..

, 2009


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
1.1. . . . . . . . . . .
1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3. . . .
1.4. . . . . . . .
1.5. . . . .
1.6. . .

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

5
7
.
.
.
.
.
.

10
28
34
40
54
63

2.

2.1. 67
2.2. . 80
3.

3.1. . . . . . . . . . 94
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3

3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.
4.1. Rn . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. . . . . . . . . .
4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. Lp . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. |

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

171
194
201
229
240

5.
5.1. | . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. . . . . . .
5.3.
5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5. * . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6. . . . . . . . . . .
5.7. . . . . . . .
5.8. . . . . . . . . . .
5.9. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

... .. ...
.. ... .. .
.. .. ... .
... .. ...
.. .. ... .
.. ... .. .
.. ... ...
.. .. ... .
. .. ... ..
........
........

253
264
278
281
306
323
333
342
358
374
375

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.


, .
.

.

, .
,
. ,
.
, .
, , ,
. . , (, , ). * .

.
. \ " [4].

.
, 5

 , , .
,
, .


.
, . .

.. ,

, .. ,
.


.
,
| .
, ,
.

. |
.
.
.


.
. .
| , .

|
.
. , , ,
. 7


.

() .
. ,
.
,
( |),
( ).

.
. \ " [4]. | . ,
.
|
.
, . |
, | . * . , , . , |
* , |

.
8

 .
,
. . . ,
|
.

1.1.

1.1.1. X | . X ,
:
1) X ,
2)
n

U A

| ) [

U ,

3)
n

Uk k 1, N

( N | )
N
\

Uk .

k=1

X (X, ).

1.1.2. (X, ) | . U - ( ) (X, ).

X .
1.1.3. (X, ) | . x X x
- , x.
x X U U (x).
10

 1.1.1. X | .
X . ,
| X . 1 1.1.1
X . . X . ,
X . , X . .
1.1.4. X | ,
1 2 | X . , 1 2 ( 2
1 ), 1 - X 2 -,
. . 1 2 .
1.1.2. X . X = R R 0 00 . 0 R,

. 00 R,
( ) R . U 00 ,
, S R, ,
U = R\S .
, 0 00 R. ,
nR
0 00 .
o

U A 0 V =
S
U 0 . x V (x) A, ,
=
A

x U(x) . U(x) 0 , x U(x)

I , . . x I U(x) V . ,
V ,
0
,
V

n
o .

Uk k 1, N 0
W =

N
T
k=1

Uk 0 .

x W k 1, N

x Uk . 0 k 1, N Ik = (ak , bk ), x Uk , . e.
ak < x < bk Ik Uk . a = max ak b = min bk .
k1,N

k1,N

a < x < b, . . I = (a, b) x, k 1, N

I Ik Uk . , x I W , . .

11

 W
0
,
W
. o
n

U A 00 S
V =
U 00 . V = 00 ,
A
. , V 6= ,. .

T
0 A, , U 6= . R\V =
R\U R\U
0

| 00 . , V R , . .
00

o .
n

Uk k 1, N 00
W =

N
T
k=1

Uk 00 .

= 00 ,

, W 6= . Uk 6= k 1, N , ,

N
S
R\Uk . R\W =
R\Uk |
k=1
,
.
, , 0 00 R. ,
, . . U 0 , , U 6 00 ,
V 00 , , V 6 0 . U = (0, 1) 0 .
U 6= R\U . , U 6 00 . V =

= R\ n1 n=1 . V 00 . x0 = 0 V
I = (a, b), x0 (. . a < 0 < b),
N N, , 0 < n1 < b n > N . ,
I 6 V . , ,
x0 = 0 V , V . , V 6 0 .

1.1.5. (X, ) | . , {xn }

n=1 X x X ,
U (x) x N , , n > N
xn U (x). xn x

xn
x n .
1.1.3. X | .
X . (. 1.1.1),
, X ,
12

 . ,
X | X ,
. X
. (. 1.1.1),
. ,

. ,

xn .
x n , U (x) = {x} . | x, x, N ,
, n > N xn U (x), . . xn = x.

(R, 00 ) ( 00 R . 1.1.2). , {xn }
n=1 R x R

00
(. . xn x nn ). o
x | U (x) = R\ xn xn 6= x, n N 00 .
N , , n > N
xn U (x), xn = x n > N .
00

1.1.6. (X, ) | . F X - ( ), -, . . F c =
= X\F .
1.1.7. (X, ) | . x S
X , U (x) x U (x)
S 6= .
1.1.1. (X, ) | . F X , .
. F (X, ),

x X |
x F c , . .

. , x 6 F . F c x.
1.1.7 F c F , . . , x F .
, F . x F c . x 6 F ,
13

 F ( F ). , U (x) x,
F . ,
S
U (x) F c . ,
U (x) F c . xF c

x U (x) x U (x), F c =
{x}
U (x).
xF
xF
c

S , F ,
S

U (x), . . : F c =
U (x). ,
xF
xF
F c , ,
1.1.1 . , F .
c

1.1.2.
(X,
) |o n

. F A c

X (. . A (F ) )
T

F .
N
S

{Fk }N
k=1

. , X
(X, ).
Fk

k=1

(F )

(F
S ) c A, T 1.1.1
F (X, ).
(F ) . ,
A
A
c
N
N
S
T
c
c
Fk
=
(Fk ) . (Fk ) k
,
c

k=1

k=1

1, N , 1.1.1

N
S
k=1

Fk

N
T
k=1

(Fk ) . c

(X, ).

1.1.8. (X, ) | . x X S X ,

{xn }n=1
S , , xn x n .
14

 1.1.9. (X, ) | . S X ,
.
1.1.3. (X, ) | , F X . F .
. x F .
{xn }
n=1 F , , xn x n . , U (x) x N ,
, n > N xn U (x). xn F
n N, n > N xn U (x)F , . .
U (x)F 6= . , x F , 1.1.1 F
x F . ,
F F , . . F .
1.1.4. , . (R, 00 )
(. 1.1.2) S = [0, 1] R | . S
(R, 00 ), , . . S c = R\S R S ,
S c 6 00 . S
(R, 00 ). , x S .

{xn }
n=1 S , , xn x.
1.1.3, N , , n > N
xn = x. , x S , .
00

1.1.10. (X, ) | . S X (
[S] )
T X , F.
S , . . [S] =
{ F : FSF
c }

15

 1.1.4. (X, ) | , S X . S

S , . . [S] =

n
o

= x X U (x) U (x) S 6= .
. x [S] . , x
S , . .

cU (x) x, , U (x) S = . ,
S U (x) . U (x) ,

c
U (x)

. x
S , 1.1.10
c
x U (x) . , x U (x),
, . , S
S .
x S . , x 6 [S] .
F S , , x 6 F . , x F c , F c
F . F c x.
x
S S 1.1.7. S F c
F F c = , . . S F c .
, S
S .

1.1.11. (X, ) | , S X . S X ( [S]. )

S , . .
n

[S]. =

x X {xn }

S
:
x

.
n
n=1

1.1.5. (X, ) | , S X . [S]. [S] .

. x [S]. . -

{xn }
n=1 S , , xn x n . , x S .

16

 U (x) x. , N , , n > N xn U (x). ,

n > N xn U (x) S , . . U (x) S 6= .
, x S ,
1.1.4 x [S] .

1.1.5. , . (R, 00 ) (. 1.1.2). 1.1.4 , S = [0, 1] R

. , S = [S]. 6= [S] .
S . 00 (R, 00 ), R, . ,
S . , (R, 00 ),
S , R. [S] = R.
00

00

1.1.12. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | . f : X1 X2

, x0 X1 U f (x0 )
2 f (x0 ) V (x0 ) 1
x0 , , x V (x0 ) f (x) U f (x0 ) , . .

V (x0 )

f V (x0 ) U f (x0 ) .

U f (x0 ) :

1.1.13. X1 X2 | , f : X1 X2 . S
n
X2

f f 1 (S) =

= x X1 f (x) S .
1.1.6. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | , f : X1 X2 .
:
1) f ;
2) 2 - G X2
f 1 (G) 1 -;
17

3) 2 -
1 -.

f 1 (F )

F X2

. , 1
2. 1, . . f . G 2 x f 1 (G). f (x) G,
G f (x). ,

f U (x) 1
x, , f U (x) G, . . 1.1.13
U (x) f 1 (G).
[

f 1 (G) =

xf 1 (G)

, f 1 (G) =

{x}

U (x) f 1 (G).

xf 1 (G)

S
xf 1 (G)

U (x).

, -

G f 1 -
. , 1.1.1 f 1 (G)
1 -.

2.

x0 X1 U f (x0 ) 2

f . 2 V = f 1 U f (x0 )
1 - x0 . , V
1

x0 , f (V )
U f (x0 ) . , f .
, 2 3 . ,
c S X2
1
c
1
f (S ) = f (S) . , x f 1 (S c ) f (x) 6S , . .x 6 f 1 (S),
c
x f 1 (S) . 2.

2 -

F X2 f 1 (F2 ) =
= f 1 (F2c ) 1 , F2c 2 . , f 1 (F2 ) 1 -, . . 3.
3.

2 -
c
G X2 f 1 (G) = f 1 (Gc )c = f 1 (Gc )
18

 1 , 3 2 -
1 - f 1 (Gc ).

Gc

1.1.14. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | . f : X1 X2 , x0 X1 {xn }

n=1 X1 , 1
x0 , {f (xn )}
n=1 X2 2

f (x0 ), . . xn
x0 n f (xn ) f (x0 )
n .
1

1.1.7. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | , f : X1 X2 . f .

.

x0

{xn }
n=1 X1 , 1 x0 . U (f (x0 )) 2 f (x0 ).
f
1.1.12
V (x0 ) 1

x0 , , f V (x0 ) U (f (x0 )). xn x0 n ,

N , , n > N xn
V (x0 ). , n > N

f (xn ) U (f (x0 )). , f (xn ) f (x0 ) n . , f .

X1

1.1.6. , . f : (R, 00 ) (R, 0 ), 00 0 R 1.1.2. f (x) = x

x R. {xn }
n=1 R x0 R 00 . , 1.1.3,
N , , n > N xn =
= x0 . , f (xn ) = f (x0 ) n > N ,

f (xn )
f (x0 ). , f
. , f . , x R
0

19

 (a, b) R , x, . . (a, b) x (R, 0 ). V (x) 00 x (R, 00 ) R

. , V (x) 6 (a, b) f (V (x)) = V (x) 6 (a, b).
V (x) 00 , f
.
, ,
, .

1.1.15. (X, ) |

n
o
, x X . U (x) A
x , x
, . .
V (x) x A, , U (x)
V (x).
1.1.16. ,
(X, ) ,
x X .
1.1.8. (X, ) | , , S X .
S .
. x X S . { Uk (x) }
k=1 . n N n
T
Vn (x) =
Uk (x). { Vn (x) }
n=1
k=1
x. , W (x) x n N, , Un (x)
W (x). Vn (x) Un (x), Vn (x) W (x), .
x S ,
20

 S . , n N xn Vn (x) S . , {xn }
n=1 S
x. W (x)
x. N N, , VN (x) W (x).
n > N xn Vn (x) VN (x) W (x). ,

xn x n , . . x
.

1.1.1. (X, ) | , . X , X .
. F X , . . . 1.1.8 F ,
, F . , 1.1.1
F .
S X . 1.1.5 [S]. [S] . x [S] . 1.1.4 x
S . , 1.1.8 x
S , . . 1.1.11 x [S]. . , [S] [S]. . ,
[S] = [S]. .
1.1.2. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | , (X1 , 1 ) . f : X1 X2 .
. , , f : X1
X2
x0 X1
.

U f (x0 ) 2 f (x0 ) X2 , ,
V (x0 ) 1 x0
21

f V (x0 ) 6 U f (x0 ) .

x0 { Vk (x0 ) }
k=1 . n
T
n N Wn (x0 ) =
Vk (x0 ). k=1

{ Wn (x0 ) }n=1 x0 (

1.1.8).
n N f Wn (x0 ) 6 U f (x0 ) , xn

Wn (x0 ),

, f (xn ) 6 U f (x0 ) . {xn }

n=1 x0 . ,
V (x0 ) 1 x0 N N, ,
WN (x0 ) V (x0 ). , n > N xn

Wn (x0 ) WN (x0 ) V (x0 ), . .

xn x0 n .

f (xn ) 6 U f (x0 ) n N, . .
1

n . f .
f (xn ) 6 f (x0 )

1.1.17. (X, ) | . , -

, . .

n
o

G V A ( A |
S
V .
), , G =
A

1.1.7.

| 1.1.2. , 0
,

n
o
, . . = (a, b) R < a < b < + . ,
G 0 x G I(x)
, x
G, . . x I(x)
S G. S
S
I(x) G, . . G =
I(x).
{x}
, G =
xG

(R, 0 )

xG

xG

, 0
, .

1.1.9. X | .

22

 X , :
) S
x X V , , x V , . .
X=
V;
V

) V1 V2 x
V1 V2 W , , x W V1 V2 .

. | X , .
X ,
1.1.17

o n
V A , S
, X =
V . , x X
(x) A,

, x V(x) , . . . ,
, V1 V2

n V1 V2 . ,
o
W A , , V1 V2 =
S
W . x V1 V2 (x) A,
=
A
, x W(x) , . . .
X . , , . .
G n
,

o
S
V A , , G =
V . ,
A
X . 1.1.1.
S
V . X .
X =
V

( A = ). , . ,
1 1.1.1.

n
o
G A .
S
G . A , G =
A

23

V
A ,

, G

V .

, G =

!
V

, . .

G ,
G . , 2 1.1.1.
3 1.1.1 , { Vk }N
k=1
V1 . . . VN .
x V1 V2 W (x) , , x W (x) V1 V2 .
,
[

V1 V2 =

. . V1 V2 =

xV1 V2

xV1 V2

W (x).

{x}

W (x) V1 V2 ,

xV1 V2

, V1 V2

, . . V1 V2 .
, , N 2 N .
+1
N + 1 {Vk }N
k=1 x V1 . . . VN +1 .
V1 . . . VN . , x V1 . . . VN
U (x) , , x U (x) V1 . . . VN .
x U (x) VN +1 .
W (x) , , x W (x) U (x) VN +1 V1 . . . VN +1 .
,
[

V1 . . . VN +1 =

W (x).

xV1 ...VN +1

, V1 . . . VN +1
, . . V1 . . . VN +1 .
3 1.1.1 { Gk }N
k=1 . ,

G =

N
T

k=1

Gk .

k 1, N

Ak , ,

Ak Vk,
S
Gk =
Vk, . ,
Ak

G=

N
\
k=1

[
Ak

!
Vk,

[
1 A1 ,...,N AN

24

V1,1 . . . VN,N .

 , V1, . . . VN, . , G
. 2 1.1.1
, G .
1

1.1.18. (X, ) | . , .
1.1.10. X | .
X X , ,
S x X V , , x V , . . X =
=
V.
V

. | X , .
| , . 1.1.9 x X
U , , x U . U ,
x U V , ,
x V , .
,
X S
V .
X =
V
X , .
S
V
1.1.9. , X =

U X,

. . X =

U.

, .

U1 U2
U1 U2 , U1 , U2
, , U1 U2
. ,
x U1 U2 W = U1 U2 , ,
x W = U1 U2 . , . , 1.1.9
X . , .
25

 1.1.8. X , [0, 1], . . X

x: [0, 1] R. X
, ,
{xn }
n=1 X y X (. . xn y n )
xn (t) y(t) n
t [0, 1]. x X , t [0, 1] > 0

V (x, t, ) =

z X |x(t) z(t)| < .

= { V (x, t, ) | x X, t [0, 1], > 0 }

. x X x V (x, t, ) t [0, 1] > 0, 1.1.10. ,
X .
. ,
G ,
S
W .
{ W | A }, , G =
A
W , N ,
n 1, N xn, X , tn, [0, 1]
n, > 0, ,
W =

N
\

V (xn, , tn, , n, ) .

n=1

,
X .
{xn }
n=1 X y X
.

U (y)
y X N U (y) N, , n

N U (y) xn U (y). t [0, 1]

> 0
y X , . . U (y) = V (y, t, ).
n N U (y) xn V (y, t, ), . . |xn (t)
y(t)| < . , {xn }
n=1
y [0, 1].

26

, {xn }
n=1 X y
X [0, 1]. , {xn }
n=1 y . U (y) y X .
M N, m 1, M
zm X , tm [0, 1] m > 0, ,
y

M
\

V (zm , tm , m ) U (y).

m=1

m 1, M xn (tm ) y(tm )
n , Nm N, , n Nm

|xn (tm ) y(tm )| < m |zm (tm ) y(tm )|.

N U (y) = max Nm . n
m=1,M

N U (y) , m 1, M -

|xn (tm ) zm (tm )| |xn (tm ) y(tm )| + |y(tm ) zm (tm )| < m .

N U (y) ,
.

xn

M
T
m=1

V (zm , tm , m ) U (y)

. .

{xn }
n=1

S X ,
, . . [S]. 6= [S] .
S . x S , T = {tk }N
k=0 [0, 1] 0 = t0 <
< t1 < . . . < tN = 1, , x [tk1 , tk ]
[tk1 , tk ] , .
, x. S
\" . , y,
[0, 1], S (X, ). , U (y) y. M N
27

m 1, M

M
\

zm X , tm [0, 1]

m > 0,

V (zm , tm , m ) U (y).

m=1

\" x S , tm , m 1, M . x(tm ) = 0 =
= y(tm ) m 1, M . ,
M
\

V (zm , tm , m ) U (y).

m=1

1.1.4 y [S] . y

S , . . S y . , , ,

{xn }
n=1 S , , xn y
n , . . xn (t) y(t) n t [0, 1]. ,
xn [0, 1] (0 xn (t) 1 t [0, 1] n N),
(. 6 [1, . V, 5, . 302])
,
1
2

R1

xn (t) dt

R1

y(t) dt = 0,

. . . , y 6 [S]. , .

1.2.
1.2.1. X | . : X X R X , :
1) (x, y) 0 x X y X , (x, y) = 0
, x = y;
2) (x, y) = (y, x) x X y X ;
3) (x, y) (x, z) + (y, z) x X , y X , z X .
X (X, ).
28

 1.2.2. (X, ) | . x X R > 0

n

OR (x) =

y X (x, y) < R .

1.2.1. (X, ) | . | X ,
. .

n
o
=

X .

OR (x) x X,

R>0

.
1.1.9. x X R > 0 x OR (x). , .
x1 X , x2 X R1 > 0 R2 > 0 x OR (x1 ) OR (x2 ). ,
nR > 0, , OR (x) OoR (x1 ) OR (x2 ). R = min R1 (x1 , x) , R2 (x2 , x) > 0.
y OR (x) (xk , y) (xk , x) + (x, y) < (xk , x) + R Rk ,
. . y OR (xk ) k = 1, 2, . ,
. ,
X .
1

1.2.3. (X, ) | . X ,
, X .
1.2.2. (X, ) | . G X - (. . G )
, x G R > 0, , OR (x) G.
. G . G
| . , x G z X r > 0, , x Or (z) G. R = r (z, x) > 0.
29

 y OR (x) (y, z) (x, z) + (x, y) < (x, z) +

+ R = r, . . y Or (z). , OR (x) Or (z) G,
.
x G Rx > 0, ,
OR (x) G.
x

G=

[
xG

{x}

. .

ORx (x) G,

G=

xG

ORx (x).

xG

, 1.2.3
-.

G ,

. . -

1.2.3. (X, ) | . {xn }

n=1 X
x X n (. . xn x
n ) , (xn , x) 0 n .

. xn
x n .

U (x) x N = N U (x) ,
, n > N xn U (x).
> 0 U (x) = O (x)

N = N O (x) . n > N xn
O (x), . . (x, xn ) < . , (xn , x) 0 n .
(xn , x) 0 n , . . > 0
N (), , n > N ()
xn O (x). U (x)
x. 1.2.2 R > 0, ,
OR (x) U (x). , n > N (R) xn
OR (x) U (x), .

1.2.4. (X, ) | . .
.

n
o x X

O (x)
. , n=1
x. U (x) x. 1.2.2
R > 0, , OR (x) U (x). ,
1
n

30

 n > R1 O (x) OR (x) U (x),

1.1.15.
1
n

1.2.1. (X, ) -, -, (X, )

.
. 1.1.1, 1.1.2.
1.2.1. X , [0, 1],
, 1.1.8.
S X , , [S] 6= [S]. . , , . . . 00 R, 1.1.2, 1.1.4
(R, 00 ), 00 -.
1.2.2. X
. , X .

(x, y) =

1, x 6= y,
0, x = y.

, G X x G
O1 (x) = {x} G. , 1.2.2
G . ,
X -. . = .

1.2.1. X | , . . x X x = {x(k)}
k=1 , x(k) R k N.
X , {xn }
n=1 X y X
31

, . . (xn , y) 0 n k N xn (k) y(k) n .

X :
(x, y) =

X
2k |x(k) y(k)|
k=1

1 + |x(k) y(k)|

x, y X.

,
1.2.1. 1 2 , , . 3 ( t
1
). , f (t) = 1+t
= 1 1+t

1
t 0, 1+t t 0.
x, y, z X k N |x(k)
y(k)| |x(k) y(k)| + |y(k) z(k)|,
|x(k) y(k)|
|x(k) y(k)| + |y(k) z(k)|

1 + |x(k) y(k)|
1 + |x(k) y(k)| + |y(k) z(k)|
|x(k) y(k)|
|y(k) z(k)|

+
.
1 + |x(k) y(k)| 1 + |y(k) z(k)|

2k k N,

.
, {xn }
n=1 X y X , n
lim (xn , y) = 0.
k N xn (k) y(k) n .
> 0 M = M (), , 2M < .
x, y X

X
k=M +1

2k |x(k) y(k)|

1 + |x(k) y(k)|

2k = 2M < .

k=M +1

xn y k N > 0 N (k, ), , n > N (k, )

|xn (k) y(k)| <
n
o
< . , n > max N (1, ), . . . , N (M (), )

M ()

M ()
X 2k |xn (k) y(k)|
X
(xn , y)
+<
2k + < 2.
1 + |xn (k) y(k)|
k=1

k=1

32

 (xn , y) 0 n .
N = N (), , n > N ()
(xn , y) < . k N

(0, 1)

|xn (k) y(k)|

< 2k .
1 + |xn (k) y(k)|

k N n > N

|xn (k) y(k)|

< ,
1 + |xn (k) y(k)|

. .

2k

|xn (k) y(k)| <

,
1

xn (k) y(k) n .

1.2.2. , . X ,
[0, 1] ,
[0, 1]. X ,
1.1.8.
R1
(X, ), (x, y) = x(t) y(t) dt. ,
0
1.2.1.
, (x, y) 0 (x, y) = (y, x) x, y X .
(x, y) = 0 t0 [0, 1], , |x(t0 )
y(t0 )| > 0, x y t0
(0, 1), , t [0, 1] |t t0 |
)|
|x(t) y(t)| > |x(x )y(t
. ,
2

0

(x, y)

R
[t0 ,t0 +][0,1]

|x(t) y(t)| 2 |x(t0 ) y(t0 )| > 0,

. . . x, y, z X
t [0, 1] |x(t) y(t)| |x(t) z(t)| + |y(t)
z(t)|. t [0, 1],
.
I: (X, ) (X, ), . .
I(x) = x x X . , I . , {xn }
n=1 X
33

 y X [0, 1]. 0 xn (t) 1,

|xn (t) y(t)| 2 t [0, 1]. |xn (t) y(t)| 0
n t [0, 1]. ,
(. 6 [1, . V, 5, . 302])

R1

I(xn ), I(y) = xn (t) y(t) dt 0 n . 0

, I .
S X \" , 1.1.8. 1.1.8,
[0, 1] y0 S . , 0 = 12
U (y0 ) y0 x0 U (y0 ) S , ,

R1

I(x0 ), I(y0 ) = x0 (t) dt = 0 . , I

0
y0 , U (y0 )
y0 (X, )
0 I(y0 ) = y0
(X, ).

1.3.
1.3.1. S (X, ) X ,
X , . . x X > 0 y S , , (x, y) < .
1.3.2. (X, ) , .
1.3.1. (X, )
1.2.1, ,
:
(x, y) =

X
2k |x(k) y(k)|
k=1

1 + |x(k) y(k)|

x, y X.

, . N N
n

SN =

x: N Q x(k) = 0 k > N .

34

 SN , , N .
, SN QN ,

S
Q. S =
SN . S N =1
. , S X , . . [S] = X . , x X > 0.
N N , ,

P
P k

2 < 2 . > 0, ,
<
2

k=N +1

k=1

. k 1, N y(k), , |x(k) y(k)| < . y(k) = 0 k > N ,

y SN S .
<

(x, y) <

N
X

2k +

k=1

2k <

k=N +1

+ = ,
2 2

.
, A X ,
, , ,
X . ,
x X > 0 k z(k) |x(k) z(k)| < . ,

P
z A, , (x, z) <
2k = . k=1
A . . ,
, A . ,
A, A = {an }
n=1 . z X :

z(k) =

0, ak (k) 6= 0,
1, ak (k) = 0

k N.

, z A z A. z 6= an n N,
z(n) 6= an (n). , z 6 A. .
35

 1.3.1.

(X, ) A0

(. . , ), 0 > 0, , a, b A0 (a, b) 0 .
(X, ) .

S X,

X . a A0
ya S , , (a, ya ) 3 .
a, b A0
0

0 (a, b) (a, ya ) + (b, yb ) + (ya , yb ) 23 0 + (ya , yb ).

, (ya , yb ) 3 > 0, . . ya 6= yb . ,
A0 3 a 7 ya S . S0 = { ya | a A0 } S A0 ,
. . . ,
S , .
, X ,
(X, ).
0

1.3.2. X
d

d(x, y) = sup
kN

|x(k) y(k)|
1 + |x(k) y(k)|

x, y X.

, (X, d) .
n x(k) = k
o k N. A0 =

= x R
X . , A0 .

d(x , x ) lim

1
k

| |
+ | |

= 1 = 0 .

, 1.3.1
(X, d) .
36

 1.3.3. C(R) ,
+ ,
c (x, y) = sup |x(t) y(t)|

x, y C(R).

tR

R , , R, c (x, y) < +

x, y C(R). ,
C(R), c . N M SN,M C(R), ,
x SN,M

Q(t) = a0 + a1 t + . . . + aM tM ,
Q(N ),
x(t) =

Q(N ),

N t N,
t > N,
t < N,

a0 , . . . , aM | . , SN,M QM +1 ,

S
S
Q. S =
SN,M C(R)
N =1 M =1
SN,M .
, S C(R). x C(R) > 0. = (x, ) > 0, , t

|x(t) x(+)|

|x( ) x()| .

N > .
x
P (t) = b0 + b1 t +
+ . . . + bM tM , . .
[N, N ]

sup

|x(t) P (t)| .

t[N,N ]

> 0 ,

1 + N + . . . + N M .

37

 k 0, M ak ,
|ak bk | . Q(t) = a0 +a1 t+. . .+aM tM .
, y SN,M S :

y(t) =

Q(t),
Q(N ),

Q(N ),

N t N,
t > N,
t < N.

t [N, N ]
|Q(t) P (t)|

M
X

|ak bk | |t|k

k=0

sup
t[N,N ]

N M ,

k=0

|x(t) y(t)|

M
X

sup

|x(t) P (t)| + |P (t) Q(t)| 2.

t[N,N ]

t > N
|x(t) y(t)| |x(t) x(+)| + |x(+) x(N )|+
+|x(N ) P (N )| + |P (N ) Q(N )| 4.

< N

|x( ) y( )| |x( ) x()| + |x() x(N )|+

+|x(N ) P (N )| + |P (N ) Q(N )| 4.

, c (x, y) 4, .

1.3.4. BC(R)
1.3.3. c

, BC(R), c .
\"
x BC(R)

: k Ik = k 12 , k + 21 x ,
Ik
. \" A0 . x A0
38

 x(k) k. k Z
x(k) = 1. , A0
, 0 1, [0, 1).
, A0 .
x, y A0 k0 Z, , |x(k0 )
y(k0 )| = 1. , c (x, y) |x(k0 ) y(k0 )| = 1 = 0 .
,
1.3.1

BC(R), c .
x(k) = 0

1.3.2. (X, )
. A X . (A, ) .
. S = {zn }
n=1

X X .
x X A
(x, A) = inf (x, a).
aA
n m
an,m A, ,
(zn , an,m ) (zn , A) +

1
.
m

B = {an,m }
n,m=1
A. , B A.
S X , a A
> 0 n, , (a, zn ) . , (zn , A) (zn , a) . m m1 . (zn , an,m )
1
2. (zn , A) + m

(a, an,m ) (a, zn ) + (zn , an,m ) 3.

, B A A. , B . B
, B . , , B . B A, a A
39

 (a, B) = inf (a, b) = 0. bB

B , (a, B)
, . . ba B , , (a, B) =
= (a, ba ) = 0. , a = ba B . , A B .
B A B . A = B . , A
, B .
B . , B , .

1.4.
1.4.1. {xn }
n=1 -

(X, )
( -), > 0
N = N (), , n > N m > N (xn , xm ) < .
, (X, ) {xn }
n=1 x X
. , xn x n 1.2.3 , > 0 M (),
, n > M ()
(xn , x) <

< . N () = M 2 . n > N ()
m > N (), ,

(xn , xm ) (xn , x) + (xm , x) <

= .

, {xn }
n=1
(X, ) . , y X z X

xn y xn z n , , , 0 (y, z) (xn , y) + (xn , z) 0 n .

, (y, z) = 0, 1.2.1 y = z .

1.4.2. (X, ) ,
(X, ) .
40

 1.4.1. , .
X d , , (X, ) ,
(X, d) , d , . . = d . X = R | ,
(x, y) = |x y|, d(x, y) = |ex ey |. (R, )
. , (R, d)
. c xn = n. , d-. , > 0 n > ln 1 m > n d(xn , xm ) = |en em | <
< en < , . xn =
= n (R, d),
x R n
lim (xn , x) = lim |en ex | = ex > 0.
n
, = d . G R -, . .
G . , G d , . . 1.2.2
x G R = R(x) > 0, ,
y R d(x, y) < R y G.
G , x G r = r(x) > 0, ,
y R (x, y) < r y G.
ex > 0,
= (x) > 0, , z R |z ex | < | ln z ln ex | < r. , y
|ey ex | < | ln ey ln ex | = |y x| <
< r, . . y G. , R(x) = (x) .
, G d-. ,
d .
, G d . x G
r = r(x) > 0, , y R (x, y) <
< r y G. G d ,
x G R = R(x) > 0, , y
R d(x, y) < R y G.
x, = (x) > 0, ,
y R |y x| < |ey ex | < R,
, y G. , r(x) = (x) .
, G -. ,
d .
41

 1.4.1. (X, ) |
, S X .
(S, ) , S
(X, ).
. (S, )
. z X S . {xn }
n=1 S , , (xn , z) 0 n . , {xn }n=1
(S, ). (S, ) x S , , (xn , z) 0 n . ,
(x, z) (xn , x) + (xn , z) 0 n , . . (x, z) = 0.
x = z S . , S (X, ), 1.2.1 . ,
S (S, ), (X, ).
S (X, ). {xn }
n=1 S . (X, ). (X, ) x X , , (xn , x) 0 n .
, x
S . S , x S . , S
S , . . (S, ) .
1.4.1. ,
. (R, d), d(x, y) = |ex ey | (. 1.4.1).
1.4.1, (R, d)
. S = (, 0] d ,
d- xn = n S
(. 1.4.1). S d -. , ,
(x, y) = |x y| R S -, S c = (0, +)
42

 -. , 1.4.1, d = . , S c d -, , S d -.

1.4.3. (X, ) | . x X R > 0

n

BR (x) =

y X (x, y) R .

1.4.2. (X, )
x X R > 0 BR (x) -. , z , . . (x, z) > R. r = (x, z) R > 0.
, Or (z) X\BR (x). y Or (z) (x, y) (x, z)
(y, z) > (x, z) r = R, . . y X\BR (x), .
, 1.2.2 BR (x)
-, . . 1.1.6
BR (x) -.
1.4.1 ( ).
(X, ) ,
, , .
. (X, )

.
n
o , , . .
BR (xn )
n

n=1

BRn+1 (xn+1 ) BRn (xn )

n N,

Rn 0 n . ,
BR (xn ) 6=
n=1
6= 0. {xn }
n=1 . , . , > 0 N (), , n > N ()
Rn < . m > n xm BR (xm ) BR (xn ), (xm , xn ) Rn . , m, n > N () (xm , xn ) < .
n

43

 (X, ) x X ,

T
, (xn , x) 0 n . , x
BR (xn ).
n=1
, n N m > n
(xn , x) (xn , xm ) + (xm , x) Rn + (xm , x) Rn m .
, (xn , x) Rn n N, .
, (X, ) ,
, .
X {xn }
n=1 . k N mk , ,
n, m mk (xn , xm ) 2k1 .
{nk }
k=1 : n1 = m1 , nk+1 = max{mk+1 , nk + 1}. nk+1 >
> nk mk k N (xn , xn ) 2k1 .
xn
Rk = 2k 0 k . , . ,
y BR (xn )
n

k+1

k+1

k+1

(xnk , y) (xnk , xnk+1 ) + (xnk+1 , y) 2k1 + 2k1 = 2k = Rk .

, BR (xn ) BR (xn ) k N.

T
BR (xn ),
Rk 0 k . , x
k=1
. . (xn , x) Rk k N. > 0 k = k() > log2 2 , , n nk()

k+1

k+1

(xn , x) (xn , xnk ) + (x, xnk ) 2k1 + 2k < 2k+1 < .

, xn x n , .

1.4.2. , ,
, ,
(. [5, . 12, . 201]). X = N,

(m, n) =

1+
0,

1
m+n ,

44

m 6= n,
m = n.

, 1.2.1. 1 2 . ,
3, . . . , m, n, k
(m, n) = 1 +

1
m+n

21+

1
m+k

+1+

1
n+k

= (m, k) + (n, k).

, (N, ) . {nk }
k=1 -, N , , k, s N (nk , ns ) < 1. nk 6= ns , (nk , ns ) > 1. ,
nk = ns = m. , (N, )
, , . n N
1
n rn = 1 + 2n
,
. .

n
o
Brn (n) =

m N (m, n) rn

m N, n, Br (n)
,
1
1
1 + m+n
1 + 2n
, . . m n.
, Br (n) = {m}
m=n . , Br (n) Br (n + 1) n N, . .
,

Br (n) = .
n

n=1

n+1

1.4.4. (X, ) | . S X
diam S = sup (x, y).
x,yS

1.4.2. (X, ) ,
X ,
, .
. (X, )
.
45

{Fn }
n=1 X , , Fn+1
Fn n N dn = diam Fn 0 n .
n xn Fn . , {xn }
n=1 -. lim dn = 0,
n

> 0 N (), ,
n > N () dn < . m > n xm Fm Fn ,
(xm , xn ) dn < . , n, m > N () (xn , xm ) < . ,
(X, ) ,
x X , , (xn , x) 0 n . , n x Fn .

m > n xm Fn xm x m , x
Fn . Fn 1.1.3 , x Fn .

T
, x
Fn , .
n=1

X ,
, . X
Fn = BR (xn ), ,
Fn+1 Fn n Rn 0 n .
dn = diam Fn Fn

dn = sup (y, z) sup

y,zFn

y,zFn

(y, xn ) + (z, xn )

Rn + Rn = 2Rn 0

n .

,
Fn 6= . 1.4.1 n=1
(X, ) .

1.4.3. ` , ,
(x, y) = sup |x(k) y(k)| x, y ` .
kN

, ` .
- {xn }
n=1 ` . , > 0
46

 N (), , n, m > N () (xn , xm ) < . k N |xn (k) xm (k)| (xn , xm ) < ,

{xn (k)}
n=1 R. k N lim xn (k) = z(k) R. z ,n

xn . k N

n, m > N 2 |xn (k) xm (k)| < 2
m
. |xn (k) z(k)| 2 k N

n > N 2 . , sup |xn (k) z(k)| = (xn , z) 2 <

kN

n > N 2 . , (xn , z) 0 n . , z ` , . . z
. xn ` n N,
n = N (1) + 1 R > 0, , k N |xn (k)| R. k N
|z(k)| |z(k) xn (k)| + |xn (k)| (z, xn ) + R 1 + R. ,
z | .
`
, , . n N

Fn =

x `

x(1) = . . . = x(n) = 0, sup |x(k)| = 1 .

kN

, n Fn+1 Fn .
z | Fn , > 0 x Fn , , (z, x ) < . ,
k 1, n |z(k)| = |z(k) x (k)| (z, x ) < , . .
> 0 z(k) = 0.
:

sup |z(k)| sup |z(k) x (k)| + |x (k)| (z, x ) + 1 < + 1,

kN

kN

sup |z(k)| sup |x (k)| |z(k) x (k)| 1 (z, x ) > 1 .

kN

kN

, > 0 sup |z(k)| = 1. , z Fn . , kN

47

 Fn . , Fn . ,
x, y Fn
(x, y) sup |x(k)| + |y(k)| 2, . . diam Fn 2.
kN
, x y x(k) =
= y(k) = 0 k 6= n + 1, x
(n + 1) = 1 y(n + 1) = 1,
Fn . 2 = (x, y) diam Fn . , diam Fn = 2 n N. , ,
Fn n N . ,

T
x
Fn , Fn x(n) = 0
n=1
n N sup |x(n)| = 1, .
,

T
n=1

nN

Fn = .

1.4.5. (X, ) | . S X , [S] .

1.4.2 ().

.
. (X, ) | . , ,
Sn X , ,

S
X =
Sn . x0 X .
n=1
S1 , R > 0
OR (x0 ) 6 [S1 ] . G1 = O1 (x0 )\[S1 ] =
= O1 (x0 ) [S1 ]c . , x1
G1 , G1 1 > 0, , O2 (x1 ) G1 . R1 = min{1 , 1}.
BR (x1 ) O2R (x1 ) O2 (x1 ),
, B1 (x0 ) BR (x1 ) BR (x1 ) S1 = . , , n N x1 , . . . , xn X R1 , . . . , Rn , ,
B1 (x0 ) BR (x1 ) . . . BR (xn ), BR (xk ) Sk =

48

 k 1, n. Sn+1 , OR (xn ) 6 [Sn+1 ] . Gn+1 =

= OR (xn )\[Sn+1 ] = OR (xn ) [Sn+1 ]c
. , xn+1 Gn+1 , Gn+1 n+1
O2 (xn+1 )
o
n > 0, ,
1
Gn+1 . Rn+1 = min n+1 , n+1 .
BR (xn+1 ) O2R (xn+1 ) O2 (xn+1 ), , BR (xn ) BR (xn+1 ) BR (xn+1 ) Sn+1 = .
, n
o BR (xn )
, Rn 0
Rk

1
k

n+1

n+1

n+1

n+1

n+1

n+1

n=1

n . , 1.4.1 x

T
n=1

BRn (xn ).

n BR (xn
) Sn =

S
x 6 Sn . x X\
Sn n

n=1

X =
Sn .
n=1
.

1.4.4. ,
, Q (x, y) = |x y|. ,
Q
(Q, ), (Q, )
, , . . .
Q , . .
.
, . `1 ,
, , . .
(
`1 =

)
X

x: N R
|x(k)| < + .

k=1

49

 `1 (x, y) = sup |x(k) y(k)|, kN

1.4.3 ` . ,
(`1 , ) . `1 {xn }
n=1

xn (k) =

1
k,

1 k n,
0, k > n.

n, m N, m > n,
(xn , xm ) = sup

n<km

1
k

<

1
n,

> 0 N () > 1 , , n, m > N () (xn , xm ) < N1() < . , {xn }

n=1
(`1 , ). (`1 , ). , , z `1 , ,
(z, xn ) n . k N
n > k

z(k) 1 = |z(k) xn (k)| (z, xn ) 0

k

n .

, z(k) = k1 k N. z 6 `1 ,

P
1

k = +.
k=1
(`1 , ). n

(
)

Fn =

x `1
|x(k)| n

k=1

x `1 n(x) N, ,
P

|x(k)| n(x), . . x Fn(x) ,
k=1

`1 =
Fn . , n N
n=1
Fn (`1 , ).
z `1 | Fn . >
> 0 x Fn , , (z, x ) < . ,
50

 N
N
X

|z(k)|

k=1

N
X

|z(k) x (k)| +

k=1

N
X

|x (k)|

k=1

N (z, x ) + n N + n n

+0.

N
P

, N N
|z(k)| n. k=1
, N ,

P
,
|z(k)| n. , z Fn , . .
k=1
Fn (`1 , ). , , n N Fn
(`1 , ). Fn ,
(`1 , ) Fn . , , x0 Fn R0 > 0,
, OR (x0 ) Fn . x `1 (x, x0 ) < R0

P

|x(k)| n. N , ,
0

N
P
k=1

k=1

R0
2k

> 2n.

yN

yN (k) =

|zN (k)|

k=1

P
k=1

|yN (k)|

R0
2k ,

1 k N,
0, k > N.

zN = x0 + yN OR

`1

(x0 ),

|x0 (k)| =

k=1

(zN , x0 )

N
P

P
R0
|x0 (k)|
2k
k=1
k=1

R0
2

< R0 .

> 2nn = n,

. . zN

6 Fn . . ,
, Fn
(`1 , ).
n N

1.4.2
.

1.4.1. , f : R

R,

.
51

 . , ,
. : R [0, +] f , . . x R
(x) = lim

+0

sup |f (y) f (z)|.

y,zR :
|yx|<
|zx|<

, f x
, (x) = 0. Q = {rn }
n=1 | , I = R\Q | .
x I (x) > 0, y Q
(y) = 0. n N

Fn =

1
x R (x)
.
n

I =
Fn . , x I,
n=1
(x) > 0. , n(x) N, ,
1
n(x)
(x), . . x Fn(x) .
x Q, (x) = 0, . . x 6 Fn n N. ,
n N Fn R (
, R (x, y) =
= |x y|). x | Fn , . .
> 0 x Fn , , |x x | < .
> 0 |y x | <
|y x| < 2 ,
sup

|f (y) f (z)|

y,zR :
|yx|<2
|zx|<2

sup
y,zR :
|yx |<

|f (y) f (z)| (x )

1
.
n

|zx |<

,
(x) = lim

+0

sup
y,zR :
|yx|<2
|zx|<2

|f (y) f (z)|

1
,
n

. . x Fn . , Fn . , Fn R.
52

 Fn , Fn . ,
.
Fn . , Fn
. ,

R=QI=

!
{rn }

n=1

!
Fn

n=1

n
o
[
Fn {rn } ,
n=1

Fn {rn }
R. ,
R . 1.4.2 .
.

1.4.2. f : G C G C. z G
n(z), , f (n(z)) (z) = 0. , f | .
. , C
= |z w| . z0 G. G (C, ) c 0 > 0, ,

n
o
K0 = B0 (z0 ) =

z C |z z0 | 0

G.

m N
n
Am =

z K0 f (m) (z) = 0 .

f G, Am (C, ), z

S
K0 z An(z) . , K0 =
Am .
m=1
(K0 , )
1.4.1, Am K0 (K0 , ), 1.4.2 m0
N, , Am (K0 , )
0

53

 . ,
1 > 0, ,
n

O1 (z1 ) K0 =

z1 K0

z K0 |z z1 | < 1 Am0 .

, z2 O

(z1 ) K0 ,

|z2 z0 | < 0 .

, z2 = z1 + (z0 z1 ) 0 < < 1.

0 < <
1

|z2 z1 | = |z0 z1 | 0 < 1 ,

|z2 z0 | = (1 )|z1 z0 | (1 )0 < 0 .

n
o
, 0, min 1, 10 . 2 = min{ 0 |z2 z0 | , 1 |z2 z1 | } > 0. ,

O2 (z2 ) =

z C |z z2 | < 2 O1 (z1 ) K0 Am0 .

, z O (z2 ) f (m ) (z) = 0.
k m0 z O (z2 ) f (k) (z) = 0.

, f O (z2 ) m0 .
P f G
wk = z2 + k+1
O (z2 ), , wk z2
k f (wk ) = P (wk ),
f = P G.
0

1.5.
1.5.1. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | . : X1 X2 , (. . x2
X2 x1 X1 , , (x1 ) = x2 ),

x1 , y1 X1 1 (x1 , y1 ) =

= 2 (x1 ), (y1 ) . X1
X2 , , .
54

 1.5.1. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | , : X1 X2 . 1 : X2 X1 .

. X1 X2 , 1 : X2
X1 . x2 , y2 X2

2 (x2 , y2 ) = 2 1 (x2 ) , 1 (y2 ) = 1 1 (x2 ), 1 (y2 ) ,

. . 1.5.1 1 .

1.5.2. (X1 , 1 ), (X2 , 2 ) (X3 , 3 ) |

, : X1
X2 : X2 X3 . : X1 X3 = ,
. . , .
. X1 X3 . x1 , y1 X1

1 (x1 , y1 ) = 2 (x1 ), (y1 ) =

= 3 (x1 ) , (y1 ) = 3 (x1 ), (y1 ) .

