...

KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
'FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERS!TY

EXAMINATIONS

SEMESTER

II - 2007/2008

"

.. ~'.

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil and Building Engineering

CE 324: BUILDING SERVICES
"

Date: Friday,
Instructions

15th,

2008

Time: 4.00 p.rn. -7.00 p.m.,

'

This examination consists of eight questions

Attempt any other five questions with at least two from each section
All questions carry equal marks
Begin each qu~stion on a frt:sh page

Do not write anything on the question paper. All rough WOi k should be done on the official
answer booklet

...

';.

SECTION A
QNl
/

Critically examine:
a) The term "earthing',
b) The purpose of carrying-out earthing,
"
,
,,-~/#m/PlF>
c) The different methods of earthing, and I_c.~ Jf70".1(~b; .ft;'P =, .:.-'-~"
d) The
differentC~''lL
aEproaches of improving on poor earthine:,
of electrical installations.
NCcU,c..<'<"'3
- ~_~

QN2

-:

Sb:..':'to~ vv\.

<:.

"

Discuss ~t least six ~06) environmental conditio~s suggeslY1&.l-ecpmmendations in the provision

-~""""&...>..c.A ~41...{
~
~(.,'s~
_.~~~!t
~~
~\.~
oWl-.t'Uof electncal DOwer In such

~cl

\
- c=~'.:::l'--f' 1:;;

~'1\.~\.J..i(o~.

work1'places.
QN3 1:>ISCUSS:
~~
<~.-<''"'<!.
v\~d ~....t'\~.
/
a) The major causes of electrical fires in electrical buildings,
b) The different methods of protection against electrical fires.

IV.

4" \

<?,.

1"'-

",..:..

"

SECTION

B
",

"

QNS. Fig 4. Shows & plan of a dwelling house, the boundary wall, compounC1,access road, Road
Reserve and a water main owned by National Water and Sewerage Cooperation. The site slope
towards the access road.
,"
a) What is the Importance bfthe Road Reserve?
(3 Mark)
b) From the Water Main, Using the Indirect Cold water Supply System, make a pipewqrk.layo~!
~'
to provide water to all the sanitary fltting eg WC, WHB, Sink etc ... shown in the plan. The '--;',' "
following
emp1,lajized;Control
, ,,/"Valves and Ferrule.
./
i)
Positionshould
of thebeStorag'etank,
And for each give reasons to
support that position.
ii) Pipe sizing.
(10 Mark)
c) Draw a layout of the manholes, septic tank and the soak pit. Give reason to support the '
position in which you have put the manholes, septic tank and the soak pit.
(7 Marks)
~ote; All layouts must be drawn directly in Fig 4 page 2( i.e. Page 2 is part of the answer sheet)
1

,,

!
QN6. a) List four sources of..watcr and their likely impurities
~

bn~hat

are ~hebasic objectives of water treatment?~~~L..w.~.ji.~~:''1t

d) EX}?lalc.Jn
"' .~~
In- H ,lJet
Itne
c) ~aihi'disinfect!'
(o~~.

(2Mark!.)

(3Marh)

l~

~\
OISI
. .,water
trea e t... . .
(6 Marks)
IV-U recti
~
\:.X
Ll
fJ.as
faras I'~~~ter treatment
is concern hAa~hat is Yis~tirPose? (6Marks)

~.?, ~~~ pr,pes

ea..G-tn,Lorcp2p":l~trt
~k vI ~ lan~ .m~~ll.,st~~Old...
, watcr supply? (3 Marks)
e) ~~f,~arc
What is the importance 'of a water seal in sanitary fittings?
(2 Marks)
--b) What is the importance ofa boundary stop cock?
(2 Mark~)
--c) Why do building regulations in Uganda recommend indirect cold water system? (3 Marks)
vd) List four fittings for pipe work installations and mention where each is used. (4Mark~)
e) Give four essential qu:ditics of good domestic sanitary appliarces.
(4 Mark~)
f) Diff:;rentiate b~tween a distrihution and Service pipe?
.
(2Marks)
g) With sketches describe how a ball valvp. works
(3 Mark~)

QN 7
~

..

...8)

QN 8 (a) Whal are the lwo Hot '-'valeI'supply systems?

(2 Mark!.)
(b) With sketches write short notes the hot waleI' supply systems
(8 Mark!.)
(c) In the ~)irect cold water supply system why is it recommenued to reduce the service pipe
going to the storage lank from 20mm to 12mm?
(4 Marks)
(d) What is the importance of a goose neck in pipework installation?
(3 Marks)
(e) Differentiate between a gate value (fullyway stop valve) and a screw down valve (stop cock)
(3 marks)

:-

I!H

KY AMBOGO UNIVERSITY

~!

