eee so Core Mathematics 1 |e l=yCot=1 WoW Ralf Modular MathematicsContents ‘The highlighted sections will help your transition from GCSE to AS mathematics. About this book Algebra and functions 1.1. Simplifying expressions by collecting like terms 1.2 The rules of indices 1.3. Expanding an expression 1.4 Factorising expressions 1.5 Factorising quadratic expressions 1.6 The rules of indices for all rational exponents 1,7 The use and manipulation of surds 1,8. Rationalising the denominator of a fraction when itis a surd Summary of key points Quadratic functions 2.1 Plotting the graphs of quadratic functions 2.2 Solving quadratic equations by factorisation 2.3 Completing the square 24 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square 2.5 Solving quadratic equations by using the formula 2.6. Sketching graphs of quadratic equations Summary of key points Equations and inequalities 3.1. Solving simultaneous linear equations by elimination, 3.2. Solving simultaneous linear equations by substitution 3.3. Using substitution when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic 4 Solving linear inequalities 3.5 Solving quadratic inequalities Summary of key points Sketching curves 4.1. Sketching the graphs of cubic functions 4.2. Interpreting graphs of cubic functions 4.3. Sketching the reciprocal function 4.4. Using the intersection points of graphs of functions to solve equations 4.5. The effect of the transformations f(x + a), f(r~ a), and f(x) +a 4.6 The effect of the transformations f(ax) and af(x) 4.7 Performing transformations on the sketches of curves, Summary of key points Review Exercise 1 10 uw 15 16 7 19 2B 27 28 29 30 31 35 40. 41 2 47 49 52 BPs 69Coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane 5.1 The equation of a straight line in the form y= mx + cor ax+by +¢=0 5.2. The gradient ofa straight line .3 The equation of a straight line of the form y ~y; = mx ~x,) SA The formula for finding the equation of a straight line 5.5. The conditions for two straight lines to be parallel or perpendicular Summary of key points Sequences and series 6.1 Introduction to sequences 6.2 The nth term of a sequence 6.3 Sequences generated by a recurrence relationship 6.4 Arithmetic sequences 6.5 Arithmetic series 6.6 The sum to m of an arithmetic series 6.7 Using ¥ notation Summary of key points Differentiation 7.1 The derivative of f2) as the gradient of the tangent to the graph y =f) 7.2. Finding the formula for the gradient of x" 7.3. Finding the gradient formula of simple functions 7.4. The gradient formula for a function where the powers of x are real numbers 7.5. Expanding ot simplifying functions to make them easier to differentiate 7.6 Finding second order derivatives 7.7 Finding the rate of change of a function at a particular point 7.8 Finding the equation of the tangent and normal to a curve at a point Summary of key points Integration 8.1 Integrating x" 8.2. Integrating simple expressions 8.3. Using the integral sign 8.4. Simplifying expressions before integrating. 8.5. Finding the constant of integration Summary of key points Review Exercise 2 Practice paper Examination style paper Formulae you need to remember Lists of symbols and notation Index 2B 74 7 79 81 90 o1 92. 93, 95 98. 100 103, 107 ut 12 3 116 120 124 125 126 127 128 132 133 134 136 137 138 140 142 143 147 149 182 156After completing this chapter you should be able to simplify expressions and collect like terms apply the rules of indices multiply out brackets factorise expressions including quadratics 5 manipulate surds. awNe This chapter provides the foundations for many aspects of Alevel Mathematics. Factorising expressions will enable you to solve equations; it could help sketch the graph of a function. A knowledge of indices is very important when differentiating and integrating. Surds are an important way of giving exact answers to problems and you will meet them again when solving quadratic equations. Algebra and functions Did you know? ...that the surd B41, 2 1.618 is a number that occurs both in nature and the arts? It is called the ‘golden ratio’ and describes the ratio of the longest side of a rectangle to the shortest. It is supposed to be the most aesthetically pleasing rectangular shape and has been used by artists and designers since Ancient Greek times.Simplify these expressions: a 3x4 2xy+7—x+Bxy-9 b 3x2 6x 44-202 + Be—-3 © 3(a +b) — 28a 4b) Simplify these expressions: (a) 4x—sy+ax+6y (2) 3r+7t—sr+3t (3) 3m-2n-p+5m+3n-6p (4) 3ab—3ac + 3a - Jab + Sac (5) 7x? - 2x? + Sx? - 4x? (6) 4men + Smart — 2men + ma? — 3m? (7) Se? + 4x4 1-3e?+ 2047 (8) 6x? + Se-124+3e?-7e+11 (9) 3x? Sx+243x?- 7-12 (10) 4ctd + Sea? - Ad + 308? + 72d (Ia) ax? + 3x +1+ 20x? + 6) |12| 4(a + a2) ~ 3(2a + ab) (13) 2x? + dx + 5) - 3@¢2- 2x - 3) (4) 701-2) +32 - 3x + 5x2) [15 4a +b + 30) —3a+ 2c (16) 4(c + 302) — 3(2c + 2) (17, 5 3(? + 2x - 5) + 3x? 118) (P+ 3P+9)-(2P +34)Boat xat= ann a" satan Simplify these expressions: a xxx d Gets 305 b 2x 3r © (wx 2a? © bebe f Geert Algebra and functionscarne 1 Simplify these expressions: (a) exat [2] 2x x ax [3] 4p"+2p (a) arte? (5) B+K? 6 Oy (7 Wx 28 18 DP sp [9) (2a)? + 2a 10. 8p-* = 4p (a1) 20x 30° 12) 210°b? = 7abt 1B) 9x? x 3(22)3 4 ae x 2a? x ax 1) 70° Bat? [16 (4y")> = 2y° (7) 208 + 3a? x 60° [18 3at x 20° x a? Expand these expressions, simplify if possible: a 5(2¢ +3) b ~3x(7x—4) © 3-299) dl 4x(3x ~ 2x? + 5°) © 2x(Sx +3) —SQ2x +3)Expand and simplify if possible: le 1 9x ~2) 2 x(x +9) : 3) -3y(4 39) 4 xy+5) | 5) -xGr+5) 6 —Sx(4e +1) 7 Gxt Six 8 ~3y(5-2y°) i 9 —2x(Sx— 4) 10, (3x ~ 5)x? 11) 3@ +2) +@~7) 12 Sx-6-(@r~2) 13, x(3x? - 2x +5) 14 79°(2-Sy +399) IS) ~2y2%(5 ~ 7y + 392) 16) 7x ~ 2) + 3(e + 4) - 6-2) 4 17, Sx ~ 34 2x) +6 18 3x? —x(3 ~ 4x) +7 19) 4x(e + 3) — 2e(3x- 7) 20) 3x%(2x + 1) - Sx*(3x - 4) I Factorising is the opposite of expanding expressions. ‘When you have completely factorised an expression, the terms inside do not have a common factor. Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x49 b xe 5x © 8x? + 20x Oxy + 15xy? © 3x? Oxya) ae4+8 (2) 6-24 (3) 20x +15 (4) axt+4 (5) 4x2+20 [6 6x? 180 (7) 2-7 [B] 2x?+ ax (9) 3x2-x 10 6x? — 2x [IL 1oy? ~ sy (12 35x? - 28% 13) x2 + 2x 14 3y2 + 2y (AS 4x24 12x [16 Sy? - 20y [17] Oxy? + 12x2y [18 6ab — 2ab> (19) Sx? - 25xy (20) 12x%y + Bry? (2a) 15y - 20y2? (22) 12x?-30 23) ay? ~2°y 24) 129? aye A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + c, where a, b, care constants and a0. Factorise: a 6x? + 9x bxt-5x-6 © +6048 6x? 11x-10 ex-25 £ ax? oy?Algebra and functions B x?-y'=( + yey) —f 4a? = 948 = 2212 — ae = (2x+ By)(2x— Sy). This is called the difference of two squares. 3 xh iiy+ 2a 5) x? + 3r—40 7) 2 +5e+6 9) x 3x-10 M1 2x7 + 5x42 13 Sx? lex +3 45) 2x? + 7-15 [17] x? 4 19 4x? — 25 21 36x?-4 23) 6x? - 10x + 4 [2] ‘4 ie ‘8 0 2 ry 16 18, (22) (2a) 2x? + 6x x24 8x+ 12 x? 8x4 12 xt 2x ~ 24 xx 20 3x? + 10x ~ 8 6x? 8x ~8 Det + Lax? + 24 Question 14 ~ Take 2 out x49 9x? = 25y? 2x? 50 15x? + 420-9carne 1 1a bx xx? dd 2el5 + ay 025 Evaluate: age b 6s © 492 2s?oa (2) Evaluate: a 25? aa gC)? ie bxs x? ea) hhsxli ext basi? eo? hh 12968 kG" re ex xx: £ 3x5 x 4x05 i art x 2s © 273 rca 4 (nip? 1s Alget and functionscarne 1 Vaxvb =\GX3) VAXVB You can manipulate surds using these rules: © 5V6~ 2V24 + V294 5VG — 2V24 + V294 NG — 2VEV4 + VE x V49e-——+ = V6 - 2V4 + 49). V6e-2x2+7) Vera) veSimplify: = 1) v8 [2] v7 (3] v50 Mi 4)\3 (5) 190 as | 7) = [8 v20+v80 [9| v200 + 18 - v72 i 10) VI7S + V6 + 228 [in] 128 2ve+V7 (12) veO- 230+ ava (15| VI + 3Va8 + V75 The rules to rationalise surds are: © Fractions in the form ie multiply the top and bottom by Va. Fractions in the form ae multiply the top and bottom by a Vb. Fractions in the form ay multiply the top and bottom by a + Vb. Rationalise the denominator of: ae ee zi VS+V2 vB 34V2 V5-V2 1x (6-2) REE See |uarren VB +v2 ° We-W2 (V5 + V2)(v5 + V2) (V5 — V2\(V5 + V2) 5+ Vov2 + vav5 +2 2 T+ 2Vi0 Sat Rationalise the denominators: 1 1 awk ay Gs viz z v5 Vas ‘vB0 7 1 8 eg 8 n= 2 + 3-7 3-8 ° a a 4-5 15} 2+V5 ut 3-7 7) 34VT 18) Z+V7 tpg VEL + 129 ay V2=53 ‘Vat — V29 BW ayxy b 3x2x 2x5 © (ax?) 2e8 4b x 3b x bE 2) Expand the brackets: a 3(sy+4) ‘b Sx2(3 - Sx + 2x2) © Sx(Qe+3)— 2x1 — 3x) x"(1 + 3x) — 2eGGx— 2) 3) Factorise these expressions completely: a Bx + dx b 4y? + 10y ext tay tay? Bry? + 10x2yFactorise: ax+ 3x42 © x?=2x-35 e 13-6 Simplify a xd = Be © 3x2 Ort Evaluate: a () 27, Simplify: aren v63 Rationalise: at v3 b ar? +6r d2x?-x-3 £ 6-Sx-x b (at) d 3x! + 6rSummary of key points a i 6 10 You can simplify expressions by collecting like terms. You can simplify expressions by using rules of indices (powers). (ay @=1 You can expand an expression by multiplying each term inside the bracket by the term outside. Factorising expressions is the opposite of expanding expressions. ‘A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bn + c, where a, b, care constants and a #0. B= y= w+ y)e-y) This is called a difference of squares. You can write a number exactly using surds. ‘The square root of a prime number is a surd. You can manipulate surds using the rules: Vab = Vax Vb coe b Wb The rules to rationalise surds are: «Fractions in the form 2, mutiply the top and botiom by Va © Fractions in the form a multiply the top and bottom by a - vb. © Fractions in the form oo multiply the top and bottom by a + Vb.After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 plot the graph of a quadratic function 2. solve a quadratic function using factorisation 3 complete the square of a quadratic function 4 solve a quadratic equation by using the quadratic formula 5 calculate the discriminant of a quadratic expression 6 sketch the graph of a quadratic function. The above techniques will enable you to solve many types of equation and inequality. The ability to spot and solve a quadratic equation is extremely important in A level Mathematics. Did you know? ...that the path of a golf ball can be modelled by a quadratic function? graph showing height of a golf ball against time in seconds esses sonaw ut qu8iay ot time in secondscapren 2 I The general form of a quadratic equation is, year+ brte where o, b and care constants and a# 0. This could also be written as f(x) = ax® + bx +c, Benne a Draw the graph with equation y =x? — 31 ~ 4 for values of x from —2 to +5, 1b Write down the minimum value of y and the value of x for this point. € Label the line of symmetry. © First draw a table of values. 2 | 4) aol 4] 4/9 tel 25 Remember any number squared is postive. —a| 6] —a| — Look at the table to determine the ENG eee he uecleeced Ee Oars - Use values of from ~6 to +6. ‘points together witha smooth curve, The general shape of the curve is aU, itis called a parabola. This is the line of symmetry. It is always ae aceon eed ‘points. It has equation x= This is the minimum.Quadratic functions Draw graphs with the following equations, taking values of x from ~4 to +4. For each graph write down the equation of the line of symmetry. 1) y=x-3 2 yaa"+s 3] y=ae aly= Hint The general shape =@-0 =243 for question 4is an upside 5 y=(-1y 6 yaa+3r+2 ee 7) y= 2x? +30~ 8 y=27+ 20-6 9 y=Qx+1P Quadratic equations have two solutions or roots. (In some cases the two roots are equal.) To solve a quadratic equation, put it in the form at? + hx + ¢=0. Rearrange in the form ax? + bx + c= 0. Factorise by x lactorsing isin Chapter 1). ‘Then either part of the product could be zero. ‘A quadratic equation has two solutions (foots). In some cases the two roots are equal. Solve the equation x? ~ 2x ~ 15 =0 Factorise.charter 2 Solve the equation éx? + 13x ~ 5=0 6x2 + 13x-5 =0 (Gx-)@r+5)=0 Factorise. Then either Sx pooh eee ey The solutions can be fractions or any other type of number. Peery | Solve the equation x? ~ Sx +1 P= Bx + Rearrange in the form ax? + bx + c= 0. [= ext 16-0 ———_1 Ea —— ractorise. Here x= 4 i the only solution, i. the two ee roots are equal. Solve the equation (2x ~ 3) = 25, This isa special case. Take the square root of both sides. Remember \25 = +5 or —5. Add 3 to both sides. Solve the equation (x ~ 3)? =7 2-227 a Square root. (If you do not have a calculator, a leave this in surd form.) x=+52V7 [Thenettherr=S+V7 SsQuadratic functions Solve the following equations: 1) P= 4x 2) x2= 25x 3) B= 6x 4) 5x7= 30x 5) x7+3r+2=0 6 P+Sr+4=0 7 2+7x+10-0 8) x?-x-6-0 9 x2-8r+15-0 9x + 20-0 11 x ~Sx-6=0 4r-12=0 13) 2x2 + 72+ 3=0 14) 6x? 7x-3=0 15) 6x? ~ sx-6=0 16 4x? ~ 16x + 15 =0 17 3x2 + 5x=2 19) (@-7°=36 21 axt=5 23 (3r-1)?=11 24) Sx? 10x? =-7 +x +x 25) 6x? 7 = 11x 26) ax? + 173 = Gx ~ 2x? 324+ Dhow + B= Ge +b)? Boe These are both perfect aby squares. ‘To complete the square of the function x? + 2bx you need a further term b2, So the completed square form is, 22+ Dhe = (e+ DP larly a2 2bx = (bP complete the square for the expression x? + 8x fb = ye— 42 In general Completing the square: 2+ be= (x4 3) - (3Complete the square for the expressions ax 12 Bb 2x? — 10x, ‘Complete the square for the expressions: Attar (2) tor 3) x2- 16x (atx [5] 2-14e [6] 2+ 16e 7 30-24 (8 2a (9) Sx?-+ 20x 10) 2x? — Sx [Ml 3x2 + 9x (2) 322 x ao Solve the equation x? + 8x + 10 = 0 by completing the square. ‘Then the solutions (roots) of x2 + Bx +10 = O are either -4+V6 or x= -4-V6.Quadratic functions Example [J] Solve the equation 2x? ~ &¢ +7=0. 2x? - Bx+7=0 ‘The coefficient of x2 = 2. art So divide by 2. e-4x=-3 Subtract from both sides. (1-2-2)? =-F + ~ ‘Complete the square for x? ~ 4x. (@-2F= ‘Add (2)? to both sides. @-27 ‘Combine the RHS. cere V 2 ‘Square root both sides. Add 2 to both sides. pane 5 paddy v2 orx=2— tl / we Note: Sometimes b? — 4ac is negative, and there are then no real solutions. Bey] Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square (remember to leave your answer in surd form): 1 x+6r+1=0 2) a?+12n+3=0 3 x= 10x 4) xt+ar-2=0 5 3x-S=0 6 7 4x?-2=8 8 10 =3x-2° 9 15 ~ 6x 2x7=0 10) Sx?+8x-2=05 You can solve quadratic equations ax? + bx + c= 0 by using the formula —b*\(b?-4a0) 2a Example [1 Show that the solutions of ax? + br +¢= 0 are + V(b = dae) 2a To do this complete the square. ‘The coefficient 2? is a so divide by a. Subtract rom bot sides, ‘Complete the square. pat tthe Combine the RS. Square root. Thus x AED sutract 2 fom both sides. EE) 1b? — 4ac is called the discriminant, Solve 4x? — 3x — 2 = 0 by using the formula. 238) * VIRBF = 442), _ 2b # VG 4a9, a 2x4 ee 2a efter where a= 4, b= 3, c= 2. + -4x 4x -2= 432 po eee eee 434i pees 6 +34Vhi a= 2 +3-VAi or a Oe Lene your answer in sur formQuadratic functions Solve the following quadratic equations by using the formula, giving the solutions in surd form. Simplify your answers, 1) xt43r+1=0 2| x7-3x-2=0 3 +Er+6=0 4) xt-5x-2=0 5 3x?+10r-2=0 6 4x?-4r-1=0 7) Wx +9x+1=0 B Sx? +4r-3=0 9 ax? 7x=2 10) 11x? + 2x -7=0 2.6 You need to be able to sketch graphs of quadratic equations and solve problems using the discriminant. ‘The steps to help you sketch the graphs are: 1 Decide on the shape. When a is >0 the curve will be a \_/ shape. When ais <0 the curve will be a /\ shape. 2 Work out the points where the curve crosses the x- and y-axes, Put y = 0 to find the x-axis crossing points coordinates. Put x =0 to find the y-axis crossing points coordinates. 3 Check the general shape of curve by considering the discriminant, b® ~ 4ac. When specific conditions apply, the general shape of the curve takes these forms: b> 4ac anda > 0 #2 = 4ac anda > 0 b?<4acanda>0 v4 ve y 0 ? ¥ 0 ¥ You can use the discriminant to establish Here there are two Here there are two Here there areno when a quadratic different roots equal roots. real 100. ‘equation has ‘© equal roots: b? = 4ac b> dae anda <0 b= dae ande <0 bFor equal roots use 6 = 4ac 1. Sketch the graphs of the following equations: ayaxt+ar+2 9 by=x2-3r+10 eyax242e- 15 y= 2e +743 ey=2e+e-3 9 fy= 6x7 19410 gy=3e-2e-5 y= 3r"~ 138 bys +647 jy 4—7e-2eQuadratic functions 2) Find the values of k for which x2 + kx + 4~0 has equal roots, 3) Find the values of k for which kx2 + 8x + k= 0 has equal roots. 