, 1.5.1
.

1.5.3. (X1 , 1 ) (X2 , 2 ) | , (X1 , 1 ) . (X2 , 2 ) .

. : X1 X2 | . 2 -
{zn }
n=1 X2 . > 0 N =
= N (), , n, m > N 2 (zn , zm ) < . xn = 1 (zn ). 1.5.1 1 (xn , xm ) = 2 (zn , zm ) < n, m >
> N . , {xn }
n=1 X1
1 -. ,
55

(X1 , 1 ) x X1 , , 1 (xn , x) 0
n . z = (x). 2 (zn , z) =
= 2 ((xn ), (x)) = 1 (xn , x) 0 n . , 2 - X2 ,
. . (X2 , 2 ) .

1.5.2. (X, ) | . , A X ( - ) B X ,
[A] B , . . b B > 0 a A, , (a, b) < .

1.5.3. , (Y, d) (X, ), Z Y , d-

Y , , (X, ) (Z, d) .
1.5.1. (X, ) | , (Y, d) | , X Y .
d X
, X d- Y . (Y, d) (X, ). ,
Z = X : X
Z (x) = x (X, ) (Z, d).
1.5.3 . X
Y , y, y Y

xn , y)
X {
xn }
{xn }n=1
n=1 X , , d(xn , y) 0 d(
0 n . , d(y, y) =
= lim (xn , x
n ). , n

d(y, y) d(xn , y) + d(
xn , y) + (xn , x
n ).

, d(y, y)
lim (xn , x
n ).
n

(xn , x
n ) d(xn , y) + d(
xn , y) + d(y, y).

,
lim (xn , x
n ) d(y, y).

56

,
lim (xn , x
n ) d(y, y) lim (xn , x
n ).

n ) lim (xn , x
lim (xn , x
n ),
n

,
lim (xn , x
n ) = lim (xn , x
n ) = d(y, y).

, n
lim (xn , x
n ) = d(y, y).

1.5.1. (R, d),

d(x, y) = |ex ey |. 1.4.1 .
. Y = [0, +) (x, y) = |x y|. (R, )
, Y - R, 1.4.1
(Y, ) . Z =
= (0, +) Y . [Z] = Y , Z -
Y . : R Z (x) = ex
x R. (R, d) (Z, ). ,
R Z ,
x, y R

d(x, y) = |ex ey | = | (x) (y)| = (x), (y) .

, 1.5.3 (Y, )
(R, d).
, Y R, . . Y R
Y 6= R.

1.5.4. (X, ) .
57

 . (Y1 , 1 ) (Y2 , 2 ) | (X, ). , : Y1 Y2 . 1.5.3

Z1 Y1 , 1 - Y1 , Z2 Y2 , 2 Y2 , , (X, ) (Z1 , 1 ) (Z2 , 2 ). , 1 : X Z1 2 : X Z2 .
= 2 1
1 : Z1 Z2 . 1.5.1 1.5.2
. Z1
1 - Y1 , y1 Y1 {zn }
n=1 Z1 , , 1 (zn , y1 ) 0 n .
, , (zn ) Z2 2 -

(Y2 ,2 ).
y2 Y2 , , 2 (zn ), y2 0 n .
y2 Y2 y1 Y1 , . . (y1 ) = y2 . ,
: Y1 Y2 . , , . . (y1 )
zn Z1 , y1 . , zn Z1 y1 .
1 (zn , zn ) 1 (zn , y1 ) + 1 (
zn , y1 ) 0 n .,

, 2 (zn ), (zn ) =
= 1 (zn , zn ) 0 n

2 (zn ), y2 2 (zn ), y2 + 2 (zn ), (zn ) 0

n , . . (
zn ) Z2 y2 Y2 , (zn ). , . ,
(Y1 , 1 ) (Y2 , 2 ). , . . y2 Y2
y1 Y1 , , (y1 ) = y2 . , Z2 2 - Y2 , y2 Y2 {wn }
n=1 Z2 , , 2 (wn , y2 )
0 n . zn = 1 (wn ) Z1 .
1.5.1 1 , zn 1 - 58

 (Y1 , 1 ). ,
y1 Y1 , , 1 (zn , y1 ) 0 n .
(y1 ) = y2 .

y1 Y1 , y1 ,
2 (
y1 ), (y1 ) = 1 (
y1 , y1 ) > 0. ,
Z1 1 - Y1 , {zn }
zn , y1 ) 0 n .
n=1 Z1 , , 1 (
:

2 (
y1 ), (y1 ) = lim 2 (
zn ), (zn ) =
n

= lim 1 (
zn , zn ) = 1 (
y1 , y1 ) > 0.
n

, Y1 Y2 . , . ,
y1 , y1 Y1

2 (
y1 ), (y1 ) = 1 (
y1 , y1 ). , . , (Y1 , 1 ) (Y2 , 2 ) (X, ) .

1.5.1 (). .
. (X, ) |
. F | X . F . , {xn } F {yn } F ,
(xn , yn ) 0 n . {xn }
{yn }. , F : ,
F . ,
{xn } {yn }, (yn , xn ) = (xn , yn ) 0 n , . .
{yn } {xn }, . . . , {xn } {yn }
{yn } {zn }, (xn , zn )
(xn , yn ) + (yn , zn ) 0 n . ,
{xn } {zn }, . . . {xn } {xn }
, (xn , xn ) = 0 n N.
59

 F Y (X, ). Y d .
y, y Y {xn } y {xn } y. d(y, y) = n
lim (xn , x
n ).
, . .

y y.
d 1.2.1.
, {xn } y Y
{
xn } y Y lim (xn , x
n ) . n
{(xn , xn )}.
n, m N
(xn , x
n ) (xn , xm ) + (
xn , x
m ) + (xm , x
m ).

n ) (xm , x
m ) (xn , xm ) + (
xn , x
m ).
(xn , x

{xn } {xn } (X, ), > 0 N (), , n, m > N () (xn , xm ) < 2 (xn, xm ) < 2 . n, m > N () (xn , xn ) (xm , xm ) < ,
{(xn , xn )}. ,
lim (xn , x
n ).
n
y y.
{xn } {xn } y , {
xn }
{
xn } y. {xn } {xn }
{
xn } {
xn }, . . (xn , xn ) 0 (
xn , x
n ) 0 n .

(xn , x
n )

xn , x
n ),
(xn , xn ) + (xn , x
n ) + (

(xn , x
n )

(xn , xn ) + (xn , x
n ) + (
xn , x
n ),

60

n ) (xn , x
n ) (xn , xn ) + (
xn , x
n ) 0
(xn , x

n .

, n
lim (xn , x
n ) = lim (xn , x
n ), . . n
d.
d. d
y, y Y d(y, y) 0. d(y, y) = 0. ,
{xn } y {
xn } y 0 = lim (xn , x
n ). n
, {xn } {xn }, y = y.
d(y, y) = n
lim (xn , x
n ) = lim (
xn , xn ) = d(
y , y).
n
d . y, y, y
Y . {xn } y , {
xn } y
{
xn } y

d(y, y) = lim (xn , x

n ) lim
n

(xn , x
n ) + (
xn , x
n ) =

= d(y, y) + d(
y , y).

, d.
(Y, d), (X, ). , (Y, d)
(X, ).
x X s(x) X ,
xn = x n N. Z = { s(x) | x X } Y .
, (X, ) (Z, d) . : X Z (x) = s(x)
x X .
(X)

= Z ,
x, x X d s(x), s(x) = n
lim (x, x
) = (x, x
).
, .
, Z d- Y . y Y > 0. {xn } y.
(X, ) N = N (), , n, m N
61

d s(xN ), y

(xn , xm ) . s(xN ) Z .
= lim (xN , xn ) . , [Z]d = Y ,
n

.
, , (Y, d)
. d- {yn }
n=1 Y . > 0
N (), , n, m > N () d(yn , ym ) < .
Z d- Y ,

n xn X , ,

d s(xn ), yn < n1 . {xn } X . , -.

n, m > M () = max N 3 , 3 + 1
(xn , xm ) =

= d s(xn ), s(xm ) d s(xn ), yn + d s(xm ), ym + d (yn , ym ) <

<

1
1

+
+ < .
n m 3

,
y Y , , {xn } y.
,
d(yn , y) 0 n . ,
n > M 2

1

d(yn , y) d s(xn ), yn +d s(xn ), y < + lim (xn , xm ) < + < .
n m
6 2

, , d- {yn }
n=1 Y y Y . , (Y, d) .
, (Y, d) 1.5.3 (X, ).
.

1.5.2. `1 , ,
(. 1.4.4),
(x, y) = sup |x(k) y(k)|. kN
1.4.4, . c0 ,
62

 , . , (`1 , )
(c0 , ).
(c0 , ). 1.4.3, (` , ),
, .
c0 ` , -

{xn }n=1
c0 (` , ) z ` . , > 0 N (), ,
n > N () (xn , z) < .
, z c0 , . . z
. n N xn c0 ,
n N > 0 Kn (), , k > Kn () |xn (k)| < .
n = N () + 1 k > Kn () |z(k)| |z(k) xn (k)| +
+ |xn (k)| < (z, xn ) + < 2. , z
. , (c0 , ).
, `1 - c0 . , x c0 > 0
K(x, ), , |x(k)| < k > K(x, ).
z `1 :

z(k) =

(x, z) =

x(k),
0,

1 k K x, 2 ,
k > K x, 2 .
|x(k)|

sup
k>K (x, 2 )

< ,

. . O (x) `1 6= .

, x c0
`1 c0 , . . [`1 ] = c0 . , 1.5.1 (c0 , )
(`1 , ).

1.6.
1.6.1. (X, ) | . f : X X , L [0, 1),, x, y X
f (x), f (y) L(x, y).
63

 1.6.2. X | , f : X X . x0 X
f , f (x0 ) = x0 .
1.6.1 (). (X, ) |
, f : X X .
f .
. f L [0, 1). x1 X
xn+1 = f (xn ) n N. m, n N
(xn+1 , xn+m ) Ln (x1 , xm ) Ln

m1
X

(xk , xk+1 )

k=1

Ln

m1
X
k=1

Lk1 (x1 , x2 )

Ln
(x1 , x2 ).
1L

0 L < 1, Ln 0 n . ,
> 0 N (), , n >
> N () Ln (x1 , x2 ) < (1 L).
n > N () m N (xn+1 , xn+m ) <
< , {xn }
n=1
(X, ). , x0 X , , (xn , x0 ) 0 n .

f (x0 ), x0 f (x0 ), xn +(x0 , xn ) L(x0 , xn1 )+(x0 , xn ) 0

n . , (f (x0 ), x0 ) = 0, . . f (x0 ) = x0 . , x0 f .
f . y, z X

f . , (y, z) = f (y), f (z)

L(y, z), . . (1 L)(y, z) 0. 1 L > 0,
(y, z) = 0, . . y = z . ,
.
64

1.6.1. G Rn+1 | , -

f : G R , K G
LK > 0, , (t, x) K (t, y)
K |f (t, x) f (t, y)| LK |x y|. ,
(t0 , x0 ) G 0 > 0, ,
I0 = [t0 0 , t0 + 0 ]

dx(t)
:
= f t, x(t) t I0 x(t0 ) = x0 .
dt
. (t0 , x0 ) G
G r0 > 0, ,
(t, x) Rn+1 |t t0 | r0 |x x0 | r0
(t, x) G.
n

K0 =

(t, x) Rn+1 |t t0 | r0 , |x x0 | r0 G.

L0 > 0, , (t, x) K0
|f (t, x) f (t, y)| L0 |x y|. M0 = max |f (t, x)|. 0 = min{ Mr +1 , L 1+1 }
(t,x)K
r0 . X0 ,
I0 Rn , , K0 . X0
(x, y) = max |x(t) y(t)|. tI
(X0 , ) . , -
{xn } X0 {xn } I0 . ,
I0 {xn } z I0 , . . (xn , z) 0
n . z I0 , K0
Rn+1 . , z X0 ,
.
F : X0 X0
(t, y) K0

Zt

F (x) (t) = x0 + f (, x( )) d
t0

65

 t I0 .,
x X0 t I0

F (x) (t) x0 0 M0 r0 .
x X0 F (x) K0 , . . F (x) X0
x X0 . x, y X0

F (x), F (y) 0 L0 (x, y),

0 0 L0 < 1. , F 0 L0 . x
X0 F . x

Rt
I0 x
(t) = x0 + f (, x
( )) d t I0 t0

, x
I0 ,

x
(t)
t I0
= f t, x
(t) .
dt
x(t0 ) = x0 , , x . x X0
, t I0 |

Zt
x(t) = x0 +
t0

dx( )
d = F (x) (t),
d

. . x = F (x). , x F , x = x
F .

66

2.1.

2.1.1. (X, ) | , S X .
S
n
o

- V A ( A
|
), ,
S
S
V .
A

2.1.2. (X, ) | . S X
1) , S ;
2) -,
S ;
3) ,
S , S .
2.1.1. (X, ) | , S X .
S -.
. 2.1.2.
2.1.2. (X, ) | , S X .
S -.
. , , S -.
P = {Vk }
k=1 S , . , n N
67

n
S

xn S ,

, xn 6
Vk . k=1
S {xn }
n=1

{xn }

S , . . xn x0
0
m=1
m . P S ,
k0 N, , x0 Vk . m0 N,
, m m0 xn Vk .
nm m , nm k0 m m0 . m
nS
xn 6
Vk Vk , . . xn 6 Vk . .
m

k=1

2.1.3. (X, ) | , S X . x X
S ,
S , x, . . U (x)
x y U (x) S , , y 6= x.
2.1.3. (X, ) | , S X , -, .
E S S .
. 2.1.1 2.1.2 - S . , S -. , E S S . , ,
S E . E c E1 E , , , S . ,
x S U (x) , ,

E1 U (x)\{x} = . x S\E1
U (x) ES
1 U (x) = , . .
S U (x) S\E1 . V =
U (x). xS\E1

1.1.1 V -.
S
S\E1 S V =
S U (x) S\E1 .
,
68

xS\E1

S V = S\E1 .

 P S : P =
= { V , U (x) | x E1 }. P
U (x) x E1 ,
S . ,
x, y E1 x 6= y x 6 U (y).
S V = S\E1 , x E1
x6 V . ,

x E1 x 6

S
yE1
y6=x

U (y) V ,

. P V , . , P
.
S .

2.1.1. , - ( , ), . 076 . . X = N | . N
.
n
=

Vk = {2k 1, 2k} k N ,

. . Vk 2k 1
2k k N. ,
N, 1.1.9 ,
. , V ,
2k V , 2k 1 V , k N. ,
N -, {Vk }+
k=1 , Vk = { 2k 1 , 2k } ,
k N, . E N (N, ) . , k N 2k E , 2k 1
E , 2k 1 2k E , 2k 6= 2k 1. , 2k 1 E ,
2k E , 2k
2k 1 E , 2k 1 6= 2k.
69

 2.1.4. ,
(X, ) , x, y X , . . x 6= y,
U (x) U (y) , , x 6 U (y) y 6 U (x).
2.1.4. (X, )
,
.
. , x X {x} 1.1.6 . , y 6= x
U (y) , , x 6 U (y).
.
2.1.1. [1] : S - [1],
S (. [1, . II, 6, . 103]). 9 [1,
. II, 6, . 103] [1] 2.1.2
. ,
2.1.1,
.
9 [1, . II, 6, . 103] ,
x0 {xn }
n=1 ,
x0 ,
\" {xn+1 , xn+2 , . . .} (c. 9 [1, . II, 6, . 104]).
, .
, Fn = {x1 , . . . , xn }
2.1.4 . ,
U (x0 ) x0 V (x0 ) = U (x0 ) F c
x0 . V (x0 ) |
x0 , n .
V (x0 ) ,
, n, . .
70

\". , ,
2.1.1,
xn = n + 1, n N x0 = 1,
x0 x1 .
{x2 , x3 , . . .} x0 .
, - S
.

2.1.5.

(. 1.1.16). - S X .
(X, )

. , , - S X . {xn }
n=1
S , S .
, x S U (x) , {xn }
n=1 . , x S ,

{xn }
n=1 . {Um }m=1 | m
T
x. Wm =
Uk . ,
k=1
{Wm }
m=1 x, Wm+1 Wm m N.
Wm x {xn }
n=1 , nm , , xn Wm
m N. {xn }
m=1 , x. ,
V (x) x m0 N, ,
Wm V (x). m m0 xn Wm

Wm V (x), . . xn x m .

.
, x S U (x) ,
m

71


{xn }n=1
. x S {xn }
n=1 , U (x) x.
{xnk }N
k=1 .
k 1, N {xnk } , Uk (x) x, , xnk 6 Uk (x).
V (x) = U (x) U1 (x) . . . UN (x) x {xn }
n=1 , ,
, x. x S\{xn }
n=1 = E
V (x) {xn }
S V (x) E . n=1 , . .
S
V0 =
V (x). 1.1.1 V0
xE

,
E S V0 =
S
=
S V (x) E . , E = S\{xn }
n=1 = S V0 .
xE

n N Vn = V (xn ).
P = {Vn }
n=0 S , .
S .
, S X , S ,
- .

2.1.6.

(X, ) . S X , S

, -.

. S X , .
, S -.
P = {Vk }
k=1 S , . ,
n
S
n xn S , , xn 6
Vk . k=1
{xn }
n=1 , xn = x0 S .
P S , k0 , , x0 Vk . m0 , ,
m

72

m > m0 nm > k0 . , xnm = x0

nS
m
Vk0
Vk , . . .
k=1

{xn }
n=1 , {xn }
,

m=1
, . . xn 6= xn m 6= k.
E = {xn }
m=1 S
x0 . E , , x0 6 E . ,
x0 E , x0 ,
x0 E\{x0 }. , s0 , , x0 = xn ,
xn . ,
, x0 6= xn m N. P S , k0 , , x0 Vk .
m0 , , m > m0
nm > k0 . F0 = { xn , . . . , xn }.
F0 .
x0 6 F0 U (x0 ) , ,
U (x0 ) F0 = . x0
E , W0 = U (x0 ) Vk x0
E . , m,
, xn W0 . m0 {xn }
k=1 U (x0 ), , m > m0 . , nm > k0
nS
xn W0 Vk
Vk , . . .
m

s0

s0

m0

k=1

2.1.7.

(X, ) . S X ,
S , -

. 2.1.6
2.1.5.
.
S X , , E S S . 73

 {xn }
n=1 S . S . xn =
= x0 k N, . ,
{xn }
k=1 , . E = {xn }
k=1
S x0 . {xn }
k=1 ,
, x0 6= xn k N. , k0 , , x0 = xn , xn
.
x0 E , x0 , x0 E\{xn }. , ,
x0 6 E .
{Um }
m=1 |
m
T
x0 . Wm =
Uk k=1
x0 , Wm+1 Wm m N. k1 N, , xn W1 . ,
, m N km > km1 > . . . >
> k1 1 sm > sm1 > . . . > s1 = 1, , xn Ws
r 1, m. X (X, )
, , Em = {xn }kk=1
X x0 . , V (x0 ) x0 , Em , . . km {xn }
k=1 .
sm+1 > sm , , Ws
V (x0 ). x0 | E , km+1 N, , xn
Ws
V (x0 ).
km xn V (x0 ), km+1 > km . ,

{xn }
r=1 {sr }r=1 , , xn Ws r N. U (x0 )
x0 m0 , , Wm U (x0 ). r0 N, r r0
sr m0 . , xn Ws Wm U (x0 ).
, xn U (x0 ) r r0 , . . xn
x0 r ,
.
k

k0

k0

k0

k1

kr

m+1

m+1

km+1

kr

kr

kr

kr

kr

74

2.1.5. , (X, ) ,
X ,
. . x, y X , x 6= y, U (x)
U (y) , , U (x) U (y) = . , ,
.
2.1.8.

(X, ) .
S X .

. S X . x 6 X . y S
Uy (x) x U (y) ny , ,
Uoy (x)

U (y) = . P = U (y) y S S . S P , . .
y1 , . . . yN

o
n

S , , U (yk ) k 1, N S . x V (x) =
N
S

N
T
k=1

Uyk (x).

S
U (yk ) Uy (x) U (yk ) = k = 1, N ,
k=1
V (x) S = , . . V (x) S c . ,

S
V (x), . . S S c =
xS
1.1.1 S c . , 1.1.6
S .
k

2.1.9.

(X, ) . S X .

. S X . z [S]. .
75

 1.1.11 {xn }
n=1 S ,

, xn
z n . S , xn

x0 S , , xn
x0 m . xn
z
z xn . , z 6= x0 .
2.1.5 U (z) U (x0 ) z x0 .
xn z N , ,
m > N xn U (z). xn x0 M , ,
m > M xn U (x0 ). ,
m > max{N, M } xn U (z) U (x0 ), . .
U (z)U (x0 ) 6= . . , z = x0 S . ,
S S , . .
S .
m

, , , , .

2.1.2. X = [0, 1]. V X

, X .
X . ,
X n
.

o
S

V A W =
V . W =
A
= , W . W 6= , 0 A,
, V 6= . X\W X\V |
. , n

o
W . Vk k 1, N
0

N
T
k=1

k 1, N

Vk . W = , W . W 6= ,

76

Vk 6= .

N
S

X\W =
X\Vk |
k=1
. , W
. , ,
X.
, {x} X
(X, ), X\{x} .
, (X, ) ,
X .
, x, y X x 6= y, a U (x) U (y) |
x y , U (x) V (x)
X , , .
, {xn }
n=1 X , ,
z X . , z X
U (z) X
. , ,
N , , n > N xn U (z). ,

xn
z n .
K X K =
= {xn }
n=1 , xn 6= xm n 6= m. K , X\K 6 , . . X\K . , K .
K
n
o
(X, ). , P = V A |
K .
1 A, , x1 V . V X ,
N1 , n > N1 xn V . n 2, N1
1

N
S1
xn Vn , K
V n .
n=1
n
oN1
, Vn
|
n=1
K . K .
K ,
(X, ) z X . , [K]. = X 6= K . , K -

n A,

77

 . K . , ym = xn K .
ym ,
ym = xn
k N, xn K .
ym , ym , .

X , , x1 K . ,
K , K , K .
m

2.1.10. (X, )
, .
. (X, )
.
n
o
F X , , F 6= X . V A
S
V .
F , . . F
A

F ,
W = X\F .

S
V W , X = F W

oA

W, V A X .
, , . .
N

S
V
1 , . . . , N A, , X
k=1
W . W F , ,
N
S
F
V . , k=1
F . ,
F .
, X

n .
o
S

V .
X , . . X
P = V A
k

78

 0 A , V 6= . X V , P V .
X 6 V , F0 = X\V . V 6=
6= F0 6= X . F0 , V
. , F0 . P\{V }
F0 . ,
. . 1 , . . . , N A, ,
N
N
S
S
F0
V . X
V . , P
0

k=1

X .

k=0

{Vk }N
k=0 .

2.1.6.

S A

( A | ) , 1 , . . . , N
N
T

S 6= .
k=1

2.1.11. (X, )
, .
. X .

n
o
T
F A . ,
F =
A

= .

A V = X\F .
F ,
V
T
S
F =
V = X\
.

n A
o A

= X . , V A
X . X

, . . N
S
1 , . . . , N A, , X =
V .

N
T
k=1

Fk = X\

N
S
k=1

k=1

Vk = .

79

 2.1.6
. ,
T

F 6= .
A
X
.
n
o
V A X , . .
S
V , X =
V . , A

1 , . . . , N

{V
N
S

}N
k=1

X . , X\ V 6=
k=1
6= . A F =
N
N
T
S
= X\V .
F = X\
V 6= k=1
k=1

. , N A . 1 , . . o
n

F A . T
T
S

F 6= . , ,
F = X\
V =
A
A
A
= , . . . , X ,
X .
k

2.2.

2.2.1. (X, ) | . S X ,
> 0 x1 , . . . , xN N
S
S , , S
B (xk ). {xk }N
k=1 S
k=1
- S .
2.2.1. , (. . ), . , (X, ) | , S X
. S
1- x1 , . . . , xN S , . . S
N
S

B1 (xk ). R = 1 + max (x1 , xk ).

k1,N

k=1

80

 z S k 1, N , , (z, xk ) 1,
(z, x1 ) (z, xk ) + (x1 , xk ) 1 + (x1 , xk ) R. ,
S BR (x1 ), . . S . , .
` ,

n
o 1.4.3,

S = x ` |x(k)| 1 k N , . . S = B1 (0).
, S ` . {xn }
n=1 S xn (k) = 0 n 6= k
xn (n) = 1. (xn , xm ) = 1 n 6= m. , S ` ,
14 - z1 , . . . , zN .
m 1, N , , B (zm )
{xn }
n=1 . ,
n1 6= n2 , , xn , xn B (zm ).
1 = (xn , xn ) (xn , zm ) + (xn , zm ) 12 , . . .
1
4

1
4

2.2.1 ( ). (X, ) | , S X . :
1) S ;
2) (S, )
;
3) S .
. 1. S (. 1.4.1). (S, )
{Fn }
n=1
. S , Fn , . . . , Fn
m
T
k = max{n1 , . . . , nm }: Fk
Fn . , s=1
. 2.1.11
.
1

81

 ( 1.4.1) (S, ) . > 0

S

o
n

S , . . P = O (x) x S .
S P ,
. . x1 , . . . , xN S , N
N
S
S
, S
O (xk )
B (xk ). ,
k=1
k=1
x1 , . . . , xN - S . ,
S .
2. , S . {xn }
n=1 S .
k = k1 . S , k k -. B (z1 ), {xn }
n=1 S .
{xn (m) }
m=1
B (z1 ) S . , , k {xn (m) }
m=1 B (zk )
S . S k+1 -, B (zk+1 ), {xn (m) }
m=1 . (zk+1 ) S ,
{xn (m) }
m=1 B
nk+1 (k+1) > nk (k). , {xn (k) }

k=1 .

> 0 N () = 2 , ,
k > N () s N xn (k) , xn (k+s)
xn (k) , zk + xn (k+s) , zk k2 < . , {xn (k) }
k=1
(S, ), , S .
, S .
3.
S . , S . ,
, S ,
> 0, -
S . x1 S . 1

k+1

k+1

k+1

k+s

82

k+s

 S 6 B (x1 ). , x2 S\B (x1 ), . . (x2 , x1 ) > . ,

, n x1 , . . . , xn S , ,
(xk , xm ) > k 6= m, k, m 1, n. n
S
S 6
B (xk ). ,

xn+1 S\

n
S
k=1

k=1

B (xk ),

. .

(xn+1 , xk ) >

k 1, n. , {xn }
n=1
S , , k 6= m
(xk , xm ) > . , {xn }
n=1 ,

. . . S . , S n
.

P = V A S ,
. n N
S n1 -, zn S ,
, B (zn )
P. S {zn }
n=1 ,
.
.

z0 S , ,
{zn }
m=1
(zn , z0 ) 0 m . P S , 0 A, z0 V .
V -, 0 > 0,
, O (z0 ) V . M0 , ,
m > M0 n1 < 4 (zn , z0 ) < 4 . , m > M0 y B (zn )
(y, z0 ) (y, zn ) + (zn , z0 ) < 2 . , B (zn )
O (z0 ) V m > M0 .
B (zn ) P. .
1
n

1
nm

1
nm

1
nm

2.2.2. S
(X, ) .
1.4.1
(S, ). , 2.2.1 S .
83

 2.2.3. S (X, ) . [S] S

( 2.2.1). , [S] . , , S -
.

2.2.1.
. `1 , {x(k)}
k=1 ,

|x(k)| < +.

k=1

`1 :
v
u
2
uX
(x, y) = t
x(k) y(k)

x, y `1 .

k=1

. ,
{xn }
n=1 `1

xn (k) =

1
k,

0,

k n,
k>n

-, > 0
v
u X
u
(xn , xn+s ) < t
k=n+1

v
u X
r

u
1
1
1
1
<t

=
<
k2
k1 k
n
k=n+1

n > 1 s N. , z
`1 , , (xn , z) 0
n ,
k n > k z(k) k1 (z, xn ) 0 n .
, z(k) = k1 k N, . . z 6 `1 . . ,
(`1 , ).
2

84

S=

x `1

1
|x(k)|
k

k N

(S, ) , (`1 , ),
, (S, ) {xn }
n=1 . , 2.2.1 S (`1 , ). ,
S (`1 , ). z `1
| S . {zn }
n=1 S , , (z, zn ) 0 n .
k N
|z(k)| |zn (k)| + |z(k) zn (k)|

1
1
+ (z, zn )
k
k

n . |z(k)| k1 k N, . . z S .
, S . > 0
N = N (), ,
v
u X
u
t

k=N +1

< .
2
k
2

6
2

1 = t0 < t1 < . . . < tM = 1

[1, 1] . x S
k N k x(k) [1, 1], nk 0, M , , |k x(k) tn | < .
S , t
y = {y(k)}
k=1 y(k) = 0 k > N y(k) = k k 1, N ,
nk 0, M . S (M +
+ 1)N . S S , x S
y S , , k 1, N |x(k)
y(k)| < k .
k

nk

v
v
uN

2 u

2
uX
u X
(x, y) t
x(k) y(k) + t
x(k) <
k=1

k=N +1

85

v
v
uN
u X
uX 1
u
1

t
< t
+
< + = .
2
2
k
k
2 2
k=1

, S

S
yS

k=N +1

B (y), . . S | - S . -

, S (`1 , ).

2.2.2. (T, ) | . ,
T ,
d(x, y) = sup |x(t) y(t)|,
tT
C(T ).
2.2.4. C(T ) T . , x C(T ) {tn }
n=1 T , . .
sup |x(t)| = lim |x(tn )|.
n

tT

2.2.1 T , {tn }
n=1 {tn }
m=1 . , t0 T , , (tn , t0 ) 0 m . x |x(tn ) x(t0 )| 0 m .

m

sup |x(t)| = lim |x(tnm )| = |x(t0 )| < +.

tT

, d(x, y) < + x, y C(T ).

(, ), , d.

2.2.2. (T, ) | . C(T ) .

.
{xn }
n=1 C(K)

86

 d-, . . > 0
N (), , m, n N () d(xn , xm ) < . t T |xn (t) xm (t)| d(xn , xm ),
{xn (t)}
n=1 . ,
t T lim xn (t) = z(t).
n
> 0, t T m, n N ()
|xn (t) xm (t)| < , , m ,
|xn (t) z(t)| .
t T , sup |xn (t) z(t)| n N (). tT
, d(xn , z) 0 n .
, z C(T ), . . z T .
t0 T > 0
xN () T = (t0 , ) > 0, ,
t T (t, t0 ) <
|xN () (t) xN () (t0 )| < .

t T , (t, t0 ) < ,
|z(t) z(t0 )| |z(t) xN () (t)| + |z(t0 ) xN () (t0 )|+
+|xN () (t) xN () (t0 )| 3.

, z
t0 T , .

2.2.3 (). (T, ) | . x C(T ) T , . . > 0 =

= (x, ) > 0, , t, T , , (t, ) ,
|x(t) x( )| .
. , , x C(T ), T . , 0 > 0,
n N tn , n T , , (tn , n )
n1 |x(tn ) x(n )| > 0 . T , {tn }
n=1 T
87

 {tn }
m=1 . , t0 T , , (tn , t0 ) 0 m .

(nm , t0 ) (nm , tnm ) + (tnm , t0 )

1
nm

+ (tnm , t0 ) 0

m . x
0 < 0 lim |x(tnm ) x(nm )| = |x(t0 ) x(t0 )| = 0,
m

. . .

2.2.3. (T, ) | . S C(T )

, > 0 = () > 0, ,
t, T , , (t, ) , x S
|x(t) x( )| .
2.2.4 (|). (T, ) | . S C(T ) C(T ) , S
C(T ) (. . R > 0, , x S
sup |x(t)| R) S .
tT

. S C(T )
. 2.2.1 S C(T ), . .
r > 0 z C(T ), , S Br (z).
R = r + sup |z(t)|.
tT

2.2.4 R < +. x S

sup |x(t)| d(x, z) + sup |z(t)| r + sup |z(t)| = R.

tT

tT

tT

, S C(T ).
- S , . .
N
S
x1 , . . . , xN S , , S
B (xk ). 2.2.3
> 0

k=1

88

 xk T , . .
k 1, N k > 0, , t, T
(t, ) k |xk (t) xk ( )| .
= min k > 0.
k1,N

x S k 1, N , ,
d(x, xk ) , t, T (t, )
|x(t) x( )| |x(t) xk (t)| + |x( ) xk ( )| + |xk (t) xk ( )|
2d(x, xk ) + 3.

, S .
S C(T ) . 2.2.1 . , > 0 ()- T t1 , . . . , tN T . F : S RN

F (x) = x(t1 ), . . . , x(tN ) RN

x S . S
C(T ) R > 0, , x S t T
|x(t)| R. [R, R]
R = a1 < a2 < . . . < aL = R.

A=

a = (ak1 , . . . , akN ) RN ks 1, L s 1, N .

A LN .
RN N (u, v) = max |us vs | s1,N

u, v RN . x S a A, ,
N F (x), a . A,
n
oM
A = a(m)

m=1

I=

m 1, M x S : N F (x), a(m) .

89

 m I xm S ,

N F (xm ), a(m) .

x S m 1, M , ,

N F (x), a(m) ,

m I

N F (x), F (xm ) 2.

t T k 1, N , , (t, tk )
(),
|x(t) xm (t)| |x(t) x(tk )| + |xm (t) xm (tk )| + |x(tk ) xm (tk )|

2 + N F (x), F (xm ) 4.

, d(x, xm ) 4, . . {xm }mI

4- S . .

2.2.2. f : [0, 1] R R
L > 0
x R t [0, 1], . .
|f (t, x) f (t, y)| L|x y|

t [0, 1],

x, y R.

K R | .
S C[0, 1]
n

S=

x C 1 [0, 1]

dx(t)
dt

= f t, x(t)

t [0, 1],

x(0) K

C 1 [0, 1] | [0, 1] . ,
S C[0, 1]. C[0, 1] S C[0, 1]. x S t [0, 1]

Zt

x(t) = x(0) +

f , x( ) d.

90

 K R , D > 0,
, a K |a| D.
, t 7 f (t, 0) [0, 1],
sup |f (t, 0)| = M0 < +. x S
t[0,1]

t [0, 1]

Zt

|x(t)| D +

Zt
|f (, x( )) f (, 0)| d +

|f (, 0)| d
0

Zt
D + M0 + L

|x( )| d.
0

, 1 t
[0, 1]
|x(t)| (D + M0 ) exp(Lt) (D + M0 ) exp(L) = R.

, S
C[0, 1].
, f ,
sup |f (t, x)| = MR < +.
t[0,1]
|x|R

1 : [0, 1] z A B , ,
Rt
z(t) A + B z( ) d t [0, 1], z(t)
0
A exp(Bt) t [0, 1]. . B = 0,
. B > 0. t [0, 1]
Zt

Zt

Zt

z() d + B

exp(B )z( )d = exp(Bt)

0

exp(Bt)

A z(t) A

Z
exp(B ) z() d d

z(t) A
+
B

Zt
exp(B )(z( ) A) d.
0

1 exp(Bt)
z(t) A
exp(Bt)
,
A
B
B

A exp(Bt) z(t), .

91

. . A exp(Bt)

 x S t, [0, 1]
t , ,

dx()

|t | = |f (, x())| |t | MR |t |.
|x(t) x( )| =
dt

, > 0 () = M +1 , ,
t, [0, 1] |t | () x S
|x(t) x( )| MR () . ,
S C[0, 1]. , 2.2.4 | ,
S C[0, 1].
S C[0, 1]. z
C[0, 1] S . {xn }
n=1 S , ,
R

sup |z(t) xn (t)| 0

t[0,1]

n . , |z(0)xn (0)| 0 n . , z(0)

K , . . z(0) K . > 0 N (), , m, n > N ()
sup |xn (t) xm (t)| .
t[0,1]

t [0, 1] n, m > N

L+1

dxn (t) dxm (t)

dt dt |f (t, xn (t)) f (t, xm (t))|

L|xn (t) xm (t)| L sup |xn (t) xm (t)| ,
t[0,1]

dx

dt n=1 C[0, 1] C[0, 1]. , C[0, 1] (. 2.2.2) w C[0, 1],

,
n

dxn (t)

sup
w(t) 0
dt
t[0,1]

92

n .


y(t) = z(0) +

Rt
0

w( ) d .

[0, 1]

Rt dxn ( )

sup |xn (t) y(t)| sup xn (0) z(0) +

w( ) d
dt

t[0,1]

t[0,1]

n (t)
w(t) 0
|xn (0) z(0)| + sup dxdt
t[0,1]

n .

, y(t) = z(t) t [0, 1], . . z

, t [0, 1]

dz(t)
dxn (t)
= w(t) = lim
= lim f (t, xn (t)) = f (t, z(t)).
n
n
dt
dt

, z S , . .
C[0, 1].

93

3.1.
3.1.1. X | . k k: X R X , :
1) kxk 0 x X ;
2) kxk = 0 , x = 0 (. . x
X );
3) ktxk = |t| kxk x X t C;
4) kx + yk kxk + kyk x, y X ( ).
.
3.1.1. (X, kk) |
. (x, y) = kx yk x, y
X X . , 3.1.1
(x, y) 0 (x, y) = 0, x y = 0,
x = y, (y, x) = ky xk = k(1)(x y)k = | 1| kx yk =
= (x, y), ,
(x, y) = k(x z) + (z y)k kx zk + kz yk = (x, z) + (y, z)
x, y, z X . ,
(X, k k)
.
3.1.2. X | ,
A, B X , t C.
A B
n

A+B =

a + b a A, b B ,

A t
n

tA =

ta a A .

94

 3.1.2. (X, k k) | , x X , R > 0.

OR (x) = x + R O1 (0) BR (x) = x + R B1 (0). , y OR (x) , ky xk < R,
y = x + R yx
R x + R O1 (0). y
BR (x) , ky xk R,
y = x + R yx
R x + R B1 (0).
3.1.3. (X, kk) |
, x1 X x2 X , R1 > 0 R2 > 0.

OR1 (x1 ) + OR2 (x2 ) =
BR1 (x1 ) + BR2 (x2 ) =

OR1 +R2 (x1 + x2 ),

BR1 +R2 (x1 + x2 ).

, x1 = x2 = 0.
x OR (0) + OR (0), u OR (0) v
OR (0), , x = u + v . kxk kuk + kvk < R1 + R2 , . .
x OR +R (0). , OR (0) + OR (0) OR +R (0).
x OR +R (0), kxk < R1 x OR (0) OR (0) +
+ OR (0), R1 kxk < R1 + R2 .
L kxk
< L < R1 + R2 . RL x OR (0),

R
1 L x OR (0),
1

R1

L x = 1
x=

R1
L x

R1
L

+ 1

kxk < 1
R1
L

R1
L

L = L R1 < R2 .

x OR1 (0) + OR2 (0).

, OR (0) + OR (0) = OR +R (0). BR (0) + BR (0) = BR +R (0) . 3.1.2 x1

x2
1

OR1 (x1 ) + OR2 (x2 ) = x1 + x2 + OR1 (0) + OR2 (0) =

= x1 + x2 + OR1 +R2 (0) = OR1 +R2 (x1 + x2 ),
BR1 (x1 ) + BR2 (x2 ) = x1 + x2 + BR1 (0) + BR2 (0) =
= x1 + x2 + BR1 +R2 (0) = BR1 +R2 (x1 + x2 ).

95

 3.1.4. (X, kk) |

, S X . S

\

[S] =

S + O (0) =
S + B (0) .

>0

>0

, x [S] > 0
y S , , kx yk < , x y + O (0) S +
+ O (0). , [S] S + O (0)
> 0,
[S]

S + O (0) .

>0

, O (0) B (0) > 0,

\

\
S + O (0)

>0

S + B (0) .

>0

, z
S + B (0) , > 0
>0
y S , , z y + B(0) , kz yk .
, z [S], .

3.1.5. (X, kk) |

, A, B X , t 6= 0. [A] + [B] [A + B] t[A] = [tA]. ,
x [A] + [B], 3.1.4 > 0
x A + O (0) + B + O (0) = A + B + O (0). T
, x
A + B + O (0) = [A + B]. ,
>0
[A] + [B] [A + B].

t[A] = t

\
A + O (0) =
tA + O|t| (0) =
>0

>0

\
>0

.
96

tA + O (0) = [tA],

 3.1.6. (X, kk) |

. x X R > 0
OR (x) BR (x) . ,
y, z OR (x) t (0, 1) kty + (1 t)z xk = kt(y

x) + (1 t)(z x)k tky xk + (1 t)kz xk < tR + (1 t)R =

= R, . . ty + (1 t)z OR (x),
OR (x). y, z BR (x) t (0, 1)
kty + (1 t)z xk = kt(y x) + (1 t)(z x)k tky xk +
+ (1 t)kz xk tR + (1 t)R = R, . . ty + (1 t)z BR (x),
BR (x).

3.1.1. X | ,
d: X R,

1, 2, 3
3.1.1 , S =
n
o

= x X d(x) < 1 . d
X.
. d . x, y
X . a > d(x) 0 b > d(y)
xa S yb S . , S t [0, 1] t xa +(1t) yb S .
a
b
t = a+b
(0, 1), 1 t = a+b

x+y

S
,
.
.
d(x
+
y)
<
a
+
b
.

a+b
a d(x) + 0 b d(y) + 0,
d(x + y) d(x) + d(y), .
3.1.1.

(

`p =

p (0, 1)

p
x: N C
|x(k)| < + .

k=1

dp : `p R :

dp (x) =

! p1
|x(k)|p

x `p .

k=1

, dp n
1, 2, 3 o
3.1.1. S = x `p dp (x) < 1 .
97

 0 < p < 1, 1 p1 < 0

21 < 1.

21 , 1 `p x = (, 0, 0, 0 . . .) y = (0, , 0, 0, . . .).
dp (x ) = dp (y ) = < 1, x S y S . z = 12 (x + y ) = 2 , 2 , 0, 0, . . .
1
p

1
p

1
dp (z ) = 21p p p > 21p 2p1 p = 1.

, z 6 S , . . S .
3.1.6 dp
`p p (0, 1).

3.1.3. X | .
k k1 k k2 X , C1 C2 , ,
x X
C1 kxk1 kxk2 C2 kxk1 .

3.1.2.

`1 =

x: N C
|x(k)| < +

k=1

kxk1 =

s
|x(k)|

k=1

kxk2 =

P
k=1

|x(k)|2

x `1.
x `1
x
x
kxk kxk = 1. , kxk2 kxk1
2
1
x `1 . , C1 > 0, ,
x `1 C1 kxk1 kxk2 ,
{xn }
n=1 `1
1

xn (k) =

1
k,

0,

k n,
k>n

:
n
X
1

> kxn k2 C1 kxn k1 = C1

+
k
6
k=1

98

 n . , C1 ,
k k1 k k2 `1 .
3.1.1. X | . X .
. X n N, e1 , . . . , en X X , . .
x X n
P
x(1), . . . , x(n), , x =
x(k)ek . X
k=1

n
P

kxke =
|x(k)| ( 1|4 3.1.1, ,
k=1
k ke ). , X
k ke . X , k ke ,
.
, X k k.
x X

n
n
X
X

kxk =
x(k)ek
|x(k)| kek k

k=1
k=1
X

n
|x(k)| = C2 kxke ,
max kek k
k1,n

k=1

C2 = max kek k. ,
k1,n
, kk kke , . .
R > 0 xR X , , kxR ke > RkxR k.
R > 0 xR 6= 0.
N yN = kxx ke. 1 = kyN ke > N kyN k, . . kyN k < N1 . ,
k 1, n N N |yN (k)|
kyN ke = 1. |
{Nm }
m=1 , ,
{yN (k)}

m=1
k 1, n. z(k) = lim yN (k) k 1, n.
m
N

z=

n
P

z(k)ek

k=1

{yNm }
m=1 ,

kyNm zke =

99

n
P
k=1

k ke

|yNm (k) z(k)| 0

 m . , , , kzke = m
lim kyN ke =
= 1. , : kyN
zk C2 kyN zke 0 m .
kyN k < N1 kzk = lim kyN k = 0. , z = 0,
m
. . z(k) = 0 k 1, n. n
P
|z(k)| = 1. kzke =
k=1
C1 > 0, , x X
C1 kxke kxk, .
m

3.1.1. (X, k k) | , L X | . (L, k k) ,

L .
. L | n- X ,
e1 , . . . , en L | L, . . x L x(1), . . . , x(n), ,
n
n
P
P
x=
x(k)ek . L kxke =
|x(k)|. 3.1.1
k=1
k=1
kke kk L, . .
C1 C2 , , x L
C1 kxke kxk C2 kxke . {xm }
m=1 L
k k. k ke , m, s N kxm xs ke C1 kxm xs k.
k 1, n m, s N |xm (k)
xs (k)| kxm xs ke , {xm (k)}
k=1
k 1, n. ,
k 1, n m
lim xm (k) = z(k).
1

z =

n
P

k=1
n
P

z(k)ek L.

kxm zk C2 kxm zke =

m , . .
(L, k k) .
(L, k k) S L. , S = C2

|xm (k) z(k)| 0

k=1

100

 (L, k k). 2.2.1

S . {xm }
m=1 S . S ,
R > 0, , kxk R x S .
, kxke CR x S .
k 1, n m N |xm (k)|
kxm ke CR . |
{ms }
s=1 , ,
{xm (k)}
s=1
k 1, n. z(k) = s
lim xm (k) 1

z =

n
P

n
P

k=1

z(k)ek L.

kxms zk C2 kxms

s .
S z S . ,
S .

zke = C2

k=1

|xms (k) z(k)| 0

3.1.7. X | n- e1 , . . . , en . S k ke ,
|| = 1 S = S .

X
k k, ,

n
o

x X kxk < 1 = S .
, X S .
, x S (x) S . S.
, S 0 = x2 + (x)
2
S :

S (x) = inf

t>0

x
t

x X.

