph the
multiplicative decrease as a function of years, we
obtain the following.
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.10
1.1
1.11
1.21
1.12
1.33
1.13
1.46
1 2 3 4 5
4. Let t = the time at which Georges sister began

saving, then since George is 3 years behind,
t 3 = the time when George began saving.
1.1
Therefore, if y = 1.08t represents the

multiplicative increase in Georges sisters
Thus, the growth of the initial investment is

exponential with a base of 1 + r = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1.
If we graph the multiplicative increase as a
function of years we obtain the following.
account y = 1.08t 3 represents the multiplicative

increase in Georges account. A graph showing
the projected increase in Georges money will
have the same shape as the graph of the
projected increase in his sisters account, but will
be shifted 3 units to the right.
y
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
5. S = P(1 + r ) n
x
years
S = 2000(1 + 0.13)5 = 2000(1.13)5 3684.87

The value of the investment after 5 years will be
$3684.87. The interest earned over the first 5
years is 3684.87 2000 = $1684.87.
3. If V = the value of the car and

r = the annual rate at which V depreciates, then
after 1 year the value of the car is
V rV = V(1 r). Since r = 0.15, the factor by
which V decreases for the first year is
1 r = 1 0.15 = 0.85. Similarly, after the
second year the value of the car is
6. Let N(t) = the number of employees at time t,

where t is in years. Then,
N (4) = 5(1 + 1.2)4 = 5(2.2)4 = 117.128

Thus, there will be 117 employees at the end of
4 years.
V (1 r ) r[V (1 r )] = V (1 r ) . Again, since

r = 0.15, the multiplicative decrease for the
141
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis
3.
0.06t
1
7. P = e0.06t =
e
1
Since 0 < < 1 , the graph is that of an
e
exponential function falling from left to right.
x
0.89
0.79
0.70
0.62
10
0.55
x
5
4.
x
5
5.
10
20
t
years
x
5
Problems 4.1
1.
6.
2.
7.
y
9
x
x
5
5
142
8.
Section 4.1
14. y = 2 x has base b = 2 and b > 1, so its graph

rises from left to right. Thus the graph is C.
15. For 2015 we have t = 20, so
20
P = 125, 000(1.11) 20 = 125, 000(1.11)1

= 138, 750 .
x
5
16. a.
9.
For 1999, t = 1 and
P = 1,527, 000(1.015)1 = 1,549,905
b.
For 2000, t = 2 and
P = 1,527, 000(1.015)2 1,573,154

x
17. With c =
1
11
, P = 1
2
22
n 1
10.
1 1
1
n = 1: P = 1 = 1 =
2
2 2

1 3
1
n = 2: P = 1 = 1 =
2
4 4

3
1 7
1
n = 3: P = 1 = 1 =
2
8 8

x
5
11.
( )
18. y = 23 x = 23
19. a.
b.
= 8 x . Thus y = 8 x .
2000(1.03)5 $2318.55
2318.55 2000 = $318.55
20. a.
12.
b.
21. a.
b.
x
10
13. For the curves, the bases involved are 0.4, 2, and
5. For base 5, the curve rises from left to right,
and in the first quadrant it rises faster than the
5000(1.05)20 $13, 266.49

13,266.49 5000 = $8266.49
700(1.035)30 $1964.76
1964.76 700 = $1264.76
22. a.
4000(1.0375)24 $9677.75
b.
9677.75 4000 = $5677.75
23. a.
curve for base 2. Thus the graph of y = 5 x is B.

b.
0.0875
3000 1 +
4
64
11,983.37
11,983.37 3000 = $8983.37
143
1
= 1 .
2
24. a.
0.08
6000 1 +
$7029.96
4
b.
7029.96 6000 = $1029.96
25. a.
5000(1.0075)30 $6256.36
b.
6256.36 5000 = $1256.36
26. a.
b.
27. a.
b.
28. a.
b.
$854.07
854.07 500 = $354.07