1. Draw the graphs with the following equations, choosing appropriate values for 2. For each graph write down the equation of the line of symmetry. aya torts b y= 2x? 3x4 2. Solve the following equations: ay+ay+2=0 b 3x2 + 13r- 10-0 © 5x? = 10x = 4x +3 d (2x-5)'=7 3) Solve the following equations by: it completing the square ii using the formula. ax+Sxt2=0 b x? 4x-3=0 © Sx2+3x-1=0 3x? 5x4 4) Sketch graphs of the following equations: by=2e+2-3 y= 15x — 2x7 §_ Given that for all values of x: Bee + 1k + S= ple tg)? +r a find the values of p, q and r b solve the equation 3x? + 12 +5=0. eo 6 Find, as surds, the roots of the equation: Hint: Remember roots ‘mean solutions. 2x + Iyer 4)— @- 2)"=0 7 Use algebra to solve (x ~ 1) + 2) = 18. ecapren 2 a a Poe ‘The general form of a quadratic equation is y= ae? + he +c where a, b, care constants and a0. 2 Quadratic equations can be solved by: factorisation © completing the square: by (bye eiten(eth (8) © using the formula V(b? — sac) 2a ‘A quadratic equation has two solutions, which may be equal. Wa To sketch a quadratic graph: © decide on the shape: a>0U a2 Multiply by -2. -10<-4CHAPTER 3 When you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number, you need to change the inequality sign to its opposite. Find the set of values of x for which: a 2e-5<7 b srt 922420 © 12-3¢<27 d 3@-5)>5-22-8)Equations and inequalities You may sometimes need to find the set of values of x for which two inequalities are true together. Number lines are helpful here. Ea Find the set of values of x for which: 3x -Sx-8 Bene ees - Ean) Find the set of values of x for which: x-$>1-xand 15 -3x>5+2x -5> =3x> 2x>6 10>5x.CHAPTER 3 Find the set of values of x for which: 4g +7>3 and 17<1142x 1) Find the set of values of x for which: a 2e-3<5 b sx +4=39 © Gr ~3> 2x47 d Sx +6=-12-x e 1s-2>4 £ 21-2e>8+3e gltx<25+3r h7r-7<7-7r i 5-05x=1 j Se+4>12-26 2. Find the set of values of x for which: a 2@-3)=0 b80-y>x-1 c 3ir+7)=8—-x d 2x — 3)— + 12)<0 e 1+1@-x<10@-4) £ 2@-5)234-x) g 12e-3r~3)<45 hx-25+2s)<11 i x(e—4)>a2+2 jo x(S—x)=3tx—x2 3) Find the set of values of x for which: a 3(r—2)>x—4 and dx +12>2v+17 b 2v-S23-x ¢ 2x-3>2and 3ir+2)<12+x 15 ~x<2(11 ~ x) and S(3x 1) > 12 +19 e 3x +8<20and 231-7) >2+6Equations and inequalities Gea Find the set of values of x for which x? ~ 4x ~ 5 <0 and draw a sketch to show this. Find the set of values of x for which x? ~ 4x ~ 5 >0.Be careful how you write down solutions like those on page 33. -12>5 because x cannot be less than ~1 and greater than 5 at the same time. ‘This type of solution (the darker parts of the graph) needs to be written in two separate parts, x<-1x>5, Emo Find the set of values of x for which 3 ~ Sx ~ 2x?<0 and sketch the graph of 3 Sx 2x ___3=5x-2x7=0 2x? + 5x-3=0 (x= Nix+3)=0 So the required eet of values Ie You may have to rearrange the quadratic inequality to get all the terms ‘on one side’ before you can solve it, as shown in the next example.‘Method 1: sketch graph Equations and inequalities Find the set of values of x for which 12+ 4x >x?, Method 2: table 12+ 4x> 22 oe | + + we [= = + + EKR-6) + = + erie Solution: -2x? and Sx ~3>2. 1) Find the set of values of x for which: ax? Lie +24<0 b 12-x-x730 ¢ x2-3x-10>0 det 7 +12=0 © 7+ 13x ~ 2x? >0 f 10+x~2x°<0 g 4°81 +3<0 h -2+7-30°<0 i v-9<0 j 6x2 + 11x-10>0 k 2-5x>0 1 2x24 3r<0 2) Find the set of values of x for which: a <10-3e bllcx?+10 © x3-2x)>1 @ x4 1) <30-%) 3) Find the set of values of x for which: a x?~7x+10<0and 3x +5<17 b x?~x-6>0and 10~2e<5 © dx? 3x—1Oand 3x+17>2 f x°-2v-30 4) a Find the range of values of h for which the equation x” ~ kx + (k + 3) = 0 has real roots. b Find the range of values of p for which the roots of the equation px? + px ~ 2 =O are real. 1. Solve the simultaneous equations: eek °10 u 12 Equations and inequalities Show that the elimination of x from the simultaneous equations x-2y=1 Bay-y?=8 produces the equation sy? + 3y-8=0. Solve this quadratic equation and hence find the pairs (x, y) for which the simultaneous equations are satisfied. a Given that 3° = 9-1, show that x = 2y ~2. b Solve the simultaneous equations: x=2y-2 wayt? Solve the simultaneous equations xt2y = 2y + he= 18 a Solve the inequality 3x - 8>2 + 13, b Solve the inequality x? - Sx-14>0. Find the set of values of x for which (&~ 1) ~ 4) <2(r~ 4). a Use algebra to solve (x ~ 1) + 2)= 18. b Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which (¢ ~ 1)(& + 2)> 18, Find the set of values of x for whic! a 6x-7<2r+3 b lix+5<0 © both 6x ~7< 2x +3 and 2x? 11x +5<0, Find the values of & for which Ax? + 8x + 5 = 0 has real roots, Find algebraically the set of values of x for which (21 ~ 3)(a + 2)>3(a ~ 2), a Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(¢ + 1)(@~ 4) ~~ 2 =0. 1b Hence find the set of values of x for which 2¢¢ + 1)( — 4) ~ @e~2)?>0. a Use algebra to find the set of values of x for which x(x ~ 5) > 36. b Using your answer to part a, find the set of values of y for which y*(y? ~ 5) > 36. ‘The specification for a rectangular car park states that the length xm is to be Sm more than the breadth. The perimeter of the car park is to be greater than 32m, a Form a linear inequality in x. ‘The area of the car park is to be less than 104m’. 1b Form a quadratic inequality in x. By solving your inequalities, determine the set of possible values of x.CHAPTER 3 Summary of key points 11 You can solve linear simultaneous equations by elimination or substitution. 2 You can use the substitution method to solve simultaneous equations, where one equation is linear and the other is quadratic. You usually start by finding an expression for x or y from the linear equation, 3 When you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number, You need to change the inequality sign to its opposite. 4 To solve a quadratic inequality you @ solve the corresponding quadratic equation, then ¢ sketch the graph of the quadratic function, then © use your sketch to find the required set of values.After completing this chapter you should be able to 11 sketch cubic graphs 2. sketch the graph of the reciprocal function y = 3. find where curves intersect 4 understand how the transformations f(x + a), f(x) + a, f(ax) and af(x) affect the graph of the curve y = 1(X). k x You will analyse graphs in greater detail when you start differentiation. It is worth remembering the techniques in this chapter, because they will provide further information about the shape of the function. Later on in the course you will be asked to sketch complex graphs which are simple transformations of a standard function. Sketching curves Did you know? or The following is a real life ‘example of a cubic function. An open box is to be made gan] from a sheet of card 10cm by 10cm Identical squares are cut off the four corners of the card Oo Di atetode ew as shown in Figure ‘ The card is then folded along the dotted lines to make a box as shown in ‘s Figure 2. 3 0am 0-2 The volume of the box varies according tothe, formula me V= (10 — 2xx. = i 40 Can you give a reason why the graph has not been drawn for values ‘of xgreater than 5 and Daa less than 0? Tab sizeCHAPTER 4 Em Sketch the curve with the equation y = ( — 2)(¢ - 1) +1) ——2=e=a0=n=9 7 Put y= 0 and solve for x to find the roots y 2 x x— . a a $ Ercan opine Ml (the points where the curve crosses the axis). Put.x= 0 to find where the curve crosses the yas Check what happens to y for large positive and negative values of x. You can write this as 134 yY >= a y>- Xe Y oe | This is called a maximum point because the gradient changes from +ve to 0 to —ve. This is called a minimum point because the [gradient changes trom —ve to 0 to +e. — x4 -2y>-2Sketching carves In your exam you will not be expected to work out the coordinates of the maximum or minimum points without further work, but you should mark points where the curve meets the axes. Ea ‘Sketch the curves with the following equations and show the points where they cross the coordinate axes. ay= (21 ~x)(1 +x) b y=xx + Iie + 2) = =na+ __S0.x=2x=1orr==1 Puty = O and solve for x. —(2.0)..(1.0) and (=1,0).__| one On mae Find the value of y when x = 0. Go the curve crosses the y-axio at BEE x x x 7 2 at ‘Check what happens to y for large positive and negative values of x. Notice that this curve is a reflection in the x-axis of the curve in Example 1.Put y =O and solve for x. So the curve crosses the x-axio at 0.0). (-1.0) =2.0 So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0,0). CCheck what happens toy for large positive and negative values of x. Sketch the following curves, a y= 1% +1) b y=x°- 22-34a y= (r= F(z +1) O= (x= 12 (x1) ——___} eee So the curve crosses the x-axis at (1, 0) and (-1, 0) When x= 0 y= (-1)?X1= So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 1). Sketching carves Put y = O and solve for x. Find the value of y when x = 0. CCheck what happens to y for large positive and negative values of x x35 yo= ee X3-%,y 3-2CHAPTER 4 ____ 60 the curve crosses the x-axis at-(0. 0) So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 0). a7 ‘Check what happens to y for large positive y and negative values of x. 1) Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes: a y=(e~3)(-2\@@+1) b y=(e- Ie + 2e+3) © y= (e+ e+ 2)@+3) dy=(e+ Id —ae +3) © y=(e~ 2) 3)(4-x) f y=x(c- 2) +1) & y=xe + 1-1) hy=x(e+1)(1-x) i y=(@-2)Qx-HQx+ jf y= De+3)[w Sketching curves Sketch the curves with the following equations: ay=e+1P@—-D b y= (e+ 2)e- 1% © y=@-na+1P d y=(e-2)00+ e y=xe +2) f y= B y= (1-x°B +2) hy=@-17G-x) i y=22-2) i y=x%e-2) Factorise the following equations and then sketch the curves: Put y= O and solve for x. ‘As the curve passes the axes at only one point, find its shape by plotting a few points. Notice that as x increases, y increases rapidly. The curve is ‘flat’ at (0, 0). This point is Blo Rh Sketching curves The shape of these curves will be Type 1. In this quadrant, x>0 24 0 for any values of x: > > > In this quadrant, x<0 24 s0 for any values of xs <> ‘The shape of these curves will be Type 2. In this quadrant, x<0 so for any values of x: In this quadrant, x> 0 0 for any values of x:CHAPTER 4 Ee ‘a On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations y = x(x ~ 3) and y= x°(1 ~). ‘nd the coordinates of the point of intersection. Put y= 0 and solve for x: Put y= 0 and solve for x to find where the curve crosses the x-axis. The curve croses the y-axis at (0,0) y —— Check what happens to y for large positive ee a and negative values of x. A cubic curve is always steeper than @ quadratic curve, soit will cross over somewhere on this side of the y-axis.Sketching carves b From the graph there are three points where the curves cross, labelled A, B and C. The x-coordinates are given by ‘the solutions to the equation. xQc=3)= x°1= x) woe Multiply out brackets (see Section 1.3). 0 +. Collect terms on one side. xi2=3)=0 = - Factorise. a(x — V3)(x + V3) = 0 + Factorise using a difference of 2 squares. So x= -V3,0,V3 You can use the equation y = x(t ~ to find the y-coordinates. $0 the point where x Is negative Is A(=¥3, 31 + V3), Bis (0,0) and C ___is the point (VB, 3[1 — V3). Ged a On the same diagram sketch the curves with equations y ~ 1) and y x b Explain how your sketch shows that there are two solutions to the equation x%G¢ ~ 1) O=xx=1) PEE = re eae Sa the curve crosses the x-axis at__| Put y= 0 and solve for x. The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 0). ‘Check what happens to y for large positive and negative values of x:Ai You would not be expected to solve this or 8a F=0 ‘equation in C1. 1) Ineach case: ii sketch the two curves on the same axes ii state the number of points of intersection iii write down a suitable equation which would give the x-coordinates of these points. (You are not required to solve this equation.) (ce? 1) b y=xee+2),y=-3 2 e+ Da- 1 dy=20 = Hint: In question 1f, check the point x = 2 in 1 1 yax-4y= 5 f y=xee-4),y=-+ | bothreurves By=xe— 4), y= r= 2) i y=—xy=2 2) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y = 2% ~ 4) and y =x(4—x). Find the coordinates of the points of intersection, o e On the same axes sketch the curves given by y Find the coordinates of the points of interse (2x +5) andy = x(1 +27 o 4) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. 1and y= @ - NU +2) oSketching curves ais 27 [5] a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y =x" and y= ~~ b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 6) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. 2x and y= x(e ~ 2)(2 ~ 3). [7] a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y =x" ~3) and y= b Explain how your sketch shows that there are only two solutions to the equation aha 3)=2, [8) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y = (« + 1) and y = 3x — 1). b Explain how your sketch shows that there is only one solution to the equation + 6r+1=0. 1 [9) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y 7 Hx 1). 'b Explain how your sketch shows that there are no solutions to the equation 1+x%@- I= 0. 10) a On the same axes sketch the curves given by y= 1 ~ 4x? and y = x(x ~ 2). bb State, with a reason, the number of solutions to the equation x! + 4x ~ 1=0. 11) a On the same axes sketch the curve y =x3 = 32% 4x and the line y = 6x. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. 12) a On the same axes sketch the curve y = (x? ~ 1) ~ 2) and the line y= 14x + 2. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. 13] a On the same axes sketch the curves with equations y = (x ~ 2)(e+ 2)? and y = ~2? - 8 b Find the coordinates of the points of interse Sketch the curves for: a fix) =x B gix)=@- 2" hia)= 2? +2aniaeg? 0 S = == 2" Here a = ~2 so g(1) is a horizontal Sagi tr 2) translation of ~(-2) = +2 along the x-axis. ” 4 0 z ¢ =x4 Here a= +2 so h(x) isa vertical translation of +2 along the y-axis. a Given that 1 fax)=2° i g(x) =x(x ~ 2), sketch the curves with equation y = f(a + 1) and g(x + 1) and mark on your sketch the points where the curves cross the axes 1 b Given that h(x) = >, sketch the curve ith equation y = h(x) + 1 and state the equations of any asymptotes and intersections with the axes.i The graph of f(x) = x3 is xy fay = So the graph of y= f(x + 1) io fy = fe +1) =~ 1) So the curve crosses the x-axis at y= gle) = x00 ~ 2) Sketching carves First sketch f(x). Here a= +1 so itis a horizontal translation of 1 along the x-axis. In this case the new equations can easily be found as y= (+1)! and this may help with the sketch. Put y = 0 to find where the curve crosses the a-axis. First sketch g(x).So the graph of y = a(x +1) is yest = @+De-0 b The graph of hx) = ~ is So the graph of y = h(x) +1 io 1 75 REPErEE EEE: 2 = 41 50 itis @ horizontal translation of —1 along the a-axis. ‘You find the equation for g¢x + 1) by replacing x by («+ 1) in the original equation. So y=gee+ = + N+ 1 2)= 0+ 1-1). ‘You can see this matches your sketch. The intersection with the y-axis is now at (0, ~1). First sketch h(a). Here a= +1 so it isa vertical translation of +1 along the y-axis,1 The curve crosses the x-axis once. i Hot ha) ti=s+t zontal asymptote lo y = The vertical asymptote is x = O. Sketching carves Put y= 0 to find where the curve crosses the x-axis. Apply the following transformations to the curves with equations y = f(x) where: 1 i fix) =x? ii fx)=x5 In each case state the coordinates of points where the curves cross the axes and in the equations of any asymptotes. a a os fx) fe +2) b fa) +2 © fie-1) f(x) -1 © f)~3 f fi ~3) Sketch the curve y = fx) where fx) = (r~ 1)(x +2). On separate diagrams sketch the graphs of iy = f(r+ 2) iy = f(x) +2 Find the equations of the curves y = ftr+ 2) and y = f(x) 2, in terms of x, and use these ‘equations to find the coordinates of the points where your graphs in part b cross the y-axis. Sketch the graph of y = fix) where f(x) b Sketch the curve with equation y = f(c+ 1). s By finding the equation f+ 1) where the curve crosses the y-axis. (1 — x). Sketch the graph of y = fix) where f(x) =x ~ 2)*. Sketch the curves with equations, (ee) + 2 andy = fi +2). n terms of x, find the coordinates of the point in part b Find the coordinates of the points where the graph of y = f(x + 2) crosses the axes. Sketch the graph of y = fe) where f(x) = x(x ~ 4), Sketch the curves with equations y Find the equations of the curves in part b the points where the curves cross the axes, fe +2) andy (a) +4, terms of x and hence nd the coordinates ofEms 2] Given that f(2) = 9 — x2, sketch the curves with equations: a y=f(2x) b y= 24a)Sketching carves y= (ax) where a = 2 50 itis a horizontal Stretch with scale factor $. Check: The curve is y= (2x). Soy=(3— 21/3 +24), When y=0,.x= -1.5 or x= 15. So the curve crosses the x-axis at (—1.5, 0) and (1.5, 0). When x=0, y=9. So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 9). y= af(x) where a= 2 so itis a vertical Stretch with scale factor 2. Check: The curve is y = 2108). Soy=23-03+x). ‘When y= 0, x= 3 or.x=-3, So the curve crosses the x-axis at (~3, 0) and (3, 0). When x= 0, y=2%9=18, So the curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 18).