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SEMESTER
Bachelor

II EXAMINATIONS

of Engineering

~~~
:.~~

2006/2007

in Civil and Building

~~. t"

Engineering

J~l
,~i

CE 324: BUILDING SERVICES

Date: Saturday,

May

2007

5th,

Time: 4:00 pm

---------------------------------------~LH
INSTHUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

___

Candidates

should

TIle paver

consi~ts

read through
of

<:ix:

all)' tll'O quest/oils/rom

Attempt

St"Ctioll A carries

[1/ sectioll

Begin

JJ

the paper

questions

011

afresh

i~j
,~;t

,:.~1

:~;,;

in!o sections

A and

each section

B carries

60% of the total marks

one is compulsory

each question

ill
pm.

carefuiiy

divided

40% alld section

questioll

~:o~

~:~

;~i

,;

lii;

page

_~_ifj_;_lc_':_~_:_;_;;_~1_;:~_e_'~_~_1;_~_/~_i:_;g_f._o_'1
__I1_1e_q_u_e_s_II_'0_'_1
_p_a_p_e_r._A_I_I_'_'0_U_g_I_1
_w_o_r_k_S_h_0_U_ld_b_e_d_9_n_e_o_'_1_I~t

i~~
SECTION A

;~f
<:I

:~!
Question
i)

Oue

;~l

a)
Conductor
Define
the following

terms as used in electrical

installation:

..

',;..

(~

;&.,(

.r

j _

>

Stale any 4 types.of

circuit ~reakers 'lsed as switchgears.

jt.r,!.

f.:

'\[.
1{._.\ r.J:-ct
'W'

'd;
j'~t

!>~i ~~
i~l ~

~bl.c.Jt

(4 lnarks)
(4 ~rks)

r~l
!;j

I
:

~t-"1;"'-protection:
~.~...-.
of using a circuit breaker ov~r~..a fuse in ..tcircuit
'~~ "'! f1
~oct:...,
S-f--vL..s
~
e--v<:..
eLL""t ....
<M:..t~:~L
-:
:k1 " ~I
a.u.~
~kv
~k
~".~U~;~.,W.t.t.;.'-'.~;:~~~
m
~
.
_
~.t~~..j,
\-(5(.u..
;,
~
~
(W~k
t;;
Question Two ~~~..{~
Kc
f-i<:,<l~f.e;~\
~~.
!
!~l
~
a) State at least 6 advrn~es
t~i;g
a'<3rid system for power supply.
(6 marks)
;a~
b) State the standard valtages of the following operating voltages for power supply.
It, .
i) Super Grid voltage
iJ:l
ii) Secondary Trc:lsmission voltage
i
iH
iii) High voltage Distribution
(3 rharks)
:iii
;~

State two advantages

~

~ktw ~

f!ft~

i
I~i~
!~

h~i

c)

i)

Describe the 3 main equipmellts

consumer's supply point.

for supply protec~ion

~I::r~:~~.,.,!~,. J..~
t

b) Cable
.
<z-ci- ;~
otvr'-~ ~~
~
~
)
S
.
I
1IC1l'_~eor:b-G
,,"" ..l-op.<--~)
,
c.
~
:
c WItC
dJl...v..<ci.-~
.~
.
>1..-. '
.
.1 - {..o..,( ~~~.I It ~~{<..C'0.-.'
,
t<.A- aX ~
l-O\L'.i.,~
d) CIrCUit breaker -- C>..~<'-l
(.,--- &t<.~.

./""V> ~.
\J1"'A<L
e) Fusing factor .::. ("o:ktu11V'\"\~~~~""..j_~~:3.~
~O\marks}
L-ux~
rc..1-l..
WA~
~
~s-c. w& GM''j
:Using fusing factor figures stale the four classes into which fuses are c1assif!ed.
--<.

that can be found at ~

(4 marks)
!

~.

ll;~~
~H t

i
>

;If'

f~Lr~ ~

~l!li

ii) Describe by means of sketch diagrams the 3 types of fuses used for circuits

,, 2'~leCl~
- ~dL-

~.

~
(jU-~

_.f:j]
-;)

(7 marks)

Question Three
Using appropriate electrical symbol's, provide an electrical design for the layout of the
resid~ntial building indicated below. Show the circuit's arrangement to suit your design.
(20 marks)

SECTION B

QuestiQ~ One

The Commonwealth Heads ofGovemment Meeting (CHOGM) in Uganda due in November

2007, has generated a lot of debate wi~hin the Public in the areas of Security, Social welfare
" (accommodation), Entertainment (Tourism) and Health (Sanitation) among others.
'~ Nakivupo wet land, the main drainage channel for central Kampala, is the most polluted of all
i~-;the surf~ce water systems draining t0wards Lake Victoria, a Sanitation Strategy and Master Plan
it! report for Kampala has revealed. The report further indicates that four tones of organic materials
L; are washed down to the lake per day.
~."The current sanitation coverage for Kampala by the National Water and Sewerage Corporation
;:' (NW&SC) is 9%. For that reason, only 20Km2 of greater Kampala's 300Km2 has water borne
;. sewerage system.
i',The report further says 5% of the households have onsite septic tank, 12% have VIP latrines,
j:;; and 72~ share ordinary latnr.es while 2% have no access to any sanitation facility .
.:'.

~{'

If:Therefote, you have been selected as a Consultant to discuss the environmental impact of this
t::! report a~d propose solutions to the problems with specific reference to sanitation.
,~
'
(35 marks)
.i ~,

l'

{.

."

!i.Questioq

Two
'iKyambogo University was created under the Tertiary Institutions Statute that joined the three
:~institutiops (UPK, ITEK, UNISE) to form the Government University. Previously, each Institute
hwas autOl)omous being supported by the Government and other Donor Agencies including
;:NGOs. :

H)-Iowever; as the unification process continued, it became more complex including the merger of
H,he Estat~s Departments.
Hfhe Drai~age system in Kyambogo Universi~y has become a serious concern ~'1d needs agent
;<reh~9ilitation and the Estates Department does not have the capacity to produce bid documents
i'without an investigation report .
;J,(
. The University decided to appoint various Consultants to carry out preliminary investigations
,inform of a report un priority lines in order to pref'are the bid documents. And these priority
;,areas cover the following: 2

iiH

i)
ii)

\'\'\')
vi)

~
t.

:H

l~i I

Nanzir Hall
Kulubya Hall
U'mse

~~)~~~:~i~ga~~all

!1;1

(West End)

Faculty of Science

,;,b

,~i
in\

f.
<

It!

1M

i.

l1br

l~l;

Having been selected as one of the me;l1bers in one of the Consultancy Teams for ~ny one o~i
the lines, you are requested to present your investigatiohs
to the Client indicatingafnong'
b.'~.~i-&
i
,.:r.t

olhers
but nollimited
a)
Methodology
'b) Findings
c) Conclusion

to: -

d) Recom,cenda'ions

!.

l~i

jj ~

(25 jnarfrs)

:j{i

'II

Question Three
;
1m
I
"l
The Community in Uganda has little knowledge about responsibilities
of a Plumbing Assistantjj~
]1
and a Sanitation EngIneer. The word Engineer is the most commonly used regardless bfits
,
:
jJ>
mean111g,
;
:H
A client, whose plot is located in an area where the infrastructure is well developed, v.[ould lik~~;

~dl)

~:11~~~~~t:~~~::s:::
Cost
effectiveness of installation
;:oa~:;:::rce

are his Terms

i,~.

i
~~

I'
~

~
~

o~H ~
. :~l
jj-;~

~
~

I
I Bu~;~i!

ofenergy

e) Waste water and solid disposal.

:)ue to cheap labor, the Client went to the "Engineer" for consultation regarding the works.
hen the works progressed, the Client realized that the so-called "Engineer" was simply a
lumbing Ass:stant who works under the instruction of a Sanitation
ecided to seek your technical advise in regard to the issue above.

;~i ~.

!~~

to install both hot and cold waler systems and sanitary fittings, The following
Reference (TOR)
.

Engineer.

The

,\,I.i:;~

i::.,[,' .. ',:. ..

1~1

;~!~
Client then !~Ii
i ."
mi.

~:ou are therefore, request~d to take this Client through a process so that the Client m4y take al~l
:.ecision on the way forward.
(25 !"arks) !Ui

~~

III

KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
"

'

SEMESTE:R"

EXAMINATIONS

2005/2006

III~tructiollS

This exarninatiol1 has two sections A and B o./qllestions.

AII.Hi'l.-r allY 11+'0questions/rom each section.

'<::.!~/iol7
,1 carries -10% Lind section ,'3 carries 60% marks.

( c)

t~)
\~:

St~te the standard vOltages! for the following pb~,er suppiy stages.
(i)! Super Grid ~;:v
"fJ.,ljiJ
.

(ii}

'.'1
. WI

Secondary transmission .. ~J tv ,,--t. Cff lev'

~(iiP
Local Grid
stio~ Three

( 3 marks)

I ~.:rjl./'t(.,

.W~Ing ~prropriate sym?ols desig~ t~e electri<;:al installation layout of the' building.
nlan belpY'i and design the Circuits to suppiy the various accessorIes arid
.~ppliance~ for a residential building.
(20 marks)
~OTE: Give the descriptions of the symbols used.
f~;j

tit

SeCTION B

Iff

!
I

10

!Question I Four
~ ~!

i~:

/'

J)~;nbogp
Universily was created under the Tertiary Institutions Stawte that jOined thp
~free institutions (UPK, ITE:K, UNISE) to form the Government University. PreviOUSlY,
Wach Ins~itute
was autonomous being supported by the Government and other Donor
{;:.
I
~:gencies!jncluding NGOs.

Hil

~~oweveq 2S the unification proce5s continued, it ut:-..ame more complex including the
lOlerg:.::r 0r~the tstatb UeparLrTler:G.
. .
.
IEl
Ijrhe .Drai~age

system in Kyambogo University has becon1e a serious concern and needs

f.~gent re*abilitation and the Estates Department does not have the capacity to produce .
!pid
docurlnents
without an investiqation
report.
I",,;
.
i~he

uni~ersity. decided

to appoint

various

Consultants

to

carry

out p~eliminary

tfiwestigations inform of a report on priority lines in order to prepare the bjd documents ..
!t}nd thes~ priority areas cover the following: .
W
i)
I Nanzir Hall
.
m ii)
I Kulubya Hall
<.1'i

H~'

... ,

iji'

hI

IV)

If I

'Umse
I

v~

hi
'~

VI)

i~! ~II) I Cr~l,e Hall

I

Pearl H.all
Hall
Main Hall West End

I ChurchIll
I

vii)

!~ viii)
ix)

. c

Library East End

Kyambogo Guest House

r au wer4 selecte-d as one of the members on Oile of the Consultancy

h.
f~f the Iinfs.

are Itherefore, requested to present your investigations

;~manj o~hers but not limited to: - .
.9)
~eth(JdolC'gy
'~ }
fIndings
.
't.)
S~gge5tions
~ci)mm2ndations

I
i

Team for anyone

~!.Oll

!i

.-_.(.,.'-

.....
0

__

to the Client indicating

(40 N~rks)

. ~f

I:~l
i~~
."t(

;~
I
,';1