0.0625
8000 1 +
365
31. a.
100,000
9
100, 000
10
90,000
9
100, 000
10
81,000
9
100, 000
10
72,900
9
100, 000
10
65,610
9
100, 000
10
3(365)
$9649.69
10
900(1.0225)
9
100, 000
10
$1124.28
900(1.045)5 $1121.56
Thus, in general, the number of bacteria present

t
9
after t hours is given by N (t ) = 100, 000 .
10
12
b.
Expression
9649.69 8000 = $1649.69
0.02
29. 6500 1 +
30. a.
Bacteria
10
0.11
500 1 +
2
Hours
$6900.91
33. Let P = the amount of plastic recycled and let

r = the rate at which P increases each year. Then
after the first year, the amount of plastic
recycled, increases from P to P + rP = P(1 + r),
since r = 0.3, the factor by which P increases for
the first year, is 1 + r = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3. Similarly,
during the second year, the amount of plastic
recycled increases from P(1 + r) to
P = 5000(1.03)t
When t = 3, then P = 5000(1.03)3 5464.
N = 400(1.05)t
b.
When t = 1, then N = 400(1.05)1 = 420.
c.
When t = 4, then N = 400(1.05)4 486.
P(1 + r) + r[ P(1 + r )] = P(1 + r ) 2 . Again, since

r = 0.3, the multiplicative increase for the second
year is (1 + r )2 = (1 + 0.3)2 = (1.3)2 = 1.69 . This
32. If N = N(t) = the number of bacteria present at

any time t, where t is in hours, and if
r = the rate at which the bacteria are reduced,
then, after the first hour, the number of bacteria
remaining is
N rN = N(1 r) = 100,000(1 0.1)
= 100,000(0.9) = 90,000.
Similarly, after the second hour, the number of
bacteria remaining is
N(1 r) r[N(1 r)] = N (1 r )
Year
Multiplicative
Increase
Expression
1.30
1.3
1.31
1.69
1.32
2.20
1.33
= 100,000(1 0.1)2 = 100, 000(0.9)2 = 81, 000

This pattern will continue as shown in the table.
144
Section 4.1
Thus, the increase in recycling is exponential

with a base = 1 + r = 1 + 0.3 = 1.3. If we graph
the multiplicative increase as function of years,
we obtaining the following.
42.
5
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5
x
years
43. For x = 3, P =
From the graph it appears that recycling will

triple after about 4 years.
44. f(0) 0.399, f(1) 0.242, f(2) 0.054
34. Population of city A after 5 years:
( )
270, 000(1.06)5 361,321.

Population of city B after 5 years:
45. ekt = ek
360, 000(1.04)5 437,995.

Difference in populations: After five years, city
B has the larger population. The difference in
populations is 437,995 361,321 = 76,675.
46.
b.
When t = 0, N = 12e0.031(0) = 12 1 = 12.

When t = 10,
N = 12e0.031(10) = 12e0.31 = 8.8.
When t = 3, P = 350, 000(0.985)3 334, 485.

c.
36. E = 14, 000(1 0.03)t = 14,000(0.97)t , where E

is the enrollment after t years. When t = 12,
When t = 44,
N = 12e0.031(44) = 12e1.364 3.1.
E = 14, 000(0.97)12 9714.
d.
37. 4.4817
38. 29.9641
39. 0.4493
40. 0.5134
41.
= bt , where b = ek
35. P = 350, 000(1 0.015) = 350, 000(0.985) ,

where P is the population after t years.
1
1
= = b x , where b =
x
e
e
e
1
47. a.
t
e3 33
0.2240
3!
1
of the
4
initial amount remains. Because
1 1 1
=
, 44 hours corresponds to 2
4 2
2
half-lives. Thus the half-life is
approximately 22 hours.
After 44 hours, approximately
48. N = 75e 0.045(10) 48

2
x
49. After one half-life,
1
gram remains. After two
2
2
1 1 1
1
=
= gram remains.
2 2 2
4
Continuing in this manner, after n half-lives,
half-lives,
1 1
1
2 gram remains. Because 8 = 2 , after

1
gram remains. This corresponds
3 half-lives,
8
to 3 9 = 27 years.
145
50.
51.
f ( x) =
e 0.5 (0.5) x
x!
f (2) =
e0.5 (0.5)2
0.0758
2!
f ( x) =
When p = 10, then
58. a.
q = 10, 000(0.95123)10 6065 .