S k ke 0 S , 0 > 0, , x X kxke < 0

x S.
x X t >

x < 0 , . . x S . ,
> kxk

t
t
x X S (x) kxk
. , S X . ,
S (x) 0 x X . S (x) = 0
x X , > 0 e

101

 t (0, ), , tx S . S
k ke , R > 0, ,
z S kzke R. ,
tx S kxke t R R 0
+0. , kxke = 0, x =
= 0.
||
S = S . x X

S (x) = inf

||x ||

S=S =
t>0
t

x
n
o

= inf || > 0 S = ||S (x).

= 0, S (x) = S (0) =
= 0 = ||S (x).
, x X t > S (x)
xt S . , t > S (x) t < t,
, x S.
S ,

t S = t S + 1 t 0 S . , xt = t x t S
S . x, y X a > S (x)
b > S (y) xa S yb S . a x
b y
S x+y
a+b = a+b a + a+b b S . ,
S (x + y) a + b.
a S (x) + 0 b S (y) + 0,
S (x + y) S (x) + S (y).
, S () . , , S
o S ().
n

D = x X S (x) < 1 . x D, t
(S (x), 1) x tS = tS + (1 t) 0 S . ,
D S . x S , S kke , = (x) > 0,
, z X kz xke <

z S . , z = x + 2+kxk
x = 1 + 2+kxk
x S.
1
, S (x) 1+
< 1, x
D. , S D,
D S S = D.
t

2+kxke

102

, kk X S () S .

3.1.1 (. , ).

| , L X |
(. . L 6= X ).
(0, 1) z X (. .
kz k = 1), ,
(X, k k)

(z , L) = inf kz xk > 1 .
xL

X\L.

x0

L (x0 , L) > 0.
(0, 1) y L, ,
(x0 , L)
.
1

kx0 y k <

z =

x0 y
kx0 y k

inf x0 y kx0 y k y

(z , L) = inf kz yk =
yL

yL

kx0 y k
=

(x0 , L)
> 1 .
kx0 y k

3.1.4. L M | .
L M , , . . L
M = {0}. L M
L M.
3.1.8. ,
.

3.1.3. -

(X, k k)

L, ,
103

 z X (z, L) < 1. (X, k k)

f : X C. f > 0, , x B (0)
|f (x)| 1. x B1 (0) |f (x)| = |f (x)|
1 .

d(f ) = sup |f (x)| 1 .

kxk=1

, x X |f (x)| < d(f ) (. . d(f ) ). L =

= Ker f = { x X | f (x) = 0 } ( f ) . . , x0 6 Ker f (
f ) X = Lin{x0 } Ker f . , x X = ff(x(x)) , , y = x x0 Ker f , . .
x = x0 + y Lin{x0 } + Ker f . , X = Lin{x0 } + Ker f . ,
, . . Lin{x0 } Ker f = {0}. , z
Lin{x0 } Ker f , f (z) = 0, C, , z =
= x0 . , 0 = f (z) = f (x0 ). f (x0 ) 6= 0,
= 0 z = 0, . , x X
y Ker f , ,
x = x0 + y .
0

x
|| |f (x0 )|
|f (x)|

d(f ) = sup f
= sup
=
= sup

kxk
yKer f kx0 + yk
x6=0
x6=0 kxk
6=0

= sup
yKer f

|f (x0 )|
|f (x0 )|
=
.
kx0 + yk
(x0 , Ker f )

, x0 6 Ker f
(x0 , Ker f ) =

|f (x0 )|
.
d(f )

y Ker f , (y, Ker f ) = 0 =

104

|f (y)|
d(f )

. ,

(z)|
z (z, Ker f ) = |fd(f
) < 1,
.
(X, k k) f
X , d(f )

c0 = x: N C lim x(k) = 0 ,
k
,
kxk = sup |x(k)|.
kN
f : c0 C :

f (x) =

X
(1)k x(k)

k2

k=1

x c0 .

f , x, y c0 |f (x)f (y)| 6 kxyk . , ,

d(f ) 6 . n N xn c0
xn (k) = (1)k 1 k n, xn (k) = 0 k > n.
n
P
1
kxn k = 1 n N, . . |f (xn )| =
k d(f ). 2

k=1

n , 6 d(f ).
, d(f ) = 6 . ,
x c0 , , kxk = 1,
|f (x)| < d(f ). , x c0
N , , k > N |x(k)| 12 .

2

|f (x)|

X
X
X
1
1
1
2
+
<
=
,
2
k2
2k
k2
6

k=1

k=N +1

k=1

. ,
L = Ker f c0 z c0 kzk = 1
(z, Ker f ) < 1.

.

n
o

C[0, 2] = x: [0, 2] C x | ,
kxkc = max |x(t)|.
t[0,2]

105

 f : C[0, 1] C :
Z2

Z1
f (x) =

x(t) dt
0

x(t) dt

x C[0, 2].

f , x, y C[0, 2]
|f (x) f (y)| 2kx ykc . , , d(f ) 2.
n N xn C[0, 2]

1,
n(1 t),
xn (t) =

1,

1
n
1
n

1
1+

t
t
t

1 n1 ,
1 + n1 ,
2.

kxn kc = 1 n N,
d(f ) |f (xn )| 2 n4 2 n . ,
d(f ) = 2. , x C[0, 2], ,
kxkc = 1, |f (x)| < 2 = d(f ). , x C[0,
h 2] i (x) (0, 1), ,
t 1 (x), 1 + (x)
. x C[0, 2] kxkc = 1 :
|x(t) x(1)|

1
2

1(x)
R2

|f (x)|
x(t) dt +
x(t) dt +
0
1+(x)

R1

+
x(t) dt
1(x)

1+(x)
R
1

1(x)
R

x(t) dt +

R2

x(t) dt

x(t) dt+

1+(x)

R1

+
x(t) x(1) dt
1(x)

1+(x)
R

106

x(t) x(1) dt

2 1 (x) +

R1

x(t) x(1) dt +

1+(x)
R

x(t) x(1) dt

1(x)

2 1 (x) +

(x)
2

(x)
2

= 2 (x) < 2,

. ,
L = Ker f C[0, 2] z C[0, 2] kzkc = 1
(z, Ker f ) < 1.
3.1.2 (. ). (X, kk) |

. S =

o
n

= x X kxk = 1 .

. z1 S .

X , L1 =
= Lin{z1 } 6= X . 3.1.1
L1 , , . , 3.1.1 z2 S , , kz2 z1 k (z2 , L1 )
12 . , , ,
n 2 z1 , . . . zn S , , kzm zs k 12
m 6= s, m, s 1, n. X , Ln = Lin{z1 , . . . , zn } 6= X . 3.1.1
Ln , , . , 3.1.1 zn+1
S , , kzn+1 zm k (zn+1 , Ln ) 12 m 1, n.
, {zn }
n=1 S ,

, , . , S , 2.2.1
(X, k k).
3.1.5. .
3.1.2. (X, k k) ,
X X , . .

P
{xn }
kxn k < +
n=1 X
y X , ,

P
n=1

n=1

xn = y ,

107

. .

N
P

= 0.
lim
x

y
n

N
n=1

 . (X, k k) .
{xn }
n=1 X

P
kxn k < +. , > 0
n=1
L(), , N > L() M N
NP
+M

n=N +1
N
P

n=1

kxn k < .

xn

SN =

X ,
kSN +M

N +M

NX
+M
X

xn
kxn k <
SN k =

n=N +1

n=N +1

N > L() M N. (X, kk)

y X , , kSN yk 0 N .

P
,
xn = y .
n=1
, X
X . {zn }
n=1 X . {nm }
m=1 , , k nm kzk zn k 2m . ,
m kzn zn k 2m .
= zn

{xm }
m=1 , x1 = zn , xn

P
zn m.
kxn k kzn k + 1 < +,
m

m+1

m=1

m+1

m+1

M
P

y X , ,
xnm y
=
m=1
= kznM +1 yk 0 M . , {zn }
n=1 X y

. , {zn }
n=1 y . , kzn yk kzn zn k + kzn yk
n, m N.
{zn }
n=1 lim kzn zn k = 0.
m

n
m

lim kznm yk = 0. , lim kzn yk n

lim kzn znm k+

+ lim kznm yk = 0,
m

.
108

3.2.
3.2.1. X | . X
(, ): X X C,
1) x X (x, x) R
(x, x) 0;
2) (x, x) = 0 x = 0;
3) x, y X (x, y) = (y, x);
4) x, y, z X , C (x +
+ y, z) = (x, z) + (y, z).
3.2.2. .
p
3.2.1. X | .

X .

kxk =

(x, x), x X ,

. , kxk 0 x X ,
kxk = 0 (x, x) = 0, x = 0 3.2.1

p .
p
x X C kxk = (x, x) = (x, x) =
= || kxk.
. , x, y X
| |(x, y)| kxk kyk. ,
t R
0 (x ty, x ty) = kxk2 2t Re(x, y) + t2 kyk2 .

Re(x, y)

kxk2 kyk2 0,

. . Re(x, y) kxk kyk.

(x, y) = |(x, y)|ei ,

|(x, y)| = x, ei y = Re x, ei y kxk ei y = kxk kyk,

109

. . |. x, y X

kx + yk =

kxk2 + 2 Re(x, y) + kyk2

p
kxk2 + 2kxk kyk + kyk2 = kxk + kyk.

p
3.2.3. X | .
kxk = (x, x), x X , X ,
.
, , .
3.2.1 ( ). X |
. x, y X :
kx yk2 + kx + yk2 = 2kxk2 + 2kyk2 .

, kxyk2 = (xy, xy) = kxk2 +kyk2 2 Re(x, y),

.

3.2.4. , , ,
.
3.2.1. -

(
`2 =

2
x: N C
|x(k)| < + ,

k=1

:
v
u
uX
|x(k)|2
kxk2 = t

x `2 .

k=1

`2
(x, y) =

x(k)y(k)

k=1

110

x, y `2 .

 x, y `2 k N
|x(k)y(k)| = |x(k)| |y(k)|

|x(k)|2 + |y(k)|2
.
2

,
|x(k)y(k)|
k=1
x, y `2 , . . (x, y) , ,
1|4 3.2.1.
(x, x) = kxk2 . ,
(`2 , k k2 ) . , . {xn }
n=1 `2 , . . > 0 N () N,
, n, m N () kxn xm k2 .
k N |xn (k) xm (k)| kxn xm k2 , , {xn (k)}
n=1 C. , C k N
n
lim xn (k) = z(k) C. M N n, m N ()
v
uM
uX
t
|xn (k) xm (k)|2 kxn xm k2 ,
k=1

, m ,
v
uM
uX
t
|xn (k) z(k)|2 = lim

k=1

v
uM
uX
t
|xn (k) xm (k)|2 .
k=1

v
uM
uX
kxn zk2 = lim t
|xn (k) z(k)|2
M

k=1

n N (). , ,
v
uM
uX
kzk2 = lim t
|z(k)|2
M

k=1

111

v
v

uM
uM
uX
uX
lim t
|xN (1) (k) z(k)|2 + t
|xN (1) (k)|2
M

k=1

k=1

1 + kxN (1) k2 < +.

, z `2 kxn zk2 0 n . ,
(`2 , k k2 ), . . .

3.2.5. (X, k k) | , S X , x X . y S
x S ,
kx yk = (x, S) = inf kx zk.
zS

3.2.1 (. , ). H | , S H | .
x H y S ,
x S .
.
(x, S) = inf kx zk. zS
{zm }
m=1 S , . .
(x, S) = lim kx zm k.
m

, zm .
,
kzm zn k2 = k(zm x) (zn x)k2 =
= 2kzm xk2 + 2kzn xk2 kzm + zn 2xk2 .

S
,

zm +zn
2

S.

2
zm + zn

kzm + zn 2xk = 4
x
4 (x, S).
2
2

kzm zn k2 2kzm xk2 +2kzn xk2 42 (x, S) 0

112

m, n .

, zm . H y H,
, kzm yk 0 m . S , y S .

kx yk kx zm k ky zm k 0

m, n .

kxyk = m
lim kxzm k = (x, S), . . y S |
x S .
x S . , y, z S
kx yk = kx zk = (x, S). , ,
ky zk2 = k(y x) (z x)k2 = 2ky xk2 + 2kz xk2 ky + z 2xk2 .

y+z
2

S.

2
y + z

42 (x, S).
ky + z 2xk2 = 4

x
2

,
ky zk2 2ky xk2 + 2kz xk2 42 (x, S) = 0,

. . y = z , .

3.2.2. ,
, . `2 3.2.1
M

1, k = n,
`2 , en `2 , en (k) =
0, k 6= n
n, k. M , ken k2 = 1
n N. M . , z
`2 M ,
nm , , ke
n zk2
0 m . nm 6= nk , ken en k2 = 2.
m

113

 en ,
m0 , , m m0 nm =
= nm . z = en M , . . M .
, M . x
`2 x(k) = k1 k N. n

m0

v
u

2 r 2
uX 1
2
1

kx en k2 = u
=
+1+ .
+ 1+
t
2
k
n
6
n
k=1
k6=n

, (x, M ) = n
lim kx en k2 = 6 + 1 < kx em k2
m N. , x `2
M `2 .
2

3.2.6. H | , L H | . L
L =

x H (x, y) = 0

y L

3.2.2. L H H. , x, z L , C
(x + z, y) = (x, y) + (z, y) = 0

y L.

, x+z L , ..
L

H. z L
xm L , , kxm zk 0 m .
y L |
|(z, y)| = |(z xm , y)| kz xm k kyk 0

, (z, y) = 0 y L, . .
, L .

m .
z L .

3.2.3. L H -

L = [L] .

,
114

L [L],

 L [L] . , z L . x [L] xm
L, , kxm xk 0 m .
|
|(z, x)| = |(z, x xm )| kzk kx xm k 0

, z
L [L] .

[L] .

m .

, -

3.2.2 (. , ).
H | , L H | . H = L L .
. L
H, 3.2.1
x H L | y L, , kx yk = (x, L). ,
z = x y L . a L t R
kx yk kx y tak, y + ta L. ,
kx yk2 kx y tak2 = kx yk2 + t2 kak2 2t Re(x y, a).

t > 0 Re(x y, a) 2t kak2 0 t +0,

t < 0 Re(x y, a) 2t kak2 0 t 0.
, Re(x y, a) = 0. , kx yk kx y itak,
y + ita L. ,
kx yk2 kx y itak2 = kx yk2 + t2 kak2 2t Im(x y, a).

t > 0 Im(x y, a) 2t kak2 0 t +0,

t < 0 Im(x y, a) 2t kak2 0 t 0. ,
Im(x y, a) = 0. , (x y, a) = 0 a H, . .
x y = z L . ,
H = L + L . , L L
, . . L L = {0}. , x L L ,
(x, x) = 0, x = 0.

3.2.1.

LH
= [L].

H | ,

| . L =
115


. x L
y L -

(x, y) = 0. , x L , . . L L . L , [L] L . 3.2.2

H = [L] [L] .
3.2.3 [L] =

= L . z L
x [L] y L , , z = x+y.
0 = (z, y) = (x, y) + (y, y) = (y, y), (x, y) = 0. ,y = 0, z = x [L]. ,
L [L].

3.3.
3.3.1. X |
, E X . E
E Lin E . ,
(

Lin E =

N
X
k=1

k xk

N N, 1 , . . . , N C .

x1 , . . . , xN E

3.3.2. (X, k k) | . , E X , X ,
. . [Lin E] = X .
3.3.1. C[0, 1], x: [0, 1]
C kxkc = max |x(t)|.
t[0,1]

C[0,
1]
,

E = {en }
n=0
e0 (t) = 1,

en (t) = tn

t [0, 1],

n N.

, Lin E , [0, 1].

x C[0, 1]
[0, 1] , . .
> 0 P Lin E , , kx P kc < . , Lin E C[0, 1],
E C[0, 1] .
116

 3.3.1. (X, k k) | . E = {en }

n=1 X
X , x X

lim x, Lin{e1 , . . . , en } = 0.

. E 3.3.2
, x X > 0 z = z(x, )
Lin E , , kx zk < . 3.3.1 z Lin E , N =
= N (z) N, , z Lin{e1 , . . . , eN }.
n N Lin{e1 , . . . , eN }
Lin{e1 , . . . , en },

x, Lin{e1 , . . . , en } x, Lin{e1 , . . . , eN } kx zk < ,

n
lim x, Lin{e1 , . . . , en } = 0.
, ,

> 0
N N, , x, Lin{e1 , . . . , eN } .
z Lin{e1 , . . . , eN } Lin E , ,

kx zk x, Lin{e1 , . . . , eN } + .

, kx zk 2 z Lin E , . . Lin E X , E
.

3.3.1. (X, k k) | . E = {en }

n=1 X
X . G = {gn }
n=1 X X , m N

lim em , Lin{g1 , . . . , gn } = 0.

117

 . 3.3.1. . E
N
P
x X > 0 z =
k ek
k=1

Lin E ,

, kx zk . k 1, N
hk Lin G, ,
kek hk k
1+

N
P

.
|k |

k=1
N
P

w =
k hk Lin G, k=1
:
kx wk kx zk +

N
X

|k | kek hk k 2,

k=1

. . Lin G X , G
X.

3.3.1. CL2 [0, 1],

s x: [0, 1] C
R1

kxk2 =

|x(t)|2 dt.

e0 (t) = 1,

en (t) = tn

t [0, 1]

n N.

{nk }
k=0 . ,
S = {en }
k=0 CL2 [0, 1] ,
k

X
1
= +.
nk

k=1

C[0, 1] (. 3.3.1), x
C[0, 1] kxk2 kxkc , E CL2 [0, 1]. 3.3.1
E = {en }
n=0

118

, lim em , Lin{en , . . . , en } =
k
= 0 m N ,

P
1
n = +.
k=1
, E x E
y1 , . . . , yk E

det (x, y , . . . , y )
1
k
2 x, Lin{y1 , . . . , yk } =
,
det (y1 , . . . , yk )

(y1 , . . . , yk ) | y1 , . . . , yk .
CL2 [0, 1]

(en0 , . . . , enk ) =

(em , en0 , . . . , enk ) =

1
n0 +nk +1

1
n0 +n0 +1

...

1
nk +n0 +1

...

1
m+m+1
1
m+n0 +1

1
m+n0 +1
1
n0 +n0 +1

...
...

1
m+nk +1
1
n0 +nk +1

1
m+nk +1

1
nk +n0 +1

...

1
nk +nk +1

..
.

..
.

..
.

...

1
nk +nk +1

..
.

...

..
.

K=

1
a0 +b0

...

1
ak +b0

...

..
.

...

1
a0 +bk

..
.

1
ak +bk

a0 , . . . , ak b0 , . . . , bk . , K
det K =

P (a0 , . . . , ak , b0 , . . . , bk )
k

(ai + bj )

i,j=0

P | (k + 1)2 (k + 1) = (k + 1)k.
ai = aj i- j - K , bi = bj
119

 i- j - K , det K = 0.
, P

P (a0 , . . . , ak , b0 , ldots, bk ) = Qk

0i<jk

(ai aj )(bi bj ) .

(ai aj )(bi bj ) 0i<jk
(k + 1)k, . . P , Qk |
, a0 , . . . , ak b0 , . . . , bk . k N , Qk = 1 k N.
,

det (em , en0 , . . . , enk ) = det (en0 , . . . , enk )

k
1
m ni

2m + 1 i=0 m + ni + 1

2
.

em , Lin{en0 , . . . , enk } =

k
|m ni |
1
=

2m + 1 i=0 m + ni + 1

k
|m n0 |

(2m + 1)(m + n0 + 1) i=1 1 +

m
ni
m+1
ni

k 0
m 6= nk , em , Lin{en , . . . , en } > 0,

em , Lin{en0 , . . . , enk } 0 k

ln em , Lin{en0 , . . . , enk } k .

ln em , Lin{en0 , . . . , enk } =

k
X

|m n0 |
m+1
m

= ln
+
ln 1 ln 1 +
.
(2m + 1)(m + n0 + 1) i=1
ni
ni

ni + i ,

m
m+1
ln 1 ln 1 +
<0
ni
ni

120

 i,

m
m+1
2m + 1

ln 1 ln 1 +

ni
ni
ni

i . , ,

m
m+1

ln 1 ln 1 +
ni
ni
i=1

P
i=1

1
ni

. -

ln em , Lin{en0 , . . . , enk }

P
i=1

1
ni

= +,

P
i=1

1
ni

, . .

3.3.2. C[0, 1], x: [0, 1] C

kxk = max |x(t)|.
t[0,1]

e0 (t) = 1,

en (t) = tn

t [0, 1]

n N.

{nk }
k=0 , , n0 = 0. ,
S = {en }
k=0 C[0, 1]
,
k

X
1
= +.
nk

k=1

. S C[0, 1],
kxk2 kxkc x C[0, 1]
S CL2 [0, 1]. ,
P
1
3.3.1
n = +.
k=1

121

P
k=1

1
nk

= +.

1

n 1 = +. k=2
, G = {en 1 }
k=1 CL2 [0, 1].
E = {en }
n=0
C[0, 1], > 0 P Lin E , ,
k

kx P kc .

, G CL2 [0, 1] Q Lin G, ,

kP0 Q k2 .
Rt

R (t) = P (0) + Q ( ) d , t [0, 1]. 0

R Lin S , P (t) =
= P (0) +

Rt
0

P0 ( ) d

kP R kc = max
P0 ( ) Q ( ) d
t[0,1]

Z1

P0 ( ) Q ( ) d P0 Q .
2

,
kx R kc kx P kc + kP R kc 2,

. . S C[0, 1], .

3.3.3. (X, k k) | . F = {fn }

n=1 X
X , x X {n (x)}
n=1 , ,

lim x
n (x)fn = 0.
N

n=1

122


x=

n (x)fn .

n=1

3.3.2. (`2 , kk2 ), 3.2.1. E = {en }

n=1 `2

en (k) =

1, n = k,
0, n =
6 k

n N.

, E
x `2

`2 .

u X
N

X
u

x(n)en = t
|x(n)|2 0
x

n=1

N .

n=N +1

, n (x) = x(n) n N. ,
{n (x)}
n=1

lim x
n (x)en = 0,
N

n=1

m N N

> m

n (x)en 0
x(m) m (x) x

n=1

N .

, m (x) = x(m) = m (x) m

N. , , x `2
n (x) = x(n), n N,
,

lim x
n (x)en = 0,
N

n=1

3.3.1. (X, k k) F = {fn }

n=1 X .
123

 X . , x X

(x, Lin F ) lim x

n (x)fn = 0,
N

n=1

. . Lin F X , .

3.3.3.
e0 (t) = 1,

en (t) = tn

t [0, 1]

E = {en }
n=0 ,

n N.

C E C[0, 1] CL2 [0, 1], .

, E C[0, 1], , [0, 1] [0, 1]
.
(0, 1), , , .
, E CL2 [0, 1]. [0, 1] x
{n (x)}
n=0 , ,

n (x)en 0
x

n=0

N .

z(t) =

Rt
0

x( ) d , t [0, 1].

!
Z
N

n (x)
= max
x( )
n (x)en ( ) d
n+1 en+1

t[0,1]

n=0
n=0
c
0

1
Z
N
N

X
X

x( )
n (x)en ( ) d x
n (x)en 0

n=0

n=0

N . , z [0, 1] .
124

 z
(0, 1), x.

3.3.2. E | ,
F = {fn }
n=1 E E. F E, x E
x=

X
(x, fn )
fn ,
(fn , fn )
n=1

kxk2 =

X
|(x, fn )|2
(fn , fn )
n=1

( ).

. x E F N N x Lin{f1 , . . . , fN } N - :
SN (x) =

N
X
(x, fn )
fn ,
(f
n , fn )
n=1

. .

2 x, Lin{f1 , . . . , fN } = kx SN (x)k2 =
= (x, x) (x, SN (x)) (SN (x), x) + (SN (x), SN (x)) =
= kxk2

N
N
N
X
(x, fn )(x, fn ) X (x, fn )(x, fn ) X (x, fn )(x, fn )

+
=
(fn , fn )
(fn , fn )
(fn , fn )
n=1
n=1
n=1

= kxk2

N
X
|(x, fn )|2
.
(fn , fn )
n=1

F
N ,
kx SN (x)k 0

kxk2

x, Lin{f1 , . . . , fN } 0

N
X
|(x, fn )|2
0
(fn , fn )
n=1

125

N .

X
(x, fn )
x=
fn
(f
n , fn )
n=1

X
|(x, fn )|2
kxk =
.
(fn , fn )
n=1
2

, {n (x)}
n=1
P
x =
n (x)fn . N N
N
P

n=1

krN (x)k
0 N . ,
F m N N > m
(x, fm ) = m (x)(fm , fm ) + (rN (x), fm ) m (x)(fm , fm ) N ,
|(rN (x), fm )| krN (x)k kfm k 0 N . , m (x) = (f(x,f,f )) m N. , x E
n (x) = (f(x,f,f )) ( x
rN (x) = x

n=1

n (x)fn .

F ), x =
n (x)fn . n=1
, F E.

3.3.2. E G = {gn }
n=1 , . G |, F = {fn }
n=1 ,

f1 = g1 ,

f2 = g 2

(g2 , f1 )
f1 ,
(f1 , f1 )

...

fn = gn

n1
X
k=1

(gn , fk )
fk ,
(fk , fk )

...

| n N fn Lin{g1 , . . . , gn }
gn Lin{f1 , . . . , fn },
Lin{g1 , . . . , gn } = Lin{f1 , . . . , fn }.

, G 3.3.1 F . 3.3.2 F E.
126

 3.3.3. H | , F = {fn }
n=1 H
. F H , F .
. 3.3.2. , x H F , . . (x, fn ) = 0

n N,

N
P

(x,f )

0 = lim x
kxk = kxk,
(f ,f ) fn = Nlim
N

n=1
. . x | . , H.
. x H
F
n

2
N

X
(x, fn )

fn =
x

(f
,
f
)
n n
n=1

= kxk2

X
|(x, fn )|2
= 2 x, Lin{f1 , . . . , fN } 0.
(fn , fn )
n=1

, N

N
X
|(x, fn )|2
kxk2 .
(f
,
f
)
n
n
n=1

X
|(x, fn )|2
kxk2
(f
,
f
)
n
n
n=1

( ).
N
P

(x,f )
, SN (x) =
(f ,f ) fn
n=1
x F
H, N, M N
n

NX
+M

2
X
|(x, fn )|2
|(x, fn )|2

(x)

S
(x)
=

0
SN

N +M
(fn , fn )
(fn , fn )
n=N +1

127

n=N +1

N . H
SN (x) H N z H.
m N N > m (SN (x), fm ) =
= (x, fm ),

(x z, fm ) = lim (x SN (x), fm ) = lim (x, fm ) (x, fm ) = 0.

N

, x z
F , ,
.
, x = z

x, Lin{f1 , . . . , fN } = x SN (x) 0 N . , F H.
3.3.2 F
H.

3.3.4. `2 .
. H | , {gn }
n=1 H |
. {nk }
k=1 :
n1

min

nk+1

min

m N gm 6= 0 ,

m > nk gm 6 Lin{gn1 , . . . , gnk }

k N.

, G = {gn }
k=1 , , H. ,
x H > 0 m, , kx gm k .
nk > m gm Lin{gn . . . , gn },

k

(x, Lin G) x, Lin{gn1 . . . , gnk } kx gm k .

, Lin G H,
.
128

 3.3.2, G |,
F = {fn }
n=1 , H . 3.3.2
x H
F , n (x) = (x,f ) (f ,f )
(x) = {n (x)}
n=1 `2 , . . (x) `2 .
kxk = k(x)k2 . , ( )
: H `2 . , , . . (H) = `2 .
z = {z(n)}
n=1 `2 n

N
P

z(n) fn . {SN }
H SN =
N =1
(f ,f )
n=1
H,
N, M N
n

kSN SN +M k2 =

NX
+M

|z(n)|2

n=N +1

|z(n)|2 0

N .

n=N +1

H x H, ,
N . ,

kx SN k 0

x=

z(n)
p
fn .
(fn , fn )
n=1

n (x) = z(n) n N, . . (x) = z ,

.
,
H `2 .

3.3.4. . H
, [0, 1],
,
. , H
129


T (x) [0, 1] :

H = x: [0, 1] C t 6 T (x) x(t) = 0

|x(t)|2 < +

tT (x)

, H .
H :
X

(x, y) =

x(t)y(t)

x, y H.

tT (x)T (y)

,
X

|x(t)y(t)|

s X

tT (x)T (y)

|x(t)|2

tT (x)

s X

|y(t)|2 < +.

tT (y)

, H k k,
, . H {xn }
n=1 . > 0 N (),
, n, m N () kxn xm k

S
. T =
T (xn ).
n=1
t T n, m N ()
|xn (t) xm (t)|

sX

|xn ( ) xm ( )|2 = kxn xm k .

, {xn (t)}
n=1 C t T . t 6 T , xn (t) = 0
n N. , t [0, 1]
z(t) = n
lim xn (t), t 6 T z(t) =
= 0. , z: [0, 1] C,
T (z) = T , . . z H. , xn
130

 H z . T = {ts }
s=1 ,
ts 6= tr s 6= r. M N n N ()
v
uM
uX
t
|xn (ts ) z(ts )|2 = lim

s=1

v
uM
uX
t
|xn (ts ) xm (ts )|2
s=1

lim kxn xm k .
m

,
v
uM
uX
kxn zk = lim t
|xn (ts ) z(ts )|2 ,
M

s=1

. , H . , . t [0, 1]
xt H

xt ( ) =

1, t = ,
0, t =
6 .

, T (xt ) = {t} | .

n
o
A0 =

xt t [0, 1]

H.

, A0 [0, 1] . xt
x t 6= kxt x k = 2 = 0 . ,
1.3.1 H.

3.4.
3.4.1. X Y | . A: X Y .

131

 3.4.2. X Y | , A: X Y | . A
X
n
Ker A =

x X A(x) = 0 .

, ,
Y :
n
Im A =

A(x) x X .

3.4.3. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . A: X Y

, S X A(S) Y .
3.4.1. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | , A: X Y .
:
1) A X ;
2) A ;
3) A ;
X
Y
4)
n R > 0, , A Bo1 (0) BR (0).
BrX (x) = z X kz xkX r x X
r 0.
. , 1 2. 2, > 0, , x X kxkX < kA(x)kY < 1. S X M > 0, , x S kxkX M . x

S M+1 x MM+1 < . ,

A M+1 x

< 1,

kA(x)kY M+1 . Y
A(S) Y . 3, , 4. 4.

x X > 0 = R+1
> 0,
132

,
y X ky xkX <

R, . . kA(y) A(x)kY R < .

A yx

R+1
Y
, A
x X , .

3.4.4. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | .

A: X Y
kAk = sup kA(x)kY .
kxkX 1

3.4.1. 3.4.1
kAk < +

A.

3.4.2. (X, kkX ) (Y, kkY ) | , A: X Y | .

kAk = sup
x6=0

kA(x)kY
= sup kA(x)kY =
kxkX
kxkX =1

n
o

= inf L > 0 kA(x)kY LkxkX x X .

sup
x6=0

x
kxkX

kA(x)kY
kxkX

= 1,

x 6= 0

x

= sup
A

kxkX Y
x6=0
kA(x)kY
kA(x)kY
sup
.
kxk
kxkX
X
x6
=
0
kxkX =1

sup kA(x)kY = sup

kxkX =1

, sup kA(x)k
kxk
x6=0

= sup kA(x)kY .
kxkX =1

sup kA(x)kY sup kA(x)kY =

kxkX =1

kxkX 1

sup
0<kxkX 1

kxkX

x
sup kA(x)kY .
A

kxkX
Y

133

kxkX =1

sup kA(x)kY =
kxkX =1

,
kAk = sup kA(x)kY = sup
x6=0

kxkX 1

sup kA(x)kY .

kxkX 1

kA(x)kY
= sup kA(x)kY .
kxkX
kxkX =1

L > 0, , x
kA(x)kY LkxkX , kAk =
L.

X
sup kA(x)kY

kxkX 1

,
kAk inf

L > 0 kA(x)kY LkxkX x X .

, x 6= 0

kA(x)kY

kA(x)kY
kxkX

kxkX kAk kxkX .

,
n

inf

L > 0 kA(x)kY LkxkX x X kAk.

3.4.1. (X, kkX ) (Y, kkY ) | , A: X Y | .

:
) dim X < +, kAk < +;
) dim Im A < +, Ker A , kAk < +.
. ) dim X = n. X {e1 , . . . , en }. , x X
{1 (x), . . . , n (x)}, ,
n
P
x =
k (x)ek . , k 1, n
k=1
k : X C .
kxke =

n
X

|k (x)|

x X.

k=1

X . , kxke 0, kxke = 0 k (x) = 0

134

 k 1, n, . . x = 0. x X
t C k (tx) = tk (x) k 1, n.
, ktxke = |t| kxke . , x, y
X k (x + y) = k (x) + k (y) k 1, n.
,
kx + yke =

n
X

|k (x) + k (y)|

k=1

n
X

|k (x)| + |k (y)| = kxke + kyke ,

k=1

. . . 3.1.1
k kX k ke X . ,
C > 0, , x X
kxke CkxkX .

kAk = sup
x6=0

= max kA(ek )kY .

1kn

kA(x)kY
=
kxkX

n
P

k A(ek )

k=1

sup
x=

n
P

kxkX

k ek 6=0

k=1

n
P

sup
x=

n
P

k ek 6=0

k=1

n
P

|k | kA(ek )kY

kxkX

sup
x=

k=1

n
P

k ek 6=0

|k | M

k=1

kxkX

k=1

= M sup
x6=0

kxke
M C,
kxkX

. . kAk M C < +, .
) A
. dim Im A = m. Im A {g1 , . . . , gm }. , k 1, m
ek X , , Aek = gk . ,
Ker A Lin{e1 , . . . , ek } = X.

135

, x X A(x) Im A, . . {1 , . . . , m }, , m
m
P
P
A(x) =
k gk . u =
k ek
k=1
k=1
Lin{e1 , . . . , em }. A(x u) = 0, . .
v = x u Ker A. ,
Ker A + Lin{e1 , . . . , ek } = X.

, , . . Ker A Lin{e1 , . . . , em } = {0}. ,

z Ker A Lin{e1 , . . . , em }, 1 , . . . , m , m
m
P
P
, z =
k ek , A(z) = 0 =
k gk .
k=1
k=1
g1 , . . . , gm , 1 = . . . = m = 0 z = 0. M = max kgk kY .
k1,n

kAk =

A P k ek

k=1
Y
m
P

k ek + v

sup
{1 , ..., m }C,
m
P
|k |>0, vKer A
k=1

k=1

m
P

sup
{1 , ..., m }C,
m
P
|k |>0, vKer A
k=1

k=1

k ek + v

L =
k =
kAk
inf

k
L

m
P

|k | = 1

k=1

m
P

k ek w

{1 , ..., m }C,
m
P
|k |=1, wKer A
k=1

k=1

|k | M

k=1
m
P

m
P

|k | > 0

k=1

=
inf

{1 , ..., m }C,
m
P
|k |=1
k=1

136

M
m
P
k=1

.
k ek , Ker A

 {1 (s), . . . , m (s)}
s=1 |
m
P
, . .
|k (s)| = 1 s N,
k=1

inf

{1 , ..., m }C,
m
P
|k |=1
k=1

m
X

!
k ek , Ker A

= lim
s

k=1

m
X

!
k (s)ek , Ker A .

k=1

| k (sr ) k r k 1, m.
m
P
, ,
|k | = 1. m
P

k=1

m
P

u =
k ek = lim
k (sr )ek Lin{e1 , . . . , em }.
r k=1
k=1
, x 7 (x, Ker A)
X , . .

(x, Ker A) (z, Ker A) kx zkX

x, z X.

, x, z X > 0 v , w Ker A, , kx v kX (x, Ker A) +

kz w kX (z, Ker A) + . ,
(x, Ker A) (z, Ker A) kx w kX kz w kX +
kx zkX + ,
(z, Ker A) (x, Ker A) kz v kX kx v kX +
kx zkX + ,

. . (x, Ker A) (z, Ker A) kx zkX + kx zkX

+0. ,
m
!
X
k (s)ek , Ker A =
lim
s

k=1

= lim
r

m
X

k=1

137

!
k (sr )ek , Ker A

= (u, Ker A).

m
P

|k | = 1, u 6= 0, u 6 Ker A.
k=1
Ker A , (u, Ker A) > 0.
,
kAk

M
< +,
(u, Ker A)

3.4.1.
, , . X , [0, 1] ,
. X ,
C[0, 1], . .
kxkc = max |x(t)|
t[0,1]

x X.

Y = C[0, 1] k kc -.
A: X Y :
(Ax)(t) = x0 (t)

t [0, 1],

x X.

Ker A = {0}, x Ker A x0 (t) = 0

t [0, 1], . . x(t) = const = x(0) = 0. , Im A = Y ,
y Y x X
Rt
x(t) = y( ) d t [0, 1], , (Ax)(t) = x0 (t) = y(t),
0
. . Ax = y. , , kAk = +. ,
n N xn (t) = sin(nt)
X . kxn kc 1,

kAk kAxn kc = max n cos(nt) = n +,

t[0,1]

3.4.2. CL1 [0, 1],

x: [0, 1] C,

138


Z1
kxk1 =

|x(t)| dt.
0

A: CL1 [0, 1] CL1 [0, 1]

Zt
(Ax)(t) =

x( ) d

t [0, 1],

x CL1 [0, 1].

A.

x CL1 [0, 1]

Zt
Z1
Z1 Zt

dt
|x( )| d =
kAxk1 = x( ) d dt

Z1
=

Z1
|x( )| d

Z1
dt =

(1 )|x( )| d kxk1 .
0

, kAk 1.
(0, 1) x CL1 [0, 1]

x (t) =

1 t , 0 t ,
0, t 1.

(1 )x ( ) d =

x ( ) d =

dt

kAx k1 =

Z1

Zt

Z1

Z
=

Z
(1 )x ( ) d

(1 )x ( ) d = (1 )kx k1 .
0

,
1 kAk

kAx k1
11
kx k1

139

+0,

. . kAk = 1. , x , [, 1]
[0, ).
, CL2 [0, 1].
A: CL2 [0, 1] CL2 [0, 1]
Zt
(Ax)(t) =

x( ) d

t [0, 1],

x CL2 [0, 1].

x CL2 [0, 1]

v
v
2
2
u 1 t
u 1 t

uZ Z
uZ Z

u
u
kAxk2 = t x( ) d dt t |x( )| d dt .

| t [0, 1]

Zt

t
t

Z
Z
|x( )| d |x( )|2 d d =

Zt

= t

2
|x( )|2 d t kxk2 ,

v
uZ1
u

2
kxk2
u
kAxk2 t t kxk2 dt = .
2
0

, kAk 12 . ,
A , . . kAk < 12 . ,
kAk. CL2 [0, 1],
E = {en }
n=1 en (t) =

1
= cos n 2 t , t [0, 1]. ,
140

1
F = {fn }
n=1 , fn (t) = sin n 2 t ,
CL2 [0, 1] , n N

Aen =

f
n .
n 12

n N ken k2 = kfn k2 = 12 .
x CL2 [0, 1]
E :
x=

n en .

n=1

x CL2 [0, 1], . . . , ,

v
v
u
u
u X |n |2
uX
t
kxk2 =
=t
2|n |2 .
(e
,
e
)
n
n
n=1
n=1

A CL2 [0, 1] kAk 12 , ,

Ax =

X
n=1

n Aen =

n 1 fn .
n 2
n=1

F Ax CL2 [0, 1], . .

.

v
u
uX
|n |2
kAxk2 = u
=

t
2

n=1 n 1
(f
,
f
)
n
n
2
v
u
uX
2|n |2
2
=u

2
t

n=1 n 1
2

v
u
uX
2
t
2|n |2 = kxk2 .

n=1

, kAk

<

2
f1
2
kAe1 k2
2
2
kAk
=
= ,

ke1 k2
ke1 k2

141

1
2

. -

. . kAk = 2 .

3.4.3. K: [0, 1] [0, 1] C . A: C[0, 1] C[0, 1]

Z1
(Ax)(t) =

K(t, )x( ) d

t [0, 1],

x C[0, 1].

A. x C[0, 1]
1

kAxkc = max K(t, )x( ) d

t[0,1]

Z1

|K(t, )| |x( )| d max

max

t[0,1]

Z1

|K(t, )| d kxkc .

t[0,1]

R1

, L = max |K(t, )| d t[0,1] 0

kAk L. [0, 1]

t 7

R1
0

|K(t, )| d

t0 [0, 1],

R1

L = |K(t0 , )| d . 0
> 0 P : [0, 1] C, ,
K(t0 , ) P ( ) [0, 1]. s : C C

s (z) =

z
|z| ,

|z| ,

|z| .

z C |z| s (z)z = |z|,

|z|
s (z)z = |z| [0, ].

x ( ) = s P ( ) , [0, 1]. , x C[0, 1]

2

142

 . kx kc 1, |s (z)| 1 z C.

kAk kAx kc K(t0 , )x ( ) d

0
1

Z
Z1

P ( )x ( ) d K(t0 , ) P ( ) x ( ) d

0
0
1

P ( )x ( ) d .

P ( )x ( ) d .
0

n
o

I = [0, 1] |P ( )| .

P | , I , ,
[0, 1]. ,
I [0, 1]\I
[0, 1] .
1

Z
Z

P ( )x ( ) d

[0,1]\I

P ( )x ( ) d P ( )x ( ) d.

[0, 1]\I P ( )x ( ) =
I P ( )x ( ) [0, ],

P ( )x ( ) d

P ( ) d =

[0,1]\I

Z1
Z

P
(
)
d

|P ( )|,

Z1

P
(
)
d

P ( ) d 2
0

Z1

143

K(t0 , ) d 3 = L 3.


+0

L kAk kAx kc L 4,
R1
kAk = L = max |K(t, )| d .
t[0,1] 0

3.4.4. K: [0, 1] [0, 1] C . A: CL1 [0, 1]

CL1 [0, 1]
Z1
(Ax)(t) =

K(t, )x( ) d

t [0, 1],

x CL1 [0, 1].

A.

x CL1 [0, 1]

Z1 Z1

kAxk1 = K(t, )x( ) d dt

|K(t, )| dt kxk1 .

[0,1]
0

Z1

|K(t, )| dt max

|x( )| d

Z1

Z1

R1

, L = max |K(t, )| dt [0,1] 0

kAk L. K

R1
0

|K(t, )| dt [0, 1]. ,

R1

0 [0, 1], , L = |K(t, 0 )| dt.

0
[0, 1] [0, 1] K
. > 0 = () > 0, , [0, 1] | 0 |
t [0, 1] K(t, ) K(t, 0 ) .

n

I =

[0, 1] | 0 | < () .

x : [0, 1] R, , x ( ) =
[0, 1]\I , I

=0

144

x ( ) > 0.

kxk1 =

R
I

x ( ) d > 0.

Z1 Z

kAx k1 = K(t, )x ( ) d dt

0
I

Z1 Z
Z1 Z

K(t, 0 )x ( ) d dt dt K(t, ) K(t, 0 ) |x ( )| d

0
0
I
I

Z
Z
Z

|K(t, 0 )| dt x ( ) d |x ( )| d = L kx k1 .
0

L ,
R1
kAk = L = max |K(t, )| dt.

L kAk

kAx k1
kx k1

+0

[0,1] 0

3.4.5. K: [0, 1] [0, 1] C

. A: CL1 [0, 1] C[0, 1]

Z1
K(t, )x( ) d

(Ax)(t) =

t [0, 1],

x CL1 [0, 1].

A.

x CL1 [0, 1]

kAxkc = max K(t, )x( ) d

t[0,1]

Z1

max max |K(t, )|

|x( )| d =
max |K(t, )| kxk1 .

t[0,1] [0,1]

t, [0,1]

, L = max |K(t, )| t, [0,1]

kAk L. K
t0 , 0 [0, 1], , L = |K(t0 , 0 )|, > 0
145

 = () > 0, , [0, 1] | 0 |

K(t0 , ) K(t0 , 0 ) .

