Midterm Breakdown

Easy Warm Up
Hydrate Formulas
1. Epsom Salts are composed of MgSO4. x H2O. When heated all the water of hydration is
driven off. If a 1.687 g sample is heated, 0.824 g of MgSO4 remains. How many molecules
of water are represented by x?

2. When a hydrate of sodium carbonate is heated until all water is removed, it loses 54.3% of
its mass. Determine the formula of the hydrate.

Formulas by Combustion Analysis

3. Determine the empirical formula of toluene, a hydrocarbon, if combustion of a sample of
toluene produces 5.86 mg of CO2 and 1.37 mg of H2O.
4. Menthol is the substance used in mentholated cough drops, and contains C, H and O.
Combustion of a 0.1005 g sample yields 0.2829 g of CO2 and 0.1159 g of H2O. A separate
analysis reveals a molar mass of 156. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas.

Limiting and Excess Reactants

5. Given:

N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3

Which reactant is limiting if 59.85 g of nitrogen is reacted with 12.11 g of hydrogen?

6. Given:

I2 +

H2 2 HI

55.0 mg of I2 is reacted with 0.7 mg of H2. Determine how much of the excess reactant
will be left over after the reaction is complete.

Midterm Breakdown
Theoretical and Percent Yield
7. Given:

Br2 +

Cl2 2 BrCl

What is the theoretical yield of bromine monochloride, in grams, if 0.250 moles of each reactant
is used?

8. Given:

CS2 + 3 O2 CO2 +

2 SO2

What is the percent yield if 112 g of SO2 is obtained when 78.1 g of CS2 is combusted (with
excess O2)?
The Real Thing
Stoichiometry
1. An experiment is conducted where 10.6 g of butane gas (C4H10) is completely combusted
with 1.5 moles of oxygen gas. The combustion reaction is done in a sealed 5.00 L flask, and
the temperature levels out at 500oC.
(a) Write the balanced equation to use in part B).
(b) Determine whether the butane or the oxygen is limiting and then the moles of each
product that results.
(c) Determine the total pressure inside the container due to the two products and the left-over
excess reactant.
(d) Determine the partial pressure of the excess reactant in the flask.
2. An unknown compound contains only three elements C, H and O. A pure sample of the
compound is analyzed and found to be 65.60% C and 9.44% H by mass.
(a) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
(b) When 1.570 g of the compound is vaporized at 300oC and 1.00 atm, the gas occupies a
volume of 577 mL. What is the molar mass of the compound based on this result?
(c) What is the molecular formula based on these data?
(d) Explain why an isomer of this compound would be expected to have the same density as
the sample measured in part B).

Midterm Breakdown
3. Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin. The following is experimental data
collected:
(a) The elements contained in acetylsalicylic acid are H, C and O. The combustion of 3.000 g
of the pure compound yields 1.200 g of water and 3.72 L of dry carbon dioxide, measured
at 750 torr and 25oC. Calculate the mass, in g, of each element in the 3.000 g sample.
(b) Use the work in Part A) to determine the empirical formula of acetylsalicylic acid.
(c) A student dissolves 1.625 g of pure acetylsalicylic acid in distilled water and titrated the
resulting solution to the equivalence point using 88.43 mL of 0.102 M NaOH (aq). The
acid is monoprotic. Calculate the molar mass of the acid.
(d) Determine the molecular formula of acetylsalicylic acid.
Kinetics
4.
2 A+ B C + D
The following results were obtained when the reaction represented above was studied at 25oC.
Experiment Initial Initial Initial Rate of
[A]
[B]
Formation of C
(mol L-1 min-1)

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

0.25

0.75

4.310-4

0.75

0.75

1.310-3

1.50

1.50

5.310-3

1.75

8.010-3

Determine the order of the reaction with respect to A and to B. Justify your answer.
Write the rate law for the reaction. Calculate the value of the rate constant, specifying units.
Determine the initial rate of change of [A] in Experiment 3.
Determine the initial value of [B] in Experiment 4.

Midterm Breakdown
5. The reaction between H2 and NO is believed to react in the following three-step process.
NO + NO N2O2
(fast)
N2O2+ H2 N2O + H2O

(slow)

N2O + H2 N2 + H2O

(fast)

(a) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction.

(b) Identify the intermediates in the reaction. Explain your reasoning.
(c) From the mechanism represented above, a student correctly deduces that the rate law for the
reaction is rate = k[NO]2[H2]. The student then concludes that (1) the reaction is third-order
and (2) the mechanism involves the simultaneous collision of two NO molecules and an H 2
molecule. Are conclusions (1) and (2) correct? Explain.
(d) Explain why an increase in temperature increases the rate constant, k, given the rate law in
(c).
6.
(a) The diagram below shows the potential energy diagram or pathway for the reaction O 3 + NO
NO2 + O2. Clearly label the following directly on the diagram.