Using a graphics calculator, 0.95123 = e x
b.
when x 0.05. Thus, 0.95123 e 0.05 .
e 4 4 x
x!
q = 10, 000(0.95123) p 10, 000 e0.05
= 10, 000e0.05 p
e 4 4 2
f (2) =
0.1465
2!
q = 10, 000e0.05(10) 6065 .
c.
5
52.
59. The first integer t for which the graph of
P = 2000(1.099)t lies on or above the horizontal

line P = 4000 is 8 years.
Apply It 4.2
5
The intersection point is (0, 1).
8. If 16 = 2t is the exponential form then

t = log 2 16 is the logarithmic form, where t
represents the number of times the bacteria have
doubled.
53.
I
9. If 8.3 = log10 is the logarithmic form, then
I0
I
= 108.3 is the exponential form.
I0
5
2
If f ( x) = 2 x , then
y = 2a 2 x = 2 x + a = f ( x + a). Thus, the graph
10. Let R = the amount of material recycled every

year. If the amount being recycled increases by
50% every year, then the amount recycled at the
end of y years is
of y = 2a 2 x is the graph of y = 2 x shifted

a units to the left.
54. 0.68
R(1 + r ) y = R (1 + 0.5) y = R(1.5) y Thus, the

multiplicative increase in recycling at the end of
55. 3.17
y years is (1.5) y . If we let
56. The first integer t for which the graph of
x = the multiplicative increase, then x = (1.5) y

and, in logarithmic form, log1.5 x = y .
P = 1000(1.07)t lies on or above the horizontal

line P = 3000 is 17.
y
6
4
57. 300
3
y = log1.5x
4.1
976
4.2
4
300 1004
3
4.2 minutes
10
x
multiplicative
increase
146
Section 4.2
11. Let V = the value of the boat. If the value

depreciates by 20% every year, then at the end of
y years the value of the boat is
4. log8 4 =
V (1 r ) y = V (1.02) y = V (0.8) y . Thus, the

multiplicative decrease in value at the end of y
2
3
5. ln 20.0855 = 3
years is (0.8) y . If we let
6. ln 1.4 = 0.33647
x = the multiplicative decrease, then x = (0.8) y

and, in logarithmic form, log0.8 x = y
7. e1.09861 = 3
8. 100.84509 7
y
8
4
9.
y = log0.8x
x
multiplicative
decrease
12. The equation t (r ) =
ln 4
can be rewritten as
r
ln 4
. When this equation is graphed we find
t (r )
that the annual rate r needed to quadruple the
investment in 10 years is approximately 13.9%.
Alternatively, we can solve for r by setting
t(r) = 10.
ln(4)
r=
t (r )
r=
r=
10.
5x
ln(4)
0.139 or 13.9%
10
11.
13. Since m = e rt , then ln m = rt.

ln m = rt
ln m
=r
t
Let m = 3 and t = 12.
ln 3
=r
12
0.092 = r
Thus, to triple your investment in 12 years,
invest at an annual percentage rate of 9.2%.
x
5
12.
5x
Problems 4.2
1. log 10,000 = 4
2. (12)2 = 144
3. 210 = 1024
147
13.
23. Because 104 = 0.0001, log 0.0001 = 4
1
24. Because 21/ 3 = 3 2, log 2 3 2 = .
3
x
5
25. Because 50 = 1, log5 1 = 0
14.
1
1
, log5
26. Because 52 =
= 2
25
25
1
1
27. Because 23 = , log 2 = 3
8
8
x
5
15.
1
28. Because 31/7 = 7 3, log3 7 3 = .
7
29. 34 = x
x = 81
30. 28 = x
x = 256
x
5
31. 53 = x
x = 125
16.
32. 40 = x
x=1
33. 103 = x
x=
1
1000
34. e1 = x
x=e
17. Because 62 = 36 , log 6 36 = 2
35. e3 = x
18. Because 29 = 512, log 2 512 = 9.
36. x 2 = 25
Since x > 0, we choose x = 5.
19. Because 33 = 27, log3 27 = 3

