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Bio:
Myostatin is...
a key inhibitor of myogenic gene networks.
AG is the splice...
acceptor.
GT is the splice...
donor.
Dev. Bio:
What are the 3 ways that the miRNA complex can block
translation?
1. Initiation block
2. Endonuclease digestion
3. Proteolysis
Dev. Bio:
If you found that actin is highly expressed in normal cells but not
in cancer cells, what would you conclude?
Cancerous cells turn off actin expression.
What is a plasmid?
A circular double-stranded extrachromosomal DNA molecule.
Dev. Bio:
What is a transgene?
An artificial gene, must incorporate all appropriate elements critical
for gene expression.
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
Proximal is...
closer to the center of the body. EX: the elbow is more proximal
than the wrist.
Distal is...
more distant from the center of the body. EX: the wrist is more distal
that the elbow.
Rostral is...
towards the head. EX: the shoulder is more rostral than the elbow.
Caudal is...
towards the tail. EX: the elbow is more caudal than the shoulder.
Dorsal is...
the upper surface. EX: top side of your hand.
Ventral is...
the underside. EX: the palm of your hand.
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
If you take mesenchyme form the foot and put it under the thigh,
what would you expect to see?
Scales from the foot.
Cadherin helps..
mediate differential adhesion.
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
the trunk, that ectoderm will not form lens tissue. What describes
the interaction of these tissues?
The head ectoderm is competent to respond to signals from the
optic vesicle while the trunk ectoderm is not.
A mutant mouse lacks the SHH gene will have limbs with
disrupted _____ specification of the forelimb.
Caudal.
Dev. Bio:
They won't be able to breed the mice with the targeted mutation
without contributing.
Cre-recombinase is....
a bacterial enzyme that recognizes a distinct sequence in DNA loxP site.
What is Fgf8?
A soluble signaling factor that is expressed in developing limbs.
Dev. Bio:
A mouse with a floxed Fgf8 allele was bred to a mouse with a Cre
recombinase transgene that is expressed only in the forelimb, not
the hindlimb, then...
The cells of the forelimbs will have recombined Fgf8.
Some cells, the targeting vector recombines with the target gene
and knocks out one copy of the target gene, which is...
neomycin-resistant and ganciclovin-resistant
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
Enhancers
they are the sites of transcription factor binding.
Have Flexibility in Their Orientation and
Localization
Tissue Specific and Modular
Dev. Bio:
Development
The process of progressive and continuous
change that generates a complex multicellular
organism from a single cell.
Dev. Bio:
Enhancer characteristics
Have Flexibility in Their Orientation and
Localization
Tissue Specific and Modular
regions control tissue-specific gene expression
Dev. Bio:
A plasmid is?
Circular extrachromosomal DNA
What is Transformation?
A process that involves a few cells taking in the
recombinant plasmid. Most cells don't and
eventually die when placed in the antibiotic
infused nutrient medium.
Homologous recombination
Nucleotide sequences are exchanged between
two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
Spatial method
- In situ hybridization
- Transgenic reporter gene
Dev. Bio:
Quantitative method
- Quantitative RT-PCR
- RNA-Seq
Dev. Bio:
Making a transgene
- artificial gene; must incorporate elements
critical for gene expression.
- A simple construction scheme has been
developed that provides the best transgene
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
Pluripotent
stem cells; can become all of embryo, but not
extraembryonic tissues (eg. placenta,
membranes)
Dev. Bio:
Homologous recombination
a type of genetic recombination also known as
crossing over that occurs during meiosis.
It also occurs in diploid cells under special
circumstances, this is important for ES cell
mediated knockouts.
Gene map translated parts are represented by
shaded spots
Transcription is started by
a promoter (tata box)
Translation is started by
AUG start codon
induction
the process by which one group of cells changes the development
of an adjacent set of cells (shape, mitotic rate, cell fate)
Dev. Bio:
what is an inducer
tissue that produces a signal and can change behavior of other
tissue
what is a responder
tissue that responds to inducing signal, must be competent to
respond
instructive induction
coach telling players what to do -> inducer tells responder what to
do
committment
cells developmental fate has been restricted even though this is not
overtly displayed
differentiation
generation of specialized cell types from committed precursors
steps of committment:
1. specification: still reversible
2. determination: irreversible
hox genes
specify regions along limb bud in proximal-distal axis
The phrase "all the somatic cells in a developing embryo contain
the same set of genes" refers to
Genomic equivalence
Dev. Bio:
Promoter
-Regulate when and where a gene is transcribed
-Promoters can be found at the 5' end; 3' end; or within gene
-Usually contains a sequence called the TATA box
the 5' region of DNA btw the transcription ignition sequence and
the translation sequence where the mRNA is to translated, but
can determine the rate that translation is initiated is referred to
as?
5' UTR
The intervening regions that do not code for proteins, but for
micro RNAs is called?
Intron
Dev. Bio:
What is the difference btw histone acetylation and histone deacettylation in terms of gene expression?
Histone acetylation activates transcription, whereas histone deacetylation repress transcription
Dev. Bio:
_______ are regulatory sequences found in the 5' UTR; 3' UTR;
or introns of a gene
Enhancers
A enhancer can?
bind several different transcription factors ti activate a particular
gene
bind different combinations of transcription factors which controls
the timing and location of differ gene expression patterns
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
Drosha (RNAase)
cleaves the pre-miRNA into single hairpin loops
When bindinfof the miRNA and mRNA is very tight, the mRNA is?
cleaved and degraded
Dev. Bio:
Enhancers
they are the sites of transcription factor binding.
Have Flexibility in Their Orientation and
Localization
Tissue Specific and Modular
Dev. Bio:
Development
The process of progressive and continuous
change that generates a complex multicellular
organism from a single cell.
Dev. Bio:
Enhancer characteristics
Have Flexibility in Their Orientation and
Localization
Tissue Specific and Modular
regions control tissue-specific gene expression
Dev. Bio:
A plasmid is?
Circular extrachromosomal DNA
What is Transformation?
A process that involves a few cells taking in the
recombinant plasmid. Most cells don't and
eventually die when placed in the antibiotic
infused nutrient medium.
Homologous recombination
Nucleotide sequences are exchanged between
two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
Spatial method
- In situ hybridization
- Transgenic reporter gene
Dev. Bio:
Quantitative method
- Quantitative RT-PCR
- RNA-Seq
Dev. Bio:
Making a transgene
- artificial gene; must incorporate elements
critical for gene expression.
- A simple construction scheme has been
developed that provides the best transgene
Dev. Bio:
Dev. Bio:
Pluripotent
stem cells; can become all of embryo, but not
extraembryonic tissues (eg. placenta,
membranes)
Dev. Bio:
Homologous recombination
a type of genetic recombination also known as
crossing over that occurs during meiosis.
It also occurs in diploid cells under special
circumstances, this is important for ES cell
mediated knockouts.