I =

[0, 1] | 0 | < () .

x : [0, 1] R, , x ( ) =
= 0 [0, 1]\IR , I
x ( ) > 0. kxk1 = x ( ) d > 0.
I

Z
Z

kAx kc K(t0 , )x ( ) d = K(t0 , )x ( ) d

0
I

Z
Z

K(t0 , 0 )x ( ) d K(t0 , ) K(t0 , 0 ) |x ( )| d

I
I

|K(t0 , 0 )| kx k1 .
k
, L kAk kAx
L ,
kx k
kAk = L = max |K(t, )|.
1

+0

t, [0,1]

3.4.5. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . , X Y , L(X, Y ).

,
X X , L(X).
3.4.3. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . L(X, Y )
3.4.4 .
. 3.4.1 ,

,
L(X, Y ) . ,
146

 L(X, Y ) 3.1.1
. 3.4.1 A L(X, Y )
0 kAk < +. kAk = 0 3.4.2 kA(x)kY = 0 x X , . . A = 0
| . A L(X, Y )
t C
ktAk = sup ktA(x)kY = sup |t| kA(x)kY =
kxkX 1

kxkX 1

= |t| sup kA(x)kY = |t| kAk.

kxkX 1

, A, B L(X, Y )
kA + Bk = sup kA(x) + B(x)kY
kxkX 1

sup

kA(x)kY + kB(x)kY

kxkX 1

sup kA(x)kY + sup kB(x)kY = kAk + kBk.

kxkX 1

kxkX 1

3.4.1. (X, k kX ) |
, (Y, k kY ) | . L(X, Y ) .
.
{An }
n=1 L(X, Y ).

x X n m
kAn (x)Am (x)kY kAn Am k kxkX , {An (x)}
n=1
(Y, k kY ). , x X
A(x) Y , , kAn (x) A(x)kY 0
n . , A: X Y .
x, y X
kAn (x + y) A(x) A(y)kY
|| kAn (x) A(x)k + || kAn (y) A(y)kY 0

147

 n , A(x + y) = A(x) + A(y).

, A .
{An }
n=1
L(X, Y ), . . R > 0, ,
n kAn k R. , {An }
n=1 N (1),
, n N (1) kAn AN (1) k
1, kAn k kAN (1) k + 1. , R = max kA1 k, . . . , kAN (1) k + 1
kAn k R n N. x X

kA(x)kY = lim kAn (x)kY lim kAn k kxkX RkxkX .

n

, kAk R, . . A . {An }
n=1 > 0 N (),
, n, m N ()
kAn Am k . x X kxkX 1

kAn (x) Am (x)kY kAn Am k

n, m N (). m ,
kAn (x) A(x)kY = lim kAn (x) Am (x)kY
m

n N (). , n N () kAn Ak = sup kAn (x) A(x)kY .

kxkX 1

, L(X, Y ) {An }
n=1 A L(X, Y ), . .
L(X, Y ) .

3.4.6. (X, k kX )
(Y, kkY ), L(X, Y ) .

(
)
`1 =

x: N C

k=1

148

|x(k)| < +

 kxk1 =

s
|x(k)|

k=1

kxk2 =

P
k=1

|x(k)|2 .

(X, k kX ) = (`1 , k k1 ) ,
(Y, k kY ) = (`1 , k k2 ) | . 1
{zn }
n=1 `1 zn (k) = k k n zn (k) = 0 k > n
k k2 - Y .
An : X Y
An (x) = x(1)zn

n N.

n
kAn (x)k2 = |x(1)| kzn k2 kxk1 kzn k2 ,

. .

kAn k kzn k2 ,
6

k = 6 . , n k=1
An L(X, Y ). n, m N

kAn+m An k = sup

|x(1)| kzn+m zn k2 kzn+m zn k2 .

kxk1 =1

v
v
r
u n+m
u n+m
u X 1
u X
1
1
1
t
t
kAn+m An k
<
<
<
2
k
k1 k
n
k=n+1

k=n+1

n > N () = 1 + 1 m N. , {An }
n=1
L(X, Y ). x `1 x(1) 6= 0
An (x) = x(1)zn Y .
{An }
n=1
L(X, Y ). , A L(X, Y ),
, kAn Ak 0 n , x `1
kAn (x) A(x)k2 kAn Ak kxk1 0
n , x `1 x(1) 6= 0.
, L(X, Y ) .
2

3.4.2. (X, kkX ) | , (Y, k kY ) | . L(X, Y ) . ,

149

 |,
(. 5.1.3).

3.4.4. (X, kkX ) (Y, kkY ) | , X

. A: X
Y , . . A L(X, Y ).
. X n, e1 , . . . , en X
X . x X
x1 , . . . , xn C, ,
n
n
P
P
x=
xk ek . X kxke =
|xk |.
k=1
k=1
3.1.1 kkX X . , L, , x X
kxke LkxkX .
n
o
M = max kA(e1 )kY , . . . , kA(en )kY .
x X
kA(x)kY

n
X

|xk | kA(ek )kY M kxke M LkxkX ,

k=1

. . kAk M L. , A L(X, Y ).

3.4.6. (X, k k) | . X
C . L(X, C) , X , X .
3.4.7. (X, k k) f : X C. X = CL1 [0, 1]
x: [0, 1] C,
kxkL1 =

R1
0

|x(t)| dt.

150

f: X C

f (x) = x(0) x X . , kf k =
= +, . . f .

xn (t) = 2n2 n1 t
1
1

t 0, n xn (t) = 0 t n , 1 . ,
kxn kL1 = 1, f (xn ) = 2n n N. , -

kf k =

sup

|f (x)| |f (xn )| = 2n +

kxkL1 =1

n .

3.4.7. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | .

{An }
n=1 L(X, Y ) ,
x X {An (x)}
n=1 Y , . . sup kAn (x)kY < +.
nN

3.4.2 (, ).
(X, k kX )
(Y, k kY ) | , (X, k kX ) . {An }
n=1 L(X, Y ) . {An }
n=1
L(X, Y ), . . sup kAn k < +.
nN

.
F =

Y
(0)
.
A1
B
n
1

nN

n
o

B1Y (0) = x X kAn (x)kY 1 | -

A1
n
B1Y (0) Y An .
n An
, 1
Y
1.1.6 An B1 (0) X . , F X .
x X N (x), , n

kAn (x)kY

x
N (x). An N (x) 1 Y
n N, . . Nx(x) F . ,
151

N N

(N F ) X ,

. . -

X =
(N F ). X N N
.
1.4.2
. N0 , z0
N0 F r0 , ,
Br (z0 ) N0 F .
0

1
N0 Br0 (z0 )

= B Nr0

z0
N0

F.

0 = Nr x0 = Nz . x X
kxkX = 1 x0 + 0 x B (x0 ) F , . .
n kAn (x0 ) + 0 An (x)kY 1. ,
0

kAn (x)kY

1 + kAn (x0 )kY

1 + N (x0 )

= L0 .
0
0

, n
kAn k = sup kAn (x)kY L0 ,
kxkX =1

3.4.8. , X 3.4.2 |
. X , Y {An }
n=1 L(X, Y ),
L(X, Y ) (. .
sup kAn k = +).
nN
(X, k kX ) = (`1 , k k2 ), (Y, k kY ) = (`1 , k k1 ) (. 3.4.6), An : X Y
(
(An (x))(k) =

x(k)
,
k

0,

152

1 k n,
k > n.

 x `1
v
v
v

u n
u n
u n
n
X
X
X
X
u
u
u
|x(k)| t
1t
1

kAn (x)k1 =
|x(k)|2 t
kxk2 .
k
k
k
k=1
k=1
k=1
k=1
s

,
, xn `1
xn (k) = 0 k > n
kAn (xn )k1 =

kAn k

xn (k) =

1
k

n
P

= Ln .

1 k n

k=1

1
k

n
X
1
= Ln kxn k2 .
k

k=1

,
Ln kAn k

kAn (xn )k1

= Ln ,
kxn k2

. . kAn k = Ln + n . , An L(X, Y )
L(X, Y ). , x `1 n
kAn (x)k1 =

n
n
X
|x(k)| X

|x(k)| kxk1 ,
k
k=1
k=1

. . sup kAn (x)k1 kxk1 < +.

nN

3.4.8. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . {An }

n=1 An : X Y
, x X
{An (x)}
n=1 Y .
3.4.3. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) |
, {An }
n=1 .
x X A(x) = n
lim An (x) Y .
153

, A: X Y , . , x, y X

A(x + y) = lim

An (x) + An (y) =

= lim An (x) + lim An (y) = A(x) + A(y).

n

A {An }
n=1 .
3.4.3. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) |
, (X, k kX ) .
{An }
n=1 L(X, Y )
. A , . . A L(X, Y ).
kAk lim kAn k.
n

. x X
{An (x)}
n=1 Y . ,
Y . 3.4.2 |
{An }
n=1 L(X, Y ).
L, , n
kAn k L. x X
n N
kA(x)kY kA(x) An (x)kY + kAn (x)kY kA(x) An (x)kY + LkxkX .

n ,
kA(x)k Lkxk x X . , kAk L,
A L(X, Y ). x X
n
kA(x)kY kA(x) An (x)kY + kAn k kxkX ,

n ,
kA(x)kY lim kA(x) An (x)kY + lim kAn k kxkX =
n
n

= lim kAn k kxkX .

n

154

,
.

kAk lim kAn k,

n

3.4.9. , X 3.4.3
.
X , Y
A {An }
n=1
L(X, Y ).
3.4.8. A: X Y

(A(x))(k) = x(k)
k N x `1 . k
x `1
kA(x) An (x)k1 =

X
X
|x(k)|

|x(k)| 0
k
k=n+1
k=n+1

n .

, A {An }
n=1 . , A , . . kAk = +. ,
n xn `1 xn (k) = 1k
1 k n xn (k) = 0 k > n.

v
u n
n
X
X1
1 u
kxn k2 .
kA(xn )k1 =
= t
k
k
k=1

k=1

,
v
u n
uX 1
kA(xn )k1
kAk
=t
+
kxn k2
k

n .

k=1

3.4.9. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . , {An }

n=1 L(X, Y ) , x X {An (x)}
n=1
Y .
155

 3.4.10. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . , L(X, Y ) , {An }

n=1 L(X, Y ) A L(X, Y ).
3.4.4. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . L(X, Y )
.
.

{An }
n=1 L(X, Y ).

Y x X {An (x)}
n=1
Y . , {An }
n=1 A: X Y . 3.4.3
A L(X, Y ). ,
L(XY ) .

3.4.10. X Y , L(X, Y ) .
3.4.8. 3.4.9, 3.4.8
{An }
n=1 L(X, Y ) A: X Y . , L(X, Y ) , .
, L(X, Y ) .
3.4.2. -

CP [, ] =

x C[, ] x() = x() ,

, C[, ], . . kxkc =
= max |x(t)| x CP [, ]. ,
t[,]

156


S=

1
2,

cos(nt), sin(nt)

n=1

CP [, ].
. x CP [, ]
N N N - :

a0 (x) X
+
SN (x) (t) =
an (x) cos(nt) + bn (x) sin(nt) ,
2
n=1

x
a0 (x) =

x( ) d, an (x) =

bn (x) =

x( ) cos(n ) d,

x( ) sin(n ) d.

N - FN (x) x N :
FN (x) =

S1 (x) + . . . + SN (x)
Lin S.
N

x CP [, ]

kx FN (x)kc 0 N .

, x, Lin S lim kx FN (x)kc = 0, . . N

Lin S CP [, ].
, S CP [, ].
, , S
CP [, ]. x
CP [, ]
n
o
0 (x), n (x), n (x)
,
n=1

,
kx N (x)kc 0

157

N ,

N
P

N (x) (t) = 2(x) +

n (x) cos(nt) + n (x) sin(nt) .
n=1
N (x) CP [, ] [, ] x,
0

Z
0 (x) = lim

Z
n (x) = lim

N (x) ( ) d =
x( ) d = a0 (x),

N (x) ( ) cos(n ) d =
Z
=

x( ) cos(n ) d = an (x),

Z
n (x) = lim

N (x) ( ) sin(n ) d =
Z
=

x( ) sin(n ) d = bn (x).

, N (x) = SN (x) N N. ,
S CP [, ], , CP [, ]
[, ]. ,
x CP [, ] N

1
SN (x) (t) =
DN ( t)x( ) d

t [, ],

sin N + 21
DN ( ) =
2 sin 2

| . , SN
, CP [, ], SN (x) x N
x CP [, ]. ,
158

 {SN }
N =1 CP [, ].
kkC

L C[, ] , kkCP |

L CP [, ] .
SN , C[, ]. ,
3.4.3,
1
kSN kC = sup kSN (x)kc = max
t[,]
xC[,]
kxkc 1

DN ( t) d =

t
Z
Z

1
1

= max
DN ( ) d =
DN ( ) d.

t[,]
t

CP [, ] C[, ]
kSN kCP kSN kC . , (0, 1) x C[, ], , kx kc 1
kSN kC kSN (x )kc + .

y CP [, ] :

y (t) =

x(t), t ,
(t)

x( ),

t ,

(+t)

x( ),

t .

ky kc 1,

N + 12
4 < (2N + 1).
kSN (x ) SN (y )kc

,
kSN kCP kSN kC kSN (x )kc +
kSN (y )kc + (2N + 2) kSN kCP + (2N + 2) .

159

 +0,
kSN kCP = kSN kC .

CP [, ] , 3.4.2
| , sup kSN kCP < +.
N N
,
kSN kCP

Z
Z
sin N + 12
2 sin N + 12
d =
=
d
sin 2

(N + 21 )

=
0
(N + 12 )

=
1

2| sin |
d

(N + 12 )

Z
1

1 cos(2)
d ln N

2 sin2
d =

N .

,
sup kSN kCP lim kSN kCP = +.

N N

. , , S
CP [, ]. , ,
, x0 CP [, ],
[, ].

3.4.11. (X, 1 ) (Y, 2 ) | . f : X Y ,

1 - V f (V )
2 -.
3.4.5. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . A: X
Y ,

Y
0 , , O (0) A O1X (0) .
0

. .
A ,
160

 O1X (0) X A

Y . 0 = A(0) A O1X (0) |

, 0 > 0, ,

OY0 (0) A O1X (0) .

. V X y A(V ). x V ,
, y = A(x). V
> 0, , OX (x) = x + O1X (0) V . ,

Y
A(V ) A(x) + A O1X (0) y + OY0 (0) = O
(y),
0

A(V ).

3.4.5 (, ).

(Y, k kY ) | , A L(X, Y )
(. . A(X) = Y ). A .
(X, k kX )

.
[

OnX (0) = X
nN

A(X) = Y ,

Y =A

[
nN

!
OnX (0)

[ h

i
nA O1X (0)
n A O1X (0) Y.

nN

nN

,
Y =

h
i
n A O1X (0) .

nN

, Y
. 1.4.2
161

 . , n0 , h0

i
u0 Y , , OY (u0 ) n0 A O1X (0) .

h
i
OrY0 (v0 ) A O1X (0) .
0

r0 =
v0 =
,
0
n0

u0
n0

h
i
OrY0 (v0 ) = OrY0 (v0 ) A O1X (0) =
h
i h
i
= A O1X (0) = A O1X (0) .

, 3.1.3
OrY0 (0) = 21 OrY0 (v0 ) + 21 Or0 (v0 )

1
2

h
i
A O1X (0) +

1
2

h
i
A O1X (0) .

3.1.5

h
i
1 h X i
1 X
A O1 (0) =
A O1 (0) = A OX
1 (0)
2
2
2

h
i h
i
A OX
+ A OX

1 (0)
1 (0)
2
2
h

i h
i
A OX
+ A OX
= A O1X (0) ,
1 (0)
1 (0)
2

OrY (0) A O1X (0) . , h i

Y
Or
(0) A OX (0) .
0

A O1X (0) A O3X (0) .

h
i
y1 A O1X (0) .

n n = 21n .
h
i
y1 A OX1 (0) .

, ,
h
i
yn A OXn (0) .

162

6= yn OrY0 n+1 (0) A OXn (0)

!
h
i

X
yn A On+1 (0)
A OXn (0) .
i

, yn+1 A OX (0)
xn OX (0), , yn yn+1 = A(xn ).
n
P
n zn =
xk .
k=1
n m
n+1

kzn+m zn kX

n+m
X

kxk kX

k=n+1

21k = 21n ,

k=n+1

{zn }
n=1
X . , z0 X , ,
kzn z0 kX 0 n .

P
21k = 2 < 3, . . z0 O3X (0).
kz0 kX
k=1
n
A(zn ) =

n
X

A(xk ) =

k=1

n
X

yk yk+1 = y1 yn+1 .

k=1

kyn kY

sup

kA(x)kY kAkn 0

kxkX n

n , A(z0 ) = lim A(zn ) = y1 . ,

n

y1 A O3X (0) . ,
h
i

OrY0 (0) A O1X (0) A O3X (0) ,

. . 0 = r3 OY (0) A O1X (0) .

, 3.4.5 A .
0

163

 3.4.11. (X, kkX ), (Y, kkY ) A L(X, Y ),

. , 3.4.6, . . (X, k kX ) = (`1 , k k1 ),
(Y, k kY ) = (`1 , k k2 ). A: X Y | , . . Ax = x x `1 . , 3.1.2, x `1 kAxk` = kxk`
kxk` , . . kAk 1 ( kAk = 1, e1 `1
e1 (1) = 1 e1 (k) = 0 k > 1 1 kAk kA(e1 )k2 =
= 1). , A L(X, Y ).
A . , A .
n
Xo A.

O = x `1 kxk1 < 1 . , O
Y . 1
{yn }
n=1 `1 yn (k) = k 1 k n yn (k) = 0
k > n. x0 O
xn, = x0 + yn .
2

kxn, x0 k2 <

kxn, k1

n
P
k=1

1
k kx0 k1

n .

, > 0 = 6 , , n xn, OY (x0 ),

n N
kxn, k1 > 1. , xn, 6 O. ,
O O Y . , O Y ,
.

3.5.
3.5.1. X, Y | , A: X Y | . A1
. : Im A X

A,

y Im A A A1
(y)
= y.
.
164

 3.5.2. X, Y | , A: X Y | . A1
. : Im A X

A,
1
x X A. A(x) = x.
3.5.1. X, Y | ,

| . A , ,
. , A y Im A
x(y) X , , A(x(y)) = y. ,
y Im A , A1
. (y) = x(y), A.
. A: R2 R A(x1 , x2 ) = x1 .
Im A = R, B: R R2 C: R R2
B(x1 ) = (x1 , 0) C(x1 ) = (x1 , x21 )
A, C .
A: X Y

3.5.2. X, Y | ,

| .
A , y Im A x(y) X , ,
A(x(y)) = y , . . A
X Im A.
. A . , x Ker A,
A(x) = 0 = A(0).
A x = 0, . . Ker A = {0}. ,
A , y Im A
x X z X y = A(x) = A(z), A(x z) = 0,
. . x z Ker A = {0}. , x = z ,
. . A .
3.5.1. X, Y | , A: X Y | .
A , A , . . Ker A = {0}.
.
A: X Y

165

 . A
A1
. . x Ker A.
A,

1
1
x = A1
. (A(x)) = A. (0) = A. (A(0)) = 0,

. . x = 0. , Ker A = 0. , A . , 3.5.2,
A X
Im A, . . y Im A
x(y) X , , A(x(y)) = y.
y Im A A1
. (y) = x(y). z X A1
. (A(z)) = x(A(z)) = z
A. , A1
.
A. B: Im A X
B(A(x)) = x x X , y Im A
1
B(y) = B(A(x(y))) = x(y) = A1
. (y), . . B = A. . , . . u, v
Im A

1
A1
(u
+
v)
=
A
A(x(u))
+
A(x(v))
=
.
.

= A1
. A(x(u) + x(v)) = x(u) + x(v) =

1
= A1
. (u) + A. (v),

3.5.3. X, Y | ,

| .
3.5.2 3.5.1 A
, .
, , .
A: X Y

3.5.3. X, Y | , A: X Y | . A1 : Im A X A,
.
166

 3.5.2. X, Y | , A: X Y | .
A ,
A . .
. 3.5.1

3.5.2, 3.5.3.

3.5.4. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . A: X Y

, , . . A1 L(Im A, X).
3.5.3. (X, kkX ) (Y, kkY ) | . A: X
Y ,
(X, k kX ) (Im A, k kY ).
. 3.5.2 A1 A
A. 1.1.6 A1 ,
k kX - V X

A1

(V ) Im A

A1 kkY - Im A.

A1

n
(V ) =

y Im A A1 (y) V
=

n
o

= y Im A y A(V ) = A(V ).
1

, A1
(V ) = A(V ).
V X A1 A(V ) Im A
A. 3.4.11 A: X Im A, .
167

 3.5.5. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . A: X

Y , L >
> 0, , x X
kA(x)kY LkxkX .
3.5.4. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | . A: X
Y ,
.
. A
, . . A1 L(Im A, X).
, x X

kxkX = A1 (A(x))X A1 kA(x)kY ,

. . L = kA1 k > 0
A.
A , . .
L > 0, , x X kA(x)kY LkxkX . x Ker A,
A(x) = 0 0 = kA(x)kY LkxkX . , x = 0,
. . Ker A = {0}. 3.5.2 A1 : Im A X .
A y Im A
1

1
A A (y)
kykY
Y

=
.
X
L
L

, A1 L1 , . .
A1 L(Im A, X), .
1
A (y)

3.5.5. (X, k kX ) | , (Y, k kY ) | , A L(X, Y ) . Im A

Y .
. 3.5.4 A , . . L > 0, ,
168

 x X . y [Im A].
{xn }
n=1 X , ,
kA(xn ) ykY 0 n . , kxn xm kX L1 kA(xn ) A(xm )kY 0 n, m .
, xn X . z X , ,
kxn zkX 0 n . A , kA(xn ) A(z)kY 0 n . ,
kA(z) ykY = 0, . . y = A(z), y Im A.
, Im A .
kA(x)kY LkxkX

3.5.1 (, ).

(X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) | , A L(X, Y ). A1 L(Y, X)

, Ker A = 0 Im A = Y .

. A1 ,

Y , Im A = Y , 3.5.2 Ker A = {0}.

A Ker A = {0} Im A = Y . 3.4.5
A X Y . ,
3.5.3 A , . .
A1 L(Y, X), .

3.5.1. (X, k kX ), (Y, k kY )

A L(X, Y )
, .

, 3.4.11, . . (X, kkX ) = (`1 , kk1 ),
(Y, k kY ) = (`1 , k k2 ), A: X Y | . , Ker A = {0} Im A = `1 = Y . ,
A1 : Y X ,
. . A1 (y) = y y `1 . 3.4.11,
A . , 3.5.3 A1
, . . A1 6 L(Y, X).
169

 3.5.1. X | , k k

| X . (X, k k ) (X, k k )
, L > 0, , kxk
Lkxk x X . , k k k k X .
.
k k

I: (X, k k ) (X, k k ) .

x X kI(x)k = kxk Lkxk ,

kIk L. , I . I , Ker I = {0} Im I = X . 3.5.1 I 1 : (X, k k )
(X, k k ) .
kI 1 (x)k = kxk kI 1 k kxk x X . ,
L > 0 C = kI 1 k > 0, , x X

1

Ckxk kxk Lkxk ,

. . k k k k X .

170

4.1. Rn

[4, . 10].

4.1.1. R , A R B R A B R A\B R. R -,
{Am }
m=1

S
R
Am R.
m=1

4.1.1. R | , R,
A R 4.1.1 = A\A
R.
4.1.2. R | ,
M
S

{Am }M
Am R.
m=1 R,
m=1
M . M = 1
. +1
M , {Am }M
m=1 R
M
S

m=1
AM +1 R 4.1.1 R.
B =

Am R

MS
+1
m=1

Am = B

4.1.3. R | , A, B R,
A B = A\ (A\B) R. R
| -,

T
S

{Am }m=1 R,
Am = A1
(A1 \Am ) R.
m=1

m=2

4.1.2. R | .
: R [0, +]

-, A, B
R A B = (A B) = (A) + (B).
171

 -,
S
{Am }
Am R ,
m=1 R, , A =
m=1
Am Ak = m 6= k, (A) =

P
=
(Am ).
m=1

4.1.4. 4.1.2

P
m=1

(Am )

() .

4.1.5. - R, {Am}M
m=1 R
Am Ak = m 6= k
M
S

M
P

Am =
(Am ).
m=1
m=1
M . M =
= 1 . +1
M , {Am }M
m=1 R
Am Ak =

m 6= k

M
P

B =

M
S

m=1

Am R

4.1.2, (B) =
(Am ) ,
m=1
B AM +1 = . ,

M +1
S
m=1

Am

= (B AM +1 ) = (B) + (AM +1 ) =

M
+1
P
m=1

(Am ),

4.1.6. - R, .
, A R
(A) = +, .
A0 R, , (A0 ) < +.
{Am }
m=1 R A1 = A0 , Am = m > 1.

S
A0 =
Am Am Ak = m 6= k . ,
m=1

172


(A0 ) =

P
m=1

(Am ) = (A0 ) +

().

m=2

(A0 ) < +,
() = 0, . . () = 0.
m=2
, A, B R, , A B =
= , {Am }
m=1 R A1 = A,

S
A2 = B , Am = m > 2, A B =
Am , Am Ak =
m=1
m 6= k, . .
(A B) =

P
m=1

(Am ) = (A) + (B) +

() = (A) + (B),

m=3

4.1.1. R | ,
: R [0, +]

-.
1) A, B R
(A B) + (A B) = (A) + (B);

2) A, B R A B
(A) (B);

3)

() = 0;

4)

A0 R

A, B R

(A0 ) < +,

A B

(A) < +

(B\A) = (B) (A).

. A, B R
A B = (A\B) (B\A) (A B)
R,
4.1.5
(A B) = (A\B) + (B\A) + (A B).

173

(AB)+(AB) = (A\B) + (A B) + (B\A) + (A B) .

A = (A\B) (A B) (A\B) (A B) = ,
(A\B) + (A B) = (A).

B = (B\A) (A B) (B\A) (A B) = ,
(B\A) + (A B) = (B).

, (A B) + (A B) = (A) + (B), . . 1
.
A, B R A B , B = A (B\A) A (B\A) = . , (B) = (A) + (B\A) (A), . . 2
. (A) < +, (B\A) = (B)
(A), . . 4 .
R, (A) = (A ) = (A) + (). A0 R (A0 ) < +, A = A0
() = (A0 ) (A0 ) = 0, . . 3 .

4.1.1.

R | , : R
-.

{Am }M
m=1 R

[0, +]

M
S

m=1

Am

M
P

m=1

(Am ).

.
M . M = 1 . M ,
M
S
+1
{Am }M
Am R
m=1 R B =
m=1
1
4.1.1

MS
+1

Am = (BAM +1 ) (BAM +1 )+(BAM +1 ) =
m=1

= (B) + (AM +1 )

M
P
m=1

(Am ) + (AM +1 ),

174

 4.1.2. R | , : R
[0, +] -. {Am }
m=1 R, . . A1 A2

S
A3 . . . , A =
Am R,
m=1

(A) = m
lim (Am ).

m B1 = A1 Bm = Am \Am1 m 2.
m
S
Bm Bk = m 6= k Am =
Bk

Bm R

A=

S
k=1

k=1

Bk .

, -

(A)
= lim (Am ), .
m

(Bk ) = lim

m
P

m k=1

k=1

(Bk ) =

4.1.2.

R | , : R
-.

S
{Am }

R
,
,

A
=
Am R ,
m=1
[0, +]

(A)

m=1

P
m=1

(Am ).

Bm =

m
S

k=1

Ak R. 4.1.1
(Bm )

m
X

(Ak ).

k=1

B1 B2 B3 . . .
Bm =
Ak
m=1
k=1
, 4.1.2
(A) = lim (Bm ) lim
m

.
175

m
X
k=1

(Am ) =

X
k=1

= A.

(Ak ),

 4.1.3. a1 , . . . , an

b1 , . . . , bn ,

ak bk k 1, n,

n
= x R k 1, n

ak
ak
ak
ak

xk
xk
< xk
< xk

bk ,
< bk ,
bk ,
< bk

Rn . Rn , , .
E.

4.1.3. E Rn .
.
,
, . . . A B . 1 , . . . , M 1 , . . . , N ,
M
N
S
S
k .
, A =
m B =

m=1

k=1

AB =

M [
N
[

k .
m

m=1 k=1

, ,
A B E. ,
. ,
.
-
M
N
S T
k m \
, A\B =
m=1 k=1
.
, 4.1.1 E .

4.1.4. A
,
A.
176

 4.1.7. , .
4.1.5. | , a1 , . . . , an b1 , . . . , bn , ak bk k 1, n, 4.1.3.
n
( ) = (bk ak ). A, k=1

{m }M
m=1 , . . A =
(A) =

M
S

m=1
M
P

m=1

m k

m 6= k,

(m ).

4.1.4. .
n o . A E -

{m }M
m=1

k=1

. m 1, M k 1, N

m,k = m k . ,

o
n
m,k

m=1,M
k=1,N

A. m 1, M m =

N
N
S
m,k , k 1, K
m,k (m ) = P

=
k=1

k=1

M
k = P
m,k . ,
m=1
m=1

M
M P
N
N
P
P
m,k = P
k ,
(A) =
(m ) =

M
S

m,k

m=1

m=1 k=1

k=1

4.1.5.

-.

: E [0, +)

. A, B E A
B = . P =
n o
N

|
| A, P = k
k=1
B . AB = P
AB . ,
P

M
N
P
P
k = (A) + (B),
(A B) =
(m ) +

m=1
k=1
.
= {m }M
m=1

177

 4.1.6. : E [0, +) , A E > 0

F E G E, ,
F A G (A\F ) < , (G \A) < .
4.1.8. -
: E [0, +),

,
4 4.1.1
F A G (A) < (F ) + , (G ) <
< (A) + .

4.1.6.

: E [0, +)

. ,

a1 , . . . , an

b1 , . . . , bn ,

ak bk k 1, n. > 0.
> 0
G() =

x Rn ak < xk < bk +

G()

k 1, n

(G()) = (bk ak + 2) = ( ) + O() < ( ) +

k=1

= (). ( ) = 0,
F = R F
( ) < (F ) + = . ( ) > 0, ak < bk k
1, n. < min b a

2
1kn

k

F () =

x Rn ak + xk bk

k 1, n

F ()
n

(F ()) = (bk ak 2) = ( ) + O() > ( )

k=1

178

 = (). , . A E.
M
S
{m }M
m m
m=1 A, . . A =
m=1
k = m 6= k . > 0.
, m Fm Gm , ,

Fm m Gm (m ) < (Fm ) + M
(Gm ) <
< (m ) +
M
S

. F

M
S

m=1

Fm

G=

F , G
. m 6= k
M
P
m k = , Fm Fk = . , (F ) =
(Fm ).
m=1
F A G. , 4.1.1,
=

m=1

Gm .

(G)

M
X

(Gm ) <

m=1
M
X

(A) =

m=1

M
X

(m ) + = (A) + ,

m=1

(m ) <

M
X

(Fm ) + = (F ) + ,

m=1

, E ,
Rn ,

S
n
n
{Am }
Am , m=1 E, R , . . R =
m=1
- : E [0, +).
E, , , , , ,
, ,
. E - -, E.
179

 - .

4.1.7.
P

(Am ), E Rn (E) = inf

m=1

S
{Am }
Am , Am E
m=1 E E , . . E
m=1
m.

, E Rn
(E) [0, +], E1 E2 Rn
(E1 ) (E2 ),
E2
E1 .

4.1.7.
(A) = (A).

AE

. , 4.1.6 A E > 0 G E, , A G
(G) < (A) + . 4.1.7 A
(A) (G). (A) < (A) + ,
+0 (A)
(A). A E
> 0 F E, ,
F A (A) < (F ) + . P = {Am }
m=1 E A. F A,
P F .
F Rn (, E
Rn ), F Rn .
, P F
N
S
{Am }N
Am . k=1 , . . F
k=1
-
(. 4.1.1)

N
S

N
P

(F )

k=1

Amk

k=1

(Amk )

180

m=1

(Am ).

 A ,
(F ) (A). , (A) (A)+
+ , +0
(A) (A). , (A) = (A), .

4.1.8. Rn , . . n

{Em }
m=1 R

S
P

Em
(Em ).
m=1

m=1

m0 , ,
. , m (Em ) < +.
> 0
m Em {Am,k }
k=1 , ,
(Em0 ) = +,

(Am,k ) (Em ) +

k=1

.
2m

{Am,k }
m,k=1
S

Em . C,
m=1

m=1

!
Em

(Am,k )

(Em ) + ,

m=1

m,k=1

+0

4.1.8. A, B Rn A 4 B = (A\B) (B\A).

4.1.9. A, B

A\B = B \A ( A
A), A 4 B = Ac 4 B c .
c

= R \A

Rn

| -

4.1.9.
Rn :
181

1) A 4 B = B 4 A A 4 A = A, B Rn ;
2) A 4 B (A 4 C) (B 4 C) A, B, C Rn ;
3) (A1 A2 ) 4 (B1 B2 ) (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn ;
4) (A1 A2 ) 4 (B1 B2 ) (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn ;
5) (A1 \A2 ) 4 (B1 \B2 ) (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn .

. 1 4.1.8. 2
A\B (A\C) (C\B)

B\A (B\C) (C\A) ,

. .

A 4 B (A\C) (C\B) (B\C) (C\A) = (A 4 C) (B 4 C) .

3
(A1 A2 ) \ (B1 B2 ) (A1 \B1 ) (A2 \B2 ) ,
(B1 B2 ) \ (A1 A2 ) (B1 \A1 ) (B2 \A2 ) ,

. .

(A1 A2 ) 4 (B1 B2 )
(A1 \B1 ) (A2 \B2 ) (B1 \A1 ) (B2 \A2 ) =
= (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) .

, 3 4.1.9,
c

(A1 A2 ) 4 (B1 B2 ) = (A1 A2 ) 4 (B1 B2 ) =

= (Ac1 Ac2 ) 4 (B1c B2c ) (Ac1 4 B1c ) (Ac2 4 B2c ) =
= (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) ,

. . 4 . , A\B = AB c
A, B Rn 4,
(A1 \A2 ) 4 (B1 \B2 ) = (A1 Ac2 ) 4 (B1 B2c )
(A1 4 B1 ) (Ac2 4 B2c ) = (A1 4 B1 ) (A2 4 B2 ) ,

. . 5 .
182

 4.1.9. A, B Rn d(A, B) = (A 4 B).

n
n
{Am }
m=1 R B R
Am B m , d(Am , B) 0 m .
, d Rn .

4.1.10. d
:
1) d(A, B) = d(B, A) d(A, A) = 0 A, B Rn ;
2) d(A, B) d(A, C) + d(B, C) A, B, C Rn ;
3) d(A1 A2 , B1 B2 ) d(A1 , B1 )+d(A2 , B2 )
A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn ;
4) d(A1 A2 , B1 B2 ) d(A1 , B1 )+d(A2 , B2 )
A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn ;
5) d(A1 \A2 , B1 \B2 ) d(A1 , B1 ) + d(A2 , B2 )
A1 , A2 , B1 , B2 Rn ;
6)
A, B Rn (A)

(B) , (A) (B) d(A, B).

. 1 4.1.9 () = () = 0,
4.1.7 E. 2|5
2|5 4.1.9 (. 4.1.8).
6 A, B Rn , (B) < +. ,
(B) (A). 2 (
d)
(A) = d(A, ) d(A, B) + d(B, ) = d(A, B) + (B).

(A) (B) = (A) (B) d(A, B),

4.1.10. d, , Rn ,
183

 +
.
E | , | . d(Rn , ) = (Rn ) = +,
Rn (Rn ) ( ) = ( ), ( )
.
n
, E = {x(m)}
| ,
m=1 R

(E) = 0. , > 0 m
(

m =

2m

x R |xk xk (m)| <

2
n

k 1, n

m x(m) m (m ) = 2 .

S
P
, E
m (E)
(m ) , . . +0
m=1
m=1

(E) = 0. d(E, ) = (E) = 0, E 6= .

m

4.1.10. A Rn

-, {Am }
m=1 E, , Am A m
(. . d(Am , A) 0 4.1.9). - MF (). E
Rn -,
- . - M().

4.1.11. , E MF (), A E m Am =
= A. 1 4.1.10 d(Am , A) =
= d(A, A) = 0 m, . . Am A. ,
B MF () {Am }
m=1 E , Am

B , {(Am )}m=1
(B). ,
6 4.1.10

(B) (Am ) d(Am , B) 0 m . , (B) < + (Am ) (B).

4.1.1 (). -

-,
- .

M()

184

: M() [0, +]

 . , MF ()
, : MF () [0, +) | -. A, B
MF (). 4.1.10
Am E Bm E, , Am A Bm B m .
4.1.11 (Am ) (A) < + (Bm ) (B) <
< +. 3, 4, 5 4.1.10
d(Am Bm , A B) d(Am , A) + d(Bm , B) 0,
d(Am Bm , A B) d(Am , A) + d(Bm , B) 0,
d(Am \Bm , A\B) d(Am , A) + d(Bm , B) 0

m . , Am Bm A B , Am Bm A
B , Am \Bm A\B m . E | ,
m Am Bm E, Am Bm E, Am \Bm E.
4.1.10 A B MF (), A B MF (), A\B
MF (), . . MF () | . 1 4.1.1,
m (Am ) + (Bm ) = (Am Bm ) + (Am Bm ).
m ,
(A) + (B) = (A B) + (A B).

AB = , (AB) = () = 0 (A)+ (B) = (AB),

. . - MF ().
, - M(). E M()
n .
o
4.1.10 Em
MF (), m=1

S
m .
E =
E

,
E
m=1
- 1 MF (),
.
E

m E1 =
m1
S
S
Ek MF (),
Ek
m > 1 Em =
k=1
k=1
MF () | . Em Ek = m 6= k

S
E=
Em . 4.1.8
m=1

(E)

X
m=1

185

(Em ).

 ,
m
S
E
Ek . ,
k=1

(E)

m
[

!
Ek

m
X

(Ek )

k=1

k=1

MF ().
P
, m , (E)
(Ek ).
k=1
,

(E) =

(Em ).

m=1

(E) < +,

(E), Sm =

d(E, Sm ) =

Ek

k=m+1

m
S

(Ek )

k=1

Ek MF ()

k=1

(Ek ) 0

k=m+1

m .

Sm MF (), 4.1.10 Am E, , d(Sm , Am ) m1 . , d(E, Am )

d(E, Sm ) + d(Sm , Am ) 0 m . , E MF (). -
-.

S
Em M(), , E =
Em
m=1
M(). m0 , , (Em ) = +,

P
(E) (Em ) = +, . . (E) = +,
(Em ) = +,
0

m=1

. . (E) =
(Em ) = +.
m=1
(Em ) < + m, m

P
Em MF (), (E) =
(Em )
m=1
.
, M() -. {Em }
m=1 M().

186

{Am,k }k=1 MF (),

, Em =

Em =

m=1

S
k=1

Am,k .

Am,k M()

m=1 k=1

- . A, B M(). 4.1.10
Am MF () Bm MF (), ,
A=

Am

B=

m=1

Bm .

m=1

m Am B =
(Am Bk ).
k=1
Am Bk MF (), Am B M().
(Am B) (Am ) < +, Am B MF ()
- . ,

S
Am \B = Am \(Am B) MF (). A\B =
(Am \B)
m=1
M(). , , M()
-.
- M(). E MF () > 0 4.1.7 {Am }
m=1 E
P
, ,
(Am ) < (E) + . m=1

4.1.8

(G)

= (G) (E) < .

G =

P
m=1

m=1

Am E .

(Am ) < (E) + ,

. .

(G\E) =

E M() - Em , ,

S
E =
Em . > 0 m
m=1
Gm Em , ,
187


G =

m=1

(Gm \Em ) <

Gm E .

(Gm \Em ),

2m+1

G\E

m=1

(G\E)
(Gm \Em ) 2 < . m=1
E M() E c = Rn \E M().
> 0 S E c , ,
(S\E c ) < . F = S c ,
F E . E\F = F c \E c = S\E c .
, (E\F ) < , . . M()
.

4.1.11. - M() - ,
. .
4.1.12. A Rn ,

(A) = 0, -, . .
A MF ().
, Am = E m.
d(A, Am ) = d(A, ) = (A) = 0 m, . .
Am A m , 4.1.10
A MF (). c . -
. , B A,
(A) = 0, 0 (B) (A) = 0, . . (B) = 0, . -. n
, {Am }
m=1 R

4.1.8

S
P
S

Am
(Am ) = 0, . .
Am
m=1
m=1
m=1
n
. A, B R
A\B A . -
M0 ().

4.1.12. R | . --

: R [0, +]

,
188

 A R (A) = 0 B A
B R.

4.1.13. 4.1.12

- M().

4.1.14. E | ,
| .
G Rn - .
, x G
(x) > 0, ,
(x) (x) =

z Rn |xk zk | < (x) k 1, n

G.

G = Rn , G =
m (0) M().
m=1
n
G 6= R .

G |

S = z G zk Q k 1, n . S , x G (x) (x)
. x G (0, (x)) S (x) 6= ,
S G. z S
(z) = sup { > 0 | (z) G }. z SS

(z) (z).
(z) (z) G G =
zS

, x G z S (x). , x (z) (x) (x) G.

(x)
2 (z) x (z) (z) G, . , Rn
. - , 4.1.10
- . Rn ,
- .
B -, Rn . , E B
,

, . E B
(x)
2

(x)
2

189

. -
, . . B M().
M() E M() m Fm Gm , , Fm E Gm (E\Fm ) < m1 , (Gm \E) <

S
T
1
. A =
< m
Fm B =
Gm .
m=1
m=1
A, B B, . . A B , A E B .
m (B\E) (Gm \E) < m1
1
(E\A) (E\Fm ) < m
. m ,

(B\E) = (E\A) = 0, . . B\E M0 () E\A M0 ().

E = A (E\A), ,
-
.

4.1.11. E | Rn , | .
E M(), x Rn t 6= 0
x + tE M() (x + tE) = |t|n (E).
. A E

(x + tA) = |t|n (A) . E Rn . {Am }

m=1 E ,
{x + tAm }
m=1
S
x + tE . , E
Am

x + tA E

x + tE x + t

m=1

Am =

S
m=1

m=1

(x + tAm ).

(x + tE) = inf

(x +

m=1

E {Am }
m=1 .
, - E
x + tE -. + tAm ) = inf

m=1

|t|n (Am ) = |t|n inf

190

m=1

(Am ) = |t|n (E),

 E MF (). Am E m .
A, B Rn (x + tA)\(x +
+ tB) = x + t(A\B),

(x + tE) 4(x + tAm ) = x + t(E\Am ) x + t(Am \E) =

= x + t (E\Am ) (Am \E) = x + t(E 4 Am ).

,
d(x + tE, x + tAm ) = (x + t(E 4 Am )) =
= |t|n (E 4 Am ) = |t|n d(E, Am ) 0

m .

, x + tAm x + tE m , . .
x + tE -. ,
- E ,
S
Em . {Em }
m=1 , , E =

m=1

x + tE = x + t
Em =
(x + tEm ) M(),
m=1
m=1
x + tEm MF () m, .

4.1.15. E | ,
| . J() | ,
, J | . E J(), . . ,
- , . . E MF (), J (E) = (E).
, E J() , > 0 A B , , A E B
(B \A ) < . +0
lim (A ) = lim (B ) =
+0
= J (E). , d(E, A ) = (E\A ) (B \A ) < . , A E

m , . . E MF (). (E) = m
lim A
=
= J (E), .
- ,
, E [0, 1]n
. ,

1
m

1
m

191

 (. 4.1.10). , - 4.1.12. E
, | . , E .

4.1.1. E | Rn ,

| . E
Rn ,
-
.

= [0, 1]n = x Rn 0 xk 1 k 1, n . ,
x, y , k 1, n xk yk Q. x, y
x y .

:
1) x x,
2) x y y x,
3) x y y z = x z
x, y, z . ,
. E ,
E . , E M().

R = [1, 1] Q = x Qn 1 xk 1 k 1, n .

R , R = {r(m)}
m=1 , r(m) 6=
6= r(k) m 6= k . m
Em = r(m) + E . 4.1.11 Em M()
(Em ) = (E). , m 6= k Em
Ek = . , m 6= k x Em Ek ,
y, z E , , x = r(m) + y = r(k) + z .
y z = r(k) r(m) Qn , . . y z . E
,
y = z . , r(m) = r(k),

S
m 6= k . S =
Em . 4.1.1
S M()

(S) =

P
m=1

m=1

(Em ) =

P
m=1

(E). ,

S [1, 2]n , . e. (S) 3n . ,

192

P
m=1

(E)

, (E) = 0. (S) = 0.
= [0, 1]n S . ,
x A
, x. y A, ,
y E . , x y = r Qn , xk yk = rk [1, 1]
k 1, n. r R, . . x =
y +r S . 0 = (S) ( ) = 1 | .
, E 6 M().

4.1.12. E | Rn , | .
E M() (. . (E) > 0)
S E , S 6 M().
. m -

Em =

x E |xk | m k 1, n
= E [m, m]n .