~~~
~
JI

Question Five

:~j

;~i

The Community in Uganda has little knowledge about responsibilities of a PI:umbing

Assistant and a Sanitation Engineer. The word Engineer is the most common~y used jiH
regardless of its meaning.
. 1
::J!!
.
i
!~i ~
A client, whose plot is located in an area where the infrastructure is well deJ.eloped, i~!
would like to install both hot and cold water systems and sanitary fittings. The f61Iowingl~'
are his Terms of Reference (TOR)
:
iw.!
l

I
g

'11

. ~
~

2.)

Hot water supply using coal as source of energy

;i.J

b)
c)

Coid water supply

Sanitary fittings on the gr()und floor

:~i

1ii~

}/

(:
~

cJ)

Cost effectiveness of inslJllation

:Jl

~;l ::"

e)
Waste wat~r and solid disposal.
:11
Du~ to cheap labor, the Client went to the "Engineer" for consultation regar~ing the'~l[
works. But when the works progressed, the Client realized that the Eio-calledi! ~
"Engineer" was simpiy a Plumbing Assistant who works under the instructipn 0; 3,~! 1
Sanitation Engineer. The Client then decided to seek your technical advise in rL;Jard tdF .~
:~l;
the issue above.
.
,

Hl!

'(ou are therefore, reoues~ed to take this Client through a process so tha~ t~e ClienW
r;10'/ (a~c d d2Ci:.;iGiI
~;le ";:'''-1' [')".'':;,''.:,
(20 i}la;k~;

1 -,

~.

Quesyon Six

;~i :s
]j;'
i ~~

NtfJ<'lv.ubo
wet land, the main drainage channel for central Kampala, is the mostipollutedf~

/' and
of alllv1aster
the surface
water for
systems
draining
towards The
Lakereport
Victoria,
a Sanitation
6trategyl!
P!an report
Kampala
has revealed.
indicates
that fdur
tone$Ji ;
of organic mater:al are washed down to the lake per day.
j
i~1 ~
I,:

j~.~

Karnpaia is estim3ted to have 181,300 households. The cu"rrent sanitation cov~rage, fo~1 j'
Kampala by the National Water and Sewer<.lge Corporation (NW&SC) IS 9%.lFor
tha~g
!
!ll 'i~
recson, only 20Km2 of greater Kampala's 300Km2 h;::3 water borne sewerage system. ;~1
;

The report further says So;() of the households have onsite septic tank, 12%
'latrines, and 72% share ordinary latrines while 2% have flO access to any
focility.
,
."
,
"

;,q

~.

~ave VI~i ,l'"

~anitatjogl
'.
,,*. ~.
!i

LSji~,

1','1;,'

As a Consultant you are requested' to discuss the causes and propose solutiohs to th@.'! ~
problc~mwith specific reference to sanitation

(20 f1arks)j~i
I

i~"~
;}~
;.;~;
f

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I":'\)1~\! L,t,- 1
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!!.

FAClJLT"Y ()F ENC;INEERiNC;

23

III

!\-larch 2006

()C:ESTION T\VU.
I )i.'ClISS
n:S(lll'"ces

thl: key c()nsider~ltiol1s

1(1

suppl;

:t

to he iJken

p~r:icul~'r circa.

inl,.) z!crol.int

I(YAI\1B{)GO UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEEIUNC
UNIVERSITY

EXAlYIINATIONS

2004/2005

Third Year Semester Two Bachelor of Engineering

in Civil and Building

'i

Engineering

CE 324: BUILDING SEE V ICES

.,...
):.J.te: 22nd .f une 200, .J
c

' - -.- - --.---.--

Ti me: 4:00

..------.--

pJ

11 -

7.:01 pm

1,;:~:trnct.~()n~
to Candidate
fhis

l~xufllillatiOlj

CU/!E"il's

Tlie Exo nlll/<:f ion

>

AI/SH'Er

tIllY

COli

:,

Fil'.'~

Ques:ifJlIs

ta in:; tll '()Sections

tll'O questio1ls/rom

,-( & 13

each SeUio1l

.\'l:clioll A curries 40% and 5'ectioll B carries 60%

~ Begin each Section

011 ([

separate A ns\:. ...BookLet provided.