@ On the same axes sketch the graphs of y = f(x), y = 3f(a) and y = f(x) where: Tina aged b On the same axes sketch the graphs of y = f(x), y= —f(x) and y = f(—x) where fi) = x(x + 2). ~ y= 34) is equivalent to y = 3x? and this will be steeper than y = 2. [tis a vertical stretch of f(x) with scale factor 3. This is equivalent to y = 5; and this will be ‘more shallow than y = 22. Iis a horizontal stretch of f(x) with scale factor 3. 7-3 = G04 EI ill be abor 2 willbe above s0 this curve will be theSketching carves x-x + 2) which is ‘X(¢ — 2) and this isa Tellection of the original curve in the y-axis. ‘Alternatively multiply each x-coordinate by =1 and leave the y coordinates unchanged. (Ce + 2) and this is a reflection of the original curve in the x-axis, Altematively simply remember each .y-coordinate is multiplied by —1 and the 1x-coordinates remain unchanged. Apply the following transformations to the curves with equations y = f(x) where: i fix) =x? ii fx) =< iii fo) In each case show both f() and the transformation on the same diagram. a e 8 i 4 Sketch the curve with equation y = f(x) where f(x) = b a b b Sketch the curves with equations y fx) bi(-x) fx) dd f(4x) f(x) £ 2f(x) =f) h af) 2fle) i if) Sketch the graphs of y= flax), = Sketch the curve with equation Sketch the graphs of y = f(x), 9 34(@), y= f(-x) and y = ~f(2), fx) where f(x) = (e ~ 2)(e + 2h. f(2x) and y = ~f(x). Sketch the curve with equation y = f(x) where fix) = x°(x — 3). b Sketch the curves with equations y = f(2x), y= f(x) and y= f(-2). Sketch the curve with equation y = f(x) where fix) = (@ ~ 2)( — 1) +2). 2x) and f(x).CHAPTER 4 See] ‘The following diagram shows a sketch of the curve f(x) which passes through the origin. The points A(1, 4) and BG, 1) also lie on the curve. Sketch the following: ay=fe+l) by=f@-1) ce y=fey-4 In each case you should show the coordinates of the images of the points 0, A and B. saul tate ” Move f(x) 1 unit to the left. y This means move f(x) 1 unit to the right. 23) an Move f(x) down 4 units,Sketching curves The following diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f(x). The points A(O, 2), B(1, 0), (4,4) and D(6, 0) lie on the curve. Sketch the following graphs and give the coordinates of the points A, B, C and D after each transformation: a fe +1) b i) -4 © fe +4) d f(2x) © 3fa) f f(x) g if) hh f(-x) The curve y = f(x) passes through the origin and has horizontal asymptote y = 2 and vertical asymptote x = 1, as shown in the diagram. Sketch the following graphs and give the equations of any asymptotes and, for all graphs except a, give coordinates of intersections with the axes after each transformation. a fe) +2 b i+) © 2f(x) df) -2 € (2x) f fix) g fe hh -f(x) The curve with equation y = f(x) passes through the points A(~4, ~6), B(-2, 0), C(O, ~3) and D(4, 0) as shown in the diagram. Sketch the following and give the coordinates of the points A, B, C and D after each transformation, a f@—2) b f(x) +6 © f(2x) d fix + 4) e fix) +3 f 3f(x) Bite) h fix) i feo) j f(x) A sketch of the curve y = f(x) is shown in the diagram. The curve has a vertical asymptote with equation x = ~2 and a horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0. The curve ‘crosses the y-axis at (0,1). fa Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of: i 2F() ii f(2x) fe - 2) iv fy-1 0 vf(-x) vi -fee) Im each case state the equations of any asymptotes and, if possible, points where the curve cuts the axes 1b Suggest a possible equation for f(x),a On the same axes sketch the graphs of y =2%( ~ 2) and. b By solving a suitable equation find the points of intersection of the two graphs, 6 b The curves intersect at the points A and B. Find the coordinates of A and B, a On the same axes sketch the curves with equations y =" and y= 1+, © The curve C with equation y = x? + pr + q, where p and q are integers, passes through A and B. Find the values of p and q. d Add C to your sketch. ‘The diagram shows a sketch of the curve y = f(x). The point B(0, 0) lies on the curve and the point A@, 4) is a maximum point. The line y = 2 is an asymptote Sketch the following and in each case give the coordinates of the new positions of A and B and state the equation of the asymptote: a f(2x) b if) © fiz)-2 d fix +3) e f(x 3) f fixy+1 ‘The diagram shows the curve with equation y = $ + 2x ~ x? and the line with equation y= 2. The curve and the line intersect at the points 4 and B. Find the s-coordinates ofA and 8 °Sketching curves 5] The curve with equation y ~ f(x) meets the coordinate axes at the points (—1, 0), (4, 0) and (0,3), as shown in the diagram, Using a separate diagram for each, sketch the curve with equation a y=f(e-1) by= fe) On each sketch, write in the coordinates of the points at which the curve meets the coordinate axes. [6] The figure shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f(x). ” In separate diagrams show, for -2= x= 2, sketches of the curves with equation: ayf-n b y= fx) Mark on each sketch the x-coordinate of any point, or points, where a curve touches or crosses the x-axis. 7 ihe diagram shows the graph of the quadratic function f. The graph meets the x-axis at (1,0) and (3,0) and the minimum point is (2, ~ 1). a Find the equation of the graph in the form y ~ f(x). 1b On separate axes, sketch the graphs of y= for +2) ii y-fi2x), © On each graph write in the coordinates of the points at which the graph meets the x-axis and write in the coordinates of the minimum point.CHAPTER 4 Summary of key points 1 You should know the shapes of the following basic curves. ” a g y” 7h y= = alte = be ~0) 0) z 2. Transformations: f(x + a) is a translation of ~ 0, meets the y-axis at P and has a minimum point at Q b Sketch the graph of C, showing the coordinates of P and Q. The line y = 41 meets C at the point R. € Find the x-coordinate of R, giving your answer in the form p + qv2, where pand q are integers. ® Given that the equation ke? + 12 +k = 0, where k isa positive constant, has equal roots, find the value of k. ® Given that x4 10 + 36 = (x + a)? +b, where a and bare constants, a find the value of a and the value of b. b Hence show that the equation x2 + 10 + 36 = 0 has no real roots. The equation x? + 10x + k = O has equal roots. € Find the value of k d For this value of k, sketch the graph ofy = x2 + 10x + k, showing the coordinates of any points at which the graph meets the coordinate axes. 42+ 3=@+aP +b, a Find the values of the constants and b. b Sketch the graph of y = x2 + 2x + 3, indicating clearly the coordinates of any intersections with the coordinate axes. € Find the value of the discriminant of x2 + 2x +3. Explain how the sign of the discriminant relates to your sketch in part b, ‘The equation x? + kx + 3 = 0, where kisa constant, has no real roots. Find the set of possible values of k; giving your answer in surd form. © Solve the simuttaneous equations: xty=2 x4 2y=12 @ a By eliminating y from the equations: y=a-4, 2x? — ay = 8, show that wt dx-8=0, b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations: yax- 2x2 ~ ay =8, giving your answers in the form a bv3, where a and b are integers © Solve the simultaneous equations: @® Fina the set of values of x for which: a 3(2x + 1)>5 - 2x, b Ie +3>0, © both 3(2x + 1) > 5 ~ 2rand 2x? Te +3>0.GD Find the set of values of for which: a x(x — 5) <7x—x? b x(a +7)> 20 a Solve the simultaneous equations: ytoe=§ 2x? ax -y = 16, b Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which: ae ae -16>5-22 @ ‘The equation x? + kx + (k + 3) = 0, where kis a constant, has different real roots. a Show that k? ~ 4k ~ 12 > 0. bb Find the set of possible values of . @ Given that the equation kx? + 3kx +2 = 0, where k is a constant, hhas no real roots, find the set of possible values of k ‘The equation (2p + jx? + px +1=0, where p is a constant, has different real roots. a Show that p* ~ 8p ~ 20 > 0. b Find the set of po: Given that p = -3, € find the exact roots of (2p = Syx? + px +1 = le values of p. a Factorise completely x? = 4x. bb Sketch the curve with equation y = 2° ~ 4, showing the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the aanis, ¢ Ona separate diagram, sketch the curve with equation y=@-1)-4@—-1) showing the coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis. @ PG, -2) ‘The figure shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f(x). The curve crosses the x-axis at the points (2, 0) and (4, 0). ‘The minimum point on the curve is PB, -2) In separate diagrams, sketch the curve with equation ay = ~f(a) by = f(2x) ‘On each diagram, give the coordinates of the points at which the curve crosses the sc-axls, and the coordinates of the image of Punder the given transformation. @ ‘The figure shows a sketch of the curve with equation y = f(x). The curve passes through the points (0, 3) and (4, 0) and touches the x-axis at the point (1, 0). (On separate diagrams, sketch the curve with equation ice + 1) by = 24x) ‘On each diagram, show clearly the coordinates of all the points where the curve meets the axes. na Given that fz) = fx 40, ‘@ sketch the graph of y = fix) + 3. and state the equations of the asymptotes b find the coordinates of the point where y = f(x) + 3 crosses a coordinate axis. iven that fix) = (4? ~ 6x) — 2) + 3x, a express f(x) in the form (ax? + he + 0), where a, band ¢ are constants b hence factorise fix) completely ¢ sketch the graph of y = fix), showing the coordinates of each point at which the graph meets the axes. © a Sketch on the same diagram the graph of y = xr + 2)(¢ ~ 4) and the graph of y = 3x ~ 2°, showing the coordinates of the points at which each graph meets the x-axis. b Find the exact coordinates of each of the intersection points of Y= xe + 2)(x ~ 4) andy = 3xAfter completing this chapter you should be able to 1 understand the link between the equ gradient and intercept 2. calculate the gradient of a line joining a pair of points 3. find the equation of a line in either the form y= mx +c or alternatively ax + by = ¢ 4. find the equation of a line passing through a pair of points 5 determine the point where a pair of straight lines intersect 6 know and use the rule concerning perpendicular gradients. n of a line, and its Understanding this chapter will help you find the equation of a tangent and normal to a curve in Chapter 7. Coordinate geometry in the (x, y) plane a, in ee Sa © Did you know? esthat many, bills (including mobile phones) are linear and will produce straight lines when they are graphed? The problem below can easily be answered by solving where pair of straight lines intersect. If C= the cost of the calls in £s and t = the time in minutes, then the graphs are Cost of calls Se rnita i Se Tari B 100 Cost in £ ° minutes 20° Can you work out when it would be cheaper to use Tariff A? You may wish to work out if your mobile phone contract, is the most suitable one for the number of calls you make.IE In the general form y = mx + ¢ mis the gradient and (0, 0 is the intercept on the y-axis. ” IE Inthe general form ax + by +¢=0, o, band care integers. Eons Write down the gradient and intercept on the y-axis of these lines: ay=-3r42 b 4x-2y+5=0 a _y=-3r+2 The gradient = —3 and the intercept: | on the y-axis = (0, 2). b 4x-2y+5=0 4xt+5=2y y= 2x43 The gradient = 2 and the intercept on the y-axis = (0, 8).Example Write these lines in the form ax + by + ay=4e+3 by=-le+5 a ya4axt3 O=4r4+5-y —P So b ya-i+5 So x+2y-10=0+ - Em Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane Rearrange the equation into the form art by+c=0. Subtract y from each side. Collect all the terms on one side of the equation. a Subtract 5 from each side. Multiply each term by 2 to clear the fraction. to each side. A line is parallel to the line y = jx ~ § and its intercept on the y-axis is (0, 1). Write down the equation of the line. x tt A line is parallel to the line 6x + 3y ~ 2= 0 and It passes through the point (0, 3). Work out the equation of the line. Remember that parallel ines have the same gradient. Compare y = J — 5 with y = mx + ¢ 30m ‘The gradient ofthe required line =. The intercept on the y-axis is (0,1), $0 ¢= 1. Rearrange the equation into the form y= mx +cto find m, Subtract 6x from each side. ‘Add 2 to each side. Divide each term by 3,s0 that By +3 aaa on 2+ 3=4, (Do not write this as a decimal.) Compare y= 2x + F with y= mx + « so m2, Parallel lines have the same gradient, so the gradient of the required line = ~2. (0, 3) isthe intercept on the y-axis, so c= 3.Example ‘The line y = 4x —8 meets the x-axis at the point P. Work out the coordinates of P. i The line meets the x-axis when y = 0, so substitute y = 0 into y= 4x ~ 8: Rearrange the equation for x. ‘Add 8 to each side. Divide each side by 4, Always write down the coordinates of the point. 1, Work out the gradients of these lines: ay=-2e+5 by © y=443e dy=4x-2 ey f ysietd g 2v-4y 45-0 h 10x —sy+1=0 i -e+2y-4-0 j 3x + 6y+7=0 k 4x + 2y-9= 1 ox + Gy +2=0 ‘These lines intercept the y-axis at (0, c). Work out the value of c in each case. ay=-x+4 by=24-5 cy d y=—3x eyafr+t f y=2-7e g 3u-4y+8-0 h 4x-Sy- 10-0 i -2e+y-9-0 j 7e+4y+12=0 k 7x-2y+3=0 1 Sr +4y+2=0 Write these lines in the form ax + by +¢= 0. ay=4x+3 dy=ix-6 A line is parallel to the line y = Sx + 8 and its intercept on the y-axis is (0, 3). Write down the equation of the line. A line is parallel to the line y = ~2x + 1 and its intercept on the y-axis is (0, ~4). Work out the equation of the line, Write your answer in the form ax + by +¢= 0, where a, b and c are Integers. A line is parallel to the line 3x + 6y + 11 = 0 and its intercept on the y-axis is (0, 7). Write down the equation of the line. A line is parallel to the line 2x ~ 3y ~ down the equation of the line. and it passes through the point (0, 0). WriteCoordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane 8) The line y ~ 6x ~ 18 meets the x-axis at the point P. Work out the coordinates of P. 9) The line 3x + 2y ~ 5 =0 meets the x-axis at the point R. Work out the coordinates of R 10) The line Sx ~ 4y + 20 = 0 meets the y-axis at the point A and the x-axis at the point B. Work ‘out the coordinates of the points A and B, 5,2. You can work out the gradient m of the line joining the point with coordinates (x,, y;) to the point with coordinates (x y2) by using the formula m= ei) Work out the gradient of the line joining the points (2, 3) and (5, 7) Draw a sketch, Pane 5-253 Remember the gradient ofa line diference in y-coordinates diference in a-coordinates’ som=2—4, Ba The gradient of the line is 3. Work out the gradient of the line joining these pairs of points: a (-2,7) and (4,5) 1b (2d, ~Sd) and (6d, 3d) aie aaa Use m= REE Here (x4) = (2,7) and G29) = 4,5). ~(-2)=+2,104+2=6 Remember to simply the fraction when possible, so divide by 2. =I, the same as ~1, 3 The gradient of the line isHAPTER S 3d ~ (-5. eS os 3) = 2d, ~5d) and aes (ays) = 4, 34). Ba (Sd) = +5d, s0 3d + Sd= 8d. 44 eh d= 4d=2 Use m= 2221, Here m= xh Gu.) =@,—5) and (x2 yx) = (4, 0) a-(-5)=0+5 Multiply each side of the equation by 2 to clear the fraction. Subtract 5 from each side of the equation. Work out the gradient of the line joining these pairs of points: a (4,2), 6,3) b (-1,3), 5,4) © (-4,5), (1,2) (2, —3), (6,5) e (-3,4), (7, -6) f (-12, 3), (-2,8) & (-2,~4), (10,2) h (5,2), 6,4) 1GaGD j (-2.4,9.6), (0,0) k (1.3, ~2.2), (8.8, —4.7) 1 (0, 5a), (10a, 0) 1m (3b, ~2b), (7b, 2b) 2 (P,P), (a?) The line j 18 (3, 5) to (6, a) has gradient 4, Work out the value of a. ‘The line joining (5, b) to (8, 3) has gradient ~3. Work out the value of b. ‘The line joining (¢, 4) to (7, 6) has gradient }. Work out the value of c The line joining (—1, 2d) to (1, 4) has gradient —}. Work out the value of d. ‘The line joining (~3, ~2) to (2e, 5) has gradient 2. Work out the value of e. The line joining (7, 2) to (f, 3f) has gradient 4. Work out the value of f.Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane 8) The line joining (3, ~4) to (~g, 2s) has gradient ~3. Work out the value of g. 9) Show that the points A(2, 3), B(4, 4), C(10, 7) can be joined by a straight line. (Hint: Find the gradient of the lines joining the points: { A and Band ii A and C) 10) Show that the points (~2a, Sa), (0, 4a), (6a, a) are collinear (ie. on the same straight line) ¥ gradient 5,3 You can find the equation of a line with gradient m that passes through the point with ates (x7, 95) by using the formula Find the equation of the line with gradient 5 that passes through the point (3, 2) (x, y)is any point on the line. Multiply each side of the equation by x — 3 to clear the fraction, so that: PESO SEE ae eis arma ae The gradient = 5, 0% —— = 5, 5X (¥— 3) = 50-3) moa — x4). Here vod ste=2) Pern EN et =2=5x—15 +——_-_ Expand the brackets. | __¥=5:- (5: =} eee Bo Find the equation of the line with gradient ~} that passes through the point (4, ~6). Use y— yy = mlx x). Here m = Gu . Pentidies erat -faeen) Subtract 6 from each side,HAPTER S fm ‘The line y = 3x ~ 9 meets the z-axis at the point A. Find the equation of the line with gradient $ that passes through the point A. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, band ¢ are integers. The line meets the x-axis when y= 0, so Saree _— substitute y = 0 into y= 3x ~ 9: One — Rearrange the equation to find x. Bx=9 — ‘Always write down the coordinates of the SS nt. x=5 pe Use y yy = m(— x). Here m=3 and Cu= G0. Rearrange the equation into the form ax by += 0. Multiply by 3 to clear the fraction, Expand the brackets, Subtract 2x from each side. ‘Add 6 to each side. 1) Find the equation of the line with gradient m that passes through the point (1,1) when: a m=2and 93) = 2,5) b m= Band (&,,94) = (-2,1) © m=-1and @,y)=(3,-6) m= ~4 and @,y) =(-2, ~3) fe m=4and (%,9)) = (-4,10) £ m=—Fand (x),99) =(-6,-1) g m=2and (x,,y,) = (a,2a) hh m= Sand (x,,y,) = (-2b, 3b) 2) The line y = 4x ~ 8 meets the x-axis at the point A. Find the equation of the line with gradient 3 that passes through the point A. 3) The line y = -2x + 8 meets the y-axis at the point B. Find the equation of the line with gradient 2 that passes through the point B. ‘The line y = 4x + 6 meets the x-axis at the point C. Find the equation of the line with gradient } that passes through the point C. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, band c are integers. ‘The line y = x +2 meets the y-axis at the point B. The point C has coordinates (—5, 3). Find the gradient of the line joining the points B and C. ‘The lines y = x and y = 2x ~ 5 intersect at the point A. Find the equation of the line with gradient § that passes through the point A. (Hint: Solve y =a and y = 2r ~ 5 simultaneously.)Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane 7) The lines y= 4x ~ 10 and y =a ~ 1 intersect at the point 7. Find the equation of the line with gradient ~3 that passes through the point T. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, b and care integers. 8) The line p has gradient } and passes through the point (6, -12). The line q has gradient 1 and passes through the point (5, 5). The line p meets the y-axis at A and the line q meets the x-axis at B, Work out the gradient of the line joining the points A and B. 9) The line y ~ ~2x + 6 meets the x-axis at the point P. The line y = jx ~ 4 meets the y-axis at the point Q. Find the equation of the line joining the points P and Q. (Hint: First work out the gradient of the line joining the points P and Q) 10) The line y = 3x ~ 5 meets the x-axis at the point M. The line y = ~x + 3 meets the y-axis at the point N. Find the equation of the line joining the points M and N. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c=0, where a, band c are integers, You can find the equation of the line that passes through| the points with coordinates (x;, yi) and (x2, y2) by using (agape SS =m Work out the gradient of the line that passes through the points (5, 7) and (3, ~1) and hence find the equation of the line. Use m - Here (x, ys) = (5,7) and mom @.92)=G,-D. Use y — y; = m(x — x). Here m=4 and @uy= 6,7). Expand the brackets. ‘Simplify into the form y = mx + c. ‘Add 7 to each side. Uae =D —% oto te equation of theline thal pases through the points. 7 and (3,-1).Here (x, ys) = 3, —1) and (x, ¥2) = (5, 7). (44) and (x, ya) have been chosen to make the denominators positive. Multiply each side by 8 to clear the fraction, so that: ear ax te ax = 4-3) z Expand the brackets. Subtract 1 from each side, The lines y = 4x ~ 7 and 2x + 3y ~ 21 = 0 intersect at the point A. The point B has coordinates (2, 8). Find the equation of the line that passes through the points A and B. Write your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and c are integers. Solve the equations y = 4x ~ 7 and y= 4x—7,2x+3y—21=0 2x + 3y ~ 21 =0 simultaneously to find the point A Substitute y = 4x — 7 into 2x + 3y— 21-0 2x + B(4x—7) - 21=0 to eliminate y. 2x + I2x-21-21=0+ 7 Expand the brackets, 1ax-42=0+ r Collect like terms. jax = 42 + Add 42 to each side. x= 3 vide each term by 14, Substituting, | Substitute x = 3 into either equation to find y. y= 4x ~ 7 is easier. y=4@)-7* + ee | Write dawn the coordinates of A 30 AG.5) Here (x, ys) = (3,5) a and (2,2) = (2,8). A(3,5) and B(-2, 8) ea ‘Simplify the denominators. Clear the fraction, Multiply each side by 15 so that Tiel 15x 28 -5y—5) 1s = -3@¢-3) By - 8) = - 30-3) Expand the brackets. Sy ~ 25 = —Sx +9 + 3x-3=49 Bx + 5y-25=9 ‘Add 3 to each side. Bx+5y-34=0 Subtract 9 from each side.10 Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane Find the equation of the line that passes through these pairs of points: a (2,4) and (3,8) b (0,2) and (3,5) © (—2,0) and (2,8) d (5, —3) and (7, 5) (3,—1) and (7,3) f (-4,-1) and (6,4) g (-1,—5) and (~3, 3) h (~4, ~1) and (-3, -9) G,Dand G9 i 5 (4,2) and G3 The line that passes through the points (2, —5) and (~7, 4) meets the x-axis at the point P. ‘Work out the coordinates of the point P. The line that passes through the points (~3, ~5) and (4, 9) meets the y-axis at the point G. Work out the coordinates of the point G. ‘The line that passes through the points (3, Work out the coordinates of the point J 4) and (—14,4) meets the y-axis at the point J. ‘The line y ~ 2x ~ 10 meets the x-axis at the point A. The line y = ~2x + 4 meets the y-axis at the point B. Find the equation of the line joining the points A and B. (Hint: First work out the coordinates of the points A and B.) The line y = 4x +5 meets the y-axis at the point C. The line y= ~3x ~ 15 meets the x-axis at the point D. Find the equation of the line joining the points C and D. Write your answer the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, band c are integers, The lines y =x ~ 5 and y = 3x ~ 13 intersect at the point S. The point T has coordinates (4,2), Find the equation of the line that passes through the points § and T, The lines y = ~2x + 1 and y =x +7 intersect at the point L. The point M has coordinates (-3,1). Find the equation of the line that passes through the points L and M. ‘The vertices of the triangle ABC have coordinates 4(3, 5), B(-2,0) and C(4, -1). ‘equations of the sides of the triangle. Find the ‘The line V passes through the points (5, 3) and (7, ~3) and the line W passes through the points (2, ~4) and (4, 2). The lines V and W intersect at the point A. Work out the coordinates of the point A.I Ifa line has a gradient of m, a line perpendicular to it has a gradient of — If two lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is ~1. ees | Work out the gradient of the line that is perpendicular to the lines with these gradients: a3 bi ont aom=3 So the gradient of the perpendicular line is —$. bo m=t So the gradient of the perpendicular line is ale @) So the gradient of the perpendicular line isExample [] Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane Show that the line y = 3x + 4 Is perpendicular to the line x + 3y ~3=0, ea eee EE eee The gradient of this line is 3. ‘The lines are perpendicular because the product of their gradients Is —1. ae Compare som=3, Rearrange the equation into the form y= m+ cto tind m ‘Subtract x from each side. Ada 3 to each side. Dade each term by 3 aw. re +1 with y= mr + G = 3x44 with y= mete -x53 Compare som=~4. Multiply the gradients of the lines. Work out whether these pairs of lines are parallel, perpendicular or neither: ay--2+9 b 3x-y-2-0 y= -2e-3 x+3y-6=0 a y=-2x+9 The gradient of this y= -2x-3 The gradient of this line is —2. So the lines are parallel, since -—— the gradiento are equal b Sx—-y—2=0-———————— Bx-2=y So y= 3x-2 The gradient of this line is 3, «= x+3y-6=0 =a 2— The gradient of this line is So the lines are perpendicular as ax cy-k 2e-y+4=0 Compare y=—2x-+ 9 with y= mx +6 somenz Compare y = -2x ~ 3 with y= mx +c, som=—2, Remember that parallel lines have the same gradient. Rearrange the equation into the form y=mr+c. ‘Add y to each side. Compare y= 3x —2 with y= mr +6, so m=3. Subtract x from each side. ‘Add 6 to each side. Divide each term by 3.Compare y= v with y= m+ ¢ som=). Rearrange the equation into the form y= mx cto find m. Ady to each side. Compare y= 2: +4 ith y= m+ The lines are not parallel as they have i ferent gradients, The lines are not perpendicular a6 3x2 Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (3, ~1) and is perpendicular to the line y = 2r~4. Use y— y= m( x), Here m= —$ and Gy =G,-1). Expand the brackets, -}x-3-4 Subtract 1 from each side, so that }~1 = }. 1) Work out whether these pairs of lines are parallel, perpendicular or neither: Vv ay=4r+2 by-#e-1 cya in+9 y=-k-7 yah yn5e49 dy e4+2 eynkket4 f B-7 yo-he- Sx-3 y gy=Sx-3 hh Sr-y- i y=-ir+8 se-yt4=0 york 2x - ay j 4v-Sy+1=0 k 3r+2y- 1 1 Sx-y+2=0 8x — 10y ~ n+ 3y-6=0 2x + Wy-4=0 jxCoordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane 2) Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (6, -2) and is perpendicular to the line y = 3x + 5. 3) Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (~2, 7) and is parallel to the line y= 4x + 1. Write your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0. 4) Find an equation of the line: parallel to the line y = ~2x ~ 5, passing through (-3, 3) b parallel to the line x ~ 2y ~ 1 = 0, passing through (0, 0) © perpendicular to the line y =x ~ 4, passing through (1, ~2) perpendicular to the line 2¢ + y’~9 = 0, passing through (4, ~6). 5) Find an equation of the line: a parallel to the line y = 3x + 6, passing through (2, 5) 1b perpendicular to the line y = 3x + 6, passing through (~2, 5) © parallel to the line 4x ~ 6y + 7 = 0, passing through (3, 4) perpendicular to the line 4x ~ 6y + 7 = 0, passing through (3, 4) 6) Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (5,5) and is perpendicular to the line y = ie + 5. Write your answer in the form ax + by += 0, where a, b and c are integers. 7] Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (~2, ~3) and is perpendicular to the line y = —+5, Write your answer in the form ar + ly +¢= 0, where a, Band c are integers 8) The line r passes through the points (1, 4) and (6, 8) and the line s passes through the points (5, ~3) and (20, 9). Show that the lines rand s are parallel 9) The line | passes through the points (~3, 0) and (3, ~2) and the line m passes through the points (1, 8) and (~1, 2). Show that the lines / and 1 are perpendicular. 10) The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD has coordinates A(—1, 5), B(7, 1), C(S, ~3), D(-3, 1). Show that the quadrilateral is a rectangle. 1) The points A and B have coordinates (—4, 6) and (2, 8) respectively. A line p is drawn through B perpendicular to AB to meet the y-axis at the point C. ‘a Find an equation of the line p. b Determine the coordinates of C. oe2) The line / has equation 2x - y - 1 = 0. ‘The line m passes through the point A(0, 4) and is perpendicular to the line I. a Find an equation of m and show that the lines | and m intersect at the point P(2, 3). The line 1 passes through the point B(3, 0) and is parallel to the line m. b Find an equation of » and hence find the coordinates of the point Q where the lines | and 1 intersect. e ‘The line L, has gradient } and passes through the point A(2, 2). The line L has gradient ~1 and passes through the point B(4, 8). The lines [; and L2 intersect at the point C, a Find an equation for L, and an equation for L. b Determine the coordinates of C. e The straight line passing through the point P(2, 1) and the point Q(k, 11) has gradient ~ 3 ‘@ Find the equation of the line in terms of x and y only. b Determine the value of k oe * w a Find an equation of the line I which passes through the points A(1, 0) and B(S, 6). The line m with equation 2x + 3y = 15 meets | at the point C. b Determine the coordinates of the point C. oe ‘The line L passes through the points A(1, 3) and B(~19, ~19). Find an equation of L in the form ax + by += 0, where a, b and c are integers. e ‘The straight line }, passes through the points A and B with coordinates (2, 2) and (6,0) respectively. a Find an equation of |. ‘The straight line ly passes through the point C with coordinates (~9, 0) and has gradient + b Find an equation of b, oe ‘The straight line /, passes through the points A and B with coordinates (0, ~2) and (6, 7) respectively. a Find the equation of /; in the form y = mr + ¢. hhe straight line /, with equation x + y = 8 cuts the y-axis at the point C intersect at the point D. b Calculate the coordinates of the point D. ¢ Calculate the area of AACD. e eines I, and Ip ‘The points A and B have coordinates (2, 16) and (12, ~4) respectively. A straight line l, passes through A and B. a Find an equation for /, in the form at + by =c. ‘The line /, passes through the point C with coordinates (—1, 1) and has gradient }. b Find an equation for h. oe10 2 B 4 15 Coordinate geometry in the (x,y) plane ‘The points A(-1, ~2), B(7, 2) and Ck, 4), where k is a constant, are the vertices of ABC. Angle ABC is a right angle. a Find the gradient of AB. b Calculate the value of k, € Find an equation of the straight line passing through B and C. Give your answer in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, b and c are integers. oe The straight line | passes through A(1, 3V3) and B(2 + V3, 3 + 43). ‘a Calculate the gradient of I giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form 'b Give the equation of !in the form y= mex + c, where constants m and ¢ are surds given in ‘their simplest form. © Show that I meets the x-axis at the point C(-2, 0). oe a Find an equation of the straight line passing through the points with coordinates (—1, 5) and (4, ~2), giving your answer in the form at + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and c are integers. ‘The line crosses the x-axis at the point A and the y-axis at the point B, and O is, the origin, b Find the area of AOAB. e ‘The points A and B have coordinates (k, 1) and (8, 2k ~ 1) respectively, where k is a constant. Given that the gradient of AB is fa show that k= 2 b find an equation for the line through A and B. oe ‘The straight line I, has equation 4y +x The straight line ly has equation y = 2x — ‘a On the same axes, sketch the graphs of , and I. Show clearly the coordinates of all points at which the graphs meet the coordinate axes. ‘The lines /, and J; intersect at the point A b Calculate, as exact fractions, the coordinates of A. ¢ Find an equation of the line through A which is perpendicular to 1,. Give your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and c are integers. eo The points A and B have coordinates (4, 6) and (12, 2) respectively. ‘The straight line J, passes through A and B fa Find an equation for |; in the form ar + by + ¢= 0, where a, band c are integers. The straight line |, passes through the origin and has gradient ~4 bb Write down an equation for b, The lines and fy intersect at the point C Find the coordinates of C. oe. ¢ Summary of key points 16 Inthe general form y=me+e, where mis the gradient and (0, ) is the intercept on the y-axis. © In the general form ax thy +c= where a, b and c are integers. 