, Em MF () (Em ) (2m)n . E =
Em
m=1
(E) > 0, m0 , , (Em ) > 0. Rn ,
4.1.1, Em
. S Em E , S . ,

S
n
M(). R = [2m0 , 2m0 ] Q =
= {r(s)}
s=1 , r(s) 6= r(k) s 6= k . s Ss = r(s)+S . 4.1.11 ,
Ss M() (Ss ) = (S). s 6= k Ss Sk =
= . , s 6= k x Ss Sk ,
y, z S , , x = r(s) + y = r(k) + z .
, y z = r(k) r(s) Qn , . . y z . S , y = z .
r(s) = r(k), s 6= k .

S
P
P
A =
Ss M(). (A) =
(Ss ) =
(S).
s=1
s=1
s=1
s Ss [3m0 , 3m0 ]n ,
A [3m0 , 3m0 ]n . , (A) (6m0 )n , . .
0

193

(S) . (S) = 0. s=1

(A) = 0. Em A. , S , x Em
y S , , x y. x y = r Qn ,
|rk | 2m0 k 1, n. , r R, x = r + y r + S A. 0 < (Em ) (A) = 0 |
. , S 6 M().
0

4.2.
4.2.1. (X, M, ), X | , M | - X ,  X M, : M [0, +]
| - , . E M , (E)
| E .
4.2.2. X | , f : X R {}. a R {}
L< (f, a) = { x X | f (x) < a } ,
L> (f, a) = { x X | f (x) > a } ,

L (f, a) = { x X | f (x) a } ,
L (f, a) = { x X | f (x) a } .

f .

4.2.3. (X, M, ) | . f : X R {} ,
a L< (f, a) , . . L< (f, a) M.
4.2.1. (X, M, ) | , f : X R {}.

1) f ;
2) a L (f, a) M;
3) a L> (f, a) M;
4) a L (f, a) M.
194

 . 1.
a - L (f, a) = X\L< (f, a)
M, X M. , 2.
2, a L> (f, a) =

S
1
L f, a + m
M -
m=1
M. , 3. 3,
a - L (f, a) =
= X\L> (f, a) M, X M. , 4. , 4, a

S
1
L< (f, a) =
L f, a m
M m=1
- M. , 1.
4.2.1. (X, M, ) | , f : X R {}. g(x) = f (x)
x X .
. a L< (g, a) =

= L> (f, a) M,

4.2.2. (X, M, ) | . fm : X R {} m .
g(x) = sup fm (x),

g(x) = inf fm (x),

h(x) = lim fm (x),

h(x)
= lim fm (x)

mN

mN

X R{}
x X . g, g, h, h:
.

. a L (g, a) =

4.1.3. ,

4.2.1 g . g(x) =

= sup fm (x) x X ,
mN
g 4.2.1. x X
h(x) = lim sup fm (x) = inf sup fm (x).
=

m=1

L (fm , a) M

k mk

195

kN mk

, h
. , h(x)
= lim fm (x) x X ,
m
h 4.2.1.

4.2.2. (X, M, ) | . fm : X R{} m , x X

m
lim fm (x) = g(x) R {}. g: X R
{} .
. x X
g(x) = m
lim fm (x) = lim fm (x) = lim fm (x), m
m
g 4.2.2.
4.2.3. (X, M, ) | , G R2 . f, g: X

x X
R ,

f (x), g(x) G. F : G R
G. h(x) = F
.

f (x), g(x)

x X

. a R
(, a) R F , . . F 1 (, a) = { (u, v) G | F (u, v) < a }.
F G R2 , 1.1.6 F 1 (, a) R2 . 4.1.14, R2
. ,

m =

(u, v) R2 | am < u < bm , cm < v < dm

, F 1 (, a) =
m . m=1
h
L< (h, a) =

n
[

x X (f (x), g(x)) m .

m=1

196

 m
n

x X (f (x), g(x)) m =

= L> (f, am ) L< (f, bm ) L> (g, cm ) L< (g, dm ) M,

L< (h, a) M
. , h .

4.2.3. (X, M, ) | , f, g: X R . f + g, f g
f
f g . g 6= 0 X ,
g
.
. f +g, f g f g 4.2.3
F (u, v) = u + v, F (u, v) = u v F (u, v) = uv f
G = R2 .
g
g 6= 0 X
4.2.3

u
F (u, v) = G = (u, v) R2 | v 6= 0 .
v

4.2.1. , f (g)
f g .
X = [0, 1], M | - [0, 1], | . K X |
(. [4, . 2, . 2.44, . 51] [1, . II, 2, . 63]).
G = X\K Im

S
P
1, . . G =
Im , (G) =
(Im ) = 1. , (K) =
m=1
m=1
= 1 (G) = 0. `: [0, 1] [0, 1]
(. [1, . VI, 4, . 341]),
[0, 1] , , `(0) = 0, `(1) = 1,
Im , . . m
cm (0, 1), , `(x) = cm x
Im . h(x) = 21 (`(x) + x) x [0, 1].
h [0, 1], h(0) = 0, h(1) = 1.
, h1 : [0, 1] [0, 1]. G
197

h. h(G) =
h(Im ).
m=1
h
m h(Im ) h(Im )

P
h(Ik ) = m 6= k . , (h(G)) =
(h(Im )) =
=

P
m=1

P
2 (cm + Im ) =

m=1

m=1

1
2 (Im )

1
2 (G)

1
2

(h(K)) = 1 (h(G)) = 21 .
4.1.12 h(K) S , . . S h(K)
S 6 M. (. 4.1.12
4.1.13) E = h1 (S) K
K .
f : [0, 1] [0, 1] f (x) = 0 x E
f (x) = 1 x [0, 1]\E . , f ,
a
h(K) = [0, 1]\h(G) M

X, a > 1,

E, 0 < a 1,
L< (f, a) =
M.

, a 0

g = h1 . f (g): [0, 1]
[0, 1] ,
L< (f (g), 1) =

x [0, 1] h1 (x) E =
= { x [0, 1] | x h(E) = S } = S 6 M,

. . .

4.2.4. (X, M, ) | . f, g: X R {} , , . .
{ x X | f (x) 6= g(x) } = 0.

f g f

g.

4.2.1. (X, M, ) | , f, g: X R {} . E = { x X | f (x) 6= g(x) } M. .

198

X0 =

< f (x) < +

xX
=
< g(x) < +

[
=
xX
m=1

m < f (x) < m

M.
m < g(x) < m

E0
E1
E2
E3
E4

=
=
=
=
=

{ x X0
{xX
{xX
{xX
{xX

|
|
|
|
|

f (x) g(x) 6= 0 },
f (x) = , g(x) > },
f (x) = +, g(x) < + },
f (x) > , g(x) = },
f (x) < +, g(x) = + }.

E = E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 .
f, g: X0 R , a

{ x X0 | f (x) < a } =
{ x X0 | g(x) < a } =

X0 L< (f, a) M,
X0 L< (g, a) M.

, 4.2.3
(f g): X0 R. E0 = { x X0 | f (x) g(x) <
< 0 } { x X0 | f (x) g(x) > 0 } M.

E1

m=1

E2

m=1

T
S
L> (f, m)
L< (g, m) M,
m=1

S
T
L> (f, m)
L< (g, m) M,

m=1

E4

S
L< (f, m)
L> (g, m) M,

m=1

E3

m=1

S
T
L< (f, m)
L> (g, m) M.

m=1

m=1

, E M, .

4.2.2. (X, M, ) | , f : X R {} .
199

 , ,
f .
, A M , g: X R {} , g(x) = f (x) x X\A.
a
f

L< (g, a) = L< (f, a)\A { x A | g(x) < a } .

f L< (f, a)\A M.

{ x A | g(x) < a } M A
. , L< (g, a) M, . .
g .

4.2.4. (X, M, ) | . :
1) f f f : X R {};
2) f g g f f, g: X
R {};
3) f g g h, f h
f, g, h: X R {}.
. 1 2 4.2.4. 3.
f, g, h , f g g h.
A = { x X | f (x) 6= g(x) }, B = { x X | g(x) 6= h(x) } C =
= { x X | f (x) 6= h(x) }. (A) = (B) = 0. x C ,
f (x) 6= g(x), . . x A, f (x) = g(x), x B .
, C AB (C) (A)+(B) = 0. ,
f h, .
4.2.5. (X, M, ) | . , P
(. .) X , A M, ,
(X\A) = 0, P x A.
4.2.3. (X, M, ) | , f, g: X R {}. f g
, f = g . . X .

200

4.3.
(X, M, ).

4.3.1.

E X | x E,
. E : X R E (x) = 1,

0, x 6= E
E .

4.3.2. s: X R , .
4.3.1.

s: X R | ,
| . k 1, m Ek = { x X | s(x) = ck }.
m
P
x X s(x) =
ck E (x).

c1 , . . . , cm

k=1

4.3.1. c1 , . . . , cm | ,
E1 , . . . , Ek | X .
m
P
s(x) =
ck E (x), x X , k=1

, Ek M k 1, m.

. s . k 1, m Ek = L (s, ck ) L (s, ck )
M 4.2.1. , Ek k 1, m. E
, a
k

X,
a > 1,

X\Ek , 0 < a 1,
L< (Ek , a) =
M.

,
a0

, s 4.2.3
.

4.3.3. f : X R {} | f+ = max{0, f } f = max{0, f },

f = f+ f .
201

 4.3.2. f : X R{} . f+ f .
. 4.2.2.
4.3.3. f : X [0, +] -

. {sm }
m=1 , f , . . x X
m
lim sm (x) = f (x) sm (x) s` (x)
m `.

. m N k 1, m2m
Em,k

Fm

xX

k1
2m

f (x) <

k
2m

{ x X | f (x) m } .

f , 4.2.1
Fm .

Em,k

sm (x) =

m
m2
X

k=1

k1
Em,k (x) + mFm (x)
2m

. , sm (x) sm+1 (x) x X m N.

, x Em,k k 1, m2m .
22k2 f (x) < 2 2k 2k m2m+1 .
22k2 f (x) < 22k1 , . . x Em+1,2k1 ,
sm+1 (x) = 22k2 = sm (x). 22k1 f (x) < 2 2k ,
. . x Em+1,2k , sm+1 (x) = 22k1 > k1
= sm (x).
2
x Fm , . . f (x) m. f (x) m + 1, . . x Fm+1 ,
sm+1 (x) = m + 1 > sm (x). m f (x) < m + 1,
k m2m+1 + 1 k (m + 1)2m+1 , ,
2k1 f (x) < 2 k , . . x Em+1,k .
sm+1 (x) = 2k1 m = sm (x). , x X
m ` sm (x) s` (x).
sm
f . f (x) < +, m(x), ,
m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

m+1

202

m+1

 f (x) < m(x). , m > m(x) 0

f (x) sm (x) 21 0 m . f (x) = +,
m x Fm sm (x) = m + = f (x),
.
m

4.3.1. f : X R{} . {sm }

m=1 , f , . .
x X m
lim sm (x) = f (x).
. f 4.3.3 f = f+ f ,
f+ , f : X [0, +]. 4.3.3 sm,+ sm, ,
f+ f . , sm = sm,+ sm,
f .
4.3.4. c1 , . . . , cm | , E1 , . . . , Ek | m
P
ck E (x) | X . s(x) =
k=1
. E M
s E
m
P
IE (s) =
ck (Ek E) [0, +].
k

k=1

4.3.5. f : X [0, +] . E M
f E
Z

f d = sup IE (s),
E

R
s, , 0 s f . , f d [0, +].
E

4.3.2.
s E M IE (s) s X\E .
203

 f E
IE (s) s,
, s(x) f (x) x E .

4.3.4. s |
.
E M R
s d = IE (s).
E

s 0 sR s IE (
s) IE (s).
IE (s) s d = sup IE (s) IE (s), .

0
ss

4.3.6. f : X R {} R, R E M. f+ d f d ,
E
E
f E
Z

f d =
E

R
E

f+ d
E

f d.
E

f d (. .

f+ d

E . ,
E , L(E).

f d), f

4.3.5. f, g: X
R {}
R E , . . { x
E | f (x) 6= g(x) } = 0. f d
E
R
, g d. E

, . ,
f L(E) g L(E).

. f g E f+ g+ f g E . , , E
204

 E f+ g+ . E0 = { x
E | f+ (x) 6= g+ (x) } M. (E0 ) = 0.
S M (S) = (S\E0 ),
s
IE (s) = IE\E (s). ,
0

Z
f+ d =
E

sup IE (s) =

0sf+

sup IE\E0 (s) =

0sf+

Z
=

sup IE\E0 (s) =

0sg+

sup IE (s) =

0sg+

g+ d,
E

4.3.6. f : X
R {} E M.
f E , . .

n
o

x E |f (x)| = + = 0.
.

x E |f (x)| = + ,

n
o
n

=
x E f (x) = +
=
xE

n
o
n

=
x E f (x) =
=
xE
n

E0
E+
E

f+ (x) = + ,

f (x) = + .

E0

= E+ E . , ,
(E0 ) > 0. | (E+ ) > 0,
(E ) > 0.
(E+ ) > 0. m N -

sm (x) = mE+ (x)

x X.

m sm (x)
x X . ,
Z

+ >

f+ d IE (sm ) = m(E+ ) +
E

205

f+ (x)

m ,

. . .
(E ) > 0. m N

sm (x) = mE (x) f (x)

x X.

m sm (x)
x X . ,
Z

+ >

f d IE (sm ) = m(E ) +

f (x)

m ,

. . .

4.3.7. f : X
R {} E M, . .
a b, , x E a
f (x) b. (E) < +. f L(E)

Z
a(E) f d b(E).
E

. a 0, f (x) = f+ (x) x

E . x E
bE (x), :

0 aE (x) f+ (x)
Z

a(E) = IE (aE )

sup IE (s) =

0sf+

f+ d =
E

Z
=

f d IE (bE ) = b(E).
E

b 0, f (x) = f (x) x E . x E
0 bE (x) f (x) aE (x), :
Z
b(E) = IE (bE )

sup IE (s) =

0sf

f d =
E

f d IE (aE ) = a(E).
E

206

 a < 0 b > 0. x E
0 f+ (x) bE (x),

0 f (x) aE (x),

:
R

E
R

f+ d =
f d =

sup IE (s)

IE (bE )

sup IE (s)

IE (aE ) =

0sf+

0sf

a(E)

Z
f+ d

b(E),
a(E).

Z
f d =

f d b(E).
E

4.3.8.
f, g: X [0, +]

, R f Rg
f d g d.
E

E M.

.
0 R s f E 0
R s g E . , f d = sup IE (s) sup IE (g) = g d, 0sg
0sf
E
E
.

4.3.9.
f, g: X R {}

E , f (x) g(x)
x E .
Z

f d
E

g d.
E

f+ g+ f

Z

f+ d
E

f g E E . 4.3.8
Z

g+ d,

Z
f d

207

g d.
E

,
=

g d,

f d =

f+ d

f d

g+ d

g d =

4.3.10. f : X

[0, +].
R
R E1
E1 E2 f d f d.
E1

E2

E2

. E
(E E1 ) (E E2 ).
s
IE (s) IE (s). ,
1

f d = sup IE1 (s) sup IE2 (s) =

0sf

E1

0sf

f d,
E2

4.3.11.
f : X R {}

E
,

|f | L(E).

R
R

f d |f | d.
E

R . f R L(E), . . 4.3.6
f+ d < + f d < +. E
E
:
E+ = { x E | f (x) 0 },

E = { x E | f (x) 0 }.

, |f (x)| = f+ (x) x E+ |f (x)| = f (x) x

E . s 0 s
|f | 0 s f+ E+ , 0 s f E .
A E 4.1.1
(A) (A E+ ) + (A E ), ,
4.3.10,
Z

IE (s) IE+ (s) + IE (s)

f+ d +
E+

208

f d

f+ d +
E

f d.
E

|f | d =

sup IE (s)
0s|f |

. . |f | L(E).
|f |
0 f+ |f | 0 f |f |
Z

Z
f+ d

f+ d +

f d < +,

|f | d < +,
E

L(E),

f d
E

|f | d < +.
E

, f
R

L(E).
R
R
R
f+ d f d
f+ d
|f | d,

f d

f+ d

f d

R
R
R
R
f d = f+ d f d |f | d,

|f | d.

4.3.2.
f : X R {}

g: X [0, +]

, g L(E) |f | g E M. f
R
R
f d g d.
E

L(E)

.
R
R |f | g E 4.3.8 |f | d g d < +, . .
E

|f | L(E). ,
4.3.11

R
R
R
f L(E) f d |f | d g d.
E

4.3.12. f : X

E .
c 6= 0 cf L(E),
R {}

Z
cf d = c

f d.
E

209

 . c > 0. (cf )+ = cf+ (cf ) =

= cf . ,
Z
Z
s
(cf )+ d = sup IE (s) = sup cIE
= c f+ d,
c
0scf+
0 sc f+
E
E
Z
Z
s
(cf ) d = sup IE (s) = sup cIE
= c f d.
c
0scf
0 sc f
E

(cf ) d =
E

(cf )+ d
E

(cf ) d =
E

Z
=c

Z
f+ d c

Z
f d = c

c < 0. (cf )+ = (c)f

,

f d.
E

(cf ) = (c)f+ .

(cf )+ d =

sup

IE (s) =

0s(c)f

sup

s
0 c
f

(c)IE

s
c

Z
= (c)

f d,
E

Z
(cf ) d =

sup

IE (s) =

0s(c)f+

(cf ) d =
E

(c)IE

Z
= (c)

f+ d.
E

(cf )+ d
E

sup

s
0 c
f+

s
c

(cf ) d =
E

Z
f d (c)

= (c)
E

210

Z
f+ d = c

f d.
E

 4.3.13. E . R f : X R {}
E , f d = 0.
E

. (E) = 0,
s 0 s f+ 0 s f R
4.3.4 IE (s) = 0. , f+ d =
=

f d = 0,

f d =

f+ d

f d = 0.

4.3.14. f : X

E .
A E f
L(A).
R {}

.
0 s f+ 0 s f 4.3.4
2 4.1.1
IA (s)R IE (s).
R
R
, f+ d f+ d f d
s

f d.

f L(E),
R
f d, . . f L(A).

f d

4.3.1 ( ).
f : X [0, +] .

R
E M (E) = f d. : M
[0, +]

-.

.
{Em }
m=1 , Em Ek = m 6= k ,

S
E =
Em . (E) =

m=1

f A, . . f = A , (E) = (A E).

m=1

(Em ).

211

(E) =

(A Em )

m=1

(A Em ) =

m=1

(Em ).

m=1

f , 4.3.4
- ,
. . -.
s 0 s f
IE (s) =

IEm (s)

m=1

Z
X

f d =

m=1E
m

(Em ).

m=1

(E) = sup IE (s)

0sf

(Em ).

m=1

Em E
m,
R
R 4.3.10
(Em ) = f d f d = (E). Em

, m0 , , (Em
(E) = + =

) = +,

(Em ).

m=1

, (Em ) < + m.
N N > 0 4.3.5
s 0 s f , , m 1, N

Z

IEm (s)

f d

= (Em ) .
N
N

Em

, (E) IE (s) =

N
P
m=1

P
m=1

IEm (s)

N
P
m=1

IEm (s)

(Em ) . , +0 N ,

(E)

P
m=1

(Em ),

212

 4.3.3.
f : X R {}

E .
S
{Em }
Em
m=1 E =
m=1
Em Ek = m 6= k
Z

Z
X

f d =

f d,

m=1E
m

. 4.3.1
Z
f+ d =

Z
X

Z
f+ d < +,

f d =

m=1E
m

Z
X

f d < +.

m=1E
m

R
R

m f d f+ d + f d |
Em
Em
Em
R
P
,
f d .
m=1 Em

C,
Z
X

f d =

m=1E
m

= lim
N

= lim
N

Z
X

N Z
X

m=1E
m

f+ d

m=1E
m

Z
X

f d =

f+ d

Em

Em

f+ d

N Z
X

f d =

m=1E
m

f+ d lim

m=1E
m

m=1

N Z
X

213

f d =

m=1E
m

Z
f+ d

f d =

m=1E
m

N Z
X

Z
f d =

f d,
E

 4.3.15. f : X R {}
, E M.

S
Em Em Ek = m 6=
{Em }
m=1 E =
m=1
6= k , , f L(Em ) m.
R
P
|f | d . f L(E),
m=1 Em

Z
X

f d =

f d,

m=1E
m

R R . 0 f |f |, m

f d

Em

|f | d

Em

| . -

, 4.3.1
Z
f d =

Z
X

f d

m=1E
m

Z
X

|f | d < +.

m=1E
m

4.3.6 f L(E). R
R
P
f d =
f d
E

m=1 Em

4.3.3.

4.3.1. M | -
R, R. E M,
S
E =
Em , Em M m Em Ek =
m=1
= m 6= k , f : E R, ,
R
P
f L(Em ) m,
f d , f 6 L(E).
m=1 Em

E = (0, 1],

m N. (0, 1] =

S
m=1

Em

Em =

Em Ek

1
1
2m+1 , 2m1

m 6=

1
< x
6 k . f : (0, 1] R f (x) = m 2m+1
=
1
1
1
2m f (x) = m 2m < x 2m1 m N.

214

R
Em f ,
f d =
Em

1
1
1
1
1
1
= m 2m
2m+1
2m
2(2m1)
= 4m12 1
m 2m1
= 2(2m+1)
R

P
P
1
| , . .
f d =
4m2 1 -

m=1 Em

m=1

. 4.3.1
R

f+ d =

f d =

. . f

R
P
m=1 Em
R
P
m=1 Em

f+ d =
f d =

m=1

m=1

1
2m

1
2m1

1
2m+1

1
2m

P
m=1

P
m=1

1
2(2m+1)

= +,

1
2(2m1)

= +,

6 L(E).

4.3.16 ( ). E M, f : X R {}
E . c
n

o 1Z

x E |f (x)| c
|f | d.
c
E

.
n

A=

x E |f (x)| c ,

A B
4.3.1
Z

|f | d =
E

B=

AB

|f | d +
A

|f | d
1
c

= E.

(A)

x E |f (x)| < c .

|f | d c (A),
A

R
E

|f | d,

4.3.4.
f : X [0, +],
R
f d = 0. f (x) = 0

E M.
E
x E.

215

x E f (x) > 0
,

o
n

1
=
x E f (x) m ,
n

A
Am

m N.

A =
Am . 4.3.16
m=1
R
m N (Am ) m f d = 0. , (A)

P
m=1

(Am ) = 0,

4.3.17. E M, f : X R {} E .
> 0 > 0, , A E (A)
R

f d .

. m N

n
Em =

x E m 1 |f (x)| < m .

m 6= k
= ,
Em Ek
S
4.3.6 E\
Em = 0.
m=1
4.3.1 4.3.13
Z

Z
X

|f | d =

|f | d.

m=1E
m

> 0. N

m=N +1E

|f | d
m

216

.
2

N,

 = 2N > 0. A E (A)

Z
Z
Z

f d |f | d =

m=1
A

|f | d

AEm

N
X

m=1AE
m

|f | d +

|f | d

m=N +1E

N
X

N (A Em ) +

m=1

N (A) + ,
2
2

4.3.2 (. , ).
E M, {fm }
m=1 fm : X R {} , 0 f1 (x) f2 (x) . . .
x E . f : E [0, +]

R
R
f (x) = lim fm (x) x E . lim fm (x) d = f d.
m
m
E

. 4.3.8
Z

f1 d
E

f2 d . . .
E

, m
lim fm d = ` [0, +].
E

f
f m,
m
R
R
R
fm d f d. , ` f d. c

(0, 1) s, , 0 s f
E , :

n
o

Em = x E fm (x) cs(x) ,
m N.

{fm (x)}
m=1
x E , E1 E2 E3 . . .
x E fm (x) f (x) m f (x)
s(x) cs(x), m(x), m > m(x) f (x) fm (x) cs(x), . . x Em . ,
S
E =
Em . m
m=1

217

R
fm d c
s d. 4.3.1 4.1.2
E
Em
R
R
R Em
, lim
s d = s d. , ` c s d. fm d

Em

R c 1 0,
` s d = IE (s). s
E

sup IE (s) =

0sf

f d,

4.3.3 ( ). f, g: X R
E M.

h =
R
R
R f + g . h L(E)
h d = f d + g d.
E

. , f

g 0 E . f g | ,
4.3.4
0

Z
(f + g) d = IE (f + g) = IE (f ) + IE (g) =

Z
f d +

g d.
E

E f g
4.3.3 m sm sm , , x E
lim sm (x) = f (x),

lim sm (x) = g(x).

sm + sm m ,
E h = f + g.
4.3.2

h d = lim

(
sm + sm ) d =

= lim

Z
sm d + lim

sm d =

218

Z
f d +

g d.
E

, ,
h L(E).
, f

n
A=

x E h(x) 0 ,

0
n

B=

R
E

h d < +,

. . -

g 0 E .

x E h(x) < 0 .

A B = A B = E . A h, f
(g) f = h + (g). ,
,
Z

Z
f d =

. .

Z
h d +

h d =

f d +

Z
(g) d =

g d

Z
h d

h L(A).

g d,
A

(h), f (g) (g) = f + (h).

, ,
Z
Z
Z
Z

. .

g d =
B

(g) d =
B

f d +
B

(h) d,
B

(h) d = f d g d (h) L(B). h L(B)

B
R
R B
R
h d = (h) d = f d + g d. , B
B
B
B
R
4.3.15 h L(E) h d =
E
R
R
R
R
= h d + h d = f d + g d.
R

, E
Ek , k
1, 4, f g . ,
, R
k
R
1, 4 h L(Ek ) h d = f d +
Ek

Ek

g d. , 4.3.15
Ek
R
R
R
h L(E) h d = f d + g d.
E

219

 4.3.5. E M, {fm }
m=1 fm : X R {} ,
f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . x E , fm L(E)
m N. f : E R {} f (x) = m
lim fm (x) x E .
R
M , , fm d M m N. f L(E)
lim

fm (x) d =

f d.

. m -

n
Fm =

x E |fm (x)| = + .

4.3.6 (Fm ) = 0.
/n
F0 = E

x E lim fm (x) = f (x) .

m

(F0 ) = 0. E0 = E\
Fm .
m=0
(E\E0 ) = 0. E0
gm = fm f1 h = f f1 .
E0 0 = g1 g2 g3 . . . , gm (x) h(x)
x E0 . , 4.3.2
Z

lim

m
E0

gm d =

h d.
E0

4.3.3
Z

gm d =
E0

fm d
E0

f1 d =
E0

Z
fm d

Z
f1 d M

R
E0

h d M0 < +.

h L(E0 ).

f1 d = M0 0,
E

, -

4.3.3
220

E0 f = h + f1
f L(E).
Z

f d =
E

4.3.5

h d +
E0

L(E0 ),

f1 d =
E0

Z
Z
Z

= lim
fm d f1 d + f1 d =
m

E0

E0

Z
= lim

m
E0

E0

fm d = lim

fm d,

m
E

4.3.4 (). E M, fm : X [0, +], f : X [0, +], f (x) = lim fm (x), x X . R

Rm
f d lim fm d.
m E

. m N gm (x) = inf fk (x), x X . km

x X 0 g1 (x) g2 (x) . . . f (x) =
= lim gm (x) x X . , 4.3.2 m
R
R
m
lim gm d = f d. m N x X
E

gm (x) fm (x), R
4.3.8
R
m N gm d fm d. R

, f d = m
lim gm d = lim gm d lim fm d,
m E
m E
E
E
.

4.3.6. E M, fm : X R{} , fm L(E)

m N, x E m
lim fm (x) =
= f (x) R {}. ,

R
M , , m N |fm | d M ,
f

L(E)

221

RE
|f | d M .

 .
n

E0 =

x E lim fm (x) = f (x) .

m

(E\E0 ) = 0 |fm (x)| |f (x)| m

x RE0 . ,
4.3.4 R
|f | d lim |fm | d M , |f | L(E0 ).
m E0

E0

4.3.11 f L(E0 ), 4.3.5 f L(E)

R
R
|f | d = |f | d M , .

E0

4.3.2. E M,

E
f
R

L(E). M > 0, , fm d M

fm L(E)

m. ,

f d >

> M . E = [0, 1] m N
fm : [0, 1] R

1
,1 ,
1,
x m

fm (x) =

1
1 m, x 0, m
.

m N
Z

fm d =
[0,1]

d
[ m1 ,1]

(m 1) d = 1

1
1
(m 1) = 0.
m
m

[0, m1 )

m fm (x) 1 = f (x)
x (0, 1]
. ,
R

f d = 1. , 0 =
fm d < 21 =

[0,1]
[0,1]

=M <1=
f d, .
[0,1]

4.3.5 (, ). E M,
fm : X R {}

222

 E f . g: X [0, +], , g L(E),

x E m N |fm (x)| g(x).
fm L(E) m f L(E),

Z

lim

fm d =

m
E

f d.
E

. m N n

Em =

x E |fm (x)| g(x) .

(E\Em ) = 0. 4.3.2 fm L(Em ),

4.3.5 fm oL(E). n
F = x E m
lim fm (x) = f (x) . (E\F ) =
0.

H = F \

m=1

(E\Em ).

(E\Em )

m=1

(E\Em ) = 0

m=1

(F \H) = 0. E\H (E\F ) (F \H), (E\H) =

= 0. x H |fm (x)| g(x) m fm (x)
f (x) m . , |f (x)| g(x) x H . 4.3.2 f L(H),

f L(E).
n 4.3.5
o

G = x E g(x) = + . 4.3.6
(G) = 0. Z = H\G. E\Z G (E\H), (E\Z) = 0.
Z fm , f g . Z
g + fm 0 g + fm g + f m , 4.3.4

Z

(g + f ) d lim
Z

(g + fm ) d =
Z

g d + lim
Z

fm d.
Z

, 4.3.3
Z

fm d.

f d lim
Z

223

, Z g fm 0 g fm g f
m , 4.3.4
Z
Z
Z
Z
(g f ) d lim
(g fm ) d = g d lim
fm d.
m

, 4.3.3
Z

f d lim

fm d.

,
Z

f d lim

fm d lim

Z
fm d

f d,
Z

lim

fm d =

R
Z

f d.

(E\Z) =R0,
4.3.5R
R
R
m fm d = fm d f d = f d. ,
Z

m
lim

fm d =

f d,

4.3.7. ( \") E
M (E) < +.
fm : X R {} E f
E , . . M > 0, ,
x E m N |fm (x)| M .
fm L(E) m f L(E),

Z
lim

Z
fm d =

m
E

f d.
E

. 4.3.7
4.3.5, g(x) = M , x X .
4.3.3. E M, fm : X R {} E E
224

f L(E)
R . , m
lim fm d ,
R E
R
lim fm d 6= f d. , E =
m

= [0, 1] m N fm (x) =
= m2 [0, 1 ] (x). x (0, 1]
m
R
fm d = m +.
fm (x) 0 = f (x) m ,
[0,1]

fm (x) = m[0, ] (x)

fm (x) 0 = f (x) Rm
R x (0, 1],
m N
fm d = 1 6= 0 =
f d.
1
m

[0,1]

[0,1]

4.3.6. M() | - Rn , .
E Rn , f : E R E . f
L(E)

R
R
f E , . . f dx = f d.
E

. 4.1.15 Rn ,
. {Tm }
m=1
E , . .
N
m Tm = {Em,k }k=1 , Em,k m

N
Sm

k 1Nm : E =
Em,k ,
k=1
Em,k Em,s = k 6= s. Tm+1 Tm , . .
k 1, Nm+1 s 1, Nm , , Em+1,k Em,s . |Tm | = max diam(Em,k ) 0 m .
1kN
m N k 1, Nm Mm,k = sup f (x)
m

Lm,k = inf f (x).

Em,k

gm (x) =

Nm
X

Mm,k Em,k (x),

hm (x) =

k=1

Nm
X
k=1

225

xEm,k

Lm,k Em,k (x),

x E.

gm d =

N
m
P
k=1

Mm,k J (Em,k ) |
R

f,

N
m
P

Tm , hm d =
Lm,k J (Em,k ) |
k=1
E
f , Tm .
,

R
R
R
lim gm d = lim hm d = f dx. ,
m
m
E
E
E
m N Tm+1 Tm ,
gm+1 (x) gm (x) hm+1 (x) hm (x)
x E . gm hm x
E gm (x) f (x) hm (x). , x E m
lim gm (x) = g(x)
m
lim hm (x) = h(x), g(x) f (x)
h(x). 4.3.5
R ,
R
R g, h L(E)
R ,
m
lim gm d = g d, lim hm d = h d.
m
ER
E
h d = f dx. E
E
R E
(gh) E (gh) d = 0. E

g d =

, 4.3.4 g(x) h(x) = 0

x E . f (x) = g(x) = h(x) x E . , 4.2.2 , f
E E g h.
R
R
R 4.3.5
f L(E) f d = g d = h d =
=

f dx,

4.3.4. ,
[a, b], a < b,
D: R R

D(x) = Q (x) =

1, x Q,
0, x I.

Q | , I | .
M(), R. 226

 Q , , . , .
D L([a, b])
R 4.3.5
R
D d =
0 d = 0.

[a,b]

[a,b]

(., , 7 [4, . 6,
. 156]).
4.3.18. M() | -
R,
. a < b +, f : [a, b) R [a, c] [a, b).
I =

Rb

f (x) dx = lim

Rc

cb0 a

(. .

f (x) dx

Rb

|f (x)| dx).
a

R
f L [a, b) , I =
f d. [a,b)

I (. .

Rc
lim
|f (x)| dx = +), f 6 L [a, b) .

cb0 a

. 4.3.6

c a c < b f L [a, c]

Rc

f (x) dx =

R
[a,c]

f d

Rc

|f (x)| dx =

R
[a,c]

|f | d.

f [a, c] [a, b)
[a, b). , cm [a, b) b.

[a, cm ] = [a, b). , m=1

L< (f, ) =

x [a, b) f (x) < =

=

n
[
m=1

227

x [a, cm ] f (x) < M().

 ( 4.3.1)
4.1.2
Z

Z
|f | d = lim

m
[a,cm ]

[a,b)

Zcm
Zb
|f | d = lim
|f (x)| dx = |f (x)| dx.
m

,
,

Rb

|f | d = |f (x)| dx < +.
a

|f | L [a, b) , 4.3.11

f L [a, b) . 4.3.1
[a,b)

4.1.2
Zb

Zcm
f (x) dx = lim
f (x) dx = lim
m

m
[a,cm ]

= lim

Z
f+ d

[a,cm ]

= lim

m
[a,cm ]

f+ d lim

f d =

m
[a,cm ]

f d =

f+ d
[a,b)

f d =

[a,cm ]

Z
=

f d =
[a,b)

f d.
[a,b)

I ,
Z

Zb

|f | d =
[a,b)

|f (x)| dx = +.
a

|f | 6 L

4.3.11
228

[a, b) ,

f 6 L [a, b) .

4.4. Lp
(X, M, )
E M.

4.4.1. p 1
Lp (E)
E f : E R {}, , |f |p L(E).
4.4.1. , f Lp (E)
, E f |f |p L(E)
E , Lp (E). ,
Lp (E), .
g G E
(E\G) = 0 (. . E ), |g|p L(G) .
Lp (E) : g E\G
. 4.2.2 E ,
4.3.13 4.3.15
Lp (E).
g E\G E , . . Lp (E).
4.4.1. Lp (E)

. Lp (E) , E . f Lp (E) 6= 0 4.3.12

|f |p = ||p |f |p L(E), . . f Lp (E). |f |p
L(E) 4.3.6 , f
E . , x E 0f (x) = 0. ,
E 0f E , . .
0f Lp (E). f1 Lp (E) f2 Lp (E). E0 E , , (E\E0 ) = 0, f1
f2 E0 . E0 , . . E ,
229

 f = f1 + f2 . , |f |p L(E), 4.3.5 |f |p L(E0 ). E0 |f | |f1 | + |f2 |,

4.3.8 p
|f1 | + |f2 | L(E0 ). 4.3.3,
s0m s00m ,
E0 |f1 | |f2 |.
E0 m :
(s0m )p |f1 |p ,

p
(s0m + s00m )p |f1 | + |f2 | .

(s00m )p |f2 |p ,

4.3.2 m :
Z

(s0m )p
E0

(s00m )p

|f1 | d,
E0

Z
(s0m

Z
s00m )p

E0

E0

|f2 |p d,

d
E0

|f1 | + |f2 |

d.

E0

m N. s0m
A1 , . . . , AN E0 a1 , . . . , aN , ,
s0m (x) =

N
X

ak Ak (x),

x E0 .

k=1

, s00m B1 , . . . , BM E0
b1 , . . . , bM , ,
s00m (x) =

M
X

br Br (x),

x E0 .

r=1

N
S

M
S

A0 = E0
Ak , B0 = E0
Br .
r=1
k=1
s0m (x) = 0 x A0 , s00m (x) = 0 x B0 .

Ckr = Ak Br

k 0, N ,

230

r 0, M .

 x E0 :
N X
M
X

(s0m + s00m )(x) =

N
X

(ak + br )Ckr (x) +

k=1 r=1

ak Ck0 (x) +

M
X

br C0r (x).

r=1

k=1

4.3.4 4.3.4 :
Z

X
(s0m )p d = IE0 (s0m )p =
(ak )p (Ak ),
k=1

E0

X
(s00m )p d = IE0 (s00m )p =
(br )p (Br ).
r=1

E0

(s0m + s00m )p = IE0 (s0m + s00m )p =

E0

N X
M
N
M
X
X
X
(ak + br )p (Ckr ) +
(ak )p (Ck0 ) +
(br )p (C0r ).
k=1 r=1

r=1

k=1

k 1, N r 1, M :

k0

p
p

(Ckr ),
p
= ak p (Ck0 ),

kr = ak

p
p
(Ckr ),
p
= br p (C0r ).

kr = br
0r

:
rR
p

E0

s
(s0m + s00m )p d =
s

N P
M
P

k=1 r=1

s
=

N
P

N P
M
P
k=1 r=1

(kr ) +

N
P

(ak

k=1

M
P
r=0

M
P

(k0 )p +

r=1

k=1

s
(k0 )p +

(Ckr ) +

231

N P
M
P

k=1 r=1

k=1

)p

N
P

(kr + kr ) +

s
p

M
P
r=1

(kr ) +

(br

)p

N
P

k=0

M
P

(0r )p

(0r )p =

r=1

(Ckr ) .

 Ckr k r ,
k 1, N :
M
X

(Ckr ) =

M
[

r=0

(Ak Br )

= Ak

M
[

r=0

N
X

M
S
r=0

Br = E0 .

(Ckr ) =

k=0
N
S
k=0

rR
p

E0

= (Ak ),

r 1, M ,

N
[

Ak = E0 .

Br )

r=0

!
(Ak Br )

= Br

k=0

!!

N
[

!!
Ak )

= (Br ),

k=0

, :
s

(s0m + s00m )p d

N
P

s
(ak )p (Ak ) +

k=1

M
P

(br )p (Br ) =

r=1

r
r
rR

rR
p
p
0
= IE0 (sm ) + p IE0 (s00m )p = p (s0m )p d + p (s00m )p d,
E0

E0

m ,
vZ
u
p
u
|f1 | + |f2 | d
p
t
E0

vZ
u
u
|f1 |p d +
p
t

vZ
u
u
|f2 |p d < +,
p
t

E0

E0

. , f1 + f2 Lp (E).

r 4.4.2. f

kf kp =

|f |p

d.

Lp (E)

4.4.2. k kp Lp (E)
3.1.1 .
232

 . , f Lp (E)
kf kp 0 kf kp = || kf kp .
kf1 + f2 kp kf1 kp + kf2 kp f1 , f2 Lp (E)
4.4.1. , f
Lp (E) kf kp = 0 4.3.4 |f |p = 0
E . , f = 0 E , . . f
Lp (E).
4.4.1. Lp (E)

. 3.1.2 , Lp (E)
Lp (E). {fm }
m=1 Lp (E), ,

kfm kp = M < +. , g
m=1

Lp (E),

, g

N .

N
P

N
P
m=1

fm
0
p

N
p
L(E). ,
|fm |

SN =
m=1
x E N SN (x) SN +1 (x).
, SN E F : E [0, +].
Lp (E) N

vZ
u
u
p
t

N
N
X

SN d =
|fm |
kfm kp M.

m=1

4.3.2 N
R

m=1

SN d

, F L(E),
4.3.6
E F . x

p
P
E
F (x) < +. ,
|fm (x)| =

F d M p .

m=1

P
x E
fm (x)
m=1
p
|g(x)| p F (x) < +.

233

g(x)

 E g x E
|g(x)|p F (x). F L(E), 4.3.2 |g|p L(E), . . g Lp (E). x E
N

p
N

fm (x) 0
g(x)

m=1

p
!p
N
N

X
X

fm (x) |g(x)| +
|fm (x)|

g(x)

m=1
m=1
p
p
p
p F (x) + p F (x) = 2p F (x).

, 4.3.5 N

fm =
g

m=1

v
uZ
u
u
p
t

p
N

fm (x) 0,
g(x)

m=1

4.4.2. X = Rn , E | -

Rn , M() | - Rn ,

E.
E M(). o
n
CLp (E) = h: E R |h|p L(E) h C(E)
Lp (E).

. f Lp (E) 4.3.3 E
sm , , E 0 (sm )+
f+ , 0 (sm ) f , m
(sm )+ f+ , (sm ) f . E
|sm | = (sm )+ + (sm ) f+ + f = |f |. |f |p L(E),
4.3.6 f E . , x E m

|f sm | f+ (sm )+ + f (sm ) 0.

234

 E m |f sm |p 0.
m N E

p
p
|f sm | |f | + |sm | 2p |f |p L(E),

r
4.3.5 m kf sm kp =
R
p
=
|f sm | d 0. , > 0 p

m() N, , kf sm() kp .
4.3.1 sm() {ck }N
k=1
xE

{Ek }N
k=1 ,
sm() (x) =

,
N
P
k=1

E =

ck Ek (x).

N
S

k=1

Ek ,

(. 4.1.1) > 0 k 1, N
Fk Rn
Gk Rn , , Fk Ek Gk (Gk \Ek ) (Ek \Fk ) .
A Rn
x Rn A :
(x, A) = inf |x a|. x, y Rn aA

|y a| + |x y| = (y, A) + |x y|. ,
aA

(x, A) (y, A) |x y|. , x 7 (x, A) Rn

, , Rn .
k 1, N hk : E R

(x, A)

inf

hk (x) =

(x, Gck )
,
(x, Gck ) + (x, Fk )

x E.

, 0 hk (x) 1 x E , x Fk
hk (x) = 1, x 6 Gk hk (x) = 0. Gck Fk (
Fk Gk ), x E (x, Gck ) + (x, Fk ) > 0.

x Rn A Rn , hk E . E
235

N
P

h(x) =
ck hk (x), x E . k 1, N
k=1
x Fk h(x) = ck = sm() (x).
4.3.1
Z

|h sm() | d =

N Z
X

|h sm() |p d =

k=1E
k

N
X

|ck |p |hk 1|p d

N
X

|2ck |p (Ek \Fk )

m=1

k=1E \F
k
k

N
X

!
|2ck |p

m=1

p
N
P
m=1

|2ck |p +1

kh sm() kp .

, h Lp (E), . . h CLp (E),

kf hkp 2, .
4.4.3. 1 p q, (E) < +.
Lq (E) Lp (E).
. f Lq (E)
n

A=

x E |f (x)| 1 ,

B=

x E |f (x)| < 1 .

A B = E A B = . x A |f (x)|p |f (x)|q , x B |f (x)|p 1.

, 4.3.1 4.3.8

Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
|f |p d =
E

|f |p d +
A

|f |p d
B

|f | d +
B

1 d +
A

1 d =
B

|f |q d + (E) < +.

=
E

236

1 d
B

|f | d +
A

|f |q d +

 , |f |p L(E), . . f

Lp (E),

4.4.3. L (E) E
f : E R {}, E .
4.4.2. , f L (E)
, E f
E , L (E).
, L (E),
.
g G E
(E\G) = 0 (. . E ), G. L (E)
: g
E\G , 4.2.2
E , L (E). g
E\G E , . .
L (E).
4.4.4.

L (E)

. L (E) , E . f L (E) M > 0, ,

x E |f (x)| M .
E f ,
||M . , f L (E).
f1 L (E) f2 L (E). M1 > 0
M2 > 0, , x E
|f1 (x)| M1 |f2 (x)| M2 . , E f = f1 +f2 , x E
|f (x)| M1 +M2 . ,
f L (E).
4.4.4.
f : E R {}

237

 E . f E
n
ess sup f = inf
E

M R f (x) M

. .

o
xE

4.4.5. f L (E) f -

kf k = ess sup |f |.
E

4.4.5. k k L (E)
3.1.1 .
. f L (E) E , . . M > 0, ,
|f (x)| M x E , 0 kf k M .
6= 0

M 0 |f (x)| M

M
M
= || inf
0 |f (x)|
||
||
n

kf k = inf

. .
. .

o
xE

x E = || kf k .

k0f k = 0 = 0kf k . f1 , f2 L (E)

kf1 +f2 k = inf M 0 |f1 (x) + f2 (x)| M

inf M 0 |f1 (x)| + |f2 (x)| M

inf M1 + M2 |f1 (x)| M1 , |f2 (x)| M2

. .
. .

xE
o
xE

. .

xE

= kf1 k + kf2 k .