SECTiON.

\.

'(lu::,sll(Jll On~

i)

~(~ltc: the: siandard

/ .. /
\

~_.-

..

/---

(ii)

;):.)5"),<."

&' ~

k-J

h) Local Grid
c) Secondary Tram;missioll

33i<.\1

d)

if

H.V. distribution

KrJ

By mC~l\s of c.ircuit diagrar.ls describ,~ the following;

a) ,\.C single phase three wire <;ystcm
b)

(ii i)

voJ~ages for the following

Super Grid

//"~)

AC

i;

- ,.-.-----.-------.--------f------ f~

t.hrec phase four wire system

(/

lJ!{[r~s)

Question

Two

(a) List at
st 5 tests that arc done on all electrical
the: qu ipl1lcnt used for each 0 f the tests.
Describe

the insulalio~~

resist~nce

th~ method of carryittg

Question rheee

';lak
(l (j :nu rk.')

test between

stating the steps taken befo're testing is done,

;Inil

il::)lail:ilioll

conductors

and Earth

the Equipment

used and

(10 marks)

out the test.

DcsigI} the installation

layout of the building

drawings for the circuits

as used ill the design.

given below and produce

and also give the key accessories

symbols

electrical

wiring

clJ1dtheir description

(20 marks)

SECTION
Q IIcst! on POll r
NakiVlIbc wet land, the main drainage

channel

for central

Kampala,

is the most polluted

of all' the suriace water systems draining towards Lake Victoria, a S"llilatioll Strategy
and Master Plan report [or Kampala has rcvealcel. The repl)rl indic;1tes thelt Jour tones or
organic material

are washen

Kampal<'l.by
the Nationc.l
.
leJSOn, only

I"el

Ity.

Water and Se'verase

.

says 5% of the households

and
"""" 7~%~o~linary

-\;I

Co:roratioJl

20I(m2 of greater K3mpala 's 3(jOKm2

The rbport further

htrin~s,
. '1'

down to the lake per day.

\$ e.....-A-S
,r,-"
"

. 5

<;:

~~ _ '-J

....,

'L..~C'\

'~-c.
r:-.

(I'J W &SC)

is

Sir;.'.).

hac; water born,:: sc\v,-rage

are served

hy onsite

For ~hat
SystClr..

septic tank, 12%

vrp

latrines while 2% have' no ~ccess

to any sanitation
,'f,:~~O.A--:'
\
.'\.. ,,~'':>~L\}h(ov-,uva ..,G<
<:'----' __ ""-.""'---.....-::'--T<-...
'\
(30 !narks) ;,J
.' \.
-\ _
c'
,'~
"
>v-t...."' ..,..."
~:-v.,
#-<:::::>...~.
\~".~
..:~-,
.. J
,\ .
S' .cl'\'S\"n
- I G!'
.... \, v
C"'{,..I

~c-~t\--.(_

...\"0 ~

',,----Q.

\
_ \.-~
.\>-.-"0
e-- ~ -.
._-;oj

c~-<..C\..

Question ~:...v.o\...~"'\
rv~~'),_--.r---)
-'< ~,~:...
~\_L
~S:-"\.,__.::i-~,~.
Tile Community in Ugand:1 has little knowledge about responsibilities
of" ?lumbing
Assi~tant and a Sanitation
Engineer. Th~ word Engineer i~;the most commonly used
regartlless of its meaning.
;\ ciii;nt, whose plot is located

in un area where the inrrastl'llCllllc

would like to install both hot and colel '.vater systems

arc his Terms Of Ref-:rence (TOR)
a)

Hot water supply

using paraffin

is well <k"clopc:d,

"me! ::;~llIi(ary fittings. The (ollowing

as source ofcllcrgy

b) Cold water supply

c) Sanitary fittings on the ground floor
d) etost effectiveness
of installation

Turnovc:r

I".-..

j.:\ .:\ ~\! U 0 C U U:\ 1V E R ~ 1 i' ':'

j

,\CULTY

".

OF E;,\CIl\'EEKI:'\C

'",

S l~i\IL~,TER
J3:lChelOI'

Date:

~ ;~<:::,';.
,-

,.

'S,"

of EIl::illcCriJ1ci

ill

Civii

:200.3.2U04

I3uilJing

~IlU

jJ;lclIelor ofTC'::!Inology ill Civil ::lIlU I3uildi.ng

.:'cc 324: BUILDING SERVICES

~. .

;. .

II EXA:'>IIi'\'ATIONS

.:

Thursday,

June 2<1, 2004

,"

i ~.'. ;-7~~':~';.~;Insll'u\..liolls

.'.'. .

~"f-=\~i:::~::-;...

....

.....
;..

Ti~~;

\~--'

:1\

EAgil1CCI'iii~

En:gil1cc:-iI~# .l
.~~
::
'<

8,00

2.hl. - ll.a~

a:}n,
i

.:.

'.

