Lectureon

FrancisTurbine
byy
Dr.ShibayanSarkar
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
p
g
g
IndianSchoolofMinesDhanbad

di , Qo

Turbines:Francis(1849)

Ri

Ra

Spiral
casing
Stay ring

Qo vi

di2

vi K v 2 gH

Ra Ri
Q

di
2

Qo
2

Draft Tube:
Static pressure (P/+Z) gradually decreases when water glides over the runner blades. Water
coming out of the runner posses large amount of Kinetic energy and pressure at runner outlet,
which is less than atmospheric pressure.
pressure
(1) It makes possible to install the turbine above tail race without loss of head
(2) The pressure at the exit of the draft tube is atmospheric.
(3) Avoid cavitation, arrest separation of water.
Apply Bernoulis theory at runner inlet (2) and exit of draft tube (4)

v22
P4 v42

Z2
Z 4 hf
2g
2g

P2

hf = head loss
through
g draft tube

..eq (1)

Entry at
runner

Exit from
runner att
same level

Apply Bernoulis theory at free surface (3) and exit of draft tube (4)

v32
P4 v42

Z3
Z4
2g
2g

P3

P4

P3

(Z3 Z 4 )

S
Same,
as
..eq (2)
difference
is negligible

..eq
q ((3))

Air

Patm
Z4

Datum

v22 v42

(Z 2 Z3 )
hf

2g 2g

P2 P3
v22 v42
hs

hf

2g 2g

P3

Static suction
head

hs
Z3

Replacing the above value to eq (1)

P2

Z2

..eq
eq (4)

..eq (5)

dynamic suction
head

Draft Tube:
(4) Static pressure (P/+Z) at runner outlet (at the level of 2) is less than atmospheric pressure by
V22/2g
an amount equal to the static and dynamic suction head.
(5) Velocity of water at outlet of runner is very high (3-15%
(3 15% of net working head,
head for high specific
speed it is 45% in case of kaplan turbine), by employing draft tube recovers this wasted KE is
utilized which increases efficiency of the turbine.
(6) Prevent splashes of water coming out of the runner .
Efficiency of the draft tube is expressed as

Above tail
race level
2.5 to 3D
Below Tail
race level
0.5 to 1D

Prevent p
possibility
y
of flow separation
dt=90%, angle
less than 8

(V22 V42 )
hf
2g
dt
V22
2g
actual conversion of Kinetic Head
into Pressure Head

Kinetic Head at inlet

of the draft tube
Length minimum
and
d lless
IIncrease area off water
t exit,
it
Sometimes
S
ti
ffriction
i ti lloss iis
increase whirling action, suit excavation, head expressed as
loss at bend,
for helical flow, dt=85%
dt=60%
(V22 V42 )
hf k
, k = const

2g

less excavation,
head loss at bend,
dt=85%

Governing Mechanism

Velocity Diagram

Runners are classified according to the speed,

as per their shape and velocity triangle

V1
Vr1

V1

Vr2

Degree of Reaction (R)

u1

u1

V1

Vr2

V2

change
h
iin pressure energy
inside the runner (Hpr)

change in total energy

V1
Vr1

V2

inside the runner (He)

u2

u2

Slow runner

u1

Guide vane

Medium runner

V
V u u
Hpr r 2

2
2

2
2

u1

2
r1

2
1

2
2

Vr1

v1

Vr1

V1

vf1
vw1

V2
Vr2
u2

Rotation

Fast runner

V12 V2 2 Vr 2 2 Vr12 u12 u22

He

2
2
2
2

Relationship:

u u
Vr 2
V

2
2 2
2

2
r1

2
2

2
1

Centrifugal
head (CFH)

Outward flow: u2>u1, CFH +ve , Vr2 increases at outlet

Inward flow: u1>u2, CFH -ve , Vr2 decreases at outlet

D1/2

v2

vf2

vw2 u2
D2/2

Vr2 = Vr1

v1= velocity of fluid at

inlet
u1= velocity of the vane at
inlet
vr1 = relative velocity of
fluid at inlet
= angle between the
direction of the fluid and
the direction of motion of
the vane, guide blade angle
vw1 = velocity of whirl at
inlet
= angle made by vr1 with
direction of motion at
inlet, vane angle at inlet
v1= velocity of fluid at
outlet
vf1 = velocity of flow at
inlet
vw2 = velocity of whirl at
outlet
vf2 = velocity of flow at
outlet
= angle between v2 with
the direction of motion of
vane at outlet
= angle made by vr2 with
direction of motion of vane
at outlet, vane angle at
outlet