20. Because 161/ 2 = 4, log16 4 =
37. x3 = 8
x=2
1
2
21. Because 7 = 7, log 7 7 = 1
38. x1/3 = 4
x = 64
22. Because 104 = 10, 000, log10, 000 = 4
39. x 1 =
1
6
x=6
148
Section 4.2
49. e3 x = 2
3x = ln 2
ln 2
x=
3
40. y = x1
x=y
41. 33 = x
1
x=
27
50. 0.1e0.1x = 0.5
e0.1x = 5
0.1x = ln 5
x = 10 ln 5
42. x = 2 x 3
x=3
51. e2 x 5 + 1 = 4
43. 12 x = x 2
e 2 x 5 = 3
2x 5 = ln 3
5 + ln 3
x=
2
0 = x 2 + x 12
0 = ( x + 4)( x 3)
The roots of this equation are 4 and 3. But since
x > 0, we choose x = 3.
44. log8 64 = x 1
52. 6e2 x 1 =
x 1
8
= 64
x1=2
x=3
6e 2 x =
45. 2 + log 2 4 = 3 x 1
2 + 2 = 3x 1
5 = 3x
5
x=
3
e2 x =
1
2
3
2
1
4
1
4
1 1
x = ln
2 4
2 x = ln
46. 32 = x + 2
1
= x+2
9
17
x=
9
53. 2.39790
54. 1.45161
55. 2.00013
56. 2.30058
47. x 2 = 2 x + 8
57. If V = the value of the antique. If the value

appreciates by 10% every year, then at the end of
y years the value of the antique is
x2 2 x 8 = 0
(x 4)(x + 2) = 0
V (1 + r ) y = V (1 + 0.10) y = V (1.10) y . Thus, the

multiplicative increase in value at the end of
48. 16 4x x 2 = x 2
y years is (1.10) y . If we let
0 = 2 x 2 + 4 x 16
x = the multiplicative increase, then x = (1.10) y ,
0 = x2 + 2x 8
0 = ( x + 4)( x 2)
and, in logarithm form, log1.10 x = y .
149
Years
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
63. T =
ln 0.25
72.2 minutes
0.01920
64. T =
ln 2
21.7 years
0.03194
x
0
1
2
Multiplicative increase
65. From log y x = 3 , y 3 = x ; from log z x = 2 ,

3
z 2 = x . Thus z 2 = y 3 or z = y 2 .
58. c = (5(12) ln 12) + 15 164.09
1980
59. p = log 10 +
= log[10 + 990] = log1000
2
=3
E
60. 1.5M = log
11
2.5 10
E
101.5 M =
2.5 1011
)(
E = 2.5 1011 101.5 M
66. x + 3e2 y 8 = 0
3e2 y = 8 x
8 x
e2 y =
3
8 x
ln[e2 y ] = ln
3
8 x
2 y = ln
3
1 8 x
y = ln
2 3
E = 2.5 1011+1.5 M
61. a.
( ) = 2N
1
If t = k, then N = N0 2
67.
b.
From part (a), N = 2 N0 when t = k. Thus k

is the time it takes for the population to
double.
c.
N1 = N 0 2 k
t
N1
= 2k
N0
N
t
= log 2 1
k
N0
t = k log 2
a.
(0, 1)
b.
[0.37, )
2
68.
N1
N0
x2
62. u0 = A ln ( x1 ) + 2
2
u0
1
1
x22
= A ln ( x1 )
2
(1, 0)
x2
u0 22
ln ( x1 ) =
A
x1 = e
u0 x22 2
A
150
Section 4.3
R1 R2 = log(900, 000) log 9000
69. For y = e x , if y = 3, then 3 = e x or x = ln 3.