"!i

:~I ~

!~~'i~

:'f\i:-i~;.<:(;. This examination contaills five questiolls divided into sections A aHb'St.
~~~::r:~~;~~;:j:l~
'::,.'
....
~::.;
.....: ... <...
:,:.::;
::~~ ~
:;~~:J~l[~;?~::>
Aflempt allY tJy.P. qLlestio,is inCiliding at least olle qw:'stiOJifrom ea~h sfction

'i~m~a:"AlJq,;e~,on~dEE;i:~;{;"r:~kS.
......
,
-t$3.--;:1;::j?f,i:"ft<Begill each que,stioli'Oll
a.fr.eslz sheet ef j/oper.

'!Il ~f:;~'i~;
.',".. .",..;?iti.:i2;j;'.H~ S E CTIO
mrmiJ"OP9.!e; , ."ft'!";;,;).;>
~:<'~:U;--(a}
:--.:With the (lid of sketch diagram,
~t::~j~ti;'~~,p~lh'...
!, !i0N,'> EXP:<lj!~

Hl~j4);:Draw

.~;

N A;

..

...

.. ; :.:':,:i. :" '..

(i:i)

by "'~artHllocip

'll ~

diaiP-a~i:~ta.n~arth

rod electrode.

...:1: ~.:e..c::llrj
'-d-i:hlIlg ii, c[<;ctrical ir;stal;aliollS,~.~
.'
.
.

all the circuit diagram ill (a) above indicate:

(i)
Rating of tile circuit breaker protectiilg
(ii)

'1\

what you understand:

.i....,.
-'.~~':"~ :Ql}cstioll Two
': :',.
'. . .
. .
.: ':(?-):: Draw a circuit diagram of two lighting jlO;'1tS controlled
. ,.
. . two single-pole
onc-gang
t\vo-way switches.
:

(b)

n:

-Itlea~~..{~,~~p~~r.f~:';~l~,
~~t!10ds 8f e~rt~li~g,

a labeiled

\ 1 ~ :.:~~) , Ey?L;'~
. :. :
; ':. "':.'

.
explain

Colour codes of the conduclors;

Size of conductors;
4

(iv)

Strapper

(v)

Lamp

".

pos~~~on~ by
,It
~~
Ii .

the circuit;

:H

<-,

~~ ~

conductors;'H

~
iH

feed;

~,}:~.

~..~~<
.~

t ;;- '.;

of fire fighting;

four (04) (I: :-~crcllt types

!~\\

.,..,

.~l t

:......

~*\d)IdclItify

;~~ ~.

methods

.
:}

Different

~'

':q

(c)

;~'\

::;
,,~~ ~

from;lwo

.~~~;:::I~~~~~~l~~::lfe;r~:::L:~~~e
a:L:i::::l::~urrence
ofeleclricfires

'

. ,'

~~ ...QUCS:;~:' T~:~~hreed.
,.>,: .Dlscuss:

\~

,',

:il
.j.;

I
~

:;H

iH

f'

~lI

or cablcs that arc most suilal.Hc [or u~~ in!firc

haz"dous ",e,s.
~." ,.

T'l#P

qYCI~.

;~.~ ~.

,S,

'.~,,:~'.~;

;;:"

./ Q lies l ion F0 u r

:'~ ..'

r~' ::.~;:(~~;f,::,;.~~::.'.,';
..',
....
oL) Plun,b;ng ~\/~.:.'>Tb~C~~m~nity
in
UQand3
hJS
little knowledge ;~~out rc::;ponsibilities
~'/r'.
. ""'.. - .,..o"f-~,;""
.
~.....
~~~~~>,Assistantand
a SJnitation
Enr-ineer. The wore: Enl'.invj is the most com:llonly used
0
.
~
rr:.>,::f(:~~~S~,If.~.<0r..i.ts, I~.leaning.
i!:.
~flient.
\~hosc plot is loc:.J[cd in al1 area where the infrJstructure
~.':,> :.\vduld like to illstall both hot and cold water systcms and sanitary
:.. ",
.,,' followillg
arc his
Tei'l11s Of Rcfcrenc~(TOR):
. ~ / ..
."
. .'
.
.'.
. ....

is well developed,
fillings. The

-.

.J>'

Z>'

'(a)

Bet \";a~cr supply

'.'"

using paraffin

sour~e of cncrgy

<1S

(b):,.Cold water supply

(c)! Sanit:.Jry .filli~gs on the ground nOGr
(d)~ Cost effectiveness
odinstallation
(e)' W;:lste water and solid disposal.
fur cunsult:.Jtionregarding
the
Due to cheap labor, the Clit:Jlt wC:llto the "Engineer"
rcali~cd :hat th~ SO-C<l!!~d
works. BUt when the. work:; progrcsst:c!, thcC!icnt
"Engineer"
was simply a Plumbi:1g Assist:liH who works LJrder the instruction or a
San!~ation Engineer.
The Client then decided to seck YOllr' ~Chllicd <ld',-:cc ill r(:::',~lrd
to tbe issue above.
.
.
i.
:;.

Y04 arc thercfore, requested to tdkc t1~is C1jcll~ through

may take a decision on the way forward.

a jJr.::ccss so th;"Jttl~c Clicllt

Quqstion

Five

N'}:krvubn \\;L.l l:1nd, the main drainJge c/lannc; for central Klmpala, is the most
towards L..k-c Vic~Oiia, a Saf'itJ.tiol';
p6llliic,-- of all the surface water systems drain:lg
/~:>~l!~':;";:-:':G ~ ~-:;:\..r I'~J:. -c:;.c:-: fv, ~~n,p..;:c ; lS r'.:vcd<':li. ',llC lcp0n ii1(~ica,CstllJt
10l.:rtol1cs of organic material are washed dow 1 to [he la\c p ~r clay.
15anip'ala

is c~timat;;clto

l1a\'c 131,300

househ,:lds.

The Cur~-int s::ll1it<ltion covcr;lgc

for K,ampala by the National \Valcr and SCWCI 19C COlvcJratic:l (NW&SC) is 9%. For
that~cason.
only 20 k:n2 ofgrc;}tcr Kal:ljJZlla's 300 km- 11:15w<lter bornc se'Ncraf!'~

:;ystcm.
The report furthcr says S'j\, of the iJoll:;r;I()IJ~ ;.rc scrv<.:d iJy ':'!! ;~te septic t21:k,
VIP latrines, ~ind 7"2% S!l:II'C ordin<l;y btl;11CS' 'hile 2(YcJ h;lVC ::.' access to any
sanitalion f;lcility.
Discuss tile causes
sanitation.

and proposc

solutions

to (he probkm

with

s'ccific referellce

12~<J

to

'." ;,- I Y

l:L

sue
VIliSI

cOile
Jllca,r~Illons
vclucity
arc

(i)Givc
(ii)l3y

c'

~)

:"

).

a t!i;lgrallllllatic rcprescllt<ltion or tlle ;\bovc prol~lcl11.

using cngillcl.'rillg jUI:gelllcllt where nced be. and

./
l. V"')
:' t;l ,....
.IC ("
1I1C I I1(; I'll
n (J\\'llIg
/(i)/\

cirellil
(i i)CoI 1:,lIl11Cr

ci:.

{he irl)tolJ..cu

(12m~tks)\i
...,\.. < <tr\ ..
q .
\ l'l
( v-. \
i..
:.d~ fC~

-'

<:.

v'k'-"\'~cJ"""
c: .~ u-~' lJ U

,~<.
IN ~hp., ~~t~
t

. ~

I.

'. -: I : :'..jj

'.

("'''\'(\lo,~lh

" \

I :. \,~-I,~':...\ I

\\,-<.

'I'H\'t~q
_."."
oJ ..

-Vl"'(~-'\ ('. L~l<'l--\'

(4 m~}-k~)
.~~ i

C;1I1hill~~

vA b) W)~X i.~~I~C\"~I:;;u ~i, ~II c,,~I'.,j ;I,i i Y ,,"',I

JlC'-'C~ 5;1[.\'

(ll]

:\1,1.'.':

j{tGk~{~.:~
,

lc\if!~;lLi,I,~<;r~~I.I.a<~,?~~~

.~

'F (c) Slatc thrce

lile cllcctivcnc:-;s
,(~,.,:,\. '. .. ' '..'.'