(i) The activation energy (Ea) for the forward reaction

(ii) The enthalpy change (H) for the reaction
(b) The reaction 2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2 is first order with respect to N2O5.
(i) Using the axes at right, complete the graph that represents the change in [N 2O5] over
time as the reaction proceeds.
In itial
[NO]

Time

(ii) Describe how the graph in (i) could be used to find the reaction rate at a given time, t.
(iii) Considering the rate law and the graph in (i), describe how the value of the rate
constant, k, could be determined.
(iv) If more N2O5 were added to the reaction mixture at constant temperature, what would
be the effect on the rate constant, k ? Explain.

Midterm Breakdown
(c) Data for the chemical reaction 2A B + C were collected by measuring the concentration
of A at 10-minute intervals for 80 minutes. The following graphs were generated from
analysis of the data.

Use the information in the graphs above to answer the following.

(i) Write the rate-law expression for the reaction. Justify your answer.
(ii) Describe how to determine the value of the rate constant for the reaction.

Midterm Breakdown
Equilibrium
7.
CO2(g) + H2(g) H2O(g) + CO(g)
When carbon dioxide is mixed with hydrogen gas at 5,000 K, equilibrium is achieved according
to the equation above. In one experiment, the following equilibrium concentrations were
measured.
[H2] = 0.20 mol/L
[CO2] = 0.30 mol/L
[H2O] = [CO] = 0.55 mol/L
(a) What is the mole fraction of CO(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
(b) Using the equilibrium concentrations given above, calculate the value of Kc, the equilibrium
constant for the reaction.
(c) Determine Kp in terms of Kc for this system.
(d) When the system is cooled from 5,000 K to a lower temperature, 30.0 percent of the CO(g)
is converted back to CO2(g). Calculate the value of Kc at this lower temperature.
(e) In a different experiment, 0.50 mole of H2(g) is mixed with 0.50 mole of CO 2(g) in a 3.0liter reaction vessel at 5,000 K. Calculate the equilibrium concentration, in moles per liter,
of CO(g) at this temperature.
8.

2 moles of gaseous PCl5 were placed into a 5.00 L tank that had been evacuated. A portion
of the compound decomposed as shown by the reaction:
PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
At equilibrium, at 24oC, the total pressure was 10.7 atm.
(a) Determine the equilibrium partial pressures of each gas.
(b) What is the Kp?
(c) What is the Kc?

Midterm Breakdown
Acid Base Equilibrium
9.
HOCl OCl- + H+
The acid-dissociation constant, Ka, for HOCl is 3.2x10-8. Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, is a weak
acid commonly used as a bleaching agent.
(a) Calculate the [H+] of a 0.14-molar solution of HOCl.
(b) Write the correctly balanced net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when NaOCl is
dissolved in water and calculate the numerical value of the equilibrium constant for the
reaction.
(c) Household bleach is made by dissolving chlorine gas in water, as represented below.
Cl2(g) + H2O --> H+ + Cl- + HOCl(aq)
Calculate the pH of such a solution if the concentration of HOCl in the solution is 0.065
molar.
10.
HOBr(aq) H+(aq) + OBr(aq) Ka = 2.3 109
The reaction above represents hypobromous acid, HOBr, dissociating in water.
(a) Calculate the value of [H+] in an HOBr solution that has a pH of 4.95.
(b) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the ionization of HOBr in water, then calculate
the concentration of HOBr(aq) in an HOBr solution that has [H+] equal to 1.8 105 M.

11. Write reactions for the following scenarios.

a. NH3 is put into water.
b. NH3 and NH4Cl is put into water.
c. NaF is put into water

Midterm Breakdown
12. The salt, ethanolammonium chloride, HOCH2CH2NH3Cl, is dissolved in water such that the
concentration is 0.080 M. The Kb of the ethanolamine (ethanolammoniums conjugate base) is
3.20 x 10-5.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Write the equation for the controlling reaction.

Generate the Ka value for the equation.
Determine the pH in this solution.
An equal amount of solution of 0.050 M Ethanolamine (HOCH2CH2NH2) is added
to the above solution.
i) What does this new solution form?
ii) Determine the new pH of the solution.

13. Hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) is a very weak acid (ka = 6.2x10-10) when dissolved in water. It
is a powerful respiratory inhibitor and highly toxic. If a 50.0 mL sample of 0.100M HCN is
titrated with 0.100 M NaOH, calculate the pH of the solution . . . .
(a) after 8.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH has been added.
(b) at the halfway point of the titration.
(c) At the equivalence point of the titration.

Midterm Breakdown
14.

C3H7COOH(aq)

H+1(aq) +

C3H7COO-1(aq) Ka = 1.5105

Butyric acid, C3H7COOH, dissociates in water according to the reaction above.

(a) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.315 M solution of butyric acid.
(c) A 0.825 g sample of sodium butyrate, NaC3H7COO, is added to a 50.00 mL sample of a
0.315 M solution of butyric acid. Assuming that no change in the volume of the solution
occurs, calculate each of the following:
i. The concentration of the butyrate ion, C3H7COO-1(aq) in the solution.
ii. The concentration of the H+(aq) ion in the solution.
The formate ion, HCOO-1(aq), reacts with water to form formic acid and hydroxide ion, as shown
in the following equation.
HCOO-1 (aq)

H2O(l)

HCOOH(aq)

OH-1(aq)

(d) Given that [OH-1] is 4.18 106 M in a 0.309 M solution of sodium formate, calculate
each of the following.
(i) The value of Kb for the formate ion, HCOO(aq)
(ii) The value of Ka for formic acid, HCOOH
(e) Which acid is stronger, butyric acid or formic acid? Justify your answer.
Gas Essay
15. 2.00 g of He, 14.0 g of N2 and 22.0g of CO2 are mixed in a latex balloon at STP.
(a) Explain why the partial pressure of all three gases is the same in this case.
(b) Explain which gas will be present in the largest mole fraction inside the balloon the next
day.
(c) Explain which gas would be expected to show the largest deviations from ideal behavior.

Midterm Breakdown
16. A student is provided with a sample that may contain any or all of the following ions: Cl1-,
OH1-, SO42-. Using a well-plate, the student placed some of the sample into three wells. The
student then tested them according to the table below, showing the following results:
TEST

RESULT

1. Ca(NO3)2 (aq) added:

No ppt.

2. Pb(NO3)4 (aq) added:

Ppt.

3. AgNO3 (aq) added:

Ppt.

(a) For each ion (Cl1-, OH1-, SO42-), using the Solubility Table the Regents Chemistry
Reference Tables, explain how the results can be used to either:
Prove its existence
Prove its absence
Is inconclusive
(b) Write net ionic equation(s) for results #2 and #3.
Heat Problem
17. a) When a 7.76 g sample of solid ammonium nitrate is dissolved in 120.0 g of water in a
coffee cup calorimeter, the temperature of the system drops from 23.0o C to 13.8oC. The
heat capacity of the calorimeter (without water in it) is 452 J/oC. You may assume the
specific heat of the ammonium nitrate solution to be that of pure water.
i) Determine the amount of heat exchanged in the calorimeter.
ii) Determine the moles of ammonium nitrate.
iii) Is the reaction endo- or exothermic? How do you know?
iv) Calculate H value for the dissolving process, in kJ per mole of ammonium nitrate.
b) Gasoline is composed primarily of hydrocarbons, including many with eight carbons, called
octanes. One of the cleanest burning octanes is called 2,3,4-trimethyl pentane, which
has the following structural formula:
i) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of octane.
ii) Write a balanced equation for the formation of C8H18 (l) from its elements.
iii) The complete combustion of 1 mole of 2,3,4-trimethyl pentane results in the release of
5069 kJ of heat energy. The Hof values for CO2 (g) and H2O (g) are -393.5 kJ/mole
and -241.8 kJ/mole, respectively. Calculate the Hof for 2,3,4-trimethyl pentane.

Midterm Breakdown
18.

2 Fe (s) + 3/2 O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s)

Hof = -824. kJ/mol

The equation above shows how solid iron metal reacts with air. A 80.0 g sample of Fe (s) is
mixed with 12.5 L of O2 (g) at 2.66 atm and 298 K.
a) Calculate the number of moles of each of the following before the reaction begins.
i) Fe (s)
ii) O2 (g)
b) Identify the limiting reactant when the mixture is heated to produce Fe2O3 (s). Support your
answer with calculations.
c) Calculate the amount of heat produced when the reaction proceeds to completion.
The reaction below also produces iron (III) oxide. The Ho value is -256. kJ per mole of
Fe2O3 (s) formed.
2 FeO (s) + O2 (g) Fe2O3 (s)
d) Using the Ho data about the two reactions in this problem, determine the Ho for this
reaction:
2 Fe (s) + O2 (g) 2 FeO (s)