4.4.3.

L (E)

. {fm }
m=1 L (E). > 0
N (), , m, k N ()
kfm fk k .

238

 m N Em E , , fm E\Em . E0 =

S
=
Em , fm
m=1
E\E0 . m, k N ()
sup |fm (x) fk (x)| = kfm fk k < .
xE\E0

, f : E\E0 R, ,
fm f E\E0 m . 4.2.2 f E\E0 , x E\E0
|f (x)| |fN (1) (x)| + 1. fN (1) E\E0 , f E\E0 .
, f L (E),
kfm f k =

sup |fm (x) f (x)| 0

xE\E0

m ,

4.4.6. 0 < (E) < +.

f L (E) p 1 f
Lp (E) lim kf kp = kf k .
p+
. p 1 |f |p E , |f |p L(E) 4.3.7. kf k = 0, kf kp = 0
p 1. , kf k > 0. |f (x)|
pkf k
x E , kf kp kf k (E).
, R < kf k ER E , ,
|f (x)| R x ER . ,
vZ
p

u
u
kf kp t
p

p
|f |p d R p (ER ).

ER

p +
1,

p
p

(E) 1

R lim kf kp lim kf kp kf k .
p+

p+

239

p
p

(ER )

 R kf k 0
lim kf kp = lim kf kp = kf k .
p+

p+

, p+
lim kf kp = kf k , .

4.5. |
E | R, : R R
| .

4.5.1. E, , : R [0, +), ,

a b [a, b] = (b+0)(a0),
[a, b) = (b 0) (a 0),

(a, b] = (b + 0) (a + 0),

a < b (a, b) = (b 0) (a + 0).

A E
{Im }N
m=1 , . .
A=

N
[

Im ,

Im Ik =

m 6= k,

m=1

(A) =

N
P
m=1

(Im ).

4.5.1.
.
4.1.4.
4.5.1. : E [0, +) - .
. A, B E A B = .

PA = {Im }N
m=1

| A,

240

PB = {Jk }M
k=1

 B . A B = , Im Jk =
= m 1, N k 1, M . , PA PB
A B ,
(A B) =

N
X
m=1

(Im ) +

M
X

(Jk ) = (A) + (B).

k=1

, .
.
a b. > 0. = () > 0,
, t (b, b + )
(t) (b + 0) ,

t (a , a)
(a 0) (t) .

G = (a , b + ) [a, b]

(G) [a, b] = (b + 0) (b + 0) + (a 0) (a + 0) 2.

[a, b] , F = [a, b]. , [a, b] .

a = b, (a, b) = [a, b) = (a, b] = .
F = G = |
.
,

a < b. > 0
= () 0, ba
, , t (b , b)
2
(b 0) (t) , t (a, a + )
(t) (a + 0) .
(a, b]. F = [a + , b] (a, b] G = (a, b + )
(a, b].
(G) (a, b] = (b + 0) (b + 0)
(a, b] (F ) = (a + 0) (a + 0)

,
.
241

,
.
(a, b]

 [a, b). F = [a, b ] [a, b) G = (a , b)

[a, b).
(G) [a, b) =
[a, b) (F ) =

(a 0) (a + 0)
(b 0) (b + 0)

,
.

, [a, b) .
(a, b). F = [a + , b ] (a, b) G = (a, b).

(a, b) (F ) = (b 0) (b + 0) + (a + 0) (a + 0) 2.

, (a, b) .
, .
4.1.6.

4.5.2. - -
M( ) - ,
|, M( )
|.
4.5.2. 0 (x) = x x R,
E ,
. M( ) = M() = .
0

4.5.3. E

M( ), f :RE R {} R -.
= f+ d I = f d |

I+

E - f+ f
. I+ I , f |
E ,
R
| f d = I+ I . E
| E
L (E).
242

, R . {xm }
m=1 R | , xm 6= xk m 6= k.
, R, . .
x R (x 0) = (x).
m N m = (xm + 0) (xm ) > 0 |
xm . x0 6= xm
m N c0 = (x0 ). x > x0

X
m (x) (x0 )

m : x0 <xm <x

x < x0
X

m (x0 ) (x).

m : xxm <x0

J+ = { m N | x0 < xm },

J = { m N | x0 > xm }.

(x) =

1, x > 0,
0, x 0,

(x) =

1, x 0,
0, x < 0.

,
x R
(x) = c0 +

m (x xm ) +

mJ+

(m )(xm x).

mJ

(x) x > x0
X

(x) = c0 +

m ,

m : x0 <xm <x

x < x0 |
X

(x) = c0

m : xxm <x0

243

m .

 x > x0
X

(x 0) = c0 + lim

+0

m = c0 +

m = (x),

m : x0 <xm <x

m : x0 <xm <x

x < x0
X

(x 0) = c0 lim

+0

m = c0

m = (x),

m : xxm <x0

m : xxm <x0

x = x0
X

(x0 0) = c0 lim

+0

m =

m : x0 xm <x0

= c0

m = c0 = (x0 ),

m : x0 xm <x0

. . R.
x x0 x 6= xs s N
(x + 0) = c0 + lim

+0

m = c0 +

m = (x),

m : x0 <xm x

m : x0 <xm <x+

x = xs > x0
X

(xs + 0) = c0 + lim

+0

m =

m : x0 <xm <xs +

= c0 +

m = (xs ) + s .

m : x0 <xm xs

x < x0 x 6= xs s N
(x + 0) = c0 lim

+0

m = c0

m = (x),

m : x<xm <x0

m : x+xm <x0

x = xs < x0
(xs + 0) = c0 lim

+0

m =

m : xs +xm <x0

= c0

X
m : xs <xm <x0

244

m = (xs ) + s .

 , x 6= xs
s, xs ,
s .

- - M( )
| . a b
[a, b] = (b + 0) (a)

m =

m : axm b

[a, b) = (b) (a)

m =

m : axm <b

(a, b] = (b + 0) (a + 0)

m =

m : a<xm b

(a, b) = (b) (a + 0)

m =

m : a<xm <b

m : xm[a,b]

m : xm[a,b)

m : xm(a,b]

m : xm(a,b)

m ,
m ,
m ,
m .

m < +.

(I) =

m : xm I

A E
X

(A) =

m < +.

m : xm A

A E

A\{xm }
m=1

(A)

= (A)

xm

m : xm A

(xm ) =

m : xm A

A\{xm }
m=1 M( ),

=
X

m : xm A

m = 0.

m : xm A

, A E
A\{xm }
m=1 M0 ( ).
+
S

R =
[k, k + 1) M( ), k=

(R) =

+
X

[k, k + 1) =

X
m=1

k=

245

m =

X
m : xm R

m .

X
[k, k + 1)\{xm }
=
0 = 0,
m=1

+
X

(R\{xm }
m=1 ) =

k=

k=

E R

E\{xm }
m=1 R\{xm }m=1 M0 ( ).

, 4.1.12

E\{xm }
m=1 M0 ( ).
S
xm M( )

m : xm E

E = E\{xm }
m=1

xm

M( ).

m : xm E

,

(E) =

E Rn
X

-,

m .

m : xm E

f : R R{} -.
E\{xm }m=1 |,
4.3.13 4.3.1

Z
f+ d =

m : xm E

f+ d =
xm

f+ (xm ) (xm ) =

m : xmE

Z
f d =
E

X
m : xm E

f+ (xm )m ,

m : xmE

f d =
xm

f (xm ) (xm ) =

m : xmE

X
m : xmE

246

f (xm )m .

f L (E)

|f (xm )|m < +,

m : xm E

| f
E
Z
f d =

f (xm )m .

m : xm E

: E [0, +) ,
.

4.5.2. f : [a, b] R [a, b]. f 0

- [a, b]. f 0
[a, b], f 0 L(E) |
:
Z
f 0 d = f (b) f (a).
[a,b]

g(x) =

g: [a, b + 1] R

f (x), x [a, b],

f (b) + f 0 (b)(x b), x [b, b + 1].

g [a, b + 1],
x [a, b]

f 0 (x) = lim m g x +
m

1
m

g(x) .

m N

1
hm (x) = m g x +
g(x) ,
m

x [a, b]. m N 4.2.3

4.2.3 hm -.
247

 x [a, b] hm (x) f 0 (x) m ,

4.2.2 - f 0 [a, b].
, f 0 [a, b], . . M > 0, ,
x [a, b] |f 0 (x)| M . 4.3.7 , f 0 |f 0 | - [a, b]. x [a,
m
b]

1
N m x, x + m
, ,
hm (x) = g0 (m ). x [a, b] g0 (x) = f 0 (x),
x [b, b + 1] g0 (x) = f 0 (b), |g0 (x)| M
x [a, b + 1]. m N x [a, b] |hm (x)| M . , 4.3.7

Z

Z
0

f d = lim
[a,b]

4.3.6
Rb

hm d.

m
[a,b]

m N

|

=

hm (x) dx

1
b+ m

Zb
a

hm d =

[a,b]

[a, b].

Zb
g(x) dx m

hm (x) dx = m

hm

1
a+ m

g(x) dx =
a
1
b+ m

1
a+ m

=m

g(x) dx m
b

g(x) dx.
a

a,
a
+
m
m zm

1
b, b + m , ,
1
a+ m

1
b+ m

g(x) dx = g(ym ),

g(x) dx = g(zm ).
b

248

 m ym a + 0
, g(ym ) g(a) = f (a) g(zm ) g(b)
|:

f 0 d = lim m

1
b+ m

g(x) dx m

[a,b]

1
a+ m

= lim

zm b + 0, = f (b).

g(x) dx =

g(zm ) g(ym ) = f (b) f (a).

: R R, R, . . x R 0 (x) 0.
, 0
R. E MF () , . . [a, b] E . , R
E MF ( ), (E) = 0 d.
E
, I
R
a b 4.5.2 (I) = (b) (a) = 0 d.

R
= 0 d.

A E

(A) =

E MF (). 4.1.10

{Am }
m=1 E, , d(Am , E) = (Am 4 E) 0
m . E , [a, b] E . Bm = Am [a, b] E Bm 4 E Am 4 E . , d(Bm , E) = (Bm 4 E)
(Am 4 E) = d(Am , E) 0 m . M()
Gm

(Bm 4 E), , Gm \(Bm 4 E) m .

Bm 4 E [a, b], Hm = Gm [a, b]
(Bm 4 E)

Hm \(B
m 4 E) Gm
\(Bm 4 E)

Hm \(Bm 4 E) Gm \(Bm 4 E) m1 .
Gm R
( , )
S
Im,k , k N, . . Gm =
Im,k , Im,k Im,s = k 6= s.
k=1

249

 k N Im,k [a, b] E,
Z

Im,k [a, b] =

0 d.
Im,k [a,b]

4.3.1
(Hm ) =

X
Im,k [a, b] =

k=1

0 d =

k=1
Im,k [a,b]

Z
0

!
0

sup (x) (Hm ).

x[a,b]

Hm

1
+ d(Bm , E) 0
(Hm ) = Hm \(Bm 4 E) + (Bm 4 E)
m

m , (Bm 4 E) (Hm )
0 m . , R
E MF ( ) (E) = lim (Bm ) = lim
0 d.
m
m
B
m
m

Z
Z
Z

0 d 0 d =

Bm

Bm \E

Z
0 d
E\Bm

Z
0 d

0 d

sup 0 (x) (Bm 4 E) 0,

x[a,b]

Bm 4 E

(E) = m
lim

R
Bm

0 d =

R
E

0 d.

E M() m
Em = E [m, m + 1) MF ().

S
E =
Em , m
m=

Z,

, Em MF ( ),
- E M( ).
250

 Em Ek = m 6= k,

(E) =

m=

(Em ) =

Z
0 d =

m=

Em

0 d.
E

E MF () f
f L (E)

L(E)
,

R
R
f d = f 0 d.
E

0
E ,
0 M = sup 0 < +. E
xE
|f 0 | |f |M L(E), . . 4.3.2 f 0 L(E).
f | , - Em E cm ,
N
N
S
P
m 1, N , , E =
Em , f (x) =
cm E (x), x E .
m=1
m=1
,
m

Z
f d =

N
X

cm (Em ) =

m=1

N
X
m=1

Z
cm
Em

Z
0 d =

f 0 d.
E

- f L(E), 4.3.3 -
sm : E R (sm )+ (x) f+ (x) (sm ) (x) f (x)
x E m .
(sm 0 )+ (x) = (sm )+ (x)0 (x) f+ (x)0 (x),
(sm 0 ) (x) = (sm ) (x)0 (x) f (x)0 (x)

x E

, 4.3.2

f+ 0 d = lim
E

Z
(sm )+ 0 d,

m
E

(sm ) 0 d,

m
E

Z
(sm )+ d ,

Z
f 0 d = lim

Z
f+ d = lim

m .

Z
f d = lim

(sm ) d .

251

 ,
Z

Z
(sm )+ d =

Z
0

(sm )+ d,

Z
0

f+ d =

(sm ) 0 d.

(sm ) d =

f+ d < +,

Z
f 0 d < +.

f d =

, f

L (E)
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
f d = f+ d f d = f+ 0 d f 0 d = f 0 d,

252

5.1. |
(X, k k) | . X = L(X, C)
3.4.6.

5.1.1. f : X R -, x, y X ,
R f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y).
f : X C | (. . | x, y X , C
f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)). u(x) =
= Re f (x), , -,
x X

f (x) = Re f (x) i Re if (x) = u(x) iu(ix).

, -
w: X R g(x) = w(x) iw(ix), x X .
x, y X g(x + y) = w(x) + w(y) iw(ix) iw(iy) =
= g(x) + g(y). x X , R

g ( + i)x = w(x) + w(ix) iw(ix) + iw(x) =

= ( + i) w(x) iw(ix) = ( + i)g(x).

, g: X C -. ,
f : X C , . . f X , ,
- Re f : X R , - w: X R g X g(x) = w(x) iw(ix)
x X .
253

 5.1.1. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) |

, (Y, k kY ) | . Z X | , X .
A L(Z, Y ).
B L(X, Y ), , B(z) = A(z)
z Z . kAk = kBk.
. x X {zn }
n=1 Z , , kzn xkX 0 n .
kA(zn ) A(zm )kY kAk kzn zm kX 0 n, m
, . . {A(zn )}
n=1 Y . (Y, k kY )
y Y , , kA(zn ) ykY 0 n . ,
y Y {zn }
n=1 Z , x X . ,
{zn }
n=1 Z x,
kA(zn ) A(zn )kY kAk kzn zn kX 0 n . , n
lim A(
zn ) = lim A(zn ) = y , .
n
y = y(x) x X . B(x) = y(x)
x X . x, x X , n x
zn x

z }
{zn }
n=1 Z z
n=1 Z {
n , C
B(x + y) = lim A(
zn + zn ) =
n

= lim A(
zn ) + lim A(
zn ) = B(
x) + B(
x).
n

, B: X Y . z Z
zn = z n N z , B(z) =
= lim A(zn ) = A(z).
n
kAk =

sup

kA(z)kY =

zZ: kzkX =1

sup

kB(z)kY

zZ: kzkX =1

sup

kB(x)kY = kBk.

xX: kxkX =1

, x X kxk = 1 {zn }
n=1 Z , , kzn xkX 0 n .
kzn k 1 n
kB(x)kY = lim kA(zn )kY kAk lim kzn kX = kAk.
n

254

,
kBk =

sup

kB(x)kY kAk.

xX: kxkX =1

, kAk = kBk. , ,
B L(X, Y ).
B . , C L(X, Y ) , C(z) = A(z)
z Z . x X {zn }
n=1 Z zn x n C B C(x) =
= lim C(zn ) = lim A(zn ) = B(x), . . B =
n
n
= C , .

5.1.1 (, ). (X, k kX ) | , L X | (. . x + y L tx L
x, y L t R). p: X R
(. . p(x) = p(x) x X , 0), (. .
p(x+y) p(x)+p(y) x, y X )
(. . M = sup |p(x)| < +). -
kxk=1

u: L R x L
u(x) p(x). -
v: X R, , x L v(x) = u(x),
x X p(x) v(x) p(x).

. (X, k kX ), . . X
{xn }
n=1 X .
(X, k kX )
, , [2, . I, . 3, . 68{70].
x X Lin{x} = { tx | t R }. , Lin{x} |
- X .
{Ln }
n=0 -
X : L0 = L, Ln = Ln1 + Lin{xn },
n N. , Ln1 Ln n N.
u0 = u: L0 R. , ,
n N k 0, n 1
255

uk : Lk R, , k 1, n 1 x Lk1
uk (x) = uk1 (x), x Lk uk (x) p(x). uk (x) = uk (x) p(x).
,
kuk k =

sup

|uk (x)|

xLk : kxkX =1

sup

max{p(x), p(x)}

xLk : kxkX =1

sup

|p(x)| M,

xLk : kxkX =1

. . uk Lk .
xn Ln1 , Ln = Ln1 , un = un1 . xn 6 Ln1 .
Ln = Ln1 Lin{xn } 6= Ln1 , x Ln y = y(x) Ln1 t = t(x) R,
, x = y + txn . - un : Ln R : un (y + txn ) = un1 (y) + ta
y Ln1 t R. a R
. , un = un1 Ln1 . un (y + txn ) p(y + txn )
y Ln1 t R. t = 0 ,
un (y) = un1 (y) p(y)
y Ln1 . t > 0
a

y
1
p(y + txn ) un1 (y) = p
+ xn un1
.
t
t
t

t < 0
a

1
y
y
p(y + txn ) un1 (y) = un1
p
xn .
t
|t|
|t|

, y, z Ln1
un1 (y) + un1 (z) = un1 (y + z) p(y + z) p(y + xn ) + p(z xn ).

,
un1 (z) p(z xn ) p(y + xn ) un1 (y),

< a
n = sup

zLn1

y, z Ln1 .

un1 (z) p(z xn )

a
n =

inf

yLn1

256

p(y + xn ) un1 (y) < +.

, a R,
a
n a a
n , un (y+txn ) p(y+txn )
y Ln1 t R.

S
Ln , N =
n=1
- X . ,
x, y N m, n N, , x Ln , y Lm .
k = max{n, m} x, y Lk . , x + y Lk N
tx Lk N t R. -
w: N R : w = un Ln n N. kun k M n N, kwk M , . .
w . N X , N
X . 5.1.1 - v: X R,
, v = w N kvk = kwk. v(x) = w(x) =
= u(x) x L. p(x) v(x)
p(x) x X . , ym 0
m , |p(ym )| kym kM 0. , zm z
m , m
lim p(zm ) p(z) + lim p(zm z) = p(z).
m
x X zm N , ,
zm x w(zm ) v(x) m ,
w(zm ) p(zm ) v(x) = lim w(zm ) lim p(zm ) p(x).
m
m
v(x) p(x), . . v(x) p(x), .

5.1.1. (X, k kX ) | , L X | .
f : L C . g: X C, ,
g(x) = f (x) x L, kgk = kf k.
. p: X R
p(x) = kf k kxkX

x X . p M = sup |p(x)| = kf k < +.

kxkX =1

- u: L R u(x) = Re f (x)
x L. u(x) |f (x)| kf k kxkX = p(x)
257

x X.

5.1.1 - v: X R, , v(x) = u(x) x L,

x X p(x) v(x) p(x). , |v(x)| kf k kxk x X . -
v g: X C
g(x) = v(x) iv(ix)

x X . x L
f (x) = u(x) iu(ix), g(x) = f (x) x L.
x X g(x)
g(x) = |g(x)|ei(x) , (x) [0, 2).

|g(x)| = g(x)ei(x) = g xei(x) =

= Re g xei(x) = v xei(x) p xei(x) = kf k kxkX .

, kgk kf k. ,

kf k =

sup

|f (x)| =

xL: kxkX 1

sup

|g(x)|

xL: kxkX 1

sup

|g(x)| = kgk.

xX: kxkX 1

, kf k = kgk, .

5.1.2. (X, kkX ) |

. :
1) L X | , x0 6 L,
f X , , f (x) = 0 x L,
f (x0 ) = 1, kf k = (x1 ,L) ;
2) x0 6= 0 f X , ,
kf k = 1 f (x0 ) = kx0 kX ;
3) x0 X f X
f (x0 ) = 0, x0 = 0;
4) x X
0

kxkX =

sup
f X : kf k=1

258

|f (x)|.

 . 1.
M = L { x0 | C }

h: M
y L, C.
khk = sup
yL
6=0

h(y + x0 ) =

||
1
1
1
= sup
=
=
.
ky + x0 kX
inf kz x0 kX
(x0 , L)
zL kz + x0 kX
zL

, h
M . 5.1.1 f X , ,
f (x) = h(x) x M , , ,
f (y) = h(y) = 0 y L f (x0 ) = h(x0 ) = 1,
kf k = khk = (x1,L) .
2. L = { 0 } | X .
x0 6= 0, x0 6 L. 1 g X ,
, g(x0 ) = 1 kgk = kx 1k . ,
f (x) = kx0 kX g(x), x X , .
3. , x0 6= 0, 2 f X , , f (x0 ) = kx0 kX 6= 0,
f (x0 ) = 0.
4. x = 0, f (x) = 0 f X . x 6= 0, f X |f (x)| kf k kxkX .
sup
|f (x)| kxk. 2
0

0 X

f X : kf k=1

g X , , kgk = 1,
g(x) = kxk,

kxkX = g(x) = |g(x)|

sup
f X : kf k=1

|f (x)| kxkX ,

5.1.3. (X, k kX ) | , (Y, k kY ) |

. L(X, Y )
.
259

 . Y {ym }
m=1 . x0 X . 2 5.1.2 f X , , kf k = 1 f (x0 ) = kx0 k.
m N Am : X Y
Am (x) = f (x)ym

x X . kAm k = kf k kym kY = kym kY < +, . .

Am L(X, Y ), kAm An k = kym yn kY 0 m, n . , {Am }
m=1 L(X, Y ) . , L(X, Y ).
B L(X, Y ), ,
kAm Bk 0

m .

B(x0 ) kx0 kX ym
B(x0 )

=
kx0 kX ym
kx
k
0
Y

B(x0 ) Am (x0 )

Y
=
B Am 0 m .
kx0 kX

,
B(x )
{ym }
m=1 Y kx k ,
. . .
0

0 X

5.1.2 ( ). (X, kkX ) | , A, B X |

. :
1) A ,
f X R, , Re f (a) < Re f (b)
a A, b B . , A B
;
2) A , B | ,
f X 1 , 2 R, ,
Re f (a) < 1 < 2 < Re f (b) a A, b B . ,
A B .
260

 . 1. a0 A, b0 B
x0 = b0 a0 . A B = , x0 6= 0. C = A B + x0 | ( A),
( A B ), . , R > 0, , BR (0) C .
C :
C (x) = inf

t>0

x
t

x X.

x X C (x)
x X > 0
C (x) = inf

t>0

x
t

= inf

> 0

kxkX
R

= C (x).

= 0, :
C (0x) = C (0) = 0 = 0C (x).

, C .
, x X t > C (x)
xt C . , t > C (x) t < t,
, x C . C ,
t C = t C + 1 t 0 C . , xt = t x t C C .
x, y X > C (x)
> C (y) x C y C .
x+y
y
x
C +
= +
+ + C . ,
C (x + y) + .
C (x) + 0 C (y) + 0,
C (x + y) C (x) + C (y).
0 6 A B , x0 6 C . , C (x0 ) 1.
- Lin{x0 } = { tx0 | t R }
- u(tx0 ) = t, t R.
t 0, u(tx0 ) = t tC (x0 ) = C (tx0 ).
t < 0, u(tx0 ) = t < 0 C (tx0 ). , x
Lin{x0 } u(x) C (x). ,
5.1.1 - v: X
R, , v(x) = u(x) x Lin{x0 } v(x) C (x)
x X . , , |v(x)| kxkR
x X , . . v .
t

261

 C , x C
C (x) < 1. v(x0 ) = u(x0 ) = 1, a A,
b B
v(a) v(b) + 1 = v(a b + x0 ) C (a b + x0 ) < 1.

, v(a) < v(b) a A, b B . ,

v(A) v(B) , v(A)
A. ,
a A > 0, , a + tx0 A
t (, ). v(a + tx0 ) = v(a) + t, ,
(v(a) , v(a) + ) v(A). = sup v(A). v(a) <
v(b) a A, b B .
f X , , Re f = v , . . f (x) = v(x) iv(ix) x
X . a A b B
Re f (a) < Re f (b).
2. B A B =
x A (x) > 0, ,
O 2(x) (x)o B = .
n
O(x) (x) x A

A, n
oN
. = min (xn ).
O(x ) (xn )
1nN
n=1
A0 = A + O (0).
a A0 x A, , a O (x). n 1, N , , x O(x ) (xn ). ,
a O+(x ) (xn ) O2(x ) (xn ) B c .
A0 B = . 1 f X
R, , Re f (a) < Re f (b) a A0 , b B .
A f
, Re f (A) | Re f (A0 ). max Re f (A) < , . . 1
2 max Re f (A) < 1 < 2 < . a A
b B Re f (a) < 1 < 2 < Re f (b), .
n

5.1.1. (X, k kX ) | , A, B X | . , A B
, . . f
X , , Re f (a) Re f (b) a A, b B .
262

| ,
[0, 1] , X = CL1 [0, 1]

kxk1 =
n
A=

R1
0

|x(t)| dt.

x CL1 [0, 1] x(0) = 1 ,

B = { 0 }.

A, B | , A
CL1 [0, 1]. , f X , , Re f (a) Re f (0) = 0
a A. x CL1 [0, 1] an A bn A, , kx an k1 0 kx + bn k1 0
n .
Re f (x) = lim Re f (an ) 0,
n

Re f (x) = Re f (x) = lim Re f (bn ) 0.

n

, Re f (x) = 0 x X . f (x) = Re f (x) i Re f (ix) = 0 x X ,

f .

5.1.1. (X, k kX ) | .
F : X X (F x)(f ) = f (x) x X f X X
Im F X , . . F X Im F
kF xk = kxkX x X .
. x, y X
F x = F y, f X f (x) = f (y).
, f (x y) = 0 f X . 3 5.1.2 x y = 0, . . x = y. ,
F X Im F . x X 4 5.1.2
kF xk =

sup

|(F x)(f )| =

f X :kf k=1

sup
f X :kf k=1

.
263

|f (x)| = kxkX ,

 5.1.2. (X, k kX ) , Im F =
= X , . . F X
X .
5.1.3. (X, k kX ) (Y, k kY ) , , . .
X Y , , kxkX = k(x)kY
x X . X = Y .
X , X
F .

= X ,

5.2.

(
`p =

p 1

x: N C
|x(k)|p < + ,

k=1

v
u
uX
p
kxkp = t
|x(k)|p ,

x `p .

k=1

: R R
(
(x) =

1,

x > 1,

0,

x 1.

kN: k<x

x `p , x - R |x|p L (R).

R
P
|x|p d =
|x(k)|p . R

k=1

, `p = Lp (R, ). 4.4.1
`p .
264

` =

x: N C sup |x(k)| < + ,

kN

kxk = sup |x(k)|,
kN

x ` ,

c =

x `
n

c0

lim x(k) = x() C ,

x c x() = 0 .

, x ` , x - R - R. , ,
ess sup |x(t)| = sup |x(k)|.
tR

kN

, ` = L (R, ).
4.4.3 ` . , c c0 ` . , c c0 k k
.

5.2.1. p 1 `p c0 {em }
m=1 ,

em (k) =

1, m = k,
0, m =
6 k.

. x `p

x(m)em =
x

m=1

v
u X
u
p
t
|x(m)|p 0
m=N +1

265

N ,

 y c0

y(m)em
y

m=1

= sup |y(m)| 0
m>N

N .

x `p {m }
m=1 C

P
x =
m em , m N N > m
m=1

|x(m) m | x
m em 0

m=1

N ,

. . x(m) = m m N. , y c0

P
{m }
m em ,
m=1 C y =
m=1
m N N > m

|y(m) m | y
m em

m=1

N ,

. . y(m) = m m N.

5.2.2. c
{em }
m=0 , e0 c e0 (k) = 1 k N.
. z c

z z()e0 c0 . , z z()e0 =

m=1

z(m) z() em .

, :
z = z()e0 +

z(m) z() em .

m=1

z c

P
z =
m em , N N

{m }
m=0 C

m=0

|z(N + 1) 0 | z
m em

m=0

266

N .

 z(N + 1) z() N , 0 =
= z(). m N N > m

|z(m) z() m | z
m em

m=0

N ,

. . m = z(m) z(), .

5.2.3. `1 = ` .
.

`1 ` . f `1 x `1
P
f (x) =
x(m)f (em ). z(m) = f (em )
m=1
m N. |z(m)| kf k kem k1 = kf k. , kzk kf k, . . z ` . ,

|f (x)|

|x(m)| |z(m)| kzk kxk1 .

m=1

, kf k kzk , . .
kf k = kzk . , : `1 ` (f )(m) = f (em ) m N,
kf k = kf k .
f, g `1 f = g , x `1

P
P
f (x) =
x(m)f (em ) =
x(m)g(em ) = g(x), . . f = g .
m=1
m=1
, Im = ` . z `

P
f (x) =
x(m)z(m), x `1 . m=1
kf k kzk , . . f `1 ,
f (em ) = z(m) m N. , f = z , .

5.2.4.

`p = `q ,

1
p

1
q

= 1.

1 < p < +

f (x)

`p

`q .

m=1

f `p x `p x(m)f (em ). m N
267

z(m) = f (em )

z(m)
|z(m)| ,

sm =

z(m) 6= 0,
z(m) = 0.

0,

xN

`p

|z(m)| p sm , m 1, N ,
0, m > N.

xN (m) =

m N

xN (m)z(m) =

, N
|f (xN )| =

N
X

|z(m)|q , m 1, N ,
0, m > N.

|z(m)| kf k kxN kp = kf k

m=1

N
X

! p1
|z(m)|

m=1

. .

! q1

N
X

|z(m)|q

kf k.

m=1

N kzkq kf k, . . z `q . , x `p

|f (x)|

|x(m)| |z(m)| kzkq kxkp .

m=1

, kf k kzkq , . .
kf k = kzkq . , : `p `q (f )(m) = f (em ) m N,
kf k = kf kq .
f, g `p f = g , x `p

P
P
f (x) =
x(m)f (em ) =
x(m)g(em ) = g(x), . . f = g .
m=1

m=1

268

 , Im = `q . z `q

P
f (x) =
x(m)z(m), x `p .
m=1
kf k kzkq , . . f `p , f (em ) = z(m) m N.
, f = z , .

5.2.5. c0 = `1 .
.

c0 `1 . f c0

P
f (x) =
x(m)f (em ).
m=1
z(m) = f (em )
(

z(m)
|z(m)| ,

sm =

0,

xN (m) =

z(m) 6= 0,
z(m) = 0.

xN

x c0

c0

sm , m 1, N ,
0, m > N.

m N

xN (m)z(m) =

, N
|f (xN )| =

N
X

|z(m)|,
0,
N

m 1, N ,
m > N.

|z(m)| kf k kxN k kf k.

m=1

N kzk1 kf k, . . z
, x c0
|f (x)|

`1 .

|x(m)| |z(m)| kzk1 kxk .

m=1

, kf k kzk1 , . .
kf k = kzk1 . , : c0 `1 (f )(m) = f (em ) m N,
269

 kf k = kf k1 .
f = g, x c0

P
P
f (x) =
x(m)f (em ) =
x(m)g(em ) = g(x), . . f = g .
m=1
m=1
, Im = `1 . z `1

P
x(m)z(m), x c0 . f (x) =
m=1
kf k kzk1 , . . f c0 ,
f (em ) = z(m) m N. , f = z , .
f, g `1

5.2.6. c = `1 .
.

c `1 . f c x c
P
f (x) = x()f (e0 ) +
x(m) x() f (em ).
m=1
m N
(

sm =

f (em )
|f (em )| ,

f (em ) 6= 0,
0, f (em ) = 0.

xN

xN (m) =

sm , m 1, N ,
0, m > N.

m N

xN (m)f (em ) =

|f (em )|, m 1, N ,
0, m > N,

xN () = 0. , N
|f (xN )| =

N
X

|f (em )| kf k kxN k kf k.

m=1

N
|f (em )| kf k. , m=1

f (x) = x() f (e0 )

f (em )

m=1

270

X
m=1

x(m)f (em ).

zf `1 zf (1) = f (e0 )
f (em ), zf (m) = f (em1 )
m=1
m 2.
f (x) = x()zf (1) +

x(m)zf (m + 1).

m=1

m N
(

zf (m)
|zf (m)| ,

tm =

0,

zf (m) 6= 0,
zf (m) = 0.

yN

yN (m) =

yN () = t1 , . .

tm+1 , m 1, N ,
t1 , m > N.

yN ()zf (1) = |zf (1)|,

yN (m)zf (m + 1) =

mN

|zf (m + 1)|, m 1, N ,
t1 zf (m + 1), m > N.

,
f (yN ) = |zf (1)| +

N
X

|zf (m + 1)| + t1

m=1

zf

`1 ,

zf (m + 1).

m=N +1

zf (m + 1) 0

f (yN ) kzf k1

m=N +1

|f (yN )| kf k kyN k kf k
lim |f (yN )| = kzf k1 kf k.

, x c
|f (x)| |x()| |zf (1)| +

|x(m)| |zf (m + 1)| kzf k1 kxk .

m=1

271

, kf k kzf k1 , . .
kf k = kzf k1 . , : c `1 (f )(m) = zf (m) m N,
kf k = kf k1 . f, g `1 f = g, . . zf = zg , x c0

f (x) = x()zf (1) +

x(m)zf (m + 1) =

m=1

= x()zg (1) +

x(m)zg (m + 1) = g(x),

m=1

. . f = g. ,

f (x) = x()z(1) +

Im = `1 .

x(m)z(m + 1)

z `1

x c.

m=1

kf k kzk1 , . . f c . f (em ) = z(m + 1) m N,

f (e0 ) = z(1) +

z(m + 1) = z(1) +

m=1

. .

z(1) = f (e0 )

f = z ,

P
m=1

f (em ).

f (em ),

m=1

, p > 1 `p , `1 , c0 c . 5.2.4
, p > 1 `
p =
p
= `q = `p , q = p1
. . . `
p `p
. -
. 5.1.2 ,
F , 5.1.1,
. 5.2.5, 5.2.6 5.2.3

, c
= `1 = ` 6= c, . .
0 = `1 = ` 6= c0 c
272

 c ` .
, , .
5.1.2 Im F 6= c
0

F : c0 c
0 Im F 6= c
F : c c . .
c
0

5.2.7. p > 1. -

`p .

. q =

. 5.2.4, = `q = . : `p `q
: `q `p | , . 5.1.1

F : `p `
p Im F = `p , . .
H `p x `p ,
,
`q

`p

p
p1
`p

f `p .

H(f ) = f (x)

f `p y

= (f ) `q .

H(f ) = H 1 (y) = H 1 (y).

g = H 1 : `q C . ,
g `q . x =

1
= (g) = H
`p , :
H(f ) = g(y) =

x(m)y(m) =

m=1

x(m) (f ) (m) = f (x).

m=1

, F : `p `
p

F x = 1 (x)

x `p .

5.2.8. c0 .
. 5.2.5 5.2.3
c0 = `1 `1 = ` . : c0 `1 : `1 ` |
, .
273

 5.1.1 F : c0

c
0 Im F 6= c0 , . .

H c0 \ Im F .
H c
0 . g = H 1 : `1 C. g
.

, g `1 . z = (g) = H 1 ` .
f c0 :

H(f ) = g (f ) =
z(m) (f ) (m).
m=1

z `
H = 1 (z) c
0 ,
z = H 1 ` . H Im F , . .
x c0 H = F x,
f c0
H(f ) = f (x) =

x(m) (f ) (m) = 1 (x) (f ) .

m=1

, H = 1 (x) . ,

z ` \c0

H = 1 (z) c
0 \ Im F , .

5.2.9. c .
. 5.2.6 5.2.3

c = `1 `1 = ` . : c `1 : `1 ` |
, .
5.1.1 F : c
c Im F 6= c , . .
H c \ Im F .
H c . g = H 1 : `1 C. g
.

, g `1 . z = (g) = H 1 ` .
f c :

H(f ) = g (f ) =
z(m) (f ) (m).
m=1

274

z `
H = 1 (z) c ,
z = H 1 ` . H Im F , . .
x c H = F x,
f c

H(f ) = f (x) = x() (f ) (1) +

x(m) (f ) (m + 1).
m=1

y c y(1) = x()
m N,
H(f ) = f (x) =

y(m + 1) = x(m)

y(m) (f ) (m) = 1 (y) (f )

m=1

, H = 1 (y) . ,

z ` \c

H = 1 (z) c \ Im F , .

5.2.10. `1 .
. 5.2.3 -

`1 = ` . : `1 ` | , .
5.1.1 F : `1 `
1 Im F 6= `1 ,

. . H `1 \ Im F .
, x `1
f `1
(F x)(f ) = f (x) =

x(m) (f ) (m).

m=1
1
` . H `
1 g = H

f `1 , y = (f ) ` , H(f ) = g(y). , H
Im F , g = H 1
` x `1 , ,

g(y) =

x(m)y(m)

m=1

275

y ` .

 g ` , , H = g `
1 \ Im F .
g0 : c C g(z) = z()
z c. , kg0 k = 1, . . g0 |
, c ` . 5.1.1 -,
g ` , , g = g0 c, kgk = kg0 k = 1. , g
x `1 , , y `

P
g(y) =
x(m)y(m). m N :
m=1

x(m) = g(em ) = g0 (em ) = em () = 0.

, g | , kgk = 1. , H = g `
1 Im F , .
`1 .

5.2.11. (X, k kX ) | , ,
. X .
. X -

{fm }
m=1 . , fm 6= 0 m N.
m N xm X , , kxm kX = 1 |fm (xm )| > kf2 k .
M
{xm }
m=1 c , .
M . , Q = {rm }
m=1 | , - . N, L N

m

(
MN,L =

N
X

(rmk + irnk )xk

k=1

276

1 mk , nk L

)
.

 MN,L ,
M=

MN,L .

N,L=1

, M . , M
X , . . [M ] = X . , , . . [M ] 6= X . ,
[M ] X . 1
5.1.2 f X , ,
f (x) = 0 x [M ]. , f (xm ) = 0 m N. > 0 m() N, ,
kf fm() k < .

kf
m() k

,
f fm() f (xm() ) fm() (xm() ) = fm() (xm() ) >
2

kfm() k < 2. , kf k < 3, > 0 kf k = 0. f = 0,

f .

5.2.1. ` `1 , , `1 . ,
`1 .
. 5.2.3 `1 = ` . , ` = `
1 .
5.1.1 ` , `1 . `1 , 5.2.1 .
`1 = ` , 5.2.11 ` , . ,
S ` , , x S x(k) = 0 x(k) = 1 k N,
m N k > m, , x(k) = 0. : S

P
x(k)
[0, 1) (x) =
x S
2
k=1
S [0, 1). , S [0, 1), . . .
k

277

 x, y S , x 6= y kx yk = 1. `
{zm }
m=1 ` , x S
m(x) N, , kx zm(x) k < 13 . x, y S ,
x 6= y
kzm(x) zm(y) k kx yk kx zm(x) k ky zm(y) k >

1
.
3

, zm(x) 6= zm(y) .
A = { zm(x) | x S }

S , . . . , A , . .
. .

5.3.
5.3.1 (, ). H | . f H z(f ) H, , f (x) = (x, z(f ))
x H, kf k = kz(f )k. z: H H H H,
-, . . z(f + g) = z(f ) + z(g)
z(f ) = z(f ) f, g H , C.
. f = 0,
z(0) = 0. f
H . Ker f | H, H. 3.2.2 H = Ker f (Ker f )

Ker f 6= H, (Ker f ) 6= 0. y

(Ker f ) . f (y) 6= 0, x H
x ff (x)
y Ker f . ,

(y)
f (x)
0 = x f (y) y, y = (x, y) ff (x)
(y) (y, y), . .

f (y)
f (y)
f (x) = x, (y,y) y . z(f ) = (y,y)
y ,

x H f (x) = x, z(f ) .
278

, w H, ,
f (x) = (x, w) x H.

x, z(f ) w = 0 x H.
, x = z(f ) w H

z(f ) w, z(f ) w = 0,

. . z(f ) = w. , z(f ).
|

|f (x)| kxk kz(f )k

x H.

, kf k kz(f )k. ,

kz(f )k =

z(f ), z(f )
kz(f )k

f (z(f ))
kf k.
kz(f )k

, kf k = kz(f )k.
f, g H

xH

(f + g)(x) = x, z(f + g) = f (x) + g(x) =

= x, z(f ) + x, z(g) = x, z(f ) + z(g) .

, x H

x, z(f + g) z(f ) z(g) = 0.

x = z(f + g) z(f ) z(g)

z(f + g) z(f ) z(g), z(f + g) z(f ) z(g) = 0,

. . z(f + g) = z(f ) + z(g).

f H C x H

(f )(x) = x, z(f ) = f (x) = x, z(f ) = x, z(f ) .

279

, x H

x, z(f ) z(f ) = 0.

x = z(f ) z(f )

z(f ) z(f ), z(f ) z(f ) = 0,

. . z(f ) = z(f ).
, z: H H
H, . . y H f H , , z(f ) = y. y H
f (x) = (x, y), x H. |f (x)| kxk kyk,
kf k kyk. , f H .

f
z(f ) H f (x) = x, z(f )
x H, z(f ) = y, .

5.3.1. H -

F : H H

(F x)(f ) = f (x) x H f H . 5.1.2 , H

y H, , F y = . z: H H
| - , 5.3.1.
H f = z 1 , . . f (x) =
= (z 1 (x)) x H. |f (x)|
kk kz 1 (x)k = kk kxk x H, . . kf k kk. , f H . y =
= z (f ). g H

(F y)(g) = g(y) = z (f ) , z(g) = f z(g) = z 1 z(g) = (g),

. . F y = , .

5.3.1. E M() L2 (E)R, (x, y) = x y d x, y L2 (E), E

. , x, y L2 (E)
280

 t E
|x(t)y(t)| = |x(t)| |y(t)|
2

|x(t)|2 + |y(t)|2
.
2

|x| +|y|
L(E), 4.3.2 2
|xy| L(E), . . (x, y)
x, y L2 (E) , , 1|4 3.2.1 .
(x, x) = kxk2 . 5.3.1 |
,

f L2 (E)
z L2 (E)
Z

f (x) =

x z d

x L2 (E),

kf k = kzk2 .

5.4.

(X, k k).

5.4.1. x0 X , -

> 0
n

V (x0 , f, ) =

w =

x X |f (x) f (x0 )| < .

X,

V (x0 , f, ) x0 X, f X , > 0 ,

X w .

5.4.1. , w
1.1.10, x X
f X x V (x, f, 1). X w , X = V (0, 0, 1) w . , w
X , 5.4.1 .
281

 5.4.2. w (X, k k) , f
X w . , f X , x0 X
> 0 x0 V (x0 , f, )
w , , x V (x0 , f, ) 5.4.1
|f (x) f (x0 )| < . , f X
X .
, . .
f : X C X , f X , . . f X . , f , > 0
U0 w , ,
x U0 |f (x)| < . N , {xk }N
k=1 X ,

N
{fk }N

{
}
k
k=1
k=1 , ,
0

N
\

V (xk , fk , k ) U0 .

k=1

|fk (xk )| < k k 1, N .

= min
k1,N

k |fk (xk )| > 0.

N
T

V (0, fk , )

k=1

|fk (x) fk (xk )| |fk (x)| + |fk (xk )| < + |fk (xk )| k

, x
N
\
k=1

N
T
k=1

V (xk , fk , k ),

V (0, fk , )

N
\

k 1, N .

. .

V (xk , fk , k ) U0 .

k=1

, x |fk (x)| <

k 1, N |f (x)| < . ,
282

N
T

t > 0
|fk (tx)| = |tfk (x)| = 0 < . |f (tx)| < , . . |f (x)| < t 0
t +. , f (x) = 0, . . x Ker f . ,

x

Ker fk

k=1

N
\

Ker fk Ker f.

k=1

: X CN

(x) = f1 (x), . . . , fN (x)

x X.

H: Im C H (x) = f (x)
x X . H ,
x X y X Im , . . (x) = (y),

N
T
xy
Ker fk Ker f . ,

k=1
f (x) = f (y), . . H (x) = H (y) . ,
H , x, y X , C

H (x) + (y) = H (x + y) =

= f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) = H (x) + H (y) .