(C;IS()lI~; \'.:11)'

IllslallallOll
.

-,

..

'.'

~.1

::H

COllducl(lr

II1u1tipk

~.

'::'.:;.,:.~>_.ic..';";I:.

tcn11S.

len 11i lid

~,

(2 m~~1<4
stating all

ELECTIU( :,t\L INSTALLATION

./(iii)Ear[h cOlllillllity
..)iv)Prolectivc

dQ'l =
4 =
J~~nQm
/l ; J. and

Q.l. and V 4

c1J

:~~

.:~~

1 11.51l11sIITIlIC
1;11 1 IC ( ISC large
Ol:lcQr 2blr<lIlCill(;'/f
rOf1l)(. eilS
I VI(
t~rld,arl1ctlcr
CS SO lInt

asstlJl1(llioiIS. c:l!nrl;lle th8 \';dll(,~ or QI. VI. 02. Ql.

"I

'. ' ... I ~. (,',(~ _f

(i) SLI(l'

-'

used (n make

. /.(1.')
1...

(I..,

.'

'.

. I.

the di IlclC'ncc hct\\"ccri

:lc;l[ll.l(lLlOr

.'

.\

.(

<-

t;

I,.\.":::.~L~LJ,,.lft1~t!is;c,"-1
o:L"
,.
((C:' , --'1.
... , ~, .

'

\(.-t.,;I(~",,,;,,qcL~L'-I:HL-+(\
(d) (i) Slalc (hrec IcaS'JlIS or Illspecllllg all IllslalLtllOI1 bcr\)Ic (es(lng IS dOI1C..\lt (.,\~\rp,14{<s)ll' _.
(ii) Give ;I{ /c:I:;! ,I itclllS thai arc (1, cl\c<l dming ill~l'eclioJl
'
(4 mriJks~I' ....
(a)

'..

or Lart!lillg l~~;l,siJollldJ)e ea~(ic:d:oUlPI1 ~M

;IIHI :1 c~lhlc and

C(lIHtllC(lllS.

I)r;I\\';1 ~'Ir<:llil di;I!~r;1111 li'r tll~' r"II\\\\i'l.~:.

(i) Wil in~:;1 1-,'.;1)'swikl1ld ;: !';!,l:lil1~'poirll
(Ii) \\'il in".;I)
\'.';1\' ':\'''1:,.11Ill;\ liglillllg
p'Jilil

.'

gl\'c

;1/1)'

':
.-(\','0 malcrlals

~~r:L.f,.
(rf:

~r"

(4 Inii~k.sJ.
~ ~
:"';
. ":"

,Ii
i

!
iACf

~/

i V...(a) (i) operation..

:;tate the difference

bctwccn

a fuse and a circuit breaker

.

(ii) \Vhat is th~ ;'<1vanlage or using a circuit

.. installation
(b) Define
i)

the [ollowing

fuse

Rating

EXCbSS CUrt'ciil

iv) fusing
(c)

applied

factor

~.

c.../

Uy means ofa diagram

ii) Cartridge

[use

High breaking

i,

lr---c"

II

.. :'.'.".'

_.:

----"

END

.,

-"1-

,
t

(8 pwrks)
!

I
( 6 l~larks)

.,' _~." \
;', )

""-,

..

L
-I

4"

dcscribe tllc It!J.'owing tYPcs o[ [uses.

fuse) l.'t--\t-:-::J
..
L-~\:?:..-'~\

capacity

(Jlmarks)

to a fuse.

."'''' \, :.~-'. -.'.' \ .

'(3htarks)

over a [use in protcctipg'an

of a fuse. ,..---/

i) Wire fuse (re-wirable

iii)

;1.'>

that

./

ii) Cwrent

iiiJ

tcrlllS

breaker

by way or

" ~', .-i.,

(.

,- -

-- --

~--!
I

!
\

.,., KY AMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY

EXAMI~ATIONS

Bachelor of Engineering

SEMESTER

II - 2007/2008

in Civil and Building Engineering

CE 324: BUILDING SERVICES

Date:

Friday,

15th,

2008

Time: 4.00 p.m. -7.00 p.m.

Instructions

QNl

QN2

QN3

This examination consists of eight questions

Attempt any other five questions with at least two from each section
All questions carry equal marks
Begin ecch question or:.a fresh page
Do not write anything on the question paper. All rough work shodd be done orl the official
answer booklet

SECTION A
Critically examine:
, a) The term "earthing',
b) The purpose of carrying-out earthing,
c) The different m~thods of earthing, and
q) The different approaches of improving on poor earthing of electrical installations.
Discuss at least six (06) environmental conditions suggesting recommendations in the provision
of electrical power in such work places.
Discuss:
a) The major causes of electrical fires in electrical buildings.,
,hj The different methods of protection against electrical fires.
<=:::

SECTION B
NS. Fig 4. Shows a plan cf a dwelling house, the boundary wall, compound, access road, Road
Reserve and a water main ow~ed oy National \Vater and Sewerage Cooperation. The site slope
towards the access road.
a) What is the Importance of the Road Reserve?:
(3 Mark)
b) From the Water Main, Using the Indirect Cold water Supply System, make a pipework layout
to provide water to all the sanitary fitting eg WC, WHB, Sink etc ... shown in the plan. The
following should be emphasized;
i) Position of the Storage tank, Control Valves and Ferrule. And for each give reasons to
support that position.
ii) Pipe sizing.
(10 Mark)
c) Draw a layout of the manholes, septic tank and the soak pit. Give reason to support the
(7 Marks)
position in which you have put the manholes, septic tank and the soak pit.
~

e' All layouts must be drawn directly in Fig 4 page 2(i.e. Page 2 is part of the answer sheet)
1

QN6. u) List four sources of..water and their likely impurities

(2Mark~)
b) What are the basic objectives of water treatment?
(3Marks)
c) What is disinfection as far as water treatment is concern and what is its purpose? (6Marks)
d) Explain the methorls of disinfection in water treatmellt.
.
(6 Marks)
e) Why are PVC pipes more popular than mild steel pipes in cold water supply? (3 Marks)
QN 7 a) What is the importance of a water seal in sanitary fittings?
(2 Marks)
b) What is the importance of a boundary stop cock?
(2 Marks)
c) Why do building regulations in Uganda recommend indirect cold water system? (3 Marks)
d) List four filtings for pipe work installations and mention where each is used. (4Marks)
~) Give four essential qualities of gpod domestic sanitary appliances
(4 Marks)
f) Differentiate between a distribution and Service pipe?
(2Marks)
g) With sketches cescribe how a ball valve works
(3 Marks)
QN 8 (a) What are the two Hot \..
akr SLIPp!y'systems?
(2 Marks)
(bl With sketches write short notes the hot water supply systems
(8 Marks)
(c) In the Direct wid water supply system why is it recommended to reduce the service pipe
goi/lg to the
storage tank from 20mm to 12mm?
(4 Marks)
(d) What is the importance of a goose neck in j)ipework installation?
(3 Marks)
(e) Differentiate between a gate value (fullyway stop valve) and a screw down valve (stop cock)
(3 marks)

END

I'..\!
i.