2 You can work out the gradient m of the line joi point with coordinates (x, y;) to the point with coordinates (x,y) by using the formula ao HEN ar 3 You can find the equation of a line with gradient m that passes through the point with coordinates (x;,.:) by using the formula y~ Y= Mex) 4 You can find the equation of the line that passes through the points with coordinates (%,, 9) and (x,y) by using the formula Yon Fam “MH 5 Ifaline has a gradient m, a line perpendicular to it has 1 a gradient of — 6 If two lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is —1 0.9, (x2, y2) fen.) Gey) fdAfter completing this chapter you should be able to 1 Jenerate a sequence from the nth term, or from a recurrence relationship ; y 2. know how to find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence, U, 3. know how to find the sum to n terms of an arithmetic series, 5, 4 solve problems on arithmetic series using the formulae for U,, and S, 5 know the meaning of the symbol 5. Did you know? «athe famous story about a young boy named Carl Friedrich Gauss? His primary school teacher, J.G. Biittner, tried to occupy his pupils by making them add up the integers from 1 to 100, The young Gauss produced the correct answer within seconds. You will find out how he did it in this chapter. N Christan Arch Jensen ~*~A series of numbers following a set rule is called a sequence. 9 q 3,7, 11, 15, 19, ... is an example of a sequence. Each number in a sequence is called a term. 7 eee 1 | Work out i the next three terms in each of the following sequences and ii the rule to find the next term. a 14,11,8,5, b 12,48, Look for the rule that takes you from one term to the next. a tes S [peer eT Term no. |1|2|3|4|5 subtract 3. 6|5|2 wy ———————+ To go from one term to the next you —bALLAD, multiply by 2. Cee eae se fermno.|1|2|3|4|6 Term 1|2|4/8 The rule to find the next term ia ‘multiply the previous term by 2°. (Oe To go from one term to the next you multiply by 2, then add 1. i_The next three terms are __| ae - {Term no. 3|4|5 Tem 15 a The rule to find the next term is ___‘multiply the previo y 2 ther addt.Sequences and series Work out the next three terms of the following sequences. State the rule to find the next term in each case: 14,9, 14,19, 2] 2, -2,2,-2, 3 30,27, 24, 21, 4 2, 6,18, 54, ints: Question 6 Look for two operations 1 8, Be Laas 8) 12'S 14, Question 8 — Treat 7 1,1,2,3, Hiz34 numerator and denominator separately. 9 4,3, 2.5, 2.25, 2.125, 10 0, 3,8, 15, oinsaid 6.2 When you know a formula for the nth term of a sequence (e.g. U, = 3n— 1) you can use this to find any term in the sequence. I The nth term of a sequence is sometimes called the general term. Example Eq The nth term of a sequence is given by U, = 31 ~ 1 Work out: a The first term. b The third term. © The nineteenth term, Substitute n=1 Substitute n= 3 Substitute n= 19 The nth term of a sequence is given by U, = wry Work out: a The first three terms, b The 49th term.HAPTER 6 Find the value of 7 for which U, has the given value: i Here U, = 153, so we substitute and solve the equation for n, ‘Add 2 to both sides. Divide by 5. Here U, = 149, Take 5 from both sides. Find square root. 1ncan only be positive so n= 12. Here U,=72. Solve the quadratic equation by factorisation, rns positive so accept only n= 12. A sequence is generated by the formula U, = an + b where a and b are constants to be found. Given that U, = 5 and Us = 20, find the values of the constants a and b. —Weknow Uy =5,603at+b=5. @ | Substitute n= 3 and Us=5 in U, = an b. = Substitute n= 8 and Uy~ 20 in U,= an + b, 2-9 gives: baste Solve simultaneously. a= Constants are a= 3 and bSequences and series 1 Find the U;, Us, U; and Uy of the following sequences, where: a U,=3n+2 bU,= 10-30 © Ua +5 a U,=(0- 3" " co. © U,=(-2) £5 yt ete ap 8 Y= CDS h U,= (1-2) 2. Find the value of 1 for which U, has the given value: a U,=2n-4,U,=24 b U,=(n- 4), U,= ¢ Uant-9,Ua1i2 ao 24, e U,=1n + Sn-6, U,= 60 f U,=n?—4n+11, U, = 56 0 =1+4n-5,U,= <2, 0, g U,=n + 4n~5, U,=91 hY,=CIy tau wet+3 i u,-2S u- 134 +3, Up=28 3. Prove that the (2m + 1)th term of the sequence U, Lisa multiple of 4, 4. Prove that the terms of the sequence U,, =n? ~ 10m + 27 are Hint: Question 4 all positive. For what value of 7 is U, smallest? ‘Complete the square. 5 A sequence is generated according to the formula U,, = an + b, where a and b are constants. Given that U; = 14 and U; = 38, find the values of a and b, 6 A sequence Is generated according to the formula U, = an? + bn +c, where a, b and c are constants. If U; = 4, U, = 10 and U, = 18, find the values of a, b and c. 7) Asequei that U, ce is generated from the formula U, = pn* + g, where p and q are constants. Given 6 and U; = 19, find the values of the constants p and 4. 6.3. When you know the rule to get from one term to the next, you can use this information to produce a recurrence relationship (or recurrence formula). Look at the following sequence of numbers: 5,8, 11, 14, 17, We can describe this by the rule ‘add 3 to the previous term’, ‘We can see that:This sequence can also be described by the recurrence formula: [eae __— bigger than or equal to 1. Usr=Us+3 (k> 1) sequence. EI ‘You must always state the first term of the sequence, as many different sequences have the same recurrence relationship. For example, the sequences 4,7, 10, 13, 16, and 5,8, 11, 14,17, could both be desc between them by stating Uc. =U, +3, k> 1 with U; = 4 in the first example but Us HA sequence can be expressed by a recurrence relationship. For example, the sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, ... can be formed from U, , = U, +4, U,=5 (U; must be given). Find the first four terms of the following sequences: ped by the recurrence formula U; . = U, + 3, but we can distinguish U, +3, k= 1 and U, = 5 in the second example. he a Uy. =U, +4, Uj=7 WU, =U, +4, 0; cU, 1-U,, U;=4and U,=2 alee U+t4=7+4=11 Substitute n= 1, 2 and 3. As you p+4=M+4= 16. |-—>— are given U; you have the first eee term. This is the same recurrence = formula, Te produces a diferent Ut4+=5+4=9 sequence because U is diferent. U+4=94+4=15. b Un. =U,+4,U=5 Substituting n Substituting n Substituting n = 3, U, =U, +4= 13 +4 =17, ‘This formula links up three terms. Simply substitute in the values of ni to see how the relationship works. Substituting n ‘Substituting n= in Sequence to 4, 2, 2, 4,Sequences and series A sequence of terms (U,}, n> 1 is defined by the recurret relation U, , »=mU,,. ; + U, where m b find an expression in terms of m for U, et eee i Substitute n= 1 =Sm+2 = + Up = - Substitute n= 2. = m(Gm+2)+5 + Substitute Uy = 5m+2 and U,=5 Simply. Set Uy=21. Subtract 21 from both sides. Factorise (f possible) (Gm = 8)m-+ 2) = 0. Pee ira =s106 gpa zs eee eee 1 Find the first four terms of the following recurrence relationships: Uy =U, +3, U,=1 b U,.1=U,-5,U,=9 © Uys = Uy, U=3 4 U,, = 2U, +1, U,=2 eUa f U,.;=(U,-1,U, 8 U2 U,=3, U=5 2 Suggest possible recurrence relation first term): ps for the following sequences (remember to state the a 3,5,7,9, b 20, 17, 14, 11, © 1,2,4,8, 100, 25, 6.25, 1.5625, e1,-1,1,-1,1, f 3,7, 15,31, 8 0,1, 2,5, 26, .. h 26, 14, 8,5, 3.5, i 1,1,2,3,5,8, 13, 4 4, 10, 18, 38, 74,HAPTER 6 3) By writing down the first four terms or otherwise, find the recurrence formula that defines the following sequences: a U,=2n-1 bu,=3n42 n42 au,-"4 e U,=1 f U=(-D% 4) A sequence of terms {U,, is defined n> 1 by the recurrence relation U,,. ; = KU, +2, where k isa constant. Given that U, = 3: terms of k for Up b hence find an expression for U;, siven that U, = 42: © find possible values of k a find an expressi 5 Assequence of terms (Uj) is defined k > 1 by the recurrence relation U, 2 = Ug. — PU where p is a constant. Given that U, = 2 and Up = 4 a find an expression in terms of p for Us b hence find an expression in terms of p for Us Given also that U, is twice the value of Us © find the value of p. 6,4 A sequence that increases by a constant amount each time is called an arithmetic sequence. The following are examples of arithmetic sequences: 3,7, 11, 15, 19, ... (because you add 4 each time) 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, .. (because you add 5 each time} 17, 14, 11, 8, ... (because you add —3 each time) a,a+d, a 2d, a+ 3d, .. (because you add d each time) HA recurrence relationship of the form Ur =Ujtn ke 1 ez is called an arithmetic sequence. Ed Find the a 10th, b nth and ¢ 50th terms of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, | Sequence ie 3, 7.11.15... | The sequence is going up in fours. First term = 3.» - Itis starting at 3. The frst term is 3 +0 4 The second term is 3 +1 4 The third term is 3 + 2 lots of 4 The fourth term is 3 + 3 lots of 4. Fourth term=S+4+4+4 +Sequences and series ‘Oth term = first term +9 fours. +(n=1)X4=4n—1 + | inth term = first term + (n~ 1) fours. first term + 49 fours. A 6 metre high tree is planted in a garden. If it grows 1.5 metres a year: a How high will it be after it has been in the garden for 8 years? b After how many years will it be 24 metres high? ———————— eee a 648x158 Ts ithas 8 years’ growth at 1.5m a year. 6+12 1 metres b 24-6 Find out how much it has grown in total, So number of years It grows at 1.5 metres a year. Find the number of terms in the arithmetic sequence 7, 11, 15, ..., 143: Se ‘Work out how to get from one term to the The sequence goes up in fours. oe It goes from 7 to 148, a difference of 156,+— 136 In fours ls "= 34 jumps. TM NB, cay ea 143 RRR |— Work out the difference between largest and smallest numbers. There is one more term than the number of jumps, 60 34 jumps means 36 terms.HAPTER 6 1 Which of the following sequences are arithmetic? a 3,5,7,9, 11 b 10,7,4,1 © ¥, 2y, By, 4y, 1,4, 9, 16, 25, © 16,8421, f 1-11-11, BPI: WU, =U,+2,U= i U,41=3U,- 2, U, Uy -1 =U," U; kU,=n(n+1) 1 U,=2n+3 2. Find the 10th and nth terms in the following arithmetic progressions: a5,7,9, 11, b 5,8, 11, 14, © 24, 21, 18, 15, 4 -1,3,7,11, e x, 2x, 3x, dx, f aatdat2d,a+3d, 3 An investor puts £4000 in an account. Every month thereafter she deposits another £200. How much money in total will she have invested at the start of a the 10th month and b the mth month? (Note that at the start of the 6th month she will have made only 5 deposits of £200.) 4 Calculate the number of terms in the following arithmetic sequences: a 3,7, 11). 83, 87 b 5,8, 11, ..., 119, 122 © 90, 88, 86, ..., 16, 14 4,9, 14, ..., 224, 229 e x, 3x, Sx, . £ aatd,a+ 2d, a+ (n~ Vd 6.5 Arithmetic series are formed by adding together the terms of an arithmetic sequence, Uy + Up + U; +... + Up. In an arithmetic series the next term is found by adding (or subtracting) a constant number This number is called the common difference d. The first term Is represented by a. Therefore all arithmetic series can be put in the form a+ (@ +d) + (a+ 2d) + (a+ 3d) + (a+ ed) + (2+ SA) Pte eeara I | I Istterm 2nd term 3rdterm 4th term — Sth term 6th term Look at the relationship between the number of the term and the coefficient of d. You should be able to see that the coefficient of d is one less than the number of the term. ‘We can use this fact to produce a formula for the nth term of an arithmetic series, Hi The nth term of an arithmetic series is a+ (n— 1)d, where a is the first term and dis the common difference.Example [J] Sequences and series Find i the 20th and ii the S0th terms of the following series: a 4+7+10+13+ =4419X3 an ji_50th term an) =4+49x3 =151 _b 100 +93 +66+79+.. = 100 and d= =7 — Se arr 100 + (20-1) x =7 Woot Saat fi_5Oth term 100 +(69=1)x=7 __| = 100 + 49 x - a Em In this series Example [J For the arithmetic series 5 +9 + 13+ 17 +21+ fa find the number of terms Series lp 5+ 9413 +17 + 21+... +805, _a__Using mthterm = a+(n=1)d 805=5 + (n=1) x4 B05= 4n+1 804 = 4n ————— n= 201+ ft There are 201 terms in this series, b 100+93+86+79+... First calculate the values of a and 4, (In this case dis 7~ 4.) Use the formula a+ (n ~ 1)d, with n= 20 for the 20th term and n = $0 for the SOth term. dis negative this time. d= (93~ 100) To calculate d you can use U; ~ Us (oF Us = Us oF Us ~ Us, etc. + 805: b which term of the series would be 129? ‘A good starting point in all questions is to find the values of a and d. Here a= 5 and a+d=9, so d=4. The nth term is a+ (n= 1), So replace U, with 805 and solve for n. Subtract 1 Divide by 4.‘This time the nth term is 129. So replace U, with 129. Subtract 1. Divide by 4. Given that the 3rd term of an arithmetic series is 20 and the 7th term is 12: a find the first term b find the 20th term (Note: These are very popular questions and involve setting up and solving simultancous equations.) a_3rd term = 20, 60+ 2d= 20. © Teh term = 12, 20a+ Gd=12, @ The first term is 24. Use nth term = a+ (n ~ 1)d, with n= 3 and n=7. Substitute d= ~2 back into equation ©. Add 4 to both sides _b 20th term = a+ 19d Use ntth term is a + (9 1)d with n= 20. 24419 —2 Substitute a= 24 and d 24-38 PSE ree eee The 20th term is —14, 2, 1. Find i the 20th and ii the nth terms of the following arithmetic series: a 2+6+10+ 14418 © 804774744714 e 304274244214 & p+ 3p+ Spt Tp+ b44+6+8+10+12+ 1434547494 £ 2+5+84+114 Wh Sx +x + (~3x) + (-7x) +Sequences and series 2. Find the number of terms in the following arithmetic series: a $+94134174...4121 b 1+1.25+15+175...+8 © 44-142 +89 70+ 61+52+ 43... + -200 © 100+95+90+... + (-1000) f xt+3x4 Sx... + 153¢ 3) The first term of an arithmetic series is 14. If the fourth term is 32, find the common, difference, 4. Given that the 3rd term of an arithmetic series is 30 and the 10th term is 9 find a and d. Hence find which term is the first one to become negative. 5 Inan arithmetic series the 20th term is 14 and the 40th term is ~6. Find the 10th term. 6 The first three terms of an arithmetic series are Sx, 20 and 3x. lint: Question 6 Find Find the value of x and hence the values of the three terms. ‘two expressions equal to the common difference 7) For which values of x would the expression -8, 2? and 17 and set them equal to ach other. form the first three terms of an arithmetic series 6.6 You need to be able to find the sum of an arithmetic series. The method of finding this sum is attributed to a famous mathematician Gauss (1777-1855). He reputedly solved the following sum whilst in Junior School: alled Carl Friedrich, 1424344454... 