H ,
Im , {k }N
k=1 C, , x X
N

X
H (x) =
k fk (x) = f (x),
k=1
N
P

. . f =
k fk . fk X k 1, N , k=1
f X , .
283

 5.4.3. w X n , . .
w n , w n . . x0 X , f
X > 0 z V (x0 , f, ).
r = |f (z) f (x0 )|.
r
x kx zk < kf k+1

|f (x) f (x0 )| |f (x) f (z)| + |f (z) f (x0 )|

kf k kx zk + |f (z) f (x0 )| < r + |f (z) f (x0 )| = .

, x V (x0 , f, ). , V (x0 , f, ) n -
, . . V (x0 , f, ) n . ,
w n , .
, , , f : X C X , . . f X . , f , , 1.1.6,
C G f 1 (G) = { x
X | f (x) G} X .
X . , 1.1.6,
f X .
X .
w X n , . .
w
n . , n - O1X (0) 6 w . , U0 O1X (0). , 5.4.2, U0 N ,
N
T

{fk }N
V (0, fk , ) U0 .
k=1 X > 0, ,
N
T
k=1

Ker fk

N
T
k=1

k=1

V (0, fk , ),

N
T
k=1

N
T
k=1

Ker fk U0 .

Ker fk . -

, {zk }N
k=1 X ,

284

,
N
\

Ker fk Lin{z1 , . . . , zN } = X.

k=1

N . , z1 X , , Ker f1 Lin{z1 } = X . f1 = 0,
z1 = 0. f1 6= 0, z1 X , ,
f (z1 ) 6= 0. x X x = y + ff (z(x)) z1 ,
y = x ff (z(x)) z1 Ker f1 . , X = Ker f1 + Lin{z1 }. x Ker f1
Lin{z1 }, x = tz1 0 = f (x) = tf (z1 ), . . t = 0 x = 0.
Ker f1 Lin{z1 } = {0}, . . Ker f1
Lin{z1 } . , , ,
1

NT
1
k=1

Ker fk Lin{z1 , . . . , zN 1 } = X .

NT
1

fN LN =
Ker fk .
k=1
, zN LN , ,

LN Ker fN Lin{zN } = LN .

X = LN Lin{z1 , . . . , zN 1 } =

= LN Ker fN Lin{zN } Lin{z1 , . . . , zN 1 } =

=

N
\

Ker fk Lin{z1 , . . . , zN },

k=1

. dim X = +,
dim Lin{z1 , . . . , zN } N,

dim

N
T
k=1

Ker fk = +.
N
T

Ker fk

k=1

285

, -

. x
U0

, z =

2x
kxk

N
T

Ker fk

k=1

N
T

Ker fk

k=1

: kzk = 2 > 1, . . z 6 O1X (0), z U0 . ,

, U0 6 O1X (0), . . O1X (0) 6 w .
5.4.2. n X .
5.4.4. X ,
dim X = n. X
. , U0 , O1X (0).
, U0 .
G X x G
X
r(x) > 0, , Or(x)
(x) G.
V (x) = x + r(x)U0 x,
X
(x) G. ,
V (x) x + r(x)O1X (0) = Or(x)

[
[
G=

{x}

xG

V (x) G.

xG

V (x), . . , G =
xG
G
. 5.4.3
X ,
X .
U0
O1X (0). {ek }nk=1 | X . x X
n
P
k (x), , x =
k (x)ek . , k : X C
k=1

n
P

, kxke =
|k (x)| X .
k=1
3.1.1 k ke k kX . , C1 > 0 C2 > 0, , x X

C1 kxkX kxke C2 kxkX .

286

 k 1, n x X |k (x)| kxke C2 kxkX . , kk k C2 , . .

k X .

U0 =

n
\

0, k ,

k=1

C1
n

x U0
|k (x)| <

C1
n

k 1, n.

, x U0 , kxke < C1 kxkX kxk

< 1, . . x O1X (0). ,
C
U0 O1X (0), .
e

5.4.1.
{xn }
n=1 X

y X , . . xn
y n
, , f X
f (xn ) f (y) n .
w

. xn

n . 5.4.2 f X .
, 1.1.7 f
, . . f (xn )
f (y) n .
f X f (xn ) f (y) n .
U (y) y. M , {zm }M
m=1 X ,

{
{fm }M
m }m=1 , , m=1

M
\

V (zm , fm , m ) U (y).

m=1

287

n
lim fm (xn )
|fm (y) fm (zm )| < m .
m 1, M

= min
m1,M

= fm (y)

m |fm (y) fm (zm )| > 0.

N , , n > N m 1, M
|fm (xn )fm (y)| < . n > N

|fm (xn ) fm (zm )| |fm (xn ) fm (y)| + |fm (y) fm (zm )| <
< + |fm (y) fm (zm )| m m 1, M .

, n > N
xn

M
\

V (zm , fm , m ) U (y),

m=1

. . xn
y n , .
w

5.4.2. X .
. {xn }
n=1 X

y z . 5.4.1 f X f (y) =
= lim f (xn ) = f (z). , f (y z) = 0 f X .
n
3 5.1.2 |
y z = 0, . . y = z , .

5.4.1. , .
(`2 , kk2 ) {en }
n=1 ,

en (k) =

1, k = n,
0, k =
6 n.

m 6= n kem en k2 = 2, kk2 - , , `2 . 5.3.1 |

, f (`2 )
288

z `2 , , f (x) = (x, z) =
x(k)z(k) x
k=1
`2 .
f (en ) = (en , z) = z(n) 0 = f (0)

n .

, en 0 n .
w

5.4.3.
{xn }
n=1 X

x X .
sup kxn k < +,

nN

. . {xn }
n=1
X ( ),
kxk lim kxn k.
n

{n }
n=1 X
n (f ) = f (xn ) f X ,

n N.

4 5.1.2 |
kn k =

sup
f X : kf k=1

|f (xn )| = kxn k.

lim n (f ) = lim f (xn ) = f (x).

3.4.6
X = L(X , C), X = L(X, C)
3.4.1 C. ,
n : X C , ,
L(X , C). , 3.4.2 |
X ,
. . sup kn k = sup kxn k < +, .
nN

nN

289

 f X n |f (xn )| kf k kxn k,
n
|f (x)| = lim |f (xn )| = lim |f (xn )| kf k lim kxn k.
n

, 4 5.1.2 |
kxk =

sup

|f (x)|

f X : kf k=1

sup
f X : kf k=1

kf k lim kxn k = lim kxn k.

n

5.4.5. 5.4.3,
X .
, .

5.4.1 (). `1 .
. , , {xn }
n=1 `1 ,
`1 x `1 , . .
kxn xk1 6 0 n . yn =
= xn x. yn , `1 .
5.4.3 kyn k1
, {yn }
k=1 , , lim kyn k1 =
k
= c > 0. k0 , , k > k0
yn 6= 0.
k

zm =

ynm+k0
kynm+k0 k1

m N.

`1

!
lim f (ynm+k0 )
f (ynm+k0 )
0
lim f (zm ) = lim
= m
= = 0 = f (0),
m
m
kynm+k0 k1
lim kynm+k0 k1
c

290

. . zm `1 kzm k1 = 1
m N.
k N fk : `1 C
fk (x) = x(k) x X .
kfk k =

sup

|x(k)| = 1,

x`1 : kxk1 =1

. . fk `1 . , k
N fk (zm ) = zm (k) 0 m .
m1 = 1 p0 = 0.
kzm1 k1 =

|zm1 (k)| = 1,

k=1

p1 , ,
p1
X

|zm1 (k)| >

k=1

3
.
4

, , ,
j N
1 = m1 < m2 < . . . < mj

0 = p0 < p1 < . . . < pj ,

, s 1, j
ps1

|zms (k)| <

k=1

1
,
4

ps
X

|zms (k)| >

k=ps1 +1

k N zm (k)
mj+1 > mj , ,
pj
X

|zmj+1 (k)| <

k=1

kzm

j+1

k1 = 1,

3
.
4

1
.
4

|zmj+1 (k)| = 1

k=pj +1

pj
X
k=1

291

|zmj+1 (k)| >

3
.
4

m ,

 pj+1 > pj , ,
pj+1

3
.
4

|zmj+1 (k)| >

k=pj +1

w
|w| ,

w=
6 0,
0, w = 0,

(w) =

w(w)
:

= |w|.

` = `1

(k) = zms (k)

k ps1 < k ps s N. kk 1.
f0 `1 ,
` , . .
f0 (x) =

(k)x(k)

x `1 .

k=1

kf0 k = kk 1. s N:

(k)zms (k)
f0 (zms ) =

k=1

ps1

|(k)| |zms (k)|

k=1

|(k)| |zms (k)|

k=ps +1
ps1

ps
X

|zms (k)|

k=ps1 +1

=2

zms (k) zms (k)

k=ps1 +1

ps
X

k=1
ps
X

|zms (k)|

|zms (k)| kzms k1 >

k=ps1 +1

|zms (k)| =

k=ps +1

1
3
1= .
2
2

zm `1 s
, . ., , f0 (zm ) 0
s , |f0 (zm )| >
> 12 s N. , `1 .
s

292

 5.4.1.

x X kxk = 1

n
S=

| X . , S X , . .

n
[S]w = B1 (0) =

x X kxk 1 .

. x0 6 B1 (0), . .
kx0 k > 1. 2 5.1.2
f0 X , , kf0 k = 1 f (x0 ) = kx0 k.
x V (x0 , f0 , kx0 k 1)

kxk |f0 (x)| |f0 (x0 )| |f0 (x) f0 (x0 )| > kx0 k kx0 k 1 = 1,
. . x 6 B1 (0). ,
S V (x0 , f0 , kx0 k 1) = ,

[S]w B1 (0).

x0 6 [S]w .

z0 B1 (0), . . kz0 k
U (z0 ) z0 .
N
N , {zk }N
k=1 X , {fk }k=1
X {k }N
,
,

k=1

1,

z0

N
\

V (zk , fk , k ) U (z0 ).

k=1

x z0 +

N
T
k=1

Ker fk

k 1, N fk (x) = fk (z0 ). |fk (x) fk (zk )| =

= |fk (z0 ) fk (zk )| < k k 1, N . ,
z0 +

N
\
k=1

Ker fk

N
\

V (zk , fk , k ) U (z0 ).

k=1

293

 5.4.3, dim X = +
N
T
Ker fk = +.
dim
y

k=1
N
T

N
T

k=1

k=1

Ker fk .

Ker fk

t R

ty

z0 + ty U (z0 ).
(t) = kz0 + tyk,

t R.

, R, , t, R
|(t) ( )| |t | kyk. (0) = kz0 k 1
(t) |t| kyk kz0 k + t , t0 R, ,
(t0 ) = 1. , z0 +t0 y S .
S U (z0 ) 6= , . . z0 [S] . ,
B1 (0) [S] , .
w

5.4.2 (). A X
. A
, .
. A . Ac = X\A , . . Ac w .
5.4.3 X
, , Ac n . , A . ,
A.
A . ,
Ac .
x0 6 A. {x0 } (X, k k), (X, k k) A. ,
5.1.2 f0 X
1 < 2 , , a A

Re f0 (x0 ) < 1 < 2 < Re f0 (a).

294

 = 2 1 > 0. x V (x0 , f0 , )

Re f0 (x) = Re f0 (x0 ) + Re f0 (x) Re f0 (x0 ) <

< 1 + |f0 (x) f0 (x0 )| < 1 + = 2 < Re f0 (a)

a A. , V (x0 , f0 , )
A f0 . ,
V (x0 , f0 , ) A = , . . V (x0 , f0 , ) Ac . , x0 Ac V (x0 , f0 , ),
Ac . , Ac
, A X .

5.4.6. X . ,
5.4.1, S
X , , , .
5.4.3. {xn }
n=1 -

X , U (0) M , , n, m M
xn xm U (0).

5.4.4. {xn }
n=1 -

X , f X {f (xn )}
n=1
C.

. {xn }
n=1 X . f
X > 0
V (0, f, ). 5.4.3 M =
= M (f, ), , n, m M
xn xm V (0, f, ),

|f (xn xm ) f (0)| = |f (xn ) f (xm )| < .

295

 , {f (xn )}
n=1
C.
f X {f (xn )}
n=1 C.
U (0). 5.4.2, U (0) N ,

{fk }N
k=1 X > 0, ,

N
\

V (0, fk , ) U (0).

k=1

k 1, N {fk (xn )}
n=1 C, Mk , ,
n, m Mk |fk (xn ) fk (xm )| < , xn xm V (0, fk , ).
M = max Mk . n, m M
k1,N

xn xm

N
\

V (0, fk , ) U (0).

k=1

, {xn }
n=1 X .

5.4.4. X ,
X X .
5.4.5. X . .
. {xn }
n=1 , . . > 0
M = M (), , n, m M kxn xm k . , f X |f (xn ) f (xm )| kf k kxn xm k kf k
n, m M . , 5.4.4 {xn }
n=1 X .
296

 y X , , xn
, f

y n . X n, m M

|f (xn y)| |f (xn xm )| + |f (xm ) f (y)| kf k + |f (xm ) f (y)|.

m
|f (xm ) f (y)| 0 m ,
|f (xn y)| kf k n M (),

f X .

, 4 5.1.2
kxn yk =

sup
f X : kf k=1

|f (xn y)|

n M (),

. . xn X y n . ,
X .

5.4.6. X . .
. X ,
X = L(X , C), 3.4.1. , X . X X
F : X X (F x)(f ) = f (x)
x X f X . X {xn }
n=1 .
5.4.4

{F xn }
n=1 L(X , C) = X

L(X , C). X =
= L(X, C) C , 3.4.4
L(X , C) = X . , X , ,
f X (F xn )(f ) = f (xn ) (f )
n . X
y X , , F y = .
(f ) = (F y)(f ) = f (y) f X . , f (xn ) f (y) n f X .
297

 5.4.1 ,
.

w
xn
y

n ,

5.4.2.
, . c0 , 5.2. 5.2.8, c0 . ,
c0 .

{xn }n=1
c0

xn (k) =

(1)k , k n,
0, k > n

n N.

f c0
z `1 , , x c0
f (x) =

x(k)z(k).

k=1

m, n m > n
|f (xn ) f (xm )|

m
X
k=n+1

|z(k)|

|z(k)| 0

n .

k=n+1

, xn c0 . , c0
y c0 . k N fk c0
fk (x) = x(k) x c0 .
fk (xn ) = xn (k) fk (y) = y(k)

n k N.

k N n > k xn (k) = (1)k ,

y(k) = (1)k k N. y 6 c0 , . .
. ,
c0 xn c0 ,
.

5.4.7. S X

X .
{xn }
n=1 X

298

 X y X
, X , . .
R > 0, , kxn k R n N,
f S f (xn ) f (y) n
.

. 5.4.1 5.4.3.
. g Lin S
S , g(xn ) g(y) n .
Lin S X S , f X > 0
g Lin S , , kf gk R+kyk
.
N , , n N |g(xn )
g(y)| . , n N
|f (xn ) f (y)| |f (xn ) g(xn )| + |g(xn ) g(y)| + |g(y) f (y)|

kf gk kxn k + kyk +
R + kyk + = 2.
R + kyk

, f X f (xn ) f (y) n , 5.4.1

xn y.

5.4.1. p > 1 {xn }

n=1 `p `p y `p
, R > 0, , kxn kp R
n N, xn (k) y(k) n k N.
. 5.2.4 `p = `q , p1 + 1q = 1. : `p `q
: f `p (f ) = z `q , , kf k = kzkq ,

P
x `p f (x) =
x(k)z(k). `q
k=1
E = {em }
m=1 ,

em (k) =

1, k = m,
0, k =
6 m.

299

m N fm = 1 (em ), . .
fm (x) = x(m) x `p . `p `q , S =

= {fm }
m=1 `p . ,
S `p . 5.4.7 ,
{xn }
n=1 `p `p
y `p , R > 0, ,
kxn kp R n N, fk (xn ) = xn (k) fk (y) = y(k)
n k N, .

5.4.2.

c0 y c0 , R > 0, , kxn k R n N,
xn (k) y(k) n k N.
{xn }
n=1 c0

. 5.2.5 c0

= `1 . : c0 `1 : f c0 (f ) = z `1 , ,
kf k = kzk1 , x c0
P
f (x) =
x(k)z(k). E = {em }
m=1
k=1
`1 , m fm =
= 1 (em ), . . fm (x) = x(m) x c0 .
c0 `1 ,
S = {fm }
m=1 c0 . , S c0 .
5.4.7 , {xn }
n=1 c0
c0 y c0 ,
R > 0, , kxn k R n N,
fk (xn ) = xn (k) fk (y) = y(k) n k N,
.

5.4.3.

c y c ,
R > 0, , kxn k R n N, xn (k) y(k),
xn () y() n k N.
{xn }
n=1 c

. 5.2.6
c = `1 . : c `1
: f c (f ) = z `1 , , kf k = kzk1 ,
300

f (x) = x()z(1) + x(k)z(k + 1). k=1

E = {em }
m=1 `1 ,
m fm = 1 (em ), . . f1 (x) = x()
fm+1 (x) = x(m) x c.
c `1 ,
S = {fm }
m=1 c .
, S c . 5.4.7
, {xn }
n=1 c c
y c , R > 0,
, kxn k R n N,
f1 (xn ) = xn () f1 (y) = y(), fk+1 (xn ) = xn (k) fk+1 (y) = y(k)
n k N, .
xc

5.4.3. , `2 . S `2 ,
.

,
`2 S
`2 .
(. [2, . I, . 3, . 100, . 9]). `2
E = {em }
m=1 . m N kem k2 = 1
em (k) = 0 m > k , 5.4.1 , em
`2 m .
n

S=

em + men m, n N .

m N em + men
em n ,
em [S].. . , S E [S].. .
z [S].. .

mk nk , , em +mk en
z k . kem + mk en k2 mk 1, 5.4.1
, mk . , mk = m0 . , nk ,
nk = n0 ,
z = em + m0 en S . nk ,
w

rs

301

 nk s . ,
em + mk en = em + m0 en
em
s , . . z = em E . ,
[S].. S E , . . [S].. = S E .

em
0 m ,
rs

rs

krs

krs

krs

h
i
0 [S E].. = [S]..
.
..

0 6 S E = [S].. . ,
h
i
[S].. 6= [S]..

..

5.4.8. X

. R > 0 BR (0) X , . .
n
w (R) =

U BR (0) U w .

BR (0), w (R) , . . w (R) .

, X

F = {fn }
n=1 X , . . n N kfn k = 1,
g X kgk = 1 > 0 m =
= m(g, ), , kg fm k .
x, y BR (0)

(x, y) =

2n fn (x y) .

n=1

, BR (0).
|fn (x y)| kfn k kx yk 2R, 0
(x, y) 2R x, y BR (0). , (x, y) = 0,
fn (x y) = 0 n N.
302



gX

. > 0
g

m N, , kgk fm . ,

|g(x y)| = kgk

fm (x y) kgk2R 0
kgk

+0.

, g X g(x y) = 0. 3 5.1.2
| x y = 0, . . x = y. (x, y) =
= (y, x) . x, y, z BR (0) n N
|fn (x y)| = |fn (x z) + fn (z y)| |fn (x z)| + |fn (z y)|.

, (x, y) (x, z) + (z, y), . .

.
(R) | BR (0),
. , w (R) = (R).
, w (R)
n
w (R) =

V (x, f, ) BR (0) x X, f X , > 0 .

, w (R) (R)
.
x X , f X > 0. f = 0, V (x, f, ) = X V (x, f, ) BR (0) = BR (0) (R), . .
. f 6= 0.
g = kff k = kf k . V (x, f, ) =
= V (x, g, ). y V (x, g, ) BR (0),
. . |g(y x)| < kyk R. m, ,
kg fm k < |g(yx)|
. r = |g(yx)|
> 0.
4R
2
z BR (0) (y, z) < r.
|fm (z y)| < 2m r = |g(yx)|
. ,
2
w (R) (R).

m+1

|g(z x)| |g(z y)| + |g(y x)|

k(g fm )(z y)| + |fm (z y)| + |g(y x)| <
+ |g(y x)|
|g(y x)| + |g(y x)|
< kg fm k2R +
<
+
= ,
2
2
2

303

. . z V (x, g, ) BR (0) = V (x, f, ) BR (0).

, y V (x, f, )BR (0)
- .
V (x, f, ) BR (0) (R),

.
(R) w (R). (R) (R) -

Or (x) =

y BR (0) (x, y) < r ,

x BR (0),

r > 0,

(R) w (R). x BR (0) r > 0. y

Or (x), . . y BR (0) (x, y) < r. N , ,
2N < r(x,y)
.
=r(x,y)
> 0. 4R
2

N
T

n=1

V (y, fn , ) BR (0) = U (y) w (R).

(x, z) (y, z)+(x, y)

N
X

2n |fn (y z)|+

n=1

2n 2R+(x, y) <

n=N +1

r (x, y) r (x, y)
+
+ (x, y) = r.
< + 2N 2R + (x, y) <
2
2

, z Or (x), . . U (y) Or (x).

Or (x) =

{y}

yOr (x)

. .

U (y) Or (x),

yOr (x)

Or (x) =

S
yOr (x)

U (y) w (R),

5.4.4. X ,
X .
{xn }
n=1 X , , kxn k = 1 n N xn 0
n . , X , .
w

304

n
o 5.4.1,

S = x X kxk = 1
B1 (0), . . [S] = B1 (0). S B1 (0), B1 (0) 5.4.8,
1.2.1 S
. ,
x B1 (0) {xn }
n=1 S ,
x, . . xn x n .
x = 0.
w

5.4.7. , X X . , `1 `1 = ` . 5.4.1
`1 . , S `1 . 5.4.1 S
`1 . ,
1.2.1
`1 .
5.4.8. X ,

X . F = {fn }
n=1 X |

X .

(x, y) =

2n fn (x y)

x, y X

n=1

| X , 5.4.8. ,
X , .
5.4.3, n n
T
Ln X , ,
Ker fk Ln =
k=1
= X . X , n
T

Ker fk . , xn
k=1

n
T

k=1

Ker fk , , kxn k = n. -

305

 X xn , 5.4.3. , (xn , 0) 0 n . , xn fk (xn ) = 0 k 1, n,

(xn , 0) =

X
k=n+1

X
n

2k fk (xn )
2k n = n 0
2

n ,

k=n+1

. ,
X .

5.5. *

(X, k k). w w X .

5.5.1. x X , f0 X > 0
V (x, f0 , ) =

w =

f X |f (x) f0 (x)| < .

X ,

V (x, f0 , ) x X, f0 X , > 0 ,

* X w .

5.5.1. , w
1.1.10, x X f
X f V (x, f, 1). X w , X = V (0, 0, 1) w . , w
X , 5.5.1 *.

5.5.2. F : X X | -

(F x)(f ) = f (x) x X f
306

X ,

 5.1.1.

V (x, f0 , ) =

x X , f0 X

> 0

f X |(F x)(f ) (F x)(f0 )| < =

= V (f0 , F x, ) w
,

. . w w w w . X , . . 5.1.2

Im F = X , w = w
w = w .

5.5.3. w * X ,
Im F X *
w . , Im F
x X , , = F x, . . (f ) = f (x)
f X . f0 X > 0
* f0 V (x, f0 , )
w , , f V (x, f0 , ) 5.5.1
|f (x) f (x0 )| = |(f ) (f0 )| < . , Im F * X .
, . . : X C * X , Im F ,
. . = F x X
x X . , * , > 0 *
U0 w , , f U0
|(f )| < . * , N

N , {xk }N
k=1 X , {fk }k=1 X
N
{k }k=1 , ,

N
\

V (xk , fk , k ) U0 .

k=1

|fk (xk )| < k k 1, N .

= min
k1,N

k |fk (xk )| > 0.

307

N
T

V (xk , 0, )

k=1

|f (xk ) fk (xk )| |f (xk )| + |fk (xk )| < + |fk (xk )| k

, f
N
\

N
T
k=1

V (xk , fk , k ),

V (xk , 0, )

k=1

N
\

k 1, N .

. .

V (xk , fk , k ) U0 .

k=1

, f X |f (xk )| =
= |(F xk )(f )| < k 1, N |(f )| < .
N
T

, f
Ker(F xk )
k=1
t > 0 |(tf )(xk )| = |t(F xk )(f )| = 0 < ,
|(tf )| < , . . |(f )| < t 0 t +. , (f ) =
= 0, . . f Ker . ,
N
\

Ker(F xk ) Ker .

k=1

: X CN

(f ) = f (x1 ), . . . , f (xN )

f X .

H: Im C H (f ) = (f )
f X . H ,
f X g X
Im , . . (f ) =
N
T
= (g), f g
Ker(F xk ) Ker .
k=1

, (f ) = (g), . . H (f ) =

= H (g) . , H ,
f, g X , C

H (f ) + (g) = H (f + g) = (f + g) =

= (f ) + (g) = H (f ) + H (g) .

308

 H ,
Im , {k }N
k=1 C, , f X
N
N

X
X
k (F xk )(f ) = (f ),
k f (xk ) =
H (f ) =
k=1

k=1

N
P

N
P

. . =
k (F xk ) = F
k xk . ,
k=1
k=1
Im F X , .

5.5.4. X , . .
Im F 6= X . * X
X . ,
X \ Im F.

5.5.3 5.4.2 * X . , 5.5.2, w w .

5.5.1.

{fn }
n=1 X

* g X , x X
fn (x) g(x) n .

. fn

g n . 5.5.3 x X F x X * . , 1.1.7
F x , . . (F x)(fn ) = fn (x) (F x)(g) = g(x) n .
x X fn (x) g(x)
n . * U (g)
g. * M

M , {zm }M
m=1 X , {hm }m=1 X M
{m }m=1 , ,
g

M
\

V (zm , hm , m ) U (g).

m=1

309

 m 1, M

lim fn (zm ) = g(zm )

|g(zm ) hm (zm )| < m .

= min
m1,M

m |g(zm ) hm (zm )|

> 0.

N , , n > N m 1, M
|g(zm ) fn (zm )| < . n > N
|fn (zm ) hm (zm )| |fn (zm ) g(zm )| + |g(zm ) hm (zm )| <
< + |g(zm ) hm (zm )| m m 1, M .

, n > N
fn

M
\

V (zm , hm , m ) U (g),

m=1

. . fn

n , .

5.5.2. * X .

. {fn }
n=1 X

* g X h X .
5.5.1 x X
g(x) = lim fn (x) = h(x). , g(x) = h(x)
n
x X , g = h.

5.5.1.
X , , X * . X = c0 . 5.2.5 5.2.3 X = `1 X = ` .
fn c0 fn (y) = y(n) y c0 . 5.2.5 fn
en `1
fn (y) =

y(k)en (k).

k=1

310

 y c0 fn (y) = y(n) 0 n . , fn *
c0 , . . en *

`1 . c
0 = `1 = ` , k
z ` z(k) = (1) 5.2.3

P
x(k)z(k) x `1 . (x) =
k=1

(en ) =
en (k)z(k) = (1)n ,
k=1
n . , en `1 , . .
fn c0 .

5.5.5. , , *
, .
` , ,
5.2.3, `1 .
: `1 ` | , 5.2.3. zn `

zn (k) =

1, k n,
0, k > n,

z(k) = 1 k N. x `1

X
1

x(k)
|x(k)| 0
(z) (x) (zn ) (x) =

k=n+1

k=n+1

n . , 5.5.1, zn * z . 5.5.2 *, , 5.5.2, zn

z . !
, L = Lin{zn }
n=1 , .
311

, z L ` . z 6 [L]. ,
1 5.1.2 -
f ` , , f (z) = 1 f = 0 [L].
f (zn ) = 0 n N, . . f (zn )
f (z) n . ,
zn *
` , .

5.5.3. X . R > 0 *
BR (0) X , . .
n

w (R) =

U BR
(0) U w .

BR (0), w (R) , . . w (R) .

. X ,
X
A = {xn }
n=1 X , . . n N
kxn k = 1, x X kxk = 1
> 0 m = m(x, ), ,

kx xm k . f, g BR
(0)

(f, g) =

2n f (xn ) g(xn ) .

n=1

, BR (0).
|f (xn ) g(xn )| kf k + kgk kxn k 2R,
0 (f, g) 2R f, g BR (0). , (f, g) =
= 0, f (xn ) = g(xn ) n N. ,
f (x) = g(x) x E = Lin{xn }
n=1 . E X ,
f g f (x) = g(x)
x X , . . f = g. (f, g) = (g, f ) .
f, g, h BR (0) n N
|f (xn ) g(xn )| |f (xn ) h(xn )| + |h(xn ) g(xn )|. ,
312

 (f, g) (f, h) + (g, h), . .

.
(R) | BR (0),
. , w (R) = (R).
, w (R)

w (R) =

V (x, f, ) BR
(0) x X, f X , > 0 .

, w (R) (R)
w (R) (R). .
x X , f X > 0.
x = 0, V (x, f, ) = X V (x, f, ) BR (0) = BR (0) (R),
. . . x 6= 0. x

y = kxk
= kxk
.
V (x, f, ) = V (y, f, ).

g V (y, f, ) BR
(0),

. .

|g(y) f (y)| < kgk R. m, ,

(y)|
(y)|
ky xm k < |g(y)f
. r = |g(y)f
> 0. 4R
2m+1

h BR (0) (g, h) < r.

(y)|
. |h(xm ) g(xm )| < 2m r = |g(y)f
2

|h(y) f (y)| |h(y) g(y)| + |g(y) f (y)|

k(h g)(y xm )| + |(h g)(xm )| + |(g f )(y)| <
+ |(g f )(y)|
|(g f )(y)| + |(g f )(y)|
< kyxm k2R+
<
+
= ,
2
2
2

. . h V (y, f, )BR (0) = V (x, f, )BR (0).

, g V (x, f, )BR (0)
- .

V (x, f, ) BR
(0) (R), .
(R) w (R).
(R) (R) -

Or (f ) =

g BR
(0) (f, g) < r ,

f BR
(0),

r > 0,

(R) w (R).
f BR (0) r > 0.

313

 g Or (f ), . . g BR (0) (f, g) < r.

N , , 2N < r(f,g)
. = r(f,g)
> 0.
4R
2

N
\

!
V (xn , g, )

BR
(0) = U (g) w (R).

n=1

(f, h) (g, h) + (f, g)

N
X

2n |(g h)(xn )| +

n=1

2n 2R + (f, g) <

n=N +1

r (f, g) r (f, g)
+
+ (f, g) = r.
< + 2N 2R + (f, g) <
2
2

, h
Or (f ).
Or (f ) =

Or (f ),
[

. .
[

{g}

gOr (f )

U (g)

U (g) Or (f ),

gOr (f )

. . Or (f ) =
.

S
gOr (f )

U (g) w (R),

5.5.4.
X , {fn }
n=1 X

* g X .
sup kfn k < +

nN

kgk lim kfn k.

n

. x X {fn (x)}
n=1 g(x),
. ,
X , 3.4.2 |
{fn }
n=1 L(X, C) = X ,
. . sup kfn k < +. x X |g(x)| =
nN
= lim |fn (x)|. x X kxk = 1 > 0
n
314

 N , , n N |g(x)| |fn (x)| + kfn k + .

n ,
|g(x)| lim kfn k + . , > 0
n

kgk = sup |g(x)| lim kfn k + ,

n

kxk=1

+0 kgk

lim kfn k.

5.5.2. X * X , X .
(X, k k) = (`1 , k k ) (. 1.4.4). n N fn : X C

fn (x) =

2n
X

x(k),

x X.

k=n+1

x X |fn (x)| nkxk ,

. . kfn k n, zn X

zn (k) =

1,
0,

n + 1 k 2n,
1 k n k > 2n

kzn k = 1 kfn k |fn (zn )| = n. ,

. . {fn }
n=1 X
X . x X =
2n
P
|x(k)| 0 n
= `1 |fn (x)|

kfn k = n,

k=n+1

|x(k)|. k=1
fn *
X .

5.5.6. X . A = {xn }
n=1 X |
X .
(f, g) =

2n f (xn ) g(xn )

n=1

315

f, g X

| X , 5.5.3. ,
X ,
* . n Ln = Lin{x1 , . . . , xn } X . X , zn X , , zn 6 Ln . Ln X 3.1.1. 1 5.1.2 |
gn X ,
Ln , gn (zn ) = 1.
fn = kgn k gn . kfn k = n. ,
fn
X . X 5.5.4
, fn * . , (fn , 0) 0 n . ,
fn fn (xk ) = 0 k 1, n,

n

(fn , 0) =

X
k=n+1

X
n

2k fn (xk )
2k n = n 0
2

n ,

k=n+1

. ,
*
X .

5.5.2.

{fn }
n=1 X

* , x
X {fn (x)}
n=1 C. X * , * X
* .

5.5.5. X . X * .
. , * * 316

 X = L(X, C)
, X C. X C 3.4.4 L(X, C) = X
, . . *
.

5.5.3. X ,
X * . (X, k k) = (`1 , k k ) (. 1.4.4).
n N fn : X C
fn (x) =

n
X

x(k),

x X.

k=1

x X = `1
kfn k n. ,

|fn (x)| nkxk ,

zn X = `1

zn (k) =

1, 1 k n,
0, k > n

kzn k = 1 kfn k |fn (zn )| = n. , kfn k = n.

{fn }
n=1 X *
, x X = `1
m, n
|fn (x) fn+m (x)|

n+m
X
k=n+1

|x(k)|

|x(k)| 0

n .

k=n+1

x(k) =
x X = `1 n
lim fn (x) =
k=1
= g(x). , g: X C , . . g 6 X . , kgk
|g(zn )| = n , . . kgk = +. , *
fn * X .

5.5.1 (, ). X . R > 0 BR (0) X

* .
317

 . 5.5.3 * BR (0) . , 2.2.1

* BR (0) * . * BR (0)
{fn }
n=1 BR (0) ,
*
g BR (0).
E = {xm }
m=1 |
X . {fn (x1 )}
n=1
( |fn (x1 )| Rkx1 k n
N), | {fn (1) (x1 )}
k=1 . ,
, m {nk (m)}
k=1 N, , s 1, m
{fn (m) (xs )}
k=1 .
{fn (m) (xm+1 )}
k=1 ( |fn (m) (xm+1 )| Rkxm+1 k k
N), | {fn (m+1) (xm+1 )}
k=1 . {fn (k) }
.

m N
k=1

{nk (m + 1)}

{n
(m)}
k
k=1
k=1 ,
nm+1 (m + 1) nm+1 (m) > nm (m). {nk (k)}
k=1 , {fn (k) }
k=1
.
{fn }
n=1
m N {nk (k)}

k=m
{nk (m)}
,

k=1
lim fn (k) (xm ) = lim fn (m) (xm ) = g(xm ). ,
k
k
x X {fn (k) (x)}
k=1
. , > 0
m, , kx xm k . k, s m

fnk (k) (x) fns (s) (x)

fnk (k) (x xm ) + fns (s) (x xm ) + (fnk (k) fns (s) )(xm )

2R + (fnk (k) fns (s) )(xm ) .

318

lim (fnk (k) fns (s) )(xm ) = g(xm ) g(xm ) = 0, k

s

M m, ,
k, s M
(fn (k) fn (s) )(xm ) . , k, s
s

fn (k) (x) fn (s) (x) (2R + 1).

, {fn (k) (x)}
k=1 . lim fn (k) (x) = g(x).
k
, g: X C X fn (k) . x X kxk = 1 |g(x)| = lim |fn (k) (x)| R,
k
. . kgk R. ,

g BR
(0) X , fn (k) X ,
, * g, .
5.5.2 (, ). X . X .
. F : X X |
X X (F x)(f ) = f (x) x X
f X . X ,
X = Im F
F . , 5.2.11 , X . {xn }
n=1 X .
R > 0, , kxn k R n N. , n = F xn X
X , kn k = kxn k R n N.
X , 5.5.1 |
n , * X
X . , y X ,
, = F y, f X
M

lim nk (f ) = lim f (xnk ) = (f ) = f (y).

, 5.4.1
y X k , .

xnk

5.5.7. , `1
319

 {en }
n=1 , 5.4.1 `1
,
{en }
n=1 .

5.5.6. X
. S X . x X S , . . y = y(x) S , ,
kx yk = (x, S) = inf kx zk.
zS

.
x X zn S , ,
(x, S) = lim kx zn k. kzn k kxk + kx zn k, n
kx zn k ,
zn X .
, 5.5.2 |
zn y X .
5.4.2 S
, y S . 2
5.1.2 | f
X kf k = 1 |f (x y)| = kx yk. ,

(x, S) kx yk = |f (x y)| = lim |f (x znk )|

k

lim kx znk k = (x, S),

k

(x, S) = kx yk. ,
y S x
S , .

5.5.4.
X , x X . 574
. .
320

 (`1 , k k1 )
E =

1
= {en }

M
=
1
+
e
.

n n=1
n=1
n
S `1 `1 M ,
. . S = [conv M ]. ,
, . .
M
(

conv M =

N
X

k xk

k=1

)
N

x1 M, . . . , xN M, X

k = 1 .
N N,

1 0, . . . , N 0,
k=1

S , . . (0, S) =
= inf kzk1 . z S = [conv M ].
zS
M ,
conv M S = [conv M ]. , z(k) 0 k N.
z(k)
k k = 1+
0. z =

z(k)ek =

k=1

1+

k=1

1
k

k ek . > 0 -

N ,
,

1 , . . . , N

N
P
k=1

k = 1,

X
1

z
k 1 +
ek =

k
k=1
1

N
X
X
1
1
|k k | +
k
=
1+
1+
k
k
k=N +1

k=1

N
X

|k k | +

k=1

k .

k=N +1

X
k=1

k +

N
X
k=1

k = +1,

k +

k=1

N
X
k=1

321

k +2

X
k=N +1

k +1.

 , > 0

P
k = 1.

k=1

X
X
1
kzk1 =
1+
k >
k = 1.
k
k=1

k=1

, (0, S) 1. ,
(0, S) (0, M ) lim 1 + k1 = 1. k
, (0, S) = 1 < kzk1 z S , . . `1
S `1 .

C[0, 1], k kc . 673 . .

R1

x C[0, 1] x(0) = 0, kxkc 2,

x(t) dt = 1 .

M=

M ,
[0, 1]

x, y M

x + (1 )y (0) = x(0) + (1 )y(0) = 0,

x + (1 )y kxkc + (1 )kykc 2
c

R1

x + (1 )y (t) dt = + 1 = 1, . . x + (1 )y M .
0
M , kxkc 2 x M . M . ,
z [M ] xn M , ,

kxn zkc = sup |xn (t) z(t)| 0 n .

t[0,1]

z(0) = lim xn (0) = 0,
n

kzkc = lim kxn kc 2,

322

1
1

R
R
z(t) dt 1 = z(t) xn (t) dt kz xn kc 0

n ,

R1

. . z(t) dt = 1. , z M . 0
, x M
(0, M ) = 1 < kxkc . x M
kxkc

R1
0

|x(t)| dt x(t) dt = 1,
0

. . (0, M ) 1. (0, 1)
a (0, 1)

xa, (t) = (1 + )

R1

t
a,

0 t a,
1, a t 1.

2
xa, (t) dt = (1 + ) 1 a2 = 1 a = 1+
(0, 1). 0
, a xa, M
kxa, kc = 1 + , . . (0, M ) 1 + .
, +0 1 (0, M ) 1, . .
(0, M ) = 1. ,
x M kxkc 1. x(0) = 0, (0, 1), , |x(t)| 12 0 t .

1=

R1
0

x(t) dt

x
.

+ 1 = 1 2 < 1 | . ,

kxkc > 1,

5.6.
5.6.1. X, Y | , A L(X, Y ).
A : Y X

A,
g Y g(Ax) = (A g)(x).
323

x X

 5.6.1. (X, kkX ) (Y, kkY ) | , A L(X, Y ).

A ,
, . .
A L(Y , X ). kAk = kA k.
. g
Y g : X C g (x) =
= g(Ax) x X . |g (x)| kgk kAk kxkX x X , kg k kgk kAk. ,
g X . A : Y X
A g = g . x X g Y
(A g)(x) = g (x) = g(Ax), . . A 5.6.1
A. B: Y X
A, 5.6.1 g Y
Bg = g = A g, . . B = A . ,
.
g1 , g2 Y 1 , 2 C x X

A (1 g1 + 2 g2 ) (x) =

= (1 g1 + 2 g2 )(Ax) = 1 g1 (Ax) + 2 g2 (Ax) =

= 1 A (g1 ) + 2 A (g2 ) (x),

. . A (1 g1 + 2 g2 ) = 1 A (g1 ) + 2 A (g2 ).
, A . g Y kA gk = kg k
kgk kAk kA k kAk, . . A
A L(Y , X ). C
, 5.1.2 x X

kAxkY = sup g(Ax) = sup (A g)(x)

gY ,
kgk=1

gY ,
kgk=1

sup kA gk kxkX = kA k kxkX .

gY ,
kgk=1

,
, kAk = kA k.
324

kAk kA k.

 5.6.1. X, Y |
, A, B L(X, Y ), C.

(A + B) = A + B ,

(A) = A .

, x X g Y

(A + B) g (x) = g (A + B)(x) = g(Ax) + g(Bx) =

= (A g)(x) + (B g)(x) = (A + B )(g) (x),

. . (A + B) g = (A + B )(g), g Y (A + B) = A + B .
x X g Y

(A) (g) (x) = g (A)(x) = g (Ax) =

= g(Ax) = (A g)(x) = (A )(g) (x),

. . (A) g = (A g), g
Y (A) = A .

5.6.2. X = Y = H | , A L(H).
A , H H 5.3.1 |
. H H . , A
H, x, y H (Ax, y) = (x, A y).
A L(H), kAk = kA k.
, y H
y : H C y (x) = (Ax, y)

x H. |y (x)| kAxk kyk kAk kyk kxk. , y H ky k kAk kyk, ..

y H . 5.3.1 |, y (x) =
= x, z(y ) x, y H, z: H H | | - .
325

 , A : H H A y = z(y ).
y, y1 , y2 H C, ,
y +y = y + y y = y ,
1

A (y1 + y2 ) = z(y1 + y2 ) = z(y1 ) + z(y2 ) = A y1 + A y2 ,

A (y) = z (y ) = z(y ) = A (y).

, A ,
y H kA yk = kz(y )k = ky k kAk kyk
kA k kAk, . . A L(H).

kA yk = sup (x, A y) = sup (Ax, y) sup kAxk kyk = kAk kyk,

kxk=1

kxk=1

kxk=1

. . kA k kAk. , kAk = kA k.
,
-. , A, B L(H) C x, y H

x, (A + B) (y) = (A + B)x, y =

= (Ax, y) + (Bx, y) = x, (A + B )y ,

x, (A) y = (Ax, y) = x, A y = x, A y ,

(A + B) = A + B ,

(A) = A .

5.6.2. X |
, L X N X | . L
L =

f X f (x) = 0

xL

N=

x X f (x) = 0

326

f N

 5.6.3. , L X X , N X X . , f, g
L , C x L (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x) = 0, f (x) = g(x) = 0.
, f + g L . f X
L ,
{fm }
m=1 L , , kf fm k 0 m .
x L
|f (x)| = |(f fm )(x)| kf fm k kxk 0

m ,

. . f (x) = 0. , f L ,
L .
x, y N
, C f N f (x + y) =
= f (x) + f (y) = 0, f (x) = f (y) = 0. , x +
+ y N . x X
N , {xm }
m=1
N , , kx xm k 0 m .
f N
|f (x)| = |f (x xm )| kf k kx xm k 0

m ,

. . x N . ,
N .

N,

5.6.2. X |

, L X N

| . -

L = [L],

N
= [N ]

N
[N ],

, X

f L
f (x) = 0. , x

L , . . L L . 5.6.3
327

x L

,
[L] L .

, x L \[L]. 1
5.1.2 f X , , f (z) =
= 0 z [L], f (x) = 1. , f L ,
f (x) = 0, . .
.

, [L] = L .
f N x N

f (x)
= 0.
, f N , . . N N .
5.6.3 N , [N ] N . ,
X
, .

f N \[N ]. 1 5.1.2 X , , (g) = 0 g [N ],

(f ) = 1. X
X x X , , = F x, . . (g) =
= (F x)(g) = g(x) g X . , g(x) = 0
g [N ]. x N . 0 = f (x) = (F x)(f ) = (f )

(f ) = 1.
, [N ] = N .

5.6.1. , X ,
N

[N ] 6= N .
X = c0 , X = `1 . N `1
(

N=

x `1

x(m) = 0 .

m=1

, N | `1 ,
. . [N ] = N 6= `1 . z N c0 .
m, n N x N
x = em en .
0=

z(k)x(k) = z(m) z(n).

k=1

, z | c0 , . . z
| .
, N = {0}. , N = `1 6= N = [N ], .
328

 5.6.1 (). X, Y | , A L(X, Y ).

Ker A = (Im A ) ,

Ker A = (Im A) .

. 3 5.1.2 -

x Ker A, . . Ax = 0
g(Ax) = 0 g Y ,
(A g)(x) = 0 g Y , x
(Im A ). , Ker A = (Im A ).
g Ker A , . . A g = 0 (A g)(x) = 0 x X , g(Ax) = 0 x X ,

g (Im A) . , Ker A = (Im A) .

5.6.1. X, Y |
, A L(X, Y ).

(Ker A) [Im A ] ,

(Ker A ) = [Im A] .

