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1.0 INTRODUCTION
In general, the qualification of welding procedures is to ensure that the welding parameters chosen
such as amperage, voltage, welding speed, position, electrodes, etc would produce a weld having
the required properties for its intended applications. The procedures include preparation of a
welding procedure specification (WPS) and documentation of test results on a procedure
qualification record (PQR).
The welder performance qualification (WPQ) test for welders is to ensure the ability of a welder to
make sound weld, that is it does not have any weld defects such as porosity, lack of fusion and
anything that will degrade the weld itself.
The welding procedure specification (WPS) is a written welding procedure prepared to provide the
welder to set up the equipment and making welds to code requirements. The completed WPS
describes all of the essential and nonessential variables for each welding process. An example of the
AWS welding procedure specification is shown in Fig 1.0.
To support the WPS, it is necessary to test and certify the weld results. This is done by making the
welds describe in the WPS, machining them and testing the specimen in accordance with the code.
This is done by the procedure qualification record (PQR). This form indicates the essential
variables of the weld process or processes, base metals, filler metals and various mechanical test
results. A change in any essential variables requires requalification and must be recorded in another
PQR. An example of the AWS procedure qualification record is shown in Fig 1.1.
The essential variables are those weld variables (e.g. filler metal, base metal, edge preparation,
welding process etc) that need to maintain weld metal soundness.
The nonessential variables are considered nonessential where they will not affect the mechanical
properties or soundness of the weld (e.g. cleaning method by mechanical or chemical means). Any
change in nonessential variables requires only an updating of the WPS.
Details of WPS should be in accordance with the contract or purchase requirements. They should
also satisfy the requirements of the applicable code or rules.
A list of details that usually covered in WPS is as follows:
3.1 Scope
The types of welding process, material and governing specifications are listed in this introductory
statement.
3.2 Base Metals
They are specified either by chemical composition or by referring to the applicable specifications,
AISC, ASME,ASTM, ABS, or LLOYDS.
3.3 Filler Metals
Composition, identifying type or classification designation of the filler metal is always given so that
the welder can select correctly.
Electrode storage and handling requirements for satisfactory service especially for low hydrogen
electrodes.
3.4 Welding Process
The welding process is an important variable and must be clearly named.
Indicate whether the process is carried out using manual, mechanised or robotic methods.
3.5 Type of Current and Current Range
The type of current should be specified (AC, DCEN or DCEP) that is compatible with the process,
material type and thickness, type of joint and electrode. The current range instead of exact value
should be specified.
3.6 Welding Positions
The welding of the groove or fillet weld must be described according to applicable code (AWS)
terminology. If vertical welding is involved, it should be mentioned whether progression is upward
or downward.
3.7 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures
A minimum temperature shall be given as well as the maximum interpass temperature. The preheat
and interpass temperature must be kept within a well-defined specified range to avoid degradation
of properties in the HAZ. Temperatures can be determined by using temperature-indicating
crayons.
3.8 Post Weld Heat Treatment
Description of the treatment is to be included. Temperature range and time are to be indicated.
3.9 Gas
The shielding gas should be identified and if it is mixture, should be indicated. The shielding gas
After the bend, convex surface of the specimen is examined for the appearance of cracks or other
open discontinuities. Any specimen in which a crack or other open discontinuity in any direction is
present after the bending is considered as having failed.
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