10
= log
10
900, 000
= log 100 = log102 = 2 log 10
9000
=2
Thus, the two earthquakes differ by 2 on the
Richter scale.
10
15. The magnitude (Richter Scale) of an earthquake

I
is given by R = log where I is the intensity
I0
10
From the graph of y = e x , when y = 3, then

x = ln 3 1.10.
of the earthquake and I 0 is the intensity of a

I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zeroI
= 10, 000 , then
level earthquake. Thus, if
I0
70. For y = ln x, when y = 2, then 2 = ln x or x = e 2 .
zero-level reference earthquake.
10
R = log 10,000 = log104 = 4 log 10 = 4

The earthquake measures 4 on the Richter scale.
5
From the graph of y = ln x, when y = 2, then
Problems 4.3
x = e 7.39 .
71.
1. log 30 = log(2 3 5)
= log 2 + log 3 + log 5
= a+b+c
2. log1024 = log 210 = 10 log 2 = 10a

0
3. log
2
= log 2 log 3 = a b
3
4. log
5
= log 5 log 2 = c a
2
1.41, 3.06
Apply It 4.3
8
= log8 log 3 = log 23 log 3
3
= 3 log 2 log 3 = 3a b

I
I0
5. log
6. log
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zeroI
= 900, 000,
level earthquake. Thus, when
I0
7. log100 = log102
= 2 log10
= 2 log(2 5)
= 2(log 2 + log 5)
= 2(a + c)
R1 = log(900, 000)
When
6
23
= log
25
52
= log 2 + log 3 2 log 5
= a + b 2c
I
= 9000
I0
R2 = log(9000)
151
8. log 0.00003 = log(3 105 )
19. log
= log 3 + log10
= log 3 5 log10
= log 3 5 log(2 5)
= log 3 5(log 2 + log 5)
= b 5(a + c )
= 5a + b 5c
9. log 2 3 =
10. log3 5 =
20. eln = elog e =

21. ln x( x + 1)2 = ln x + ln( x + 1)2
= ln x + 2 ln( x + 1)
log10 3 log 3 b
=
=
log10 2 log 2 a
22. ln
12. log11 113 11
or log11 113 11
= 7 log11 (11111/3 )
= ln x1/5 ln( x + 1)3
x2
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1)3
( x + 1)3
= 2 ln x 3ln( x + 1)
23. ln
24. ln[ x( x + 1)]3 = 3ln[ x( x + 1)] = 3[ln x + ln( x + 1)]

4
x +1
x +1
25. ln
= 4[ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)]
= 4ln
x+2
x+2
26. ln x( x + 1)( x + 2) = ln[ x( x + 1)( x + 2)]1/ 2
1
= [ln x( x + 1)( x + 2)]
2
1
= [ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)]
2
= log11 (11 111/ 3 )7

= log11 (114 / 3 )7
27. ln
= log11 1128 / 3
28
=
3
28. ln
13. log 0.0000001 = log107 = 7
x( x + 1)
= ln[ x( x + 1)] ln( x + 2)
x+2
= ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
x 2 ( x + 1)
= ln x 2 ( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
x+2
= ln x 2 + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
= 2 ln x + ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
14. 10log 3.4 = 10log10 3.4 = 3.4

15. ln e5.01 = log e e5.01 = 5.01
29. ln
16. ln e = log e e = 1
( x + 1)3
1
= ln x 3ln( x + 1)
5
= 7(log11 11 + log11 111/3 )

1
= 7 1 + log11 11
3
1
= 7 1 +
3
4
= 7
3
28
=
3
log10 5 log 5 c
=
=
log10 3 log 3 b
11. log 7 7 48 = 48
17. ln
1
1
+ ln e3 = log10 + log e e3 = 1 + 3 = 2
10
10
= ln x 2 ln ( x + 1)2 ( x + 2)3
( x + 1) ( x + 2)
2
1
ln x ln( x + 1) 2 + ln( x + 2)3
2
1
= ln x [2 ln( x + 1) + 3ln( x + 2)]
2
1
= ln x 2 ln( x + 1) 3ln( x + 2)
2
=
= ln e1/2 = log e e 1/2 =
1
2
18. log3 81 = log3 34 = 4

152
30. ln
Section 4.3
39. log100 + log(1.05)10 = log 100(1.05)10
x
= ln x [ln( x + 1) + ln( x + 2)]
( x + 1)( x + 2)
= ln x ln( x + 1) ln( x + 2)
40.
2
2 5
31. ln 1 5 x = ln 1 x
x + 2 x +1
x + 2 x +1
= ln
2
1
= ln x 5 ln ( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
1
2
= ln x ln( x + 2) + ln( x + 1) 5
5
2
1
= ln x ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
5
5
32. ln 4
( x + 1)5
43. log 6 54 log 6 9 = log6
54
= log 6 6 = 1
9
44. log3 3 + log 2 3 2 log5 4 5