X ,

(Ker A) = [Im A ] .

. 5.6.2 5.6.1

(Im A ) [Im A ] ,

(Ker A ) = (Im A) = [Im A] .

(Ker A) =

X , Im A
X 5.6.2

(Im A )

= [Im A ] .

(Ker A) = [Im A ] .

329

 5.6.2. , X
, A L(X, Y )
(Ker A) 6= [Im A ]. .
X = Y = `1 A: `1 `1 (Ax)(k) = x(k)
x `1
k
k N. kAk 1, x `1
kAxk1 =

X
x(k) X

|x(k)| = kxk1 ,
k
k=1

k=1

. . A L(`1 ). , Ker A = {0}.

, Ax = 0 x `1
= 0 k N, . . x(k) = 0 k N.
x(k)
k
5.2.3 `1 = ` .
A : ` ` (A z)(k) =
= z(k)
k k N, z ` . , x `1
z `

(Ax)(k)z(k) =

k=1

X
k=1

x(k)

X
1
z(k) =
x(k)(A z)(k).
k
k=1

Ker A = {0}, (Ker A) = ` . , [Im A ] 6= ` .

z ` z(k) = 1 k N. ,
z 6 [Im A ]. , x `

x(k)
1 x(k) = 1.
kz A xk = sup 1

lim

k
k
k
kN

, (z, Im A ) 1, . . z 6 [Im A ],
.
X = Y = L1 [0, 1]
A: L1 [0, 1] L1 [0, 1] (Ax)(t) = tx(t) x
L1 [0, 1] . . t [0, 1]. kAk 1,
x L1 [0, 1]
Z
kAxk1 =

Z
|tx(t)| d

[0,1]

|x(t)| d = kxk1 ,
[0,1]

330

. . A L(L1 [0, 1]). , Ker A =

= {0}. , Ax = 0 x L1 [0, 1]
tx(t) = 0 . . t [0, 1], x(t) = 0 . . t [0, 1], . . x = 0 L1 [0, 1].
, (L1 [0, 1]) = L [0, 1], f (L1 [0, 1]) zf L [0, 1],
, kf k = kzf k , x L1 [0, 1]
Z
f (x) =

x(t)zf (t) d.
[0,1]

A : L [0, 1] L [0, 1] (A z)(t) = tz(t) . . t [0, 1], z L [0, 1]. , x L1 [0, 1] z L [0, 1]
Z

Z
(Ax)(t)z(t) d =

[0,1]

Z
x(t)(A z)(t) d.

x(t)tz(t) d =
[0,1]

[0,1]

Ker A = {0}, (Ker A) = L [0, 1]. , [Im A ] 6=

6= L [0, 1]. z L [0, 1],
[0, 1], . . z(t) = 1 . . t [0, 1]. , z 6 [Im A ]. , x L [0, 1]
(0, 1)
kz A xk ess sup |1 tx(t)| 1 kxk 1
t[0,]

,
.

(z, Im A ) 1,

. .

+0.

z 6 [Im A ],

5.6.2. X, Y |
, A L(X, Y ). A1 L(Y, X),
(A )1 L(X , Y ), (A )1 = (A1 ) .
, (A )1 L(X , Y ), 1
X ,
A L(Y, X),
1
1
1
A = F (A )
H , F : X
X H: Y Y | ,
5.1.1.
331

A1 L(Y, X).

(A1 ) L(X , Y ).
f X x X

A (A1 ) f (x) = (A1 ) f (Ax) = f (A1 Ax) = f (x).

x X
A (A1 ) f = f f X .
, (A1 ) A . g Y
y Y

(A1 ) A g (y) = A g (A1 y) = g(AA1 y) = g(y).

y Y
(A1 ) A g = g g Y .
, (A1 ) A . , 3.5.3 (A1 )
A , . .
(A )1 = (A1 ) .
(A )1 L(X , Y ) .

B = (A )1 L(Y , X )
A L(X , Y ). X , 5.1.2
Im F = X . , F 1 BH L(Y, X).
y Y g Y

g AF 1 BHy = (A g) F 1 BHy = (BHy)(A g) =

= (Hy) (A )1 A g = (Hy)(g) = g(y).

g Y 3 5.1.2 AF 1 BHy = y y
Y . , F 1 BH
A. x X f X

f F 1 BHAx = (BHAx)(f ) = (HAx) (A )1 f =

= (A )1 f (Ax) = A (A )1 f (x) = f (x).

332

 f X 3 5.1.2 F 1 BHAx = x
x X . , F 1 BH
A. , 3.5.3
F 1 BH A, . . A1 = F 1 BH .

5.6.4. X, Y | , A L(X, Y ). A1 L(Y, X)

(A )1 L(X , Y ).
5.6.2 ,
A A. 4.14 [2, . I, . 4, . 115] Im A A
, Im A A . (A )1 L(X , Y ).
3.5.1 Ker A = {0} Im A = X . , Im A X Im A Y . 5.6.1 5.6.1 Ker A =
= (Im A ) = (X ) = {0}, Im A = [Im A] = (Ker A ) = ({0}) = Y .
, 3.5.1 A1 L(Y, X).

5.7.
X A L(X). , X , I , . . I(x) = x
x X . C
A = A I .

5.7.1. A

A1 L(X).

X,

5.7.1. 3.5.1
A
X , Ker A = {0} Im A = X .
333

 5.7.1 (. ). kAk < 1. I A X ,

(I A)1 =

Ak .

k=0

. ,
S=

Ak

k=0

L(X) , kAk k kAkk | kAk < 1. {Sm }

m=0 m
P
k
, . . Sm =
A . k=0
, , L(X)
S L(X). , (I A)Sm = Sm (I A) = I Am+1 I
m kAm+1 k kAkm+1 0 m .
, Sm S , (I A)Sm (I A)S
Sm (I A) S(I A) m . , (I A)S = S(I
A) = I . , S L(X) ,
I A X , I A X
(I A)1 = S , .

5.7.1. A
X , A L(X)
kAk <

1
.
kA1 k

A + A X ,

(A + A)1 A1

kA1 k2 kAk
.
1 kA1 k kAk

. A + A = A I + A1 A ,
kA1 Ak kA1 k kAk < 1, 5.7.1 I +
+ A1 A X . ,

334

 B = (I + A1 A)1 A1 L(X)
A + A, . . A + A X ,
(A + A)1 =

(1)k (A1 A)k A1 .

k=0

k
1
k
1
1
1
(A + A) A = (1) (A A) A

k=1

kA1 kk+1 kAkk =

k=1

kA1 k2 kAk
.
1 kA1 k kAk

5.7.2. C
A, A X . A
(A).
1
(A) RA () = (A )
L(X)
A.
5.7.1. (A) C, C || > kAk
(A). RA : (A) L(X) , 1 , 2 (A) :
RA (1 ) RA (2 ) = (1 2 )RA (2 )RA (1 ).

. C

|| > kAk,

5.7.1 A = I A
,
RA () =

X
Ak
.
k+1

k=0

, (A), . . A C
kAk.
335

 (A) || < kR 1()k

5.7.1 , A+ = A I
X ,
A

RA ( + ) RA ()

kRA ()k2 ||
.
1 kRA ()k ||

, (A) , kRA ( + ) RA ()k =

= O(||) 0 0. RA : (A) L(X)
. , 1 , 2 (A)

RA (1 ) RA (2 ) = RA (2 ) (A2 A1 ) RA (1 ) =
= (1 2 )RA (2 )RA (1 ).

5.7.3. A (A) = C\(A). A r(A) = sup ||.

(A)

5.7.2. A C.
. 5.7.1
(A) C. , (A) = C\(A)
C. 5.7.1 C || >
> kAk A. ,
(A) || kAk. , (A) C.
(A)
C. , (A) 6= .
. (A) =

= C. L(X)

: C C (z) = RA (z) z C.
z, z C

(z + z) (z) = zRA (z)RA (z + z) =

= z RA (z)RA (z + z) .

336

 RA ,
. . C,

(z + z) (z)
2
= RA
(z)
z0
z

0 (z) = lim

z C.

, (z) C .
. z C |z| > kAk
5.7.1
|(z)|

kk X kAkk
kk
=
0
|z|
|z|k
|z| kAk

z .

k=0

, , (z) = 0 z C.

z C
L(X) RA (z) = 0. 3 5.1.2 RA (z) = 0 z C, RA (z) = (A zI)1 . ,
(A) A.

5.7.2. 5.6.4
C (A I)1 L(X)
, ((A I) )1 = (A I )1
L(X ). I
X . , (A)
(A ), . . (A) = (A ).
, (A) = (A ).
5.7.3. n
lim

p
n

kAn k = r(A).

n N
B,n =
A
. An
m=0
n I = (A I)B,n = B,n (A I). , n (An ), A RA (n )B,n L(X)
n1
P

m n1m

337

B,n RAn (n ) L(X).

3.5.3 RA () L(X), . . (A). , (An ) ((A))n , ((A))n (An ). (A)

p
||n kAn k, || lim kAn k.
n
,
n

r(A) = sup || lim

p
n

kAn k.

(A)

L(X) (z) = (RA (z)) z (A).

5.7.2, (A), |z| > kAk z

(z) =

X
(An )
.
z n+1
n=0

kAk r(A), |z| > r(A) z

. ,

z C |z| > r(A)

L(X) M (, z) >

)
, (A
M (, z) n N.
z
z C
|z|> r(A)

)
Hn,z L(X)
Hn,z () = (A
z
, n N |Hn,z ()|
M (, z). 3.4.2 |

Hn,z L(X)
, . . L(z) > 0, ,
kHn,z k L(z) n N. 4 5.1.2
|

> 0,

|(An )|
kAn k
=
,
n
|z|
|z|n
kk=1

kHn,z k = sup

338

n
kAn k
|z| >
n

|z| > r(A) n N.

L(z)
p
pn L(z) 1 n , |z|
lim n kAn k |z| > r(A). , |z| r(A)+0
n
p
r(A) lim n kAn k. , :
lim

p
p
n
kAn k r(A) lim n kAn k,
n

, n
lim

p
n

kAn k = r(A).

5.7.3. 3.5.1 (A) , Ker A = {0}

Im A = X . , (A)
Ker A 6= {0} ( A
), Ker A = {0}, Im A 6= X . (A )1 : Im A X , (A )1 6 L(X)
Im A 6= X . c Im A
X , , 3.5.1
(A )1 L(Im A , X).
c Im A , 3.5.5 k(A )1 k = +.
5.7.4. p (A) (A)
A, p (A) Ker A 6= {0}.
p (A) A, Ker A A, .
5.7.5. c (A) (A)
A, c (A)
Ker A = {0},

Im A 6= X,

[Im A ] = X.

5.7.6. r (A) (A)

A, r (A)
Ker A = {0},

339

[Im A ] 6= X.

 5.7.2.
(A) = p (A) c (A) r (A).

. 5.7.3.
5.7.3. (A). -

c (A) Ker A = {0} Ker A =

= {0}, r (A) Ker A =
= {0} Ker A 6= {0}.

. 5.6.1 -

(Im A ) = Ker A .

c (A), Ker A = {0} [Im A ] = X .

L X L = [L] ,
Ker A = X = {0}. , Ker A = {0}
Ker A = {0}, 5.6.2

[Im A ] = (Im A )
= (Ker A ) = {0} = X,

. . c (A).
r (A), Ker A = {0} [Im A ] 6= X .
1 5.1.2 | f X , ,
f [Im A ] = (Im A ) = Ker A ,

. .

Ker A 6= {0}. , Ker A = {0} Ker A 6= {0},

(Im A ) 6= {0}. ,

[Im A ] = (Im A )
6= {0} = X,

. . r (A).

5.7.4 ( ).
N
P

| N
6 0).
=
P (z) =

ak z k

k=0

P (A) = P (A) .

340

N (. . aN 6=

 . ,

X , 0 6 P (A) . z1 , . . . , zm |
P r1 , . . . , rm .
m
Q
z C P (z) = aN (z zk )r . k=1
,
P (A) = aN Arz . . . Arz .

0 6 P (A) , . . zk 6 (A) k 1, m,

P (A)

1
1

m
m

r1
1 1 rN
P (A)
=
AzN
. . . A1
L(X).
z1
aN

, P (A)

X , . .
1
P (A)
L(X). n 1, m. Az k 1, m
m
Q
Arz , , , T = aN Arz 1
k

n
n

k=1
k6=n

k
k

P (A) = Az T = T Az . ,
1

1
I = Az T P (A)
= P (A)
T Az . , Az ,

1
X . , 3.5.3 T P (A)
=
n

1
= P (A)
T = Azn
L(X),

. . zn 6 (A).

, 0 6 P

(A) .

, 6

P (A)

X P (A) =

= (P )(A), 0 6 (P ) (A) , . .

6 P (A) . , P (A)

P (A) , . . P (A) =

= P (A) , .

5.8.
341

 X , Y
A: X Y .

5.8.1. A , S X A(X) Y .
5.8.1.
, . , 3.1.2

. ,
(. 2.2.3). , A ,
X A

Y . A , A B1 (0) Y . . . S X R > 0, , S BR (0). , RS B1 (0)

A RS A B1 (0)
.


RA RS = A(S), .
,
. , ,
X Y , L(X, Y ) ,
K(X, Y ). Y = X , K(X) = K(X, X).
5.8.1. A L(X, Y )
, .
. A L(X, Y ),
S X A(S) | 342

 Im A. 3.1.1 Im A Y . , [A(S)] Im A. 3.1.1

Y Y . [A(S)] | , 5.8.1 , A | .

5.8.2. A -

,
.

Im A

. Z = Im A | Y . , Z . 3.4.5 A L(X, Z)

. , A O1 (0)

Z . A
, A O1 (0) Z . , Z
. 3.1.2 ,
Z = Im A .
5.8.3. {Am }
m=1 K(X, Y ) A , . . kAm Ak 0 m . A
, . . A K(X, Y ). , K(X, Y ) L(X, Y ).
. > 0 -

N (), , m N ()
kAm Ak . x B1 (0) kAm (x) A(x)k kAm Ak m N ()
.
m N (). Am B1 (0)
Y , x1 , . . . , xM B1 (0), ,
M

{Am (xk )}k=1 -
Am B1 (0)

3-

B1 (0)

. , {A(xk )}M
k=1

A B1 (0) . , x
k 1, M , , kAm (x) Am (xk )k .
343

 :
kA(x) A(xk )k
kA(x) Am (x)k + kAm (x) Am (xk )k + kAm (xk ) A(xk )k 3,

5.8.2. A , .
5.8.2. 5.8.1 5.8.3
.
5.8.4. Y = H | , A . A |
.
. A | ,
A B1 (0) H. ,
- {ym }M
m=1
> 0

A B1 (0) A B1 (0) .
L = Lin{y1 , . . . , yM } H.

L , 3.1.1
H. 3.2.2
H =
= L (L ) . y H yk L y (L ) , , y = yk + y . P : H H L P (y) = yk
y pH.
kyk =
p y H
p

=
(yk + y , yk + y ) =
(yk , yk ) + (y , y ) =
kyk k2 + ky k2
kyk k = kP (y)k, kP k 1. , P
L(H). A = P A L(X, H).
Im A L , A . X x B1 (0).

344

 m 1, M , , kA(x) ym k . P P (ym ) = ym .

kA(x) A (x)k kA(x) ym k + kP (ym A(x))k

(1 + kP k)kA(x) ym k 2.

x B1 (0) kA
A k 2. , n +0 n ,
A L(X, H)
, , kA A k 2n 0
n . , A .
n

5.8.1.

K: [0, 1] [0, 1] C ,
A: L2 [0, 1]

K L2 [0, 1] .
L2 [0, 1]
Z
K(t, )x( ) d( )
(Ax)(t) =
2

. .

t [0, 1]

x L2 [0, 1].

[0,1]

, A . ,
, . .
A

A L L2 [0, 1] . x L2 [0, 1]
v

2
u
Z

uZ

kAxk2 = u
d(t)
K(t, )x( ) d( )
t

[0,1]

[0,1]
v

u
uZ
Z
Z
u

|K(t, )|2 d( )
|x( )|2 d( ) =
d(t)
u
t
[0,1]

[0,1]

v
u
=u
t

[0,1]

vZ
u
2
|K(t, )| d(t, ) u
|x( )|2 d( ) = kKk2 kxk2 .
t

[0,1][0,1]

[0,1]

, kAk kKk2
A .
n
o
S = fn (t) = sin (nt)

n=1

345

< +,

. .


L2 [0, 1].
n
o
E = fn (t)fm ( )
n,m=1

L2 [0, 1]2 . E ,
n
o
E = gk (t, ) = fnk (t)fmk ( )
.
k=1

N
N- K

2
E L2 [0, 1] :
SN (t, ) =

N
X
(K, gk )
gk (t, ).
(gk , gk )

k=1

kSN Kk2 0 N . N AN : L2 [0, 1] L2 [0, 1]

:
Z

(AN x)(t) =

SN (t, )x( ) d( )

. . t [0, 1]

x L2 [0, 1].

[0,1]

kAN k kSN k2 < +,

AN . x L2 [0, 1]
AN x Lin{fn , . . . , fn }. ,
Im AN Lin{fn , . . . , fn }. dim Im AN N , . . AN . ,
x L2 [0, 1] . . t [0, 1]
1

(A AN )(x) (t) =
K(t, ) SN (t, ) x( ) d( ).
[0,1]

, kA AN k kK SN k2 0 N .
, , A .
, 5.8.2 A.

5.8.5. X, Y, Z | , A K(X, Y ), B L(Z, X), C L(Y, Z). AB

K(Z, Y ) CA K(X, Z).
346

S Z B(S) X ,
A B(S) Y . , AB
K(Z, Y ). S X

A(S) Y . C A(S)
Z . , > 0 -
A(S). C
,
kCk-

C A(S) . , CA K(X, Z).

5.8.6. X . A L(X, Y )
,
X Y .
. A .
{xn }
n=1 X ,
z X . A(xn ) A(z),
g Y
lim g(Axn ) = lim (A g)(xn ) = (A g)(z) = g(Az).

, A(xn )
A(z). , 0 > 0 A(xn ), , kA(xn ) A(z)k 0 m N.
xn X
5.4.3, A A(xn )
Y . , A(xn ). Y
, y Y ,
A(xn ).
A(xn ) A(z), 5.4.2 A(z) = y. ky A(z)k = lim kA(xn )A(z)k 0 . k
, A(xn )
m

mk

mk

mk

mk

347

 A(z). , X .
, A
X Y . A(B1 (0)). yn A(B1 (0)) xn B1 (0) X , , A(xn ) = yn
n N. xn X , 5.5.2 |

xn . , A(xn )
. , A(B1 (0)) .
A(B1 (0)) ,
0 > 0 yn A(B1 (0)), , kyn ym k 0 n 6= m. ,
yn
, . , A(B1 (0))
. , 5.8.1 A.
m

5.8.1. X | . A L(X, `1 ). , A |
.
. A , , 5.8.6,
X `1 .
5.4.1 `1
. , A
X
`1 . 5.8.6 A.
5.8.7. A K(X),

6= 0.

348

Ker A

Im A

{xn }
n=1 Ker A |
R > 0, ,

.
kxn k
R
h n N.i A
A BR (0) X , 2.2.1

,

h
i
yn = A(xn ) A BR (0)
yn z k . xn = y z
k . , Ker A , 2.2.1 . ,
3.1.2 ,
dim Ker A = N < +.
Ker A
{en }N
n=1 . x Ker A
n (x) C, ,
nk

x=

N
P

n=1

n (x)en .

, n : Ker A

N
P

|n (x)|
n 1, N , kxke =
n=1
Ker A . 3.1.1 Ker A . C > 0, , x Ker A
kxke Ckxk. |n (x)| Ckxk x Ker A n 1, N .
, n Ker A
n 1, N . 5.1.1 |
n 1, N fn X , , f = n Ker A .
N
T
M=
Ker fn .
n=1

X = M Ker A .

, x X
y=

N
X

fn (x)en Ker A .

n=1

349

 fk (en ) = k (en )
fk (ek ) = 1, k 1, N
fk (x y) = fk (x)

N
X

= 0

k 6= n,

fn (x)fk (en ) = fk (x) fk (x) = 0.

n=1

, x y M , . . X = M +
+ Ker A . , , . . M Ker A = {0}.
, x M Ker A , fn (x) = n (x) = 0
n 1, N , . . x = 0.
, Im A | . , Im A = A (M ). , A
M , . . L > 0, , x M
kA (x)k Lkxk. ,
, n N xn M ,
, kA (xn )k < kxn k . xn 6= 0 n N. zn = kxx k M kzn k = 1. kA (zn )k < n1 .
zn ,
A A(zn ) A(zn ) u X . A (zn ) 0 n ,
(z )
, zn = A(z )A
u = v M k ,

kvk = 1. kA (v)k = lim kA (zn )k =

k
= 0, . . A (v) = 0. , v M
Ker A = {0}, . . v = 0, kvk = 1.
, A M . , 3.5.4 A
M 3.5.5 A (M ) = Im A
X , .
n

nk

nk

5.8.2. A L(X), 6= 0 Ker A ,

Im A . X = C[0, 2] | [0, 2] x kxkc = max |x(t)|.
t[0,2]

350

T : C[0, 2] C[0, 2]

1
R

x( ) d, t [0, 1],

(T x)(t) =

Rt

x( ) d,

t [1, 2].

kT k 2,

. .

.
R1

x Ker T , x( ) d = 0 x(t) =
0
= 0 t [1, 2]. , Ker T .
Im T [0, 2] ,
[0, 1]
[1, 2]. [Im T ] S C[0, 2], [0, 2]
, [0, 1]. ,
[Im T ] S , . x S .
> 0 P , , |x(t) P (t)|
t [1, 2]. x(t) = x(1) t [0, 1], |x(t) P (1)|
t [0, 1]. z C[0, 2]

z (t) = P0 (t) +

R1
0

2(1 t)P (0), t [0, 1],

0, t [1, 2].

z ( ) d = P (0) + P (1) P (0) = P (1),

Rt

Rt

z ( ) d = P (1) + P0 ( ) d =
0
1
= P (t). , kx T (z )kc ,
S [Im T ]. , [Im T ] =
= S . S 6= Im T ,
S [1, 2] .
A = T + I = 1, . . A = T .
t [1, 2]

5.8.8. A , A .
351

h
i

. K = A B1 (0) Y . A ,

{gn }
n=1 Y kgn k 1
n N A (gn )
X . C(K) {n }
n=1 C(K) n (y) = gn (y) y K n N.
n N
A

sup gn A(x) =

kn kc = sup |gn (y)| =

yK

xB1 (0)

sup (A gn )(x) = kA gn k kA k.
xB1 (0)

, n C(K). y, z K n N
|n (y) n (z)| = |gn (y z)| kgn k ky zk ky zk.

, > 0 () = , ,
y, z K ky zk ()
n N |n (y) n (z)| . {n }
n=1 C(K). 2.2.4 |
{n }
n=1
C(K). , n K n , . . kn n kc 0
k, m .
k

A (gnk ) A (gnm ) =
=

sup A (gnk gnm ) (x) =

xB1 (0)

sup (gnk gnm ) A(x) = sup gnk (y) gnm (y) =

yK

xB1 (0)

= knk nm kc 0

k, m .

, A (gn ) X . , A .
k

352

 A . A .
F : X X H: Y Y (F x)(f ) = f (x)
(Hy)(g) = g(y) x X , f X , y Y , g Y .
x X g Y

H(Ax) (g) = g(Ax) = (A g)(x) = (F x)(A g) = (A F x)(g).

, HA = A F .

F | , F B1 (0)

B1 (0)|

X . A F B1 (0) A B1 (0) |

Y A .
HA B1 (0) Y .

H | , A B1 (0)
Y . , A
.

5.8.1 ().

A K(X).

6= 0

Im A = (Ker A ) .

X ,

Im A = (Ker A ) .

. 5.6.1 5.8.7

Im A = [Im A ] = (Ker A ) ,

Im A = [Im A ] = (Ker A ) .

5.8.2. Y | . A L(c0 , Y ). , A |
.
353

 . 5.2.5

(c0 ) = `1 .

, A : Y `1 . , Y Y .
Y , Y
. 5.2.11
Y . , 5.8.1
A . 5.8.8 A.

5.8.9. A K(X), p (A).

Im A 6= X.

. , , Im A = X . n N Mn = Ker(A )n . p (A), Ker A =

= M1 6= {0}. , x1
M1 . Im A = X , x2 X , ,
A (x2 ) = x1 6= 0, . . x2 6 M1 , (A )2 (x2 ) = A (x1 ) = 0,
. . x2 M2 . , , , M1 M2 . , , n 2 m 1, n xm Mm
A (xk ) = xk1 k 2, m. Im A = X ,
xn+1 X , , A (xn+1 ) = xn Mn . ,
(A )n (xn+1 ) = x1 6= 0, . . xn+1 6 Mn , (A )n+1 (xn+1 ) = A (x1 ) = 0,
. . xn+1 Mn+1 . , Mn 6=
6= Mn+1 , Mn Mn+1 .
n N
x Mn+1 (A )n A (x) =
= (A )n+1 (x) = 0, . . A (x) Mn . ,
A (Mn+1
) Mn . x Mn n
(A ) (Ax) = A (A )n (x) = 0, . . A(x) Mn . ,
A(Mn ) Mn .
n N 3.1.1 Mn+1
Mn . , zn Mn+1 , , kzn k = 1 (zn , Mn ) 12 .
354

m, n N m < n , A(zm )
A(Mm+1 ) Mm+1 Mn , A (zn ) A (Mn+1 ) Mn , , w = A(zm ) A (zn ) Mn .
kA(zn ) A(zm )k = kzn wk || (zn , Mn )

||
2 .

, A(zn ) , A.

5.8.3. A L(X), 6= 0
Ker A 6= {0} Im A = X.
T : `1 `1 (T x)(k) = x(k + 1)
x `1 k N. Ker T = Lin{e1 } 6= {0}, Im T = `1 .
A = T + I = 1, . . A = T .
5.8.10.

Ao
K(X).

> 0 = p (A) || ( , ).
. , , > 0.
{m }
m=1 A. xm X | A, m . n N x1 , . . . , xn ,
,
. n N (
) Mn = Lin{xm }nm=1 . Mn Mn+1 ,
Mn 6= Mn+1 , A(Mn ) Mn A (Mn+1 ) Mn n N.
n N 3.1.1 Mn+1
Mn . , zn Mn+1 , , kzn k = 1 (zn , Mn ) 12 .
m, n N m < n , A(zm )
A(Mm+1 ) Mm+1 Mn , A (zn ) A (Mn+1 ) Mn , , w = A(zm ) A (zn ) Mn .
n+1

n+1

n+1

n+1

kA(zn ) A(zm )k = kn+1 zn wk |n+1 | (zn , Mn ) 2 .

355

 A(zn ) , A.

5.8.2. A K(X). p (A) ( , ) .

.
p (A)\{0} =

[
n=1

n1 ,

n N. , p (A)\{0} . p (A)
.
1
n

5.8.11. A K(X).
6= 0
dim Ker A = dim Ker A .
. X = H |
. .
4.25 [2, . I, . 4, . 123].
5.8.8 A K(X ). 5.8.7 dim Ker A < + dim Ker A <
< +, Im A Im A . 5.6.1
Ker A = (Im A ) Ker A = (Im A ) .

m = dim Ker A ,

n = dim (Im A ) ,

m = dim Ker A , n = dim

(Im A ) .

m = n m = n. A
m n, A
m n . , m n =
= m n = m , . . m = m , . , , m > n. H

M = (Ker A ) H,

356

N = (Im A ) H.

 3.2.2
H = Ker A M,

H = Im A N.

n = dim N < m = dim Ker A . F : Ker A N , , Ker F 6= {0}

Im F = N . Ker A 3.4.4
F , N
5.8.1 F .
P H Ker A ,
. . P : H Ker A x P (x) M x H. = A + F P L(H).
A F P
5.8.5. , = A + F P .
F x0 Ker A , ,
F (x0 ) = 0. x0 Ker A P P (x0 ) = x0 . (x0 ) =
= A (x0 ) + F (x0 ) = 0, . . x0 Ker . , p ().
5.8.9 Im 6= H.
, P (Ker A ) = Ker A , (Ker A ) =
= F P (Ker A ) = F (Ker A ) = N , P (M ) = {0}, A (M ) = A (M +
+ Ker A ) = A (H) = Im A . ,
Im = (H) = (M + Ker A ) =
= A (M ) + F P (M ) + (Ker A ) = Im A + N = H,

. . .

5.8.1. A K(X). A
A, . . (A)\{0} = p (A)\{0}. A , ,
, .
. (A)\{0}. ,
6 p (A), Ker A = {0}. 5.8.11 dim Ker A = 0 = dim Ker A , Ker A = {0}. 5.8.1 Im A = ({0}) = X . ,
5.7.3 (A) | . , p (A). ,
357

 (A)\{0} = p (A)\{0}. 5.8.2 ,

(A) . 5.8.10 ,
A (A). (A)
,
.

5.8.3. X , A K(X). 0 (A). , , Im A = X . Im A X . 5.8.2 , Im A = X .

X .

5.9.
H
A L(H). 5.3.1 |
H H. L H = H L = L | L H (. 3.2.6). 5.6.2 A L(H)
(Ax, y) = (x, A y) x, y H. H (. 5.6.2).

5.9.1. A L(H) , A = A , . . (A(x), y) = (x, A(y))

x, y H.
5.9.1 (, ). T : H H , . . x, y H (T (x), y) = (x, T (y)). T L(H),
T .
. , , kT k = +. {xn }
n=1
H, , kxn k = 1 n N,
358

kT (xn )k + n . n N fn H :

!
T (xn )
fn (y) = y, p
y H.
kT (xn )k

T (xn )

5.3.1 | kfn k = kT (x )k =
n
p
= kT (xn )k + n ,
T y H
|(T (y), xn )|
kT (y)k
|fn (y)| = p
p
0
kT (xn )k
kT (xn )k

n .

, fn H, 3.4.2 | H . pM > 0, , n N kfn k = kT (xn )k

M , . . .
A.

5.9.1. C :

1) (A(x), x) R x H;
2) A , . . p (A) R;
3)
;
4) kAn k = kAkn n N, r(A) = kAk.

. 1
(A(x), x) = (x, A(x)) = (A(x), x),

. . Im(A(x), x) = 0. p (A) A. x Ker A | A, .

(A(x), x) = (x, x) = kxk2 . , 1 = (A(x),x)
R. , p (A) R, . . kxk
2 .
2

359

 A. x1 Ker A x2 Ker A | .

1 6= 2

1 (x1 , x2 ) = (A(x1 ), x2 ) = (x1 , A(x2 )) = 2 (x1 , x2 ).

, (1 2 )(x1 , x2 ) = 0. 1 2 6= 0, (x1 , x2 ) = 0, . . 3 . ,
kAn k kAkn
n N. , ,
m N k 1, m kAk k = kAkk (
m = 1 ). x H kxk = 1

kAm (x)k2 = Am (x), Am (x) = Am+1 (x), Am1 (x)

kAm+1 (x)k kAm1 (x)k kAm+1 k kAm1 k = kAm+1 k kAkm1 .

,
kAk2m = kAm k2 = sup kAm (x)k2 kAm+1 k kAkm1 .
kxk=1

kAkm+1 kAm+1 k,

. .

kAk
= kA pk, . , r(A) = lim n kAn k = kAk, . . 4 .
m+1

m+1

5.9.1. A

. H = L2 [0, 1] A L(H)
(Ax)(t) = tx(t)

. . t [0, 1]

x H.

x, y H
Z

t x(t) y(t) d =

(A(x), y) =
[0,1]

x(t) t y(t) d = (x, A(y)),

[0,1]

A . C x Ker A . . . t [0, 1] (t )x(t) = 0.

t 6= 0 . . t [0, 1], x(t) = 0 . .
t [0, 1]. , x = 0 H, . . Ker A = {0}
C. , p (A) = , .
360

 5.9.2. C

Ker A [Im A ] = H.

. C (A ) = A

I = A I = A .

, 5.6.1

Ker A = [Im A ]. , 3.2.2

Ker A [Im A ] = H.

, 2 5.9.1 6 p (A) R 6 p (A) R.

, Ker A = Ker A = {0}. R, = ,
Ker A = Ker A . ,
Ker A [Im A ] = H.

5.9.3. C Im 6= 0 (A)
kRA ()k | Im1 | .
. = + i , ,

6= 0.

x H

R,

kA (x)k2 = (A (x) ix, A (x) ix) =

= kA (x)k2 i(x, A (x)) + i(A (x), x) + 2 kxk2 .

R, (A ) = A . (x, A (x)) =
= (A (x), x). ,
kA (x)k2 = kA (x)k2 + 2 kxk2 2 kxk2 .

, x H
kA (x)k || kxk,

. . A H. 3.5.4 , A , . . (A )1 L(Im A , H). 3.5.5 A .

361

 Ker A = {0} 5.9.2 Im A = H. (A )1 = RA () L(H), . .

(A). x H
kRA ()xk

kA RA ()(x)k
kxk
=
,
||
||

. . kRA ()k

1
||

, .

5.9.1. , . . (A) R.
. (A) = C\(A) 5.9.3.
5.9.4. (A) ,
A H, . . L > 0, , x H
kA (x)k Lkxk.
.
A H (A) 3.5.4, L = kR 1(A)k .
. A
H. 3.5.4 , A , . . (A )1
L(Im A , H). 3.5.5
A . Ker A = {0} 5.9.2 Im A = H. , (A )1 =
= RA () L(H), . . (A), .

5.9.2. (A) , xn H kxn k = 1,

, kA (xn )k 0 n .
. (A) 6 (A), 5.9.4
, A
H. ,
362

n N zn H, ,
kA (zn )k < kznn k . , n N zn 6= 0. xn = kzznn k .
kA (xn )k < n1 0 n , .

5.9.5.
m = inf (A(x), x),
kxk=1

m+ = sup (A(x), x).

kxk=1

(A) [m , m+ ], m (A).

m
x H m kxk2 (A(x), x)
m+ kxk2 . > m+
x H

( m+ )kxk2 (x, x) (A(x), x) = (A (x), x) kA (x)k kxk,

. . ( m+ )kxk kA (x)k. , A H, 5.9.4

(A). < m x H
(m )kxk2 (A(x), x) (x, x) = (A (x), x) kA (x)k kxk,

. . (m )kxk kA (x)k. , A H, 5.9.4

(A). 5.9.1
A , [m , m+ ].
, m+ (A). 5.9.2
xn H kxn k = 1,
, kAm (xn )k 0 n . m+ xn H kxn k = 1, ,
(A(xn ), xn ) m+ n . , (Am (xn ), xn )
0 n . m+
x H (Am (x), x) 0. H \" hx, yi = (Am (x), y) x, y
H. x H hx, xi 0,
(Am ) = Am x, y H
hx, yi = (x, (Am (y))) = (Am (y), x) = hy, xi. ,
+

363

\" |
. , x, y H t R
0 hx ty, x tyi = hx, xi 2t Rehx, yi + t2 hy, yi.

, (Rehx, zi)2 hx, xihy, yi

0. hx, yi
hx, yi = ei |hx, yi|,
|hx, yi| = hx, ei yi = Rehx, ei yi
p
p
p
p
hx, xi hei y, ei yi = hx, xi hy, yi,

. . | |hx, yi|2 hx, xihy, yi.

n N

D
E
kAm+ (xn )k2 = Am+ (xn ), Am+ (xn ) = xn , Am+ (xn )
D
E
D
E

xn , Am+ (xn ) hxn , xn i Am+ (xn ), Am+ (xn )

Am+ (xn ), xn kAm+ k3 0 n .

, 5.9.2 m+ (A). m (A).

5.9.3.
n
o
kAk = max |m |, |m+ | = r(A).

.
A r(A) = sup ||. (A)

5.9.5
n m (A)
o , |m | r(A). max |m |, |m+ | r(A). , 5.9.5 n [m , mo
+]
(A) || max |m |, |m+ | .

n
o
r(A) max |m |, |m+ | . , n
o
max |m |, |m+ | = r(A). 4 5.9.1 r(A) = kAk.

364

n
o
max |m |, |m+ | = kAk = r(A).

5.9.4.

T K(H).

kT k =

r(T T ) =

max

p (T T )

||.

. T T -

. 5.9.3

o
n

r(T T ) = kT T k = max m+ (T T ) , m (T T ) =

= sup T T (x), x = sup T (x), T (x) =

kxk=1

kxk=1

= sup kT (x)k2 = kT k2 .
kxk=1

5.8.8 5.8.5 T T . T 6= 0, r(T T ) = kT T k =

= kT k2 > 0. 5.8.1 p (T T ) 6=
r(T T ) = max ||, .
p (T T )

5.9.2. :
A: L2 [0, 1] L2 [0, 1],

. .

x( ) d( )

(Ax)(t) =

t [0, 1]

x L2 [0, 1].

[0,t]

. ,
R
(Ax)(t) =
K(t, ) d( )
.
.
L2

t [0, 1]
[0, 1]2

K(t, ) =

x L2 [0, 1],

1, 0 t 1,
0, 0 t < 1.

365

[0,1]

, 5.8.1,

L2 [0, 1], . . A

K L2 [0, 1] . A
5.9.4,
r
r
kAk =

r A A =

max

p (A A)

||.

A : L2 [0, 1] L2 [0, 1].

x, y CL2 [0, 1]. 4.3.6 ,
Z1

dt

(Ax, y) =
0

Zt

Z1

x( ) d y(t) =
0

Z
d x( ) y(t) dt = (x, A y).

, y CL2 [0, 1]
. . t [0, 1]
Z1

(A y)(t) =

Z
y( ) d =

y( ) d( ).
[t,1]

CL2 [0, 1] L2 [0, 1],

x L2 [0, 1] yn CL2 [0, 1],
, kx yn k2 0 n .
A kA x A yn k2 0 n .
t [0, 1] |

Z
Z

yn ( ) d( )
x( ) d( )

x( ) yn ( ) d( ) kxyn k2 .

[t,1]
[0,1]
[t,1]

x( ) d( )
yn ( ) d( ) =

[t,1]

[t,1]
2

366

v
2
u

uZ1 Z
Z

u
=t
x( ) d( )
yn ( ) d( ) d(t)

0 [t,1]
[t,1]
v
uZ1
u
2
u
t
kx yn k2 d(t) = kx yn k2 0 n .
0

, n

Z
Z

x( ) d( ) = 0.
x( ) d( ) = lim (A yn )(t)
(A x)(t)
n

[t,1]
[t,1]
2

,
Z

(A x)(t) =

x( ) d( )

. .

t [0, 1] x L2 [0, 1].

[t,1]

A A: L2 [0, 1] L2 [0, 1],

(A Ax)(t) =

d( )
[t,1]

d() x()

. . t [0, 1] x L2 [0, 1].

[0, ]

.
A A ,
x L2 [0, 1], , x (t) =
= 1 (A Ax )(t) . . t [0, 1].
x L2 [0, 1] t 7 (A Ax)(t)
[0, 1], x [0, 1], x (t) = 1 (A Ax )(t) t [0, 1].
x C[0, 1] t 7 (A Ax)(t)
[0, 1] , x
[0, 1].
367

 x (t) =

x0 (t)

1
=

Zt
x00 (t) =

x( ) d,
0

(A Ax )(t)

x(t)

t [0, 1],

t [0, 1],

x (1) = 0 x0 (0) = 0.
2

2
kx k2 = (x , x ) = (A Ax , x ) = (Ax , Ax ) = kAx k2 >

> 0, > 0. , x = C cos t

C 6= 0. x (1) = 0 1 = 2 + n n
N. A A
p (A A)\{0} =

+ n
nN .
2

s
kAk =

1
max
=
nN + n 2
2

1
2

2 =

2
.

, 0 6 p (A A),
kAk. . x Ker A A ,
Ax Ker A = (Im A) . Ax Im A.
, Ax = 0, . . x Ker A = (Im A ) .
E = A CL2 [0, 1] Im A .

E=

z |

z CL2 [0, 1]
,
[0, 1] z(1) = 0

, E L2 [0, 1]. , E = {0}. {0} (Im A ) E = {0}.

Ker A = {0}, . . x = 0 L2 [0, 1]. , Ker A A
L2 [0, 1],
A A.
368

 5.9.2 (, ). A | .
(Ker A) A, . .
E (Ker A) , A,
, [ Lin E ] = (Ker A) .
. A , kAk > 0. 4 5.9.1
r(A) = kAk > 0, (A).
5.8.1
A. 5.8.1 A . 5.8.7
p (A)\{0} Ker A , . . N = dim Ker A N, Ker A {xm ()}N
m=1 A,
. 3 5.9.1 A,
, . ,

E=

xm () m 1, N , p (A)\{0}

, ,
A. , Ker A 6=
6= {0} 3 5.9.1 E
(Ker A) . Ker A = {0}, (Ker A) = H
E . L = [ Lin E ].
, L = (Ker A) . E
(Ker A) , Lin E (Ker A) . , (Ker A) L (Ker A) .
(Ker A) H , 3.2.2
L (Ker A) |
n

M=

x (Ker A) (x, y) = 0 y L ,

L M = (Ker A) .
E A(Lin E) Lin E . ,
369

 A A(L) L. x M y L A
(A(x), y) = (x, A(y)) = 0. A(x) M , . . A(M ) M . M H .
, A: M M M . A
M , . . A(M ) 6= {0}, 5.9.1
5.8.1 A z M , p (A)\{0}.
E z Ker A Lin E L.
z M , (z, z) = 0, . . z =
= 0, .
A(M ) = {0}. M Ker A, M (Ker A) .
, M (Ker A) (Ker A) = {0}, . . M = {0} | . , L = (Ker A) ,
.

5.9.5. A | . (Ker A)
E = {en }N
n=1 , N N {+}, A. x H
x0 Ker A, ,
x = x0 +

N
X
(x, en )
en .
(en , en )
n=1

,
:

H = Ker A

Lin en .

n=1

. 5.9.2 -

E = {en }N
n=1 (Ker A) ,

N N {+},

en A, (Ker A) 370

 . , 3.3.2
{en }N
n=1 (Ker A)

, z (Ker A)
N
P

(z,e )
(Ker A) z =
(e ,e ) en . n=1
3.2.2
Ker A (Ker A) = H. , x H
x0 Ker A z (Ker A) , ,
x = x0 + z . (x0 , en ) = 0 n 1, N ,
(z, en ) = (x, en ) n 1, N .
,
n

x = x0 +

N
N
X
X
(z, en )
(x, en )
en = x0 +
en .
(en , en )
(en , en )
n=1
n=1

kxk2 = kx0 k2 +

N
X
|(x, en )|2
.
ken k2
n=1

5.9.1. A |
, E = {en }N
n=1 |
A
(Ker A) ( N N {+}).
H Ker A Lin{en } n 1, N .
P0 : H Ker A | Ker A,
Pn : H Lin{en } | Lin en , n 1, N .
x H
Pn (x) =

(x, en )
en .
(en , en )

n
1, N kPn k = 1. Ker A 6= {0},
kP0 k = 1, Ker A = {0}, P0 . 5.9.5 x H
x = P0 (x) +

N
X
n=1

371

Pn (x).

AP0 = 0, n 1, N APn =
n | A,
en , x H

= n Pn ,

A(x) =

N
X

n Pn (x).

n=1

N N, A

A=

N
X

n Pn .

n=1

N = +,

x H

m Pm (x) =
A(x)

m=1

X
u
|(x, em )|2
(x,
e
)

u X
m
|m |2
=
em = t

(em , em )
kem k2
m=n+1
m=n+1
v

u X

u |(x, em )|2
t
sup |m |
sup |m | kxk.
kem k2
m>n
m>n
m=n+1

m Pm sup |m |.
A

m>n
m=1

5.8.1
m

P
0 m ,
A

m Pm

0 n .
m=1

A =

m=1

m Pm .

(A) RA () = (A )1 A. y H
372

 x H A (x) = y.
A (x) =

N
X

(n )Pn (x) P0 (x) = P0 (y) +

n=1

N
X

Pn (y).

n=1

, (n )Pn (x) = Pn (y)

n 1, N , P0 (x) = P0 (y). ,
x = (A )1 (y) = P0 (x) +

N
X

Pn (x) =

n=1

P0 (y) X Pn (y)
+
.

n=1 n

, y H
N

(A )

P0 (y) X Pn (y)
(y) =
+
.

n=1 n

N N, A
N

RA () =

P0 X Pn
+
.

n=1 n

N = +,
Sn =

n
X
P0
Pm
+

m=1 m

H n
RA (),
L(H). , n N
kSn+1 Sn k =

kPn+1 k
1
1

.
|n+1 |
|n+1 | + ||
kAk + ||

, RA () Sn
L(H).
373


, .
,
, ,
. , , . , ,
. \ " [2].

- .

374

1. . ., . .
. .: , 1976, 542 .
2. .

. .: , 1975, 443 .

3. . . . .: , 2002,
488 .
4. .
319 .

. .: , 1976,

5. ., .
1967, 251 .

. .: ,

375