499+ 100 Here is how he was able to work it out Let SH 1424344... +98 +994 100 Reversing the sum $= 100+ 99498497... 434241 Adding the two sums 25 =101 + 101 + 101 +... + 101 + 101 + 101 25 = 100 x 101 $= (100 x 101) +2 S= 5050 In general: Spat (a+ d) + (a+ 2d) + ...+ (a+ (12d) + (a+ (N= Da) Reversing the sum: Se= (a+ (1~ Dd) + (a+ (1 2)d) + (a+ (1 3)d) +. HA) Adding the two sums: 25, = [2a+ (n= Id] + [20+ (n= Id] +... + [2a + (n~ 1yd] 25, = nl2a + (n~ 1d) Hint: There are 1 lots of 5,=2 [20+ (n- Dd] eesProve for yourself that it could be S, = 5-(a-+ 1) where L = a + (n~ 1d I The formula for the sum of an arithmetic series is a 7 5,= 2 [20+ (n= 1d] You could be asked to peat as Jal prove these formulae. or 5-204 where ais the first term, dis the common difference, mis the number of terms and Lis the last term in the series. + 345474 [2a + (n—1a) a Peeler eee ereel RX 1+ (100 ~ 02] | =2 20+ 1 = 50[2 + 198] with a=1, d= 2and n= 100. = 50 x 200 10000 | at(n—Nd =14+99xK2 ae Altematively, find Land use Na+) z0r0 aa This isa very useful formula and is well = 22 4 199) worth remembering ma 10000 Find the greatest number of terms required for the sum of 4 +9 + 14 +19 +... to exceed 2000, ‘Always establish what you are given in a Question. As you are adding on positive terms, its easier to solve the equality 5, = 2000.>2000 449+ +194 Using 4000 = n(Sn + 3) 4000 = 5r2-+ 3 0= 51? + 3n= 4000 pe B= NOE BOOOO) 10 2719, 205 28 terms are needed. Robert starts his new jab on a salary of £15 000. He is promised rises of £1000 a Sequences and series Knowing a= reed to find n. Sand S,= 2000, you Substitute into $= 220+ (9 1a Solve using formula n= ‘Accept positive answer and round up. ar, at the end of every year, until he reaches his maximum salary of £25 000. Find his total earings (since appointed) after a 8 years with the firm and b 14 years with the firm, a Total earnings = £15000 + £16000 + .. 15 000, d= 1000 and (for 8 years) =e (2a + (n-1)d]- | 130 000 + 7 X 1000} = £148.000 b Total camings = £15000 + £16000 + ... + £25000 + £25 000 + £25000 + £25000 -— 15 000, d= 1000 and il for the first Tl years, 1a + (1 1)d) —————> Ht $= 5 [20 000 + 10 x 1000] £220 000 5 yeare at £25000 = £75000. Total amount earned = £295 000. Note that it will take Robert 11 years to reach his maximum (his fist year and 10 wage rises). ‘Write down what you know. Use 5= F120 + (~1)d] This time there are 10 years of increases, taking him to the end of his 11th year, and 3 years of the same salary. Use $= 5 [2a+ (n— 1d) for the frst 11 years.HAPTER 6 Example [J Show that the sum of the first n natural numbers is (n+ 1). S=1¢24+3+44..40 Use S= [20+ (n= 1)d] with a= 1, d=1 This i an arithmetic series with B and n=, anid=tnan. (2a+ (n— 1a] Zlaxtt (nxt 2l (-) xt) gi@tn-t) (n+1) Find the sums of the following series: a 3+7+11+ 14+... (20 terms) b 2+6+10+ 14+... (15 terms) © 304.27 +24+21 + ... (40 terms) 5414-34-74... (14 terms) eS+7494..475 f4+7+104+..+91 g 344294244194... 4-111 HG+D+ Art )+ Gxt )+..4 Qt) 2. Find how many terms of the following series are needed to make the given sum: as+8+i14+14+ b34+8+13+18+...=1575 © 64+62+60+ ed 34+30+26+22+..,=112 3. Find the sum of the first 50 even numbers. 4. Carol starts a new job on a salary of £20 000. She is given an annual wage rise of £500 at the end of every year until she reaches her maximum salary of £25 000. Find the total amount she earns (assuming no other rises), a in the first 10 years and b over 15 years, of the 5. Find the sum of the multiples of 3 less than 100. Hence or otherwise find the su numbers less than 100 which are not multiples of 3. 6 James decides to save some money during the six-week holiday. He saves 1p on the first day, 2p on the second, 3p on the third and so on, How much will he have at the end of the holiday (42 days)? If he cartied on, how long would it be before he has saved £100? 7 The first term of an arithmetic series is 4. The sum to 20 terms is 15. Find, in any order the common difference and the 20th term.Sequences and series 8 The sum of the first three numbers of an arithmetic series is 12. If the 20th term is ~32, find the first term and the common difference. 9 Show that the sum of the first 2 natural numbers is n(2n + 1), 10 Prove that the sum of the first n odd numbers is n° 6.7 You can use S to signify ‘the sum of. For example: Y. 2n means sum of 2n from n= 1 to n= 10 =244+6+8+ 104124144 16+18+20 SU, =U, + U, + Uy +... + Uy 3 (24-39 means the sum of2+-3rfrom #0 to r=10 =245+8+... 432 SS. (10 ~ 2r) means the sum of (10 ~ 2r) from r= 5 tor= 15 =04-24-44.., 4-20 Calculate SY 4r+1 Sart) =5+948+.. +61 substitute r= 1,2, ete. to find terms in series Sea + (n—1)d) eB Lu Substitute a= 5, d= 4 and n= 20 into, 5=f2a+(n-1)d). 22x 5 + (20-14) Qe ¢ y = 10[10 + (19) x 4] =10x 86 = 260HAPTER 6 1. Rewrite the following sums using 5 notation: a4+7+10+..+31 b2+5+8+11+.. +89 ¢ 40+36+32+...+0 The multiples of 6 less than 100 2. Calculate the following: ay 3r bY @r-1) a> r+) 3. For what value of n does 5” (Sr + 3) first exceed 1000? f 4 For what value of n would 5° (100 4r) = 0? 1 The rth term in a sequence is 2 + 3r. Find the first three terms of the sequence 2) The rth term in a sequence is (r+ 3)(r~ 4). Find the value of r for the term that has the value 78 3. A sequence is formed from an inductive relationship: Uy) = 20,45 siven that U, = 2, find the first four terms of the sequence. 4 Find a rule that describes the following sequences: a §,11, 17,23, b 3,6,9,12, © 1,3,9,27, 4 10, 5,0, - © 1,4,9,16,. f 1,12, 144, 1.728, Which of the above are arithmetic sequences? For the ones that are, state the values of a and d. 3) For the arithmetic series § +9 + 13 + 17 Find a the 20th term, and b the sum of the first 20 terms. 6 a Prove that the sum of the frst terms in an arithmetic series is 5 plea + (n— Dd] where a = first term and d= common difference. bi Use this to find the sum of the first 100 natural numbers. 7) Find the least value of n for which 5” (4r-~ 3) > 2000.Sequences and series 8 Asalesman is paid commission of £10 per week for each life insurance policy that he has sold. Each week he sells one new policy so that he is paid £10 commission in the first week, £20 commission in the second week, £30 commission in the third week and so on, a Find his total comm sion in the first year of 52 weeks, b In the second year the commission increases to £11 per week on new policies sold, although it remains at £10 per week for policies sold in the first year. He continues to sell one policy per week. Show that he is paid £542 in the second week of his second year. ¢ Find the total commission paid to him in the second year. eo 9 The sum of the first two terms of an arithmetic series is 47. The thirtieth term of this series is ~62. Find: a the first term of the series and the common difference Bb the sum of the first 60 terms of the series e 10 a Find the sum of the cegers which are divisible by 3 and lie between 1 and 400, 'b Hence, or otherwise, find the sum of the integers, from 1 to 400 inclusive, which are not divisible by 3, eo 11 A polygon has 10 sides. The lengths of the sides, starting with the smallest, form an. arithmetic series. The perimeter of the polygon is 675 cm and the length of the longest side twice that of the shortest side. Find, for this series: fa the common difference b the first term. oe 12 A sequence of terms {U,) is defined for n= 1, by the recurrence relation U, = 2kU, + 15U,, where k is a constant. Given that U; = 1 and U; =~ 4 find an expression, in terms of k, for Us b hence find an expression, in terms of k, for Uy © given also that U, = —38, find the possible values of k. oe wher 13, Prospectors are drilling for oil. The cost of drilling to a depth of 50m is £500. To drill a further 50m costs £640 and, hence, the total cost of drilling to a depth of 100m is £1140. Fach subsequent extra depth of 50m costs £140 more to drill than the previous 50m. a Show that the cost of drilling to a depth of 500m is £11 300. b The total sum of money available for drilling is £76000. Find, to the nearest 50m, ‘the greatest depth that can be drilled. eo e 14 Prove that the sum of the first 2n multiples of 4 is 4m(2n + 1). 15. A sequence of numbers (U,] is defined, for where k is a constant. Given that U; = 2: ‘a find expressions, in terms of k, for U, and U, b given also that U, = 26, use algebra to find the possible values of k. oe 1, by the recurrence relation Uyy1 = KU, ~HAPTER 6 EZ 8 =6«h( fh. 16 "7 18 Fach year, for 40 years, Anne will pay money into a savings scheme. In the first year she pays in £500. Her payments then increase by £50 each year, so that she pays in £550 in the second year, £600 in the third year, and so on. a Find the amount that Anne will pay in the 40th year. b Find the total amount that Anne will pay in over the 40 years, Over the same 40 years, Brian will also pay money into the savings scheme. In the first year he pays in £890 and his payments then increase by £d each year. Given that Brian and Anne will pay in exactly the same amount over the 40 years, find the value of d. ‘The fifth term of an arithmetic series is 14 and the sum of the first three terms of the series is -3. a Use algebra to show that the first term of the series is ~6 and calculate the common. difference of the series, b Given that the nth term of the series is greater than 282, find the least possible value of ° ‘The fourth term of an arithmetic series is 3k, where k is a constant, and the sum of the first six terms of the series is 7k + 9. a Show that the first term of the series is 9 ~ 8k. b Find an expression for the common difference of the series in terms of k n that the seventh term of the series is 12, calculate: © the value of k € the sum of the first 20 terms ofthe series °Summary of key points 1 10 A series of n imbers following a set rule is called a sequence. 3,7, 11, 15, 19, ... is an example of a sequence. Fach number in a sequence is called a term. ‘The nth term of a sequence is sometimes called the general term. A sequence can be expressed as a formula for the nth term. For example the formula U, = 4 + 1 produces the sequence 5,9, 13, 17, .. by replacing n with 1, 2, 3, 4, etc in 4+ 1 A sequence can be expressed by a recurrence relationship. For example the same sequence 5, 9, 13, 17,... can be formed from U, . = U,+4, Us = 5. (U; must be given.) A recurrence relationship of the form Usi=U+mkel vez is called an arithmetic sequence. Al arithmetic sequences can be put in the form at (a+d) + (a+ 2d) + (a+ 3d) + (a+ 4d) + (a+ Sd) coe if iu fo i Ist 2nd 3rd 4th sth 6th term tem term — term — term — term ‘The nth term of an arithmetic series is a+ (n ~ 1)d, where a is the first term and dis the common difference. ‘The formula for the sum of an arithmetic series is si=Hea+ enya or S,=F(a+L) where ais the first term, d is the common difference, 1 is the number of terms and Lis the last term in the series. ‘You can use © to signify ‘sum of’. You can use ¥ to write series in a more concise way DY G+29=74+94..425 eg,After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 estimate the gradient of a curve 2 calculate the gradient function, SY for simple functions 3 calculate the gradient of a curve at any point 4. find the equation of the tangent and normal to a curve at a specified point 2 5 calculate the second differential Ete Differentiation © Sr lsaac Newton wino, SES along with Gottred LUebniz, devised the Did you know? Differential calculus is an important part of A level Mathematics and is widely used in many branches of Science, Engineering and Business. Understanding it will help you to sketch a function by finding the maximum and minimum values. Volume of box against tab size Differentiation enables us to find the exact value where the volume of the box described in pter 4 is maximised. Successful businesses m: 2 profits and minimise costs. ‘Asimple example to explain this might be a drinks manufacturer using cans that hold 330ml. If the surface area of the can is.as small as possible, then profits are maximised as the amount of aluminium used is minimised.Differentiation 7.) You can calculate an estimate of the gradient of a tangent. In Section 5.1, you found the gradient of a straight line by calculation and by inspection of its equation. The gradient of a curve changes as you move along it, and so: I The gradient of a curve at a specific point is defined as being the same as the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point. ‘The tangent is a straight line, which touches, but does not cut, the curve, You cannot calculate the gradient of the tangent directly, as you know only one point on the tangent and you require two points to calculate the gradient of a line. ys Tangent to the curve at. 0 ¥ To find the gradient of the tangent at a point B on a curve with a known equation, you can find the gradient of chords joining B to other points close to B on the curve. You can then investigate the values of these gradients as the other points become closet to B. You should find the values, become very close to a limiting value, which is the value of the gradient of the tangent, and is also the gradient of the curve at the point B. The points shown on the curve with equation y = are 0(0, 0), AG, 41), BU, 1), C(1.5, 2.25) and D(2, 4) ‘a Calculate the gradients of: i OB AB BC iv BD 1b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point B?a 1 Gradient of the chord OB Iii Gradient of the chord BC 2.25 b The gradient of the tangent at the point B is between 15 and 2.5, You can now ‘zoom in’ on to the section of the curve near to the point B(1, 1). This section, shown below, is almost a straight line and is close in gradient to the tangent at the point B.Differentiation a For the same curve as Example 1, find the gradient of the chord BP when P has coordinates: 4 (11,121) ii (1.01, 1.0201) if (1.001, 1.002001) iv (+h, (1+) 1b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point B? a i Gradient of the chord joining (1,1) to (1, 121) 121-1 aE o2t 04 = 24 ii Gradient of the chord joining (1,1) +0 (101.1020) | Gradient of the chord joining (1,1) to (1.001, 1.002 001) 1.002.001 = 1 “4001-1 _ 0.002.001 "0.001 = 2.001 Iv. Gradient of the chord joining (1,1) to(Ith (1+ 4) _tne-1 “FH-1 b When h is mall the gradient of the chord is close to the gradient of the tangent, and 2 + his close to the value 2. S0 we deduce that the gradient of the tangent at the point (1.1) [6 2.Questions like these will not appear in the examination papers. 1. Fis the point with co-ordinates (3, 9) on the curve with equation y = x2. a Find the gradients of the chords joining the point F to the points with coordinates: i (4,16) (3.5, 12.25) G.1,9.61) iv (3.01, 9.0601) v B+h3+h)) b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point (3, 9)? 2. Gis the point with coordinates (4, 16) on the curve with equation y = a Find the gradients of the chords joining the point G to the points with coordinates: i (5,25) ii (4.5, 20.25) iit (4.1, 16.81) iv (4.01, 16.0801) v4 +h, (4+ 1)9) b What do you deduce about the gradient of the tangent at the point (4, 16)? 7.2 You can find the formula for the gradient of the function f(x) = x? and other functions of the form f(x) =x", nER. Examples 2 to 4 show you how to derive the y formulae and will not be tested. that hye In the following sketch, the gradient of the tangent y = f(z) at a point B is found by starting with the gradient of a chord BC. I The gradient of the tangent at any particular point is the rate of change of y with respect to x. ‘The point B is the point with coordinates (x, x°) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates (eth, +h), (e+ me Hae ‘The gradient of the chord BC is, ©" "= Use the gradient formula et hy—x for a straight line. (x2 + hee +H) This can be written as Steers Expand (@ + 1)(e-+ 1). Dine + Ie which simplifies to give ; cha} Factorise the numerator. h a2tt+h + ‘Cancel the factor h.Differentiation As ft becomes smaller the gradient of the chord becomes closer to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point B. ‘The gradient of the tangent at the point B to the curve with equation y = therefore given by the formula: gradient = 2x. In general you will find that the gradients of the tangents to a given curve can be expressed by a formula related to the equation of the curve. I The gradient formula for y = f(a) is given by the equati called the derived function. :: gradient = f'(x), where f'(x) is (2) is defined as the gradient of the curve y f(x) at the general point (x, f(x)). It is also the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point. So far you have seen that when f(x) = £4) = 2e. You can use this result to determine the gradient of the curve y = x? at any specified point on the curve, You can also use a similar approach to establish a gradient formula for the graph of y = f(x), where f(x) is a power of x, Le. ft) =x", where 1 is any real number. Ge hy fle + AN you need to consider the gradient of a chord joining two points which are close together on the curve and determine what happens when the points become very close together. This time the point B has coordinates (x, f(x)) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates (x + hy fix +1). The gradient of BC is fee +h) ~ fx) (erhy—x So as h becomes small and the gradient of the chord becomes close to the gradient of the tangent, the definition of f'@) is given as dali jn [+=] Using this definition you can differentiate a function of the form f(x) = x"Find, from the definition of the derived function, an expression for f"(x) when f(x) ==. fx +h) —f@) #0) = tim @ ho (x+h)—x +h)? = (x)? ete wy Bb oath + cai ae mi +h) = x Sach + Sxl? + HP (Gn + Baht H) =n h = jim 32 + Sxh +H As h=»0 the limiting value is 3x®, __| So when f(x) = x°, (x) = 3x’. Find, from the definition of the derived function, an expression for f(x) when f(x) = 1 ‘As h-¥0 the liting value ls —— Fo) = (9 So when f(x) =Differentiation ‘You have found that: Ss Hint: Notice the pattern f(x) =x? gives f'(x) = 2x?-* in these results is the f(a) = 20° gives f(x) = x?! ees £00 1 gives f(x) = 1x1 Also, you know that the gradient of the straight line y =. is 1, and that the gradient of the straight line y = 1 is 0. in vm So fe)=2" gives) = x1" Mint: Notice the same and fit) = x” gives f(a) = Ox? - pattern for these linear functions. In general it can be shown that if f(x) =x", NER then f(x) =m"! So the original power multiplies the expression and the power of x is reduced by 1. Find the derived function when f(x) equals: z 2 a5 extxs ¥ ax bx? ex a 6x? ‘The power 6 is reduced to power 5 and the 6 multiplies the answer b The power fis reduced to $1 = ~$, and the f multiplies the answer This is then rewritten in an alternative form. e oat ‘The power ~2 is reduced to ~3 and the ~2 #(@) = —2x-%4___uttiples the answer, This is also rewritten in an alternative form using knowledge of negative powers.— Simplify using rules of powers to give one simple power, ie. subtract 1~ 5 Reduce the power ~4 to give —5, then ‘multiply your answer by —4. ‘Add the powers this time to give 2+ 3=5. —— Reduce the power 5 to 4 and multiply your So F(x) = 6x4 answer by 5. Find the derived function, given that f(x) equals: a)e 2] 3 x a 5] = 6 tx 7) 8) x4 9 w u wt # Vr “ 6 ® © 16 x3 xxo 7 18 xXx? 7.3 You can find the gradient formula for a function such as f(x) = 4x? — 8x + 3 and other functions of the form f(x) = ax* + br + c where a, b and care constants. ‘You can use an alternative notation when finding, the gradient function. Again, you find the gradient of the tangent at a point B by starting with the gradient of a chord RC. This time the point B is the point with coordinates (x, y) and the point C is the point near to B with coordinates (x + ax, y + dy). a Is called delta x and is a single symbol which stands, for a small change in the value of x. This was denoted by fr in Section 7.2. Also ay is called ‘delta y’ and is a single symbol which stands for a small change in the value of y.Differentiation ‘The gradient of the chord BC is then vegny_ a xt dr—x ae But both B and C lie on the curve with equation y = f(x) and so B is the point (, f(x)) and C is the point (x + a, flr + ax) So the gradient of BC can also be written as fe + ax) — fle) _ fx + Bx) ~ fle) (e+ it) —x & You can make the value of ét very small and you will find that the smaller the value of ér, the smaller the value of 6y will be. ‘The limiting value of the gradient of the chord is the gradient of the tangent at B, which is also the gradient of the curve at B. ‘This is called the rate of change of y with respect to x at the point B and is denoted by ae Baa) D Lai, (2 ax aol tim £024 88) — He) # a 2 is called the derivative of y with respect to x. a Also =F). ate ‘The process of finding 2 when y is given is called differentiation. ay BL When y =x, f= me" for all real values of n. ‘You can also differentiate the general quadratic equation fe + x) ~ fla) Using the definition that me Th =< hen dea aaa xDifferentiation Given that f(x) = 3Vx + are bre) Express the roots as fractional powers. a f@)=3ve+ a [— Multiply 3 by a half and reduce power of x. feo Seer Ze PFs reer ae Maltiply a half by negative a half and reduce at et Ran Note that J x 3 = 3 and the product of two negatives is positive. 1 1ax?+ 3x48 2 1sr+643 3 \e-2 x ¥ 4 (Gx +4)8r~2) g) #48 * 7.7 You can find the rate of change of a function f at a particular point by using f(x) and substituting in the value of x. ‘The variables in the relationship y = f(x) are such that x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable ‘These variables often stand for quantities, where it is more meaningful to use letters, other than x and y, to suggest what these quanti les are, For example, it is usual to substitute ¢ for time, V for volume, P for population, A for area, r for radius, s for displacement, h for height, v for velocity, @ for temperature, etc. So # ‘might represent the gradient in a graph of volume against time. It therefore would represent the rate of change of volume with respect to time. aa Also {7 might represent the gradient in a graph of area against radius, It therefore would represent the rate of change of area with respect to radius. ‘You should know that the rate of change of velocity with respect to time is acceleration, and that the rate of change of displacement with respect to time is velocity.ms Given that the volume (Vem?) of an expanding sphere is related to its radius (rem) by the formula V = jar’, find the rate of change of volume with respect to radius at the instant when the radius is Sem =30? av F Wane Differentiate V with respect to r ar wv : Substitute r= 5. eee eae ee | ar Interpret the answer with units. = 314 / So the rate of change is 314.cm® per cm. 1 Find # where 6=— 3¢ 2) Find GP where A= 2ar @ 1" 12 dv 3. Find“ where r= "2 4) Find S where v= 9.80+ 6 a t ar ak § Find GP where R = 120+ 48 6 Find £ where x aa Find where A = (10 ~ x) 7 « ( ) 7.8 You can use differentiation to find the gradient of a tangent to a curve and you can then find the equation of the tangent and normal to that curve at a specified point. The tangent at the point A (a, f(a)) has gradient f'(a). You can use the formula for the equation of a straight line, yy =x =x), to obtain the equation of the tangent at (af), The equation of the tangent to a curve at a point (a, 1(@)) is y ~ (0) = F(a)(x = 0), The normal to the curve at the p the straight line through A which is perpen tangent at A (see sketch alongside) int A Is defined as being icular to theDifferentiation ‘The gradient of the normal is right angles is ~1. Fig Pecause the product ofthe gradients of lines which are at ate). The equation of the normal at point Ais y~ (0) = (<5 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y =x! ~ 3x? + 2x ~ 1 at the point (3,5). y= - 3x? + 20-1 Mise oxt2 ax When x = 3, the gradient is 1 So the equation of the tangent: at (3.5) is y-5=MN(r-3) ilx = 2B Find the equation of the normal to the curve with equation y = 8 ~ 3V% at the point where x =4, Where x= curve and of tangent = S0 gradient of normal is 3. Equation of normal is He-4) sy = 2 and gradient of By-4x+10=01. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve: Tx + 10 at the point (2, 0) bynxt hat the point (2,23) a? ie 2e- © y=4Vx at the point (9, 12) age at the point (1,1) ey =2x*+ 6x + 10 at the point (-1,2) £ yee tat the point (1, ~6) 2 Find the equation of the normal to the curves: 2— Sx at the point (6, 6) ay= at the point (4, 12) 3 Find the coordinates of the point where the tangent to the curve y= x? + 1 at the point (2,5) meets the normal to the same curve at the point (1, 2). 4 Find the equations of the normals to the curve y =x +.x" at the points (0,0) and (1, 2), and find the coordinates of the point where these normals meet. 5. For f(x) = 12 ~ 4x + 2x, find an equation of the tangent and normal at the point Where x= —1 on the curve with equation y = f(x). @ Wee 1. Acurve is given by the equation y = 3x? + 3 + , where x>0. At the points A, B and ® Con the curve, x= 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Find the gradients at A, B and C. 2. Taking fix) 4x? + 25, find the values of x for which f(x) = 0. 3 Acurve is drawn with equation y = 3 + Sx +x ~ x. Find the coordinates of the two points on the curve where the gradient of the curve is zero. 4 Calculate the 2-coordinates of the points on the curve with equation y = 7x? ~ x? at which the gradient is equal to 16. 5. Find the x-coordinates of the two points on the curve with equ: where the gradient is 1. Find the corresponding y-coordinates. ny=x*— r+ 6 The function f is defined by fix) ext 2xe R240. afindf(@). b Solve f(x)=0. 7 Given that 3,48 ax7+, x50, yor eB x y find the value of x and the value of y when x =0. 8 Given that | we? ay ?, 2 >0,10 u 2 B 4 15 16 v Differentiation A curve has equation y = 12x? te Bs f Show that So = 5x 74a) b Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the gradient is zero. e a Expand @e? — ya? +1) B Acurve has equation y=? = 1)0°# +1),2>0. Find = © Use your answer to b to calculate the gradient of the curve at the point where x = 4. @ Differentiate with respect tox: weve te r z The volume, Vcm‘, of a tin of radius rem is given by the formula V= #(40r ~ P ~ r°), ft dr conesponds to this value of. °e Find the positive value of r for which ), and find the value of V which The total surface area of a cylinder A cm? with a fixed volume of 1000 cubic cm is given by 2000 the formula A= 2ax?+—, where x cm is the radius. Show that when the rate of change x 500 of the area with respect to the radius is zero, x3 = oe The curve with equation y = ax? + bx + c passes through the point (1, 2). The gradient of the curve is zero at the point (2, 1). Find the values of a, b and ¢. A curve C has equation y =x? ~ Sx? + Sx +2, wy Find ® in terms of x. a Find $y in terms of x b The points P and Q lie on C. The gradient of C at both P and Qis 2. The x-coordinate of P is3. it Find the x-coordinate of Q. ii Find an equation for the tangent to C at P, giving your answer in the form y = mx + c, where m and c are constants. iii If this tangent intersects the coordinate axes at the points R and 5, find the length of RS, giving your answer as a surd. Find an equation of the tangent and the normal at the point where x = 2 on the curve with equation = 5-2-1330 e Re ‘The normals to the curve 2y = 3x — 7x? + 4x, at the points O(0, 0) and A(1, 0), meet at the b Calculate the area of triangle OAN. oeSummary of key points 1 The gradient of a curve y = f(x) at a specific point is equal to the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that point. 2 The gradient of the tangent at any particular point is the rate of, change of y with respect to x. 3 The gradient formula for y = fix) is given by the equation gradient = f'(x) where f'(x) is called the derived function. Hint: You reduce the Rey eeeihenl oer power by 1 and the a eee en aie original power multiplies the expression. 5 The gradient of a curve can also be represented by 2. 6 # is called the derivative of y with respect to x and the process ot ang Ewen gen eal erento, 7y¥- fi, &~ f@) 8 yew nx" for all real values of m. Hint: You again reduce 9 It can also be shown that if y = ax" where a is a constant, the power by 1 and the ay original power multiplies then © = nav" + the expression. 10 ify = fez) + ga then & ae OB) or P), using function notation. 12 You find the rate of change of a function f at a particular point by using f'(x) and substituting in the value of x. 13 The equation of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point A, (a, fla)) isy~fla) =Fla(e—a). 14 The equation of the normal to the curve y ~ f(x) at point A, (a, f(a)) 1 sy— fla) = Fy ea.After completing this chapter you should be able to 1 integrate simple functions 2 understand the symbol /dx oy 3. find the constant of integration by substituting in a given point (x, y). - Did you know? ..that understanding integration will help you find the area and volume of most standard shapes. For example, the volume of a sphere V= dae can be proved by integration, You will integrate more complex functions in Core 2, 3 and 4. Integration can be used to solve many real life problems from the world of Science and Economics,eS se 8 | 8.1. You can integrate functions of the form f(x) = ax" where né R and ais a constant. chapter 7 you saw that ify =a? y then © ay. ar Also ify = x ay tt 2x, hen So ify = x2 +c where cis some constant then & py, a Hint: This is called indefinite integration because you cannot find the constant. ay Gh et where n= 4. 1 Sousey= 5x0"! + cforn=4. Raise the power by 1. Divide by the new power and don’t forget to add Remember raising the power by 1 gives “S415 4, — Divide by the new power (~4) and add c,Integration Find y for the following ” Fe a Saas ax? ae , [Use the formula frst with n= 3, Then simply the 3 to 3 ay 42 check f= 4 = 293, eM ar 2 Its always worth writing down 2 sometimes marks are given for unsimplified expressions Remember 3 + Itis always worth simplifying your answers as you may need to use this expression in a inter part of the question. a a Notice that you treat $Y = 2" and SY = ke" in the same way. You only consider the #* term when integrating. So in general 1 w Find an expression for y when $s the following 1x 2 10x! 3 3 4 wt 5 ar ai st 7 4 8 9) ax 10 ar ne? 12 sr? 13-2 14 6x 15 36x" 16 14x 7 ~3r 18-5 19 6x 20, 2-048 | 6.2 You can apply the principle of integration separately to each term of ee 5 w Given © = 6x + 20-8 ax', find. Apply the rule from Section 8.1 to each term of the expression. Then simplify each term and don’t forget to add ¢. Chapter 7 y naar chapter 7 you saw that ify = f(x), then $=f"G) rae notation are used in the next exercise. Sometimes ‘we say that the integral of ortega ct fx) is fi). ° : b 15x? + 6x3 — 3x7 daste £ Sx? 10x! +29 4s i : Bye 3 + Be hh sxt— x 128-8 2. Find f(x) when f'(x) is given by the following expressions. In each case simplify your , answer: 3 a l2e+Se +5 bb 6x5 + 6x 10x + 8x hh ~-2e-3 ~ 2x + 2xIntegration 8.3. You need to be able to use the integral sign. The integral of x" is denoted by force E45 » The elongated 5 \ means integrate, The expression to be integrated Find: a fox! +2ey¢r b fae? + 2x © foe+ pe rgd [ae + Hae Joe+2me a b =-2xeF +2rte e [ext + pret qaxe ae Be A ae Ee Eettgrte Separate 4 fae+oue +6rte dx and the formula you met in Section 8.1 is: This dr tells you ~_ which letter is the variable to integrate with respect to. See example 4. First apply the rule term by term. Then simplify each term. Remember of a constant eee The dr tells you to integrate with respect to the variable x, so any other letters must be treated as constants. ns The de tells you that this time you must. integrate with respect to t.Find the following integrals. 