~~.i

I Bed Roo

-.-_.....J
..
W1l'''U

.-

tJ

Master

rr=lI

-Boundary

Wall.

PARKING

,,
t

I!

__________ ~
ROAD RESERVE

//

ACCESS

../
//

\\

ROAD

\.

.'

..J~

Water Main

ROAD RESERVE

F'lcully
of ~~ngilll'cril1g
Dcpartlllcnt
of Civil So: Building

(._ ~//...

Eug

Cr-.'2--1",A--

-:-:;;-.
-:-:

:~_.:

RENe; I II
.:... Building Sl'l"vkl'S
, Note Do t1Jrcl' 1111III bCl"s,q

llCStiOIl

ol1e

is

cOlllpuls(H'V

one <lCCOl~ntl{)r,~OMarks and the rest 25 Mark.:; each

~.'.QlIestjon

. QN I. Fig 4. Shows ;1pl:1I1(lr:1 dwelling hUlIse, the bOlllH..Jarywull, comJ>O'lnd,access road, Road Rescrvc and a
water main owned by ~at.ional Water and Seweragc Cooperation. The site slope towards thc access road.
:1)

b)

c)

What is the Import;lIlcc or the Road Reserve'? (5 Mark)

From the Water Main, Using thc lndircct Cold watcr Supply S}'Stem, make a pipework layout to
provide water to all the sanitary filling cg WC, WHB, Sink ete...shown in ~he plan. The foHowing
should be emphasized;
i) Position of the Storage tank, Control Valves and Ferrule. And for each give ;-easons to support
that position.
ii) Pipe sizing. (15 Mark)
Draw a i:'yout" of the IP'lnhc}cs, septic tank and the s0ak pi:. G:-,e rC,,30n to support the po~itic'l in'
whi~h you !lave put the m:mholes, septic tank and the sO;Jkpit(:2 Mark)

Note; All layouts must be drawn directly in Fig 4 page 3 (i.e. Page 3 is pc:' c:fthe answer sheet)
./ QN 2. a) List three sources of watcr 'Ind thcir likely impurities (3 Marks)
b) What are the basic objectives of water treatment? (4 Marks)
c} What isdis'!nfection as far as water treatment is concerp and wi::.r is its purpose? (4 Marks)
d) Explain the methods of c:~lfection in water treatment. (6 Marks)

QN

3 a) What is the importance of a water seal

ip sanitary fittings? (2 Mc.rks)

b) What is the importance ofa bouridary stop cock? (2 Marks)
c) \\Thy do building regulations in Uganda recommend indirect cold water system? (3 Marks)
d) List four fittings for pipe work installn~ions and mention ~here each is used. (6-Marks)
e) Give four essential qualities of good,domestic sanitary appliances. (4 Marks)

....

QN4

(a) What are the two Hot water supply systems? (2 M:lrks)
'. (b) With sketches write short notes the hot watcr supply systems (11 Marks)
(c) In thc Direct cold water supply system why is it recommcnded ro reduce the sClvice pipe going to the
stomge tank from 20mm to 12mm? (4 Marks)
"

QN5 (a) What arc the types of cold water supply system? (2 Marks)
(b) With sketches write short notes on the two cold water supply systems and give their
Advant'lgcs and disadvantages. (12M arks)
(c) Why arc PVC pipes more popular than mild steel pipes in col4 waler supply? (3 Marks)
QN 6 a) Differentiate between a gate value (ful!yway stop valve) and a screw down valve (stop cock) (3 marks)
b) Draw a neat welliabelcd sketch of a storage cistem and explain how the ball valve works. (8 marks)
c) What is the importance ofa goose neck in pipework installation? (3 Mark)
d) Differentiatc between a distribution und Service pipe? (3 Marks)

KY A1\fBOGO UNIVERSITiT

..

FACULTYOF Er~Gll~EEPJr~G
..
..
..

III (2008/2009)

SEMESTER:

II

COURSE UNIT:

LECTIJRER:

KAGARI JAMES

I
DATE:

26TH 102/2008

On; V/rite a report on Electrical safezv infaculty of engineering "j!orkshops~

~
~
~

1.0 Introduction
Faculry of Engineering has got many vlorkshopsthat use electricity as one of the sources
of energy for their nmnmg. These vlorkshops iI.dude; carpentry and joinery v'lorkshop,
maclline

Sl10pS, TIl0tDr ,/ehicle, fOlHldrj vlorkshop, pattern shop

Electrical engmeenng vvorkshop:

1'1

etc~

these' work shops ,'ie fOUlidthat actually so many

workers, lecturers and students use the different kinds of electrical equipments that are
them. As I leamt1electricit'j

should be treated with respect Even if it

IS

In,

not fatal senous

disablement can result through its effect. Also a great deal of dfullage to property &.id
goods can be caused, usually through fire or eXplosion as a result of faulty wIImg or
faulty equipment.
2.0 Hazards ~rising from the use of E!ectrical equipment
Hazards are per tbs respect ca..'1 be defined as the damagers caused by use of electricity.
It has been noted that cases have been coming on some of the accidents got as a result

usmg eleetrieitjl In these v~/orl~sllops.Tllese accideilts conle about due to sorne of tllese
hazards listed below;

2.1 Electric shock

This is t~e comm.onest hazard experienced In these workshops but itsmore common m
foundry \vorkshop because

eve11

u~e v/orkers cOi~lplaiiled~

The body responds in a number of ways to electric current flowiug through it, anyone or
\\-TIichca.'1 be fa'-ta1. 'fl1e chan.ce of electric shock is increased in wet or darnp conditions or
dose to conductors such as w-vrking

111

a metal tank. Hot enviromnent where sweat or

humidity reduces the insulation protection offered by clothing increase the risk.