= log3 31/ 2 + log 2 21/ 3 log5 51/ 4
1 1 1
= +
2 3 4
7
=
12
2x
x +1
2
36. log x log x 2 = log
45. eln(2 x ) = 5
2x = 5
5
x=
2
x2
x2
37. 7 log3 5 + 4 log3 17 = log3 57 + log3 174
= log3 (57 174 )

3
1693
= log3 (ln e3 )
= log3 (3ln e)
= log3 3
=1
1 x 2 ( x + 2)3
= ln
4
( x + 1)5
1
= [ln x 2 + ln( x + 2)3 ln( x + 1)5 ]
4
1
3
5
= ln x + ln( x + 2) ln( x + 1)
2
4
4
10
34. log3 = log3 2
5
215(6)8
42. log3 ln 7 + e3 + 7 + ln 7 + e3 7

3

= log3 ln 7 + e3 + 7
7 + e 7

3
= log3 [ln(7 + e 7)]
33. log (6 4) = log 24
35. log 2
4
ln 33
4
3
34 81
41. e4 ln 33ln 4 = eln 3 ln 4 = e 4 =
=
43 64
( x + 2)( x + 1) 5
x 2 ( x + 2)3
= log
2
5
( )
215 68
1
1
log 215 + log 68 log1693 = log
2
2
1693
46. 4log 4 ( x) + log 4 (2) = 3
4log 4 (2 x) = 3
2x = 3
3
x=
2
38. 5(log x + log y log z )

x2 y3
= 5 log
z2
2 3 5
x y
= log

z 2

153
55. C = B + E
E
C = B 1 +
B
2
47. 10log( x + 2 x) = 3
x2 + 2x = 3
x2 + 2 x 3 = 0
( x + 3)( x 1) = 0
x = 3, 1
E
ln C = ln B 1 +
B

E
ln C = ln B + ln 1 +
B
48. e3ln x = 8
3
eln x = 8
56. M = log(A) + 3
x3 = 8
x=2
49. From the change of base formula with b = 2,
m = 2x + 1, and a = e, we have
log e (2 x + 1) ln(2 x + 1)
=
log 2 (2 x + 1) =
log e 2
ln 2
a.
M = log(10) + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4
b.
Given M1 = log ( A1 ) + 3 , let

M = log (10 A1 ) + 3
M = log10 + log ( A1 ) + 3
M = 1 + log ( A1 ) + 3

2
m = x + 2 x + 2 and a = e,
M = 1 + M1
log e ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
log3 ( x + 2 x + 2) =
log e 3
2
57. y = log 4 x =
ln( x + 2 x + 2)
ln 3
log3 x + 1 =
) = ln ( x + 1) .
log e x 2 + 1
log e 3
ln 3
10
m = x 2 + 1 , and a = e, we have
2
ln x
ln 4
58. y = log 4 ( x + 2) =
m = x + 1, and a = e, we have
ln( x + 2)
ln 4
log e ( x 2 + 1) ln( x 2 + 1)
=
log 7 ( x + 1) =
log e 7
ln 7
2
53. eln z = 7e y
z = 7e y
z
= ey
7
z
y = ln
7
10
ln x
.
ln10
ln x
are
Thus the graphs of y = log x and y =
ln10
identical.
59. By the change of base formula, log x =
54. y = ab x so
log y = log(ab x )
= log a + log b x
= log a + x log b.
This is a linear expression because it is in the
form Ax + B, where A = log b and B = log a.
154
60.
Section 4.4
17. Let S = 450.
4
S = 800
3
0
4
450 = 800
3
450 4
=
800 3
y = ln(4x) = ln 4 + ln x. If f(x) = ln x, then

y = ln(4x) = f(x) + ln 4. Thus the graph of
y = ln(4x) is the graph of y = ln x shifted
ln 4 units upward.
log
0.1log
0.1d
0.1d
450
4
= 0.1d log
800
3
450
log 800
61.
0.1d
( 43 )
=d
20 = d
Thus, he should start the new campaign 20 days
after the last one ends.