1 [ie + 2x)de 2 |x? + 3)dx 3 [(Sx* — 3x°)dx 4 |(Qx*-2r *+4)dx 5 [lax — 3x4 + dx 6 JRE dt 7 [Q2e-3t ? + 1)dt 8 focta? +x ae 9 |ipet+2¢+ 3x ar 10 (p+ P+ prdat Find the following integrals: First write each term in the form x”. Apply the rule term by term, Then simplify each term, Sometimes itis helpful to write the answer in the same form as the question, First multiply out the bracket. Then apply the rule to each term.‘Simplify (2x)? and write Vx as x7, \Weite each term in the x” form. ‘Apply the rule term by term, Finally simplify the answer. a fees aya © Jar 3yar a fox + 3)@~ Ide e few + 3)Vxde 2. Find {fix)dx when fix) is given by the following. a (+2 © (x+2y Ver +2) 3 Find the following integrals: a [[aee pee » (x © fle 4 Saw a{ © fa?+3)¢e- de (iz 8 [esa [Ae + i {( Hee i 3ydr Integration8.5 You can find the constant of integration, c, when you are given any point (x, y) that the curve of the function passes through. The curve C with equation y = f(x) passes through the point (4, 5). Given that fx) ===>, Ve find the equation of €. First write (x) in a form suitable for integration. Integrate as normal and don’t forget the +c. Use the fact that the curve passes through 4,5). Remember 4? = 25. Solve for c. So the equation of the curve is e 22 44 Benet - Finally write down the equation of the curve. 1 Find the equation of the curve with the given derivative of y with respect to x that passes, through the given point: a © 34 oy int (2, 10) a i: point (2, b a4 43; point, a) a xnIntegration a point (4, 11) x point (4, 0) de wv 2, Day, int (1,7, © Paws point (1, 7) wy _ e483 ea point (0, 1) 1 2, The curve C, with equation y = (2), passes through the point (1,2) and f(x) = 2x° ~ Find the equation of C in the form y = f(x). 3. The gradient of a particular curve is given by x = through the point (9, 0), find an equation of the curve. 4 Asset of curves, that each pass through the origin, have equations y = f(x), ¥ y= fy)... where f(x) =f, @2) and fox) = a Find f), £0). ‘b Suggest an expression for f,(2). 5 Asset of curves, with equations y = f,(e), ¥ = f(y = f(t)... all pass through the point (0, 1) and they are related by the property f(x) = f, (x) and f,(2) = 1 Find fy(2), fax), f.(0). 1 Find: a for + 12x — 5)ax b forex ‘de. 2 2 The gradient of a curve is given by {"@x) =x? — 3x ~. Given that the curve passes through the point (1,1), find the equation of the curve in the form y = f(x) 3) Find: ; a [66+ sjae b [ise aye ae “ +N@e-3) 4) Giveny=* T » find [yar, en that = 30° 2¢-+1 and that = 2 when £1, find the value of x when £= 2 6 Given y= 3x? + 2x *,.x>0, find [ydx,8 Given that y? =x! +3: a show that y =x! + Ax! +B, where A and Bare constants to be found b hence find fax. oe 9 Given that y = 3x? — 4x? (x > 0): dy a find ae By find free, e 10 Find Jo = aye nya. eoReview Exercise @ the line 1 has equation y = 5 — 2x. a Show that the point P(3, ~1) lies on L. b Find an equation of the line, perpendicular to L, which passes through P. Give your answer in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, band c are integers. © The points A and B have coordinates (-2, 1) and (5, 2) respectively. a Find, in its simplest surd form, the length AB. b Find an equation of the line through A and B, giving your answer in the form ax + by , where a, band c are integers. The line through A and B meets the y-axis at the point C. ¢ Find the coordinates of C. The line J, passes through the point (9, 4) and has gradient 4 a Find an equation for J, in the form ax + by + c= 0, where a, band care integers The line /, passes through the origin O and has gradient ~2, The lines J, and [, intersect at the point P. b Calculate the coordinates of P. Given that crosses the y-axis atthe point € calculate the exact area of ocr. @ ? AG? B (20,7) Dea Coe ‘The points A(1, 7}, B20, 7) and C(p, @) form the vertices of a triangle ABC, as, shown in the figure. The point D(8, 2) is the mid-point of AC. a Find the value of p and the value of g. ‘The line |, which passes through D and is perpendicular to AC, intersects AB at E, 'b Find an equation for J, in the form ax + by + = 0, where a, b and care integers. © Find the exact x-coordinate of F. @ or)The straight line I, has equation y = 3x ~ 6. ‘The straight line by is perpendicular to and passes through the point (6, 2) a Find an equation for J in the form y= mee + ¢, where mand care constants. ‘The lines I, and /; intersect at the point C. b Use algebra to find the coordinates of C. The lines J, and Jy cross the x-axis at the points A and B respectively. ¢ Calculate the exact area of triangle ABC. ‘The line /, has equation 6x ~ 4y - 5 = 0. The line |, has equation x + 2y ~ 3 = 0. a Find the coordinates of P, the point of intersection of fy and I. The line |; crosses the y-axis at the point M and the line I crosses the y-axis at the point N. b Find the area of AMNP. The Sth term of an arithmetic series is 4 and the 15th term of the series is 39. a Find the common difference of the series. b Find the first term of the series. ¢ Find the sum of the first 15 terms of the series. An athlete prepares for a race by completing a practice run on each of 11 consecutive days. On each day after the first day, he runs further than he ran on the previous day. The lengths of his 11 practice runs form an arithmetic sequence with first term a km and common difference d km. He runs 9 km on the 11"* day, and he runs a total of 77 km over the 11 day period. Find the value of a and the value of d. @ The rth term of an arithmetic series is (2r~ 5) @ Write down the first three terms of this series. b State the value of the common difference. © Show that )) 2r-5)=nn-4) @ a © Ahmed plans to save £250 in the year 2001, £300 in 2002, £350 in 2003, and soon until the year 2020, His planned savings form an arithmetic sequence with common difference £50. a Find the amount he plans to save in the year 2011 b Calculate his total planned savings over the 20 year period from 2001 to 2020. Ben also plans to save money over the same 20 year period. He saves £4 in the year 2001 and his planned yearly savings form an arithmetic sequence with common difference £60. Given that Ben’s total planned savings over the 20 year period are equal to Ahmed’s total planned savings over the same period, e © calculate the value of A. GD A sequence a;, dz, ay, ... is defined by a 21 = 3ay ~ 5,01. a Find the value of a, and the value of a;. A 1b Calculate the value of > a, A sequence ay, 2, dy, ... is defined by ak, Ay) = 3a + $021 where k is a positive integer. a Write down an expression for a, in terms of k. bb Show that a; = 9k + 20. © i Find 4a,in terms of k. ii Show that is divisible by 10. ® A sequence a,, a,, ay, ... is defined by a=k ys = 2a,- 3, 21 a Show that a; = 16k ~ 45Given that a; = 19, find the value of An arithmetic sequence has first term @ and common difference d. a Prove that the sum of the first n terms of the series are dufea + (1 1d} Sean repays a loan over a period of ‘months. His monthly repayments form an arithmetic sequence. He repays £149 in the first month, £147 in the second month, £145 in the third ‘month, and so on. He makes his final repayment in the nth month, where n> 21. b Find the amount Sean repays in the 21st month. Over the » months, he repays a total of £5000. ¢ Form an equation in n, and show that your equation may be written as, 1 150m + 5000 = 0 Solve the equation in parte. € State, with a reason, which of the solutions to the equation in part is mot a sensible solution to the repayment problem. A sequence is given by a =2 y= Gy? ~ Key 1 Ty where k is a constant, a Show that ay = 6k? ~ 20k + 16 Given that a; = 2, bb find the possible values of k. For the larger of the possible values of k, find the value of ca das © Gio @ Given that y = 4x3 - 1 + 28! 2 >0, fina oe Given that y = 2x? ~ 6/x, x # 0, a find 2 b find fydx. oe @ civen thaty = 32? + 4V5, x > 0, find © fydx. © a Given thaty = 50° + 72 +3, find ze ay ii a b Find f(1 + 3v ~ 1/x)dx. oe GD The curve C has equation ya an + 3e = 207,00, dy a Find an expression for 2. b Show that the point P(4, 8) ies on C. © Show that an equation of the normal int Pis ‘The normal to Cat P cuts the x-axis at point Q. Find the length PQ giving your answer ina simplified surd form. @D The curve € has equation y = 4x? + S=* x x #0, The point P on C has x-coordinate 1. a Stow that hvala Ya Pind, 1b Find an equation of the tangent to Cat P ‘This tangent meets the x-axis at the point 0). ¢ Find the value of k. oe rrThe curve C has equation. yah ar? + Be +3 The point P has coordinates (3, 0) a Show that P lies on C, b Find the equation of the tangent to C at P, giving your ai y= max + ¢ where mand care constants. Another point Qalso lies on C. The tangent to C at Q is parallel to the tangent toCatP. e ¢ Find the coordinates of Q. swer in the form Bie - HA DED a Show that fix) can be written in the form Px’ + Qu’ + Rx“, stating the values of the constants P, Qand R, b Find f(a). ¢ Show that the tangent to the curve with ‘equation y = f(x) at the point where x= Lis parallel to the line with equation 2y = Mx +3. x>0 ©) the curve c with equation y = f(x) passes through the point (3, 5). Given that f'¢x) =x? + 4x ~ 3, find f(x). B The curve with equation y = f(x) passes through the point (1, 6). Given that P@) = 3 + (Sx? + 2ieI2, x >0, find f(x) and simplify your answer. @} For the curve C with equation y = fix), Wg an-7 a fina 22 dx? ey cai 2 eee ae Given that the point P(2, 4) lies on C, ¢ find y in terms of x find an equation for the normal to C at Pin the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, band care integers. ‘or the curve C with equation y = f(x), gy 1-2 a Given that C passes through the point (22) (v3) a find y in terms of x b find the coordinates of the points on C at which, =0, © The curve C with equation y through the point 6, 68). Given that (@) = 6x? 10x ~ 12, 4 use integration to find f(x) Bb hence show that fee) = x(2x +3) @ 4) € sketch C, showing the coordinates of the points where C crosses the x-axis. 0x) passes € the curve C has equation yera-6+4, x>0. ‘The points P and Q lie on Cand have coordinates 1 and 2 respectively. fa Show that the length of PQ is v170. 'b Show that the tangents to Cat P and Q ate parallel. ¢ Find an equation for the normal to € at P, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, band care integers. © a Factorise completely x* = 7x? + 12x, b Sketch the graph of y = x8 — 7x? + 12x, showing the coordinates of the points at which the graph crosses the x-axis. The graph of y = x! ~ 7x? + 12x crosses the positive x-axis at the points A and B The tangents to the graph at A and B meet at the point P. € Find the coordinates of P.Practice paper You may not use a calculator when answering this paper. ‘You must show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers without working may gain no credit. 1a Write down the value of 167. a) b Hence find the value of 16° 2 2 Hind [6x2 + Vjdr. @ 3 A sequence dy, dy, dy... ty is defined by = 2, ys = 2a 1. ‘a Write down the value of a, and the value of a,. @ s b Calculate 5’ a, @ 4 a Express (5 + V2) in the form a +bV2, where a and b are integers @) 'b Hence, or otherwise, simplify (5 + V2)? - (5 ~ V2)*. re) 5 Solve the simultaneous equations: x-3y=6 Bay +x 24 a) 6 The points A and B have coordinates (~3, 8) and (5, 4) respectively. ‘The straight line 1, passes through A and B. a Find an equation for /,, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, band c are integers. @ b Another straight line J; is perpendicular to /, and passes through the origin. Find an equation for h. @ ¢ The lines J, and I; intersect at the point P. Use algebra to find the coordinates of P. (3) 7 On separate diagrams, sketch the curves with equations: -20, ) iii both 3x <20—x and x? + 4x —21>0, 2) 10 a show har 22” may be wrenas 7+ 2-H, where, Qand ae constans oe found. 8) {Gx—+¥ 40, Find the gradient of the tangent to C at b The curve C has equation y = Pa the point on C where x = ~2. (5) Find the equation of the normal to C at the point on C where x = -2, giving your answer in the form ax + by += 0, where a, b and ¢ are integers. (5)Examination style paper 1 Write in the form kv3, stating the value of k in each case. a V5 @ b V12 + V147 - V27 @ 2 a Find the value of 27°. (2) eee, Lie® b Simpl I (2) simplify 2) 3 vs ‘The diagram shows a sketch of the curve with equation x40. a On a separate diagram sketch the curve with equation 6 ya2 x0. showing clearly the coordinates of any point where the curve crosses the coordinate axes. 8) b Write down the equations of the asymptotes to the curve with equation 8, #0. @ x yo2 4 An arithmetic series has 1st term 49 and 15th term 7. a Find the value of the common difference. 8) b Find the value of the sum of the first 15 terms of the series. @),5 The equation kx? + kx +3 ~ k= 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. a Show that Sk ~ 12k <0. b Find the set of possible values of k. 6 Assequence a: 4... is defined by a, =2 yet = 7 ~ Bagg > 1 a Find a; and a, 5 b Find S’ a, and show that this sum is divisible by 12. 7 Given thaty = 8x3 + = $5,250 find ay aX dr po dx? c fra 8 The line |; has equation 2y =x ~ 3 and the line I; has equation Sy + 2x ~ 18 = 0. a Find the gradient of I). ‘The point of intersection of I) and I is P. b Find the coordinates of P. The lines J, and /; cross the x-axis as the points A and B respectively. € Find the area of triangle APB. 9 The curve C with equation y = ft) passes through the point (2, 4) and Fx) =3@- ir 1). a Use integration to find fix). b Show that (x ~ 1)*¢¢ + 2) = f(x) © Sketch C, showing the coordinates of the point where C crosses the x-axis. @ @ @ w 3) (2 3) 2 8) w@ 6) 3) 3)10 The curve C has equation peace e2, x20 ‘The points P and Q lie on C and have x-coordinates ~3 and 1 respectively. a Find an equation of the chord PQ. b Show that the tangents to C at the points P and Q are parallel. ‘The tangent to C at P and the normal to C at Q intersect at the point R(17, 2). © Show that PR = 20V2 d Find QR. € Explain why angle PRQ is a right angle and find the area of triangle PQR. nation style paper 6) @ @) @ 8)Formulae you need to remember ‘These are the formulae that you need to remember for your exams, They will not be included in formulae booklets. Quadratic equations aay ax? + bx + ¢~0 has roots —? se Differentiation ‘The derivative of x" is mx"! Integration ‘The integral of x” is —— x" +6, n n+lList of symbols and notation The following notation will be used in all Edexcel mathematics examinations: is an element of is not an element of the set with elements 21,22, ... the set of all x such that ... the number of elements in set A the empty set the universal set the complement of the set A the set of natural numbers, (1, 2, 3, the set of integers, (0, +1, +2, +3, the set of positive integers, (1, 2, 3, 1 the set of integers modulo 1, {1, 2, 3, 2.) I} a the set of rational numbers, iF PEZ qe 2 o the set of positive rational numbers, fr € Q:.r> 0} Qu" the set of postive ational numbers and zero, ft € Q: > 0) R the set of real numbers R the set of positive real numbers, fr € Ra > 0} Ry’ the set of postive real numbers and zero, fx € R «> 0) c the set complex numbers 9) the ordered pair x, 7 AXB the cartesian products of sets A and B, ie AX B= a, Ba A, BEB) c isa subset of c is proper subset of u union A intersection (a,b the closed interval, fe © R: a-

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