Tllis hazard is happel1ing

Oii

because

a \~lorksllop \\rears, for instant

As ren1edies to tllis hazard,

electrical equipnlent)

StrOllg

erisure

cOD.duetors

or are placed in position to

;'Alork:ers

dOll't

f0110\\7

\-:lorks!lOp

regtllations of putting

sole slloes for reducing effect of the Sllocks.

tl1at a properl:y \vired pllig is used for all portable

should be insulated, sheathed or protected

pre"Ve11t

if 11ecessary

danger.

t~e"\ier InlprO\le b)T jaTIlffilIlg ~\o\~resin sockets vn.th nails or nlnlatches use appro\'ed
materials and equipments i.e. use of the right type of cable.
2.2. Electric

bilm

Electric bum \%5 also seen !hat it could happen m these \vorkshops. This occurs as the
effect of Sllock is not cut off, since it results as a result ofl1eatin.g effect caused by electric
current pasShlg through body~tissues.
This hazard

Coll

be controlled still ill tIle smIle \-vay as tl1at for electric sllock that IS

insulatulg the conductors as \vell as a readily accessible and effective maens of insulation
must be provided so that all the voltage may be cut off from an installation of any of its
circuit brea.."'<:er.
2.3

Fire

I noticed

that fire can be one of the dangerous hazards that can easily occur in some of

these vvorkshops.
Fire as one of the hazards experienced in the >,vorkshops rnentioned could come as a
result of electricity In a number of ways including; over heating of cables and electrical
equipments due to over loading leakage cu.rrents due to poor or inadequate insulation.
"
Over heating of flammable materials placed too close to electrical equiprnent, ignition of
flammable materials by sparking of electrical equipment, rnost especially

11'1

carpentry

and jOh'1ery workshop

because of shaving fJways left uncollected and fire extinguishers

not serviced. IIo\~.re'ler fire as a hazard can be controlled.

Fire caused by ignition of flammable materials can be controlled by immediately cleaning

off the shavings \'-ihich catch fire. Still proper insulation of the v.'ire prevents :fire caused
by leakages of current due to poor or inadequate insulation. Use of fuse protected cable,

current equipment and current consuming appliances connected itl a circuit from damage
oV\'lng to conth'1UOUSflow of excessive Ci.lJTent caushlg fire .

.In case fire is on, use offire extinguisher is meant to fight

it

2.4 Arching
As far as hazards

ill faculty

of engineering workshops, it "vvasalso noted that one bad

hazard was arching. This generates ultra - violet radiation causing pmt.icular type of bum
similar to severe sun brull. Molten metal resulting from arching can penetrate, bum and
lodge in the flesh. lJltra - violet radiation can also cause
eyes, e.g. arc eye in metal arc
This hazard

cc.11

dfu"Tiage

to senSitive skin and to

"\-"leiding.

occur in welding workshop i.e. foun.dry workshop.

As a way of control to avoid injuring the eyes \Nhile welding, the use of the following
;.vears of the eye is effected, spectacles, eye shield, gaggles, weldhig fiiteT, face shield and
hoods.
2.5 Explosion.

Explosion also can result

ill

the workshops visited, these include the explosion of

electrical equipmE(P.t e.g. s"vitch gear or motors or where electricity causes the ignition of
flaIrtffiable

vo.pOUfS, gases,

liquids ~md dust by electric sparks or higt~ temperature

electrical equipment.

As a \vay of control,

011Y

equipment required to be installed m a situation exposed to

weather or corrosiOn or m explosive or Yvlatile environments should be of the correct

type for such adverse conditions.
2..6 Lack of fundamental

Shavings be removed as it increase explosive hazards.

!m{rw1e;;ge of elecu.icit'y to llsers ..

1. fact it has been noted that 50 ma,ly people use electrical appliances or fnachine with
out fundamental kno\"lledge of electricity .Most of these people become carefree yet any
lIJishandling of those lilac-hines can cause electrical accident.

Fundamentsl lists of safety regulations must be pi..led in all the workshops and strictly
followed in order tll.at the knov.rledge of dmlger of electricity is reached to every user.

2.7 Faultj~installation
In all the workshops of faculty of engineering,

at least there are some fault-y mst.allations

(by a worker in carpentIy and joinery workshop).

In deed some ~Jpliance5

are not well installed \\-1.t11careful observation or any problem

resulting out of them.

This hazard is ahvays controlled in such a way that after completion or an installation or
an alteration 3l1d tested to ensure as far as reasonably practicable, that the :fundamental
requirements for safe'tj have been met or else provided by the supply authority.
2.8 Violation of existing regulation
Really in some of these workshops there are some existing regulations on how to operate
or use particular electrified appliances (even well \'lIitten on i~) but you find workers
"
violating the regulations which at the end result to hazardous aspects such as explosives
occumng.

This ca., only be avoided when serious disciplines and orders are observed under good
and responsible management of workshops.
2.9 Bad Equipments
So ffia.IY machines have been electrified using bad equipment. These bad equipments are
not specified to be used. Those equipments are liable to CID.lSe
accidents when they fail.
Strict roHow up of all the equipment used itl an electrical machine must be done by t~e
responsible body.
2.10 Lighting
With great concern

I witnessed

some Iig,.lttingsystem were not as they should be for

detailed works.
But good enough in one \'vorkshop there was a machine vitth additional lighting provided
for such work.(machiIle \vorkshop in mechanical department).
As a remedy local lightiI'1gnear or on a machine must be provided. This alone acts as a
control to some injurious accident to happen.
3eO

l'-v'Iitigationmeasures Icontrol for the above and fuij other hazards in faculty of
engineering workshops Kyambogo University.

The materials to be used must be approved 3..t'1d

equipment fully tested before use
in any installation.

Ensure that correct type, size arid current carrying copacity of cables is chosen.

Ensure that equipment is suitable for the maximum power demand.

1\1ake sure thiit conductors are insulated, sheat~ed or protected if necessary, or are
placed in position to prevent danger.

JOh,ts and connections

sllould be prDperly constructed to be inechanicall)l

311d

electricall}' sound.

';l

provlued by the SUPpl)'

~

\Vl1ere there is a

crran.ce

,."

Gtutil0nt"j).

of

ll1etcJ

\llOrk

be ea...'ihed and the circuit concerned

becol1ling live

O\iOFllig to

a fault,. it Sllould

should be protected by an over current device

or a residual current device.

~

Do not place a fuse, or a svIitch or even a circuit breaker, in an ear'-thered neutral

conductor. The link t"ype must be arral1.ged to break all the phase conductors .

.AJImotors illliSt have a readily accessible ine311S of disc()Ilnection.

~

Ensure

that any item of equipment

\',,11ich may or normally

need operating

or

attending to a person is accessible and easily operated.

~

Never improvise by jarTilmng wires in sockets with. nails or matches.

4.0 Conciusions
It has been vvitnessed from the above l.azards that EleCtricity

of energy yet it is also very important

10

IS

a vety dfulgerous source

our day today works. As wen outlined above

these hazards can also be prevented if the rnitigation measures I control points are
obser--\led so tI~at "\-vorkers do not expe11ence any cases of Electricity
of them ..

kiEing or hurting any