I
I0
ln(6x) = ln(3 2x) = ln 3 + ln(2x).

If f(x) = ln(2x), then y = ln(6x) = f(x) + ln 3.
Thus, the graph of y = ln(6x) is the graph of
y = ln(2x) shifted ln 3 units upward.
I
= how
I0
many times greater the earthquake is than a zerolevel earthquake.
R1 = log(675, 000)
Apply It 4.4
16. Let x = the number and let
y = the unknown exponent. Then
x 32 y = x 4(3 y 9)
I
R2 = log
I0
Since R1 4 = R2
32 y = 4(3 y 9)
log 32 y = log 4(3 y 9)
y log 32 = (3y 9) log 4
y log 32 = 3y log 4 9 log 4
y(log 32 3 log 4) = 9 log 4
9 log 4 18 log 2 18 log 2
y=
=
=
log 2
log 1
log 323
4
I
log(675, 000) 4 = log
I0
I
log 6.75 105 4 = log
I0
y = 18
Thus, Greg used 32 to the power of 18.
I
log 6.75 + 5 log10 4 = log
I0
I
1.829 = log
I0
I
101.829 =
I0
I
I0
Thus, the other earthquake is 67.5 times as
intense as a zero-level earthquake.
67.5 =
155

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Chapter 4

second year is (1 r )2 = (1 0.15)2 = 0.72 . This

1. The shapes of the graphs are the same. The value

2. If P = the amount of money invested and

second year is (1 + 0.10)2 = (1.1)2 = 1.21. This

Thus, the depreciation is exponential with a

4. Let t = the time at which Georges sister began

Therefore, if y = 1.08t represents the

Thus, the growth of the initial investment is

account y = 1.08t 3 represents the multiplicative

S = 2000(1 + 0.13)5 = 2000(1.13)5 3684.87

3. If V = the value of the car and

6. Let N(t) = the number of employees at time t,

N (4) = 5(1 + 1.2)4 = 5(2.2)4 = 117.128

V (1 r ) r[V (1 r )] = V (1 r ) . Again, since

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

14. y = 2 x has base b = 2 and b > 1, so its graph

P = 125, 000(1.11) 20 = 125, 000(1.11)1

For 1999, t = 1 and

P = 1,527, 000(1.015)1 = 1,549,905

For 2000, t = 2 and

P = 1,527, 000(1.015)2 1,573,154

5000(1.05)20 $13, 266.49

9677.75 4000 = $5677.75

curve for base 2. Thus the graph of y = 5 x is B.

11,983.37 3000 = $8983.37

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

7029.96 6000 = $1029.96

6256.36 5000 = $1256.36

854.07 500 = $354.07

Thus, in general, the number of bacteria present

9649.69 8000 = $1649.69

33. Let P = the amount of plastic recycled and let

When t = 1, then N = 400(1.05)1 = 420.

When t = 4, then N = 400(1.05)4 486.

P(1 + r) + r[ P(1 + r )] = P(1 + r ) 2 . Again, since

32. If N = N(t) = the number of bacteria present at

N(1 r) r[N(1 r)] = N (1 r )

= 100,000(1 0.1)2 = 100, 000(0.9)2 = 81, 000

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Thus, the increase in recycling is exponential

From the graph it appears that recycling will

44. f(0) 0.399, f(1) 0.242, f(2) 0.054

34. Population of city A after 5 years:

270, 000(1.06)5 361,321.

360, 000(1.04)5 437,995.

When t = 0, N = 12e0.031(0) = 12 1 = 12.

When t = 3, P = 350, 000(0.985)3 334, 485.

36. E = 14, 000(1 0.03)t = 14,000(0.97)t , where E

E = 14, 000(0.97)12 9714.

35. P = 350, 000(1 0.015) = 350, 000(0.985) ,

After 44 hours, approximately

48. N = 75e 0.045(10) 48

49. After one half-life,

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 4: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions