y __ “edexcel advancing learning, changing lives Taye tg Mathematics 3 Edexcel AS and A-level Modular Mathematics oes ronwen Moran Laurence Pateman Keith Pledger Geoff Staley Dave WilkinsContents About this book 1 Hyperbolic functions 11 12 13 14 1S The definitions of the hyperbolic functions Graphs of hyperbolic functions For hyperbolic functions, finding and using identities that are very similar to trigonometric identities Defining and using the invetses of the hyperbolic functions, similar to those of the trigonometric functions Solving equations involving hyperbolic functions Further coordinate systems 21 22 23 24 25 26 Equations for an ellipse Using parametric equations to find tangents and normals Cartesian and parametric equations for a hyperbola Finding equations of tangents and normals toa hyperbola Defining the focus and direction of the ellipse and hyperbola Finding equations of simple loci Differentiation 31 32 33 Differentiating hyperbolic functions Differentiating inverse hyperbolic functions Differentiating inverse trigonometric functions Integration 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Recognising standard integrals Integrating expressions involving hyperbolic functions Using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions in integration i] 1 1 Integrating expressions of the form I [earer and Ir at Integrating inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions using integration by parts Deriving and using reduction formulae Using integration to find the length of an are of a curve Using integration to find the area of a surface of revolution Review Exercise 1 10 13 7 22 23 25 28 31 34 40 46 47 49 51 55 56 58 62 72 B 79 82 93Vectors 5.1 The definition of the vector product of two vectors 5.2 Interpreting |a x Bb) as an area 5.3 Finding the triple scalar product a . (b X c) of three vectors a, b and ¢, and using it to find the volume of a parallelepiped and of a tetrahedron 5.4. Writing the vector equation of a line in the form (r ~ a) x b 5.5. Writing the equation of a plane in the scalar, vector, or Cartesian form 5.6 Using vectors in a variety of contexts Further matrix algebra 6.1 Finding the transpose of a matrix 6.2. Finding the determinant of a 3 x3 matrix 6.3 Finding the inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix where it exists 6.4 Using matrices to represent linear transformations in 3 dimensions 6.5. Using inverse matrices to reverse the effects of a linear transformation 6.6 Finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of 2 X 2 and 3 x 3 matrices 67 Reducing a symmetrical matrix to diagonal form Review Exercise 2 Examination style paper Answers Index 102 103 107 11 115 7 121 137 138 142 147 153 161 166 176 193 200 202 221About this book This book is designed to provide you with the best preparation possible for your Edexcel FP3 unit examination: (Bist canon + This is Edexcel's own course for the GCE specification. } i oe ee + Written by senior examiners imporrance of maniemerics to the real world, to your + The LiveText CD-ROM in the back of the book contains zhidy of furherunisend even more resources to support you through the unit. to your career Finding your way around the book [Detailed contents | list shows which \Caritents parts of the FP3 | + systems Every few chapters, a review exercise helps you consolidate your learning. specification are covered in each section Each section begins with a statement of what is covered in the section Past examination s questions are (aie leaming marked 'E' a (Gane Each section ends with an exercise Step-by-step worked examples —the questions are - they are model carefully graded solutions and so they increase include examiners. in difficutty and hints gradually bring you up to standard ——— Each chapter has a different Each chapter ends with At the end of the book there is colour scheme, to help you find | a mixed exercise and a an examination-style paper. the right chapter quickly summary of key pointsPublished by Pearson Education Limited, a company incorporated in England and Wales, having its ceglstered. office at Edinburgh Gate, Harlow, Essex, CM20 2JE. Registered company number: 872828 Edexcel isa registered trademark of Péexcel Limited ‘Text © Grog Attwood, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Kelth Pledger, Geoff Staley, Dave Wiikins 2009 131211 1009 10987654321 British 'y Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library on request, ISBN 978 0 435519 223 Copyright notice All rights reserved. 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Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found on the Ealexcel website ~ www.Edexcel.com.a completing this chapter you should be able to: write down the definitions of the hyperbolic functions sinhx and cosh x * write down the definitions of the hyperbolic functions tanh, sechx, cosechx and coth x in terms of sinhx and coshx ‘sketch the graphs of the six hyperbolic functions and know their properties * establish identities for hyperbolic functions (similar to trigonometric identities) * solve equations involving hyperbolic functions, using definitions or identities * understand and use inverse hyperbolic functions, including their graphs and properties + understand and use the logarithmic equivalents of the inverse hyperbolic functions. Hyperbolic functions The graph of y = coshz is called a catenary. A hanging chain or cable forms the shape of a catenary (derived from the Latin word for ‘chain’). In buildings the inverted catenary shape provides a very stable structure for arches.7 corre 1 Hyperbolic functions are similar to trigonometric functions in certain respects. Some of the similarities will become clear in this chapter, ‘The hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, Hyperbolic sine, written as sinh + e& @ sinhx = xeER Hyperbolic cosine, written as cosh + ete BH cosha => xER Often pronounced ‘shine’. Often pronounced ‘cosh’, ‘The other four hyperbolic functions are related to sinh and cosh in the same way that the corresponding trigonometric functions are related to sine and cosine. Hyperbolic tangent, written as tanh * sinhx. @ tanhe coshx xER Hyperbolic secant, written as sech m sechx = —1 cohe 758 Hyperbolic cosecant, written as cosech_* 1 M@ cosechx = —1— inhx xERKFO Hyperbolic cotangent, written as coth, 1 M ocothr= jong ERX FO ‘Often pronounced ‘tanch’ or ‘than’ (ike ‘thin’, Often pronounced ‘setch’ or‘sheck’. Often pronounced ‘cosetch’ or ‘cosheck’. ‘Often pronounced ‘coth’ Using the definitions of sinh and cosh, you can express the other hyperbolic functions in terms of exponentials, sinh _ e* ~ e* 2 e&-e* % tanhx = osha 2 ee estes erry | FER 1 a secha = Che te™ HER cosechx = —1_ sER x40 sinh cothx = 1 xen, z0 tanha:Hyperbolic functions Use your calculator to find, to 2 decimal places, the value of a sinh b cosh ¢ tanh0.8. _a_einh3 = 10.02 2 dp) seta ‘Write in terms of e a cosh2, b cosech3. b Example Eq Find the exact value of tanh (In 4), er — 1 _ git err] eheey | ame tanh (In4)cuneree 1 Use the definition of sinhx to find, to 2 decimal places, the value of x for which sinh = 5. =6>50—e*=10 2 oF -10e-1=0 - 2 &" = 10.099 or e* = —0.099 e = 10.099 : Fs X= In10.099 = 251 (2d.p) -——____] aca 1. Use your calculator to find, to 2 decimal places, the value of a sinh4 Bb cosh (}) © tanh(-2) di sech 5. 2 Write in terms of e a sinh b cosh4 © tanho.s sech (1). 3) Find the exact value of a sinh (in2) b cosh(In3) ¢ tanh (n2) i cosech (in 7) In questions 4 to 8, use definitions of the hyperbolic functions (in terms of exponentials) to find each answer, then check your answers using an inverse hyperbolic function on your calculator. '4) Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of x for which cosh = 2. 5 Find, to 2 decimal places, the value of x for which sinhx = 1. @ Find, to 2 decimal places, the value of x for which tanhx = ~}. 7. Find, to 2 decimal places, the value of x for which cothx = 10. [oe Find, to 2 decimal places, the values of x for which sech = }.Hyperbolic functions Consider the graphs of y = e* andy = e*. + (-e*) y = sinhx Features of the sinhx graph: When x is large and positive, e* is small, so sinhx ~ ze" When x is large and negative, e* is small, so sinhx ~ —le* 24 CHAPTER 1 M@ For any value a, sinh(—a) = —sinha (Similarly sin (— a) = —sin a) y= = y=e* "~———___y = cosha = = tE™ 2 coshx is the ‘average’ of e* ande* y = coshx Features of the coshx graph: When x is large and positive, e* is small, so coshx ~ ze When x is large and negative, e* is small, so coshx ~ xe* M@ For any value a, cosh({—a) = cosha (Similarly cos (— a) = cos a) Sketch the graph of y = tanhx. sinhx coshx When x = O, tanhx = 2 =0 When x is large and positive, sinhx ~ 4e* and Using tanhx = coshx = 4e*, 60 tanhx = 1 When x is large and negative, sinhx ~ —5e™* and coshx = 46%, 60 tanhx = —1 As X — ov, tanhx — 1 and as x — —o0, tanhx — —1Hyperbolic functions For f(x) = tanhx, x € R, the range of f is —1 < f(x) <1 y = —land y = | are asymptotes to the curve. Sketch the graph of y = sechx. { coshx Using sechx = When x = O, sechx = 7 = As X — 00, coshx — oo, 0 sechx — O As xX — —00, coshx — oo, $0 sechx — O The x-axis is an asymptote to the curve.4 CHAPTER 1 Sketch the graph of y = cosechx, x # 0. Using cosechx = —— sinh x For positive x, as x — O, cosechx — oo For negative x, as x — O, cogechx — —0o Ag xX — ov, sinhx — ov, 0 cogechx — O AS X — —&, sinhx — —oo, 50 cosechx — O The x- and y-axes are asymptotes to the curve. y = cosechx Sketch the graph of y = cothx, x # 0. | tanhx Using cothx = For positive x, as x — O, cothx — oo For negative x, as x — O, cothx — —oco AS x — oo, tanhx — 1, 90 cothx — 1 (AES! —> CS), WZINNes —> =I, CO Geddes —> =| The y-axis is an asymptote to the curve. y = —land y = 1 are asymptotes to the curve.Hyperbolic functions me NW He [1] On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = cosh 2x andy = 2 coshx. [2] a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = sechx andy = sinhx. b Show that, at the point of intersection of the graphs, x = >In (2 + V5). [3 Find the range of each hyperbolic function. a f(x) = sinhx,x ER b f(x) = coshx,x ER c f(x) = tanhx,x ER d f(x) = sechx,x ER e f(x) = cosechx,x € R,x #0 f f) =cothx,xER,x #0 4 a Sketch the graph of y = 1 + cothx,x ER,x # 0. b Write down the equations of the asymptotes to this curve. 5 a Sketch the graph of y = 3tanhx,x € R. b Write down the equations of the asymptotes to this curve.4 CHAPTER 1 1.3 For the hyperbolic functions, you can find and use identities that are very similar to trigonometric identities. esr Show that cosh?A — sinh?A = 1 Eiitee, 2A ainhe Ae ae S|£S ic cosh“ A — sinh*A ( 5 5 M cosh2A —sinh? A = 1 Dividing cosh* A —sinh? A = 1 by cosh*A gives cosh2A _ sinh2A 1 - = —1_ = 1 —tanh?A = sech?A cosh?A cosh?A cosh?A ae = M sech?A = 1 — tanh?A Dividing cosh? A — sinh?A = 1 by sinh?A gives cosh?A _ sinh?A 1 i 7 => coth?A-1= h24.4 #0 sinh2Asinh?Asinh2A cosech’A, HM cosech2A = coth?A — 1 Example [ Show that sinh (A + B) = sinhAcoshB + coshAsinhB R.H.S. = sinh Acosh B + coshA sinh B e — = + eo) i" iE 4+ "ie - =a fz 2 Zz Zz eAt® 4 eA-B — gc AtB — gn AnB ghtO— gh-B 4 ec At® — go AB =| : et : You can prove other sinh and cosh addition formulae similarly, giving: M sinh(A+ B) = sinhAcoshB+ coshAsinhBHyperbolic functions HM sinh(A — B) = sinhAcoshB — coshAsinhB HM cosh(A+ B) = coshAcoshB + sinhAsinhB M cosh(A- B) = coshAcoshB — sinhAsinhB Using tanh(A + B) = sat — tanhA + tanhB cosh (A + By' show that tanh (A + B) = —————__+~—_— 1 + tanhA tanh B sinh (A + B) _ sinh AcoshB + coshAsinhB + B)= = alll One cosh(A + B) coshAcoshB + sinhAsinh B | | sinh Acosh B 4 cosh Asinh B a _ coshAcoshB coshAcoshB _ tanhA + tanhB cosh Acosh B 4 sinh A sinh B 1+ tanh Atanh B coshAcoshB coshAcoshB Show that cosh 2A = 1+ 2sinh?A R.H.S. = 1+ 25inh?A ey eee ~;42/e%-e ye 6 | oe a =14 224 e™) 4-1 4( = cosh 2A = L.H.5. HM Given a trigonometric identity, it is generally possible to write down the corresponding hyperbolic identity using what is known as Osborn’s Rule: Replace cos by cosh: cosA — coshA Replace sin by sinh: sinA — sinhA However ... replace any product (or implied product) of 2 sine terms by minus the product of 2 sinh terms: e.g. sinAsin B — — sinhAsinhB tan?A — —tanh2Acuneree 1 Write down the hyperbolic identity corresponding to a cos2A = 2c08A - 1 tanA ~ tanB | Pana an atan a cooh2A = 2coch?A—1 b tanh(A- 8) = Given that sinhx = 3, find the exact value of a cosh b tanh, © sinh 2x. a Using cosh®x ~ sinh? x = 1 cosh? x 1 cooh? x coshx & Using tanhx = 2inhx coshx" tanhx = Using sinh 2x = 2sinh xcoshz, sinh2x = 2X 2x2 5 e Prove the following identities, using the definitions of sinhx and cosh. 1) sinh 24 = 2sinhA cosh A 2 cosh(A ~ B) = coshAcoshB ~ sinhAsinhB 3 cosh3A = 4cosh'A ~ 3cosha 4-3) sinha ~ sinh = 2sinh| 45) cosh (A$ ESI 5 cotha ~ tanh - 2cosech 24Hyperbolic functions Use Osborn’ Rule to write down the hyperbolic identities corresponding to the following trigonometric identities. (6 sin (A — B) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB (7) sin34 = 3sinA ~ 4sin'A 8) cosd + cosB = 20/458 ry _ 1 =tan?A [3] cos2A = 7 tanta IO cos2A = costa ~ sin‘ ‘I Given that coshx = 2, find the exact value of a sinhx b tanhx © cosh 2x, 12, Given that sinhx = —1, find the exact value of a coshx b sinh 2x © tanh 2x, Mi If f(x) = sinha, the inverse function "is called arsinha (sometimes written as sinh x). M_ Note that ify = arsinhx, then x = sinhy. @ As for other inverse functions, the graph of y — arsinhx is the reflection of the graph of y = sinhx in the line y = x.caren The inverse of a function is defined only if the function is one-to-one, so for cosh the domain must be restricted in order to define an inverse. For f(x) = coshx, x = 0, 1-1(@) = arcoshx, (x = 1) —— y= coshx,x>0 ‘The following table shows all the inverse hyperbolic functions, with domains restricted where necessary. Hyperbolic function | Inverse hyperbolic function y= sinhx y = arsinhx y= coshx, x > 0 y = arcoshay, a > 1 y= tanhx y= artanhy, je] <1 y =sechz,x>0 y= arsecha, 0 1 Sketch the graph of y = arcoths, (x| > 1. -—y = cothx ¥ Ny = arcotheHyperbolic functions You can express inverse hyperbolic functions in terms of natural logarithms. Show that arsinhx = In(@ + yx? + 1), Let y = arsinhx which would give a negative value of e!, which is not possible. 50 w= x tv +1 y= ine + Vx? +1) arsinh x = In (x + ¥x24 1)q CHAPTER 1 Example Show that arcoshx = In(x + vx? - 1),x 21. Let y = arcoshx x = coshy x e Za Se e*¥ +1 = 2xeY 64 — PxeY +1=0 a=1,b= -2x,c=1 as ' Soel =x tvVx*-1 y=h@r¥e@on——OC~S CC (x + vx? — 1) (x — Vx? - 1) = x? - (x? - 1) = 1 =~ {| = 1 — a+ Vx? -1 In (x — vx? — 1) = —In @& + Vx? —- 1) Thus In (x + vx? + 1) gives the positive value of arcosh x and so and In (x — vx? — 1) the (excluded) negative value (see graph on page 14). You can use a similar method (using the definition of tanh in terms of exponentials) to express artanhx in terms of natural logarithms. The following formulae can be used directly (unless you are asked to prove them). @ arsinha = In(w + vx* + 1) M arcoshx = In@w + vx?-1),x 21 @ artanhx = iin(; +2), Ie] <1 Example [fi Express as natural logarithms. a arsinh1 b arcosh2 c artanh + a arsinh1 = In(1 + v1@ + 1) = In(1 + V2) b arcosh2 = In(2 + V2? — 1) = In(2 + V3)Hyperbolic functions 1 1 CG artanh = 3 1+ | g] =ghe = mv —_—. |= 1 3 10 Given that artanhx + artanhy = In V3, show that y = Sometimes you can use a hyperbolic identity, but sometimes you will need to use basic definitions. Solve, for real values of x, Sketch the graph of y = artanhx, |x| < 1. Sketch the graph of y = arsechx,0 0, arcosechx = in| | Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms | Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms Hyperbolic functions cosh 2x — Ssinhx = 13 2tanh?x + Ssechx —-4=0 3sinh?x — 13coshx + 7=0 sinh 2x — 7sinhx = 0 4coshx + 13e* = 11 2Z2tanhx = coshx Find the exact value of a sinh (In 3) b cosh (In 5) c tanh (In 4). a Sketch on the same diagram the graphs of y = 2sechx and y = e’. b Find the exact coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs. sinh (A — B) = sinhAcoshB — coshA sinh B. 2 tanh Sx sinhx = ———_+~_. 1 — tanh? 5x a_ Given that 13 coshx + Ssinhx = Rcosh(x + a), R > 0, use the identity cosh (A + B) = coshA coshB + sinhA sinh B to find the values of R and a, giving the value of a to 3 decimal places. b Write down the minimum value of 13 coshx + S5sinhx. 1+ Vvi+ ©) ——s b Use the answer to part a to write down the value of arcosech 3. c Use the logarithmic form of arsinhx to verify that your answer to part b is the same as the value for arsinh (3). 9coshx — S5sinhx = 15 | Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms 23sinhx — 17coshx + 7 =0 3cosh?x + 11sinhx = 17CHAPTER 1 10, Solve, giving your answers as natural logarithms 6tanhx — 7sechx = 2 11 Show that sinh [In (sinx)] = —5COS% cotx. 12 a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = 6 + sinhx and y = sinh 3x. b Using the identity sinh 3x = 3 sinhx + 4sinh*x, show that the graphs intersect where sinhx = 1 and hence find the exact coordinates of the point of intersection. 13, Given that artanhx — artanhy = In5, find y in terms of x. 14 a Express 3coshx + Ssinhx in the form Rsinh (x + a), where R > 0. Give a to 3 decimal places. b Use the answer to part a to solve the equation 3 coshx + Ssinhx = 8, giving your answer to 2 decimal places. c Solve 3coshx + Ssinhx = 8 by using the definitions of coshx and sinhx. Summary of key points 1 e« sinhx = =<—>* xER © coshy =e" a xER —_ sinhxy _ = 1 e tanhx TOhE a xER e sechx = I xER coshx ® cosechx = she xER x #0 e cothx = ane xER, x#0 2 The graph of y = sinhx For any value a, sinh (—a) = —sinha.Hyperbolic functions 3. The graph of y = coshx For any value a, cosh (—a) = cosha. 4 cosh2A — sinh?A = 1 5 sech?A = 1 — tanh2A 6 cosech?A = coth?A — 1 7 sinh(A + B) = sinhAcoshB + coshA sinh B 8 cosh(A + B) = coshAcoshB + sinhAsinhB 9 Osborn’s Rule for finding a hyperbolic identity from the corresponding trigonometric identity: Replace cos by cosh and replace sin by sinh, but... replace any product (or implied product) of 2 sine terms by minus the product of 2 sinh terms. 10 If f(x) = sinhx, the inverse function f | is called arsinhx (sometimes written as sinh 'x). 11 Ify = arsinhx, then x = sinhy. 12 The graph of y = arsinhx is the reflection of the graph of y = sinhx in the line y = x. 13 The inverse of a function is defined only if the function is one-to-one, so for cosh x the domain must be restricted in order to define an inverse. For f(x) = coshx x = 0, f-'(*) = arcoshx (x = 1) 14 arsinhx = In@ + vx? + 1) 15 arcoshx =In(@x+vx?-1) x21 aes 1-x 16 artanhx = 3in ( lx] <1After completing this chapter you should be able to: * identify an ellipse or a hyperbola from its Cartesian or parametric equations * find tangents and normals to these curves * find the focus and directrix for an ellipse or a hyperbola * solve simple loci questions. Further coordinate The ancient Greeks studied the ellipse and the hyperbola as part of a group of curves called the ‘conics’. In the 17th century Kepler observed that the motion of planets followed an ellipse and both of these curves have many modern day applications in astronomy and the motion of space probes.Further coordinate systems and a sketch looks like this. When x = 0 then = land soy = +b 2, When y = 0 then 7 = land sox = +a In FP1 you met the idea of a general point on a curve using a parameter ¢. Ifx = acostandy = bsint 2 x ee ap?’ (a.cos t b si f).©<§ $A Aaa apYmpamm you get cos*t + sin*#. You know, from C2, that this M We sometimes use the parametric equations for an ellipse equals 1. ; . 2 A general point P on the ellipse can be given by are substituted in = + x =acost y = bsint Seley 1 | The ellipse E has equation 4x? + 9y? = 36. a Sketch E. b Write down the parametric equations for E. a 4x* + Oy* = 36 Ax? oy? =e First put the equation for E into 36 356 standard form. 2 2 w4e a4 g) 4 Soa= Zand b= 2 oO —__—_ . Identify the value of a and the value of b. So sketch is Draw the sketch — mark on intersections with the axes.CHAPTER es b Farametric equations are ’ x = 3cos@ y = 2sin@ Example Fy The ellipse E has parametric equations x = 3cos¢4 y = 5siné a Sketch E. b Find a Cartesian equation of E. Since sin @ and cos 6 are both b a=S3andb=5 So the equation is x2 y* between —1 and 1. Compare with the standard i 2 i x =2cos6,y = 3siné iii x = cos 6, y = Ssiné formulae. 1 a Sketch the following ellipses showing clearly where the curve crosses the coordinate axes. i ox? + 4° = 16 ti 4x? + y? = 36 iid x? + Oy? = 25 b Find parametric equations for these curves. 2 a Sketch ellipses with the following parametric equations. b Find a Cartesian equation for each ellipse. ii x = 4c0s6,y = Ssiné iv x = 4cosé6,y = 3sin0Further coordinate systems 2.2 You can find the equations of tangents and normals to an ellipse using the parametric equations. Equations of tangents and normals are often easier to deal with using parametric equations. In a specific equation it is usually simpler to derive the equation rather than memorising formulae. Example Ey 2 ye 4 Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation — + 9 = 1 at the point P(3 cos 6, 2 sin 6). ay di 2coo8 , First, find the gradient. ax dx —dsaind Ae _ . _ 2cosé _ Second, write down the equation of the Yigibe 0s —3sin a 5 cos 8) tangent using y — b = m(x — a). Sy sin @ — Gsin® 6 = —2xcos 8+ Gcos* 6 —_—— _Simplity. 3y ain 6 + 2xcos 6 = G(cos* 8 + sin? 6 4 : —— Use cos? 6 + sin?@ = 1. Sy sin @ + 2x cos 8 = 6 Example Ey 2s and Show that the equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation = a = 1 at the point P(acos 6, bsin 6) is by cos 6 = ax sin @ + (b* — a?) cos @sin 0. ay _ bcos 0 oe : Ae =e 7 First, find the gradient. Cradicah ene sin@ | Use the perpendicular bcos @ gradient rule. Equation is y — bain @ = 4210 x — acosé 4 y bcos @ ) Use y —b = m(x — a) and simplify. ie. bycos @ — cos Osiné = axain@ — a’ cos Asin 6 or bycos 6 = axgin@ +(F — a*) cos @ain 8CHAPTER 2 Stee 5 | . zZ a Find the value of @ at the point P. The normal to the ellipse at P cuts the x-axis at the point A. b Find the coordinates of the point A. ; a 4cos8=2 => cosd=1500=%,...° 77 2 a 4 SsinG = om aa cin = “9 60 =F Le 20 @=s b ay _ 3cos 0 @nr + b2 = ¢?. The line meets the ellipse when Gaede oe a a So bx? + a@méx? + 2a*mxc + a®c* = a*b* Rip am) a 2amon bac =i \= 0 3 en i The point Pa, a lies on the ellipse E with parametric equations x = 4cos 0, y = 3sin @. Set a cos @ = the x-coordinate and bsin @ = the y-coordinate and solve to find 6. Choose the value of @ that satisfies both equations. Use the general point to find the gradient. Use perpendicular gradient rule then dx —4sin@ substitute the value of 8. S50 gradient of normal is Asin 6 ; a 3cos @ This can be found by implicit differentiation on the Cartesian ee ye At P the gradient of the normal is equation +--+ “9 = 1. Differentiating: [3 d vo _ BoD _ gage! = 2% 12 ono + BV ae — 9 gy Tey m4 %) XX 4 3 using the coordinates of P, ee See _ = Equation of normal at F is dx 3 Aa 16 x 3s y- a == Bx - 2) so normal gradient is — Cuts x-axis at -9V3 = BV3(x — 2) leu —aG; ee) SoA is G0) Example &¥ x2 2 Show that the condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent to the ellipse = —=+ co = lis Substitute mx + c for y. Multiply out and rearrange as a quadratic equation in x.Further coordinate systems To be a tangent there must be only one real root. Use the properties of the discriminant Therefore the discriminant of this quadratic = O. from C1. (2a*mc)? = 4( + a*m?)a*(c* — b*) 50 fa?mec? = 44 (bc? — + abir?c? — a?) ames =o — F + gate — ation Multiply out and simplify. bt + athe? = bc2 Cancel b?. b+ a’m® = c* This is a general result which can be quoted. Exercise PL] 1 Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. 2 a r+ = 1 at (2cos @, sin 6) 2 2 ae a —_+2= i b 75° 9 1 at (Scos 6, 3sin 6) Find equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. x2 2 a at 1 at (V5, 2) x b “+ = = | at (-2, v3) x 2 Show that the equation of the tangent to the ellipse“, +2 isxbcost + yasint = ab = 1 at the point (acost, Dsint) 2; 2 a Show that the line y = x + V5 is a tangent to the ellipse with equation ~ + — = 1. b Find the point of contact of this tangent. x2 2 a Find an equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation ot 7 = 1 at the point P(3 cos 6, 2 sin @). This normal crosses the x-axis at the point (-2, 0 b Find the value of # and the exact coordinates of the possible positions of P. > The line y = 2x + cis a tangent to x? + =" le Find the possible values of c. y The line with equation y = mx + 3 is a tangent to x? + = = 1. Find the possible values of mm.CHAPTER 2 _ x2 yy 8 The line y = mx + 4 (m > 0) is a tangent to the ellipse E with equation 3 += 1 at the point P. ’ a Find the value of m1. b Find the coordinates of the point P. The normal to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point A. c Find the coordinates of A. The tangent to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point B. d Find the area of triangle APB. 2 2 9 The ellipse E has equation 5 + 2 =1. a Show that the gradient of the tangent to E at the point P(3 cos 6, 2 sin 9) is — 8 1 a Sketch the hyperbolae with the following parametric equations. Give the equations of the asymptotes and show points of intersection with the x-axis. b Find the Cartesian equation for each hyperbola. i x = 2secd ii x = 4cosht iii x = cosht iv x= Ssecé y = 3tang y = 3sinht y = 2sinht y=/7tangFurther coordinate systems 2 2 Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation 5 7 o = lat the point (6, 2V3). Differentiating: Be ae ay Ie Use implicit differentiation. gt 44 ax ° MAGIC NGA aig | Say Equation of tangent is Use y— b= mx — a): — [A y ~ 2/8 = Pn - 6) _ 4/3, 2/3 or y=-6% 3 Example {{} 2 : x Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation a 5 = 1 at the point (acosht, bsinh?#) can be written ay sinht + ab = bx cosht. See Chapter 3 for differentiation of x = acosht, y = bainht sinht and cosh t. ay ay _ dt _ bcosht 2 ax ax asinht Use the chain rule to find at dx Equation of tangent is y — bsinht = 2ooeh bey — acosht) Use y — b = m(x - a). yasinh t — absinh® t = bx cosht — abcosh*t yasinht + ab(cosh* t — sinh* t) = bx cosh t Use cosh?t — sinh?t = 1. ay sinht + ab = bxcosht 2 gt @ An equation of a tangent to the hyperbola x = a = 1 at the point {acosht, bsinht) is ay sinht + ab = br cosht., . Show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation a (asect, btant) is by + axsint = (a? + B*) tant. a Use the chain rule to find C So gradient: of normal is —42!H Use the perpendicular gradient rule, Equation of the normal ts y — btant Usey — b= mtx — 0). by — tant So by + axsint # ys ” Sa paw Vat the point w= (+ btant An equation of a normal to the hyperbola (asect, btant) is by + asi Show that the condition for the that mand c satisfy b? vy @ BP ley = me +c to be a tangent to the hyperbola Lis tel ey Substitute mx + c for y into the equation of a the hyperbola. : Multiply out and collect terms as a 3 term quadratic in x. = 2moatx — ac! + 6) Use discriminant properties from C1. Since the line is a tangent the discriminant must be zero, Pat? = AP — ater? ?(c® + FP) Cancel 40° Cancel b2, Piste = -U - Bo This condition is a general result and may be quoted.Further coordinate systems a The tangent to the hyperbola with equation %* — 7 = 1 at the point (3 cosh, 2sinh 6) crosses the y-axis at the point (0, ~1). Find the value of Tangert equa Passes through (0, —) Identify o = 3 and b = 2 and use the formula for a tangent from page 31. By inh t Substitute x = Use formula for arsinh (x) from the formula booklet, occa I. Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolae with the following equations at the points indicated. wl igs a a ig 77 Lathe point (12, 4) a A 2 b yen 1g = Lat the point (12, 6) e © Fy ~ 3g > Lat the point (10, 3) Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolae with the following equations at the points indicated. xe 7 : 5 a 55 ~ 4g 7 Latthe point (Scosht, 2sinh b [~'g = Lat the point (ect, 3tant) Show that an equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation Lat the point (asect, btan t) is bysect ~ aytant = ab, Show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation 2 e PR (@ + &)sinh tcosht 1 at the point (acosht, bsinh &) is boosh ty + asinh a ‘The point P(4 cosh t, 3sinh #) lies on the hyperbola with equation a6 ad ‘The tangent at P crosses the y-axis at the point A. a Find, in terms of f, the coordinates of Anen 2 ‘The normal to the hyperbola at P crosses the y-axis at B. b Find, in terms of t, the coordinates of B. ¢ Find, in terms of f, the area of triangle APB. 2 4 6 The tangents from the points P and Qon the hyperbola with equation the point (1, 0). Find the exact coordinates of P and Q. 1 meet at 7 The liney = 2x + cis a tangent to the hyperbola ia y Find the possible values of c, 8 The liney = sme + 1218 a tangent to the hyperbola Find the possible values of mi. 5 Lat the point . 9 The liney = x + ¢,€> 0, touches the hyerbola B a Find the value of c. Jat the point P. b Find the exact coordinates of P. 10’ The line with equation y = nx + cis a tangent to both hyperbolae In FP1 you saw that the parabola with equation y? = 4av can be thought of as locus of all the points P(e, y) that are equidistant from a fixed point S (the focus) and a fixed line (the directrix). In this section we shall extend this idea s directrix (focus) PS PM The following examples will show that so that the ratio ¢, where e is a constant called the eccentricity. M f0 1 the point P describes a hyperbola,Further coordinate systems x2 ay Show that for 0 < e < 1 the ellipse with focus (ae, 0) and directrix x = i has equation z +]. Let r% y) eS = Ze eine Py? SiS ePrM y Ppeeennnneeeennnnee M a | ae x x a x= PS* = (x — ae)’ + y* > _ ta 2_ (a-— ex)* PMP = (2 — x) = a a So PS* = &* PM gives x° — Baek + a’e? + y? = a® — Qaek + ex? MH &) Pay = a — eS) +2 y? — ar a a*(1— é”) So if b* = a*(1 — e*) then you have the standard equation of the ellipse. pb? Draw a diagram. Find expressions for PS? and PM? in terms of a, e and x, y. Simplify. Because the ellipse is symmetrical about the y-axis the above derivation will also work for a focus (—ae, 0) with a directrix x = -£.CHAPTER ae. x2 y? @ For an ellipse with equation — es Be = 1,anda> b, the eccentricity 0 < e< 1is given by b? = a?(1 — e?) the foci are at (+ae, 0 . inen} Z Directrices is the plural of directrix. the directrices are x = aS Notice that the foci are on the major axis which in this case is the x-axis because a > b. If the major axis is along the y-axis (b > a) then the foci will be on the y-axis at (0, +be) and the directrices will have equations y = +4 b . The eccentricity will be given by a? = b*(1 — e?). Example [gy ane foci of the ellipses with the following equations and give the equations of the directrices. yr yoy _ In each case sketch the ellipse and show the directrices. oe — _, 2 es Note that a = 3 and b = 2 so since a f= a*(1 — &) gives 4 = Ol — &*) s0e 5 Serbiuscb! Ser Pe, 90é= v5 o So foci are at (+V5, O) Use (~ae, 0). , , 9 Directrices are x = + era JB Use x = £5. By 3 3 % b x n yo , Note that a = 4 and b = 5. Since 16 2B b> ause a? = b*(1 — e). a = F(1 — e*) gives 16 = 25(1 — é”) 50 = Zande =2 Foci are at (O, +3) Use (0, +be). GA eee eee See Directrices are y = = Use y = +5.Further coordinate systems 2 2 The ellipse with equation . + - = 1 has foci at S(ae, 0) and S’(—ae, 0). Show that if P is any point on the ellipse then PS + PS’ = 2a. Let M’ be the point on the directrix x = - where PS' = ePM’ Use the focus and directrix definitions of Let M be the point on the directrix x = g where PS = ePM an ellipse from Section 2.5. Let P be (x, y) r_»4a PM =x te P PM’ and PM are parallel PM = 4 =a to the x-axis. S50 PS + PS' = ePM + ePM’ = 64-x)+e4+x) Ae Catt This is an important ae property of an ellipse. Example Show that for e > 1 the hyperbola with foci at (+ae, 0) and directrices at x = +8 has equation x2 yy? ep * Let F(x, y) be a point on the hyperbola. Draw a diagram. . . focus ,” directrix: |===-=-======-=—— LOB ene a (ae, 0) x x= eCHAPTER 2 _ Fe = 6 => PS = PM ‘ PS* = (x — ae) + y* 2 _ aye _ (ex — a)? So PS* = &* PM gives x* — 2aex + ave? + y® = e’x*® — Zack + a” a-(e* — 1) = x*(e? — 1) — y® 2 >| Ss iée1= = - SS ae 1) N hyperbola. Find expressions for PS? and PM? in terms of a, e and x, y. Simplify. So if b& = a*(e& — 1) you have the standard equation of a Example [fi Find foci of the following hyperbolae. 2 2 2 2 a yy b 2-2 5 ye _ _ a 9. 47 s0a=3andb=2 Eccentricity is given by b& = a*(e* — 1). “9° 4 16 25 4= Oe —-1) + So Btisé = [13 = viS ie e=V5 5 So fociar (=v 15,.0), Rv In each case sketch the hyperbola showing clearly its asymptotes. Compare the equation with x2 2 1= @ = and identify a and b. Use b? = a’(e? — 1), Use focus formula (+ae, 0).Further coordinate systems Use formula for asymptotes Asymptotes are y 4 y = + 5% from Section 2.3. x Compare the equation with »p vay =4andb=5 | 22 = and wenetyeanale 1% 35 $0 a a fe a entify aa l Eccentricity is given by b* = a*(e* — 1) as Notice that with the ellipse, when “lg b > athe foci were on the y-axis. For 25 = 16(e — 1) \ the hyperbola this cannot happen — since x = 0 ts not possible. O41=2 soe= [At _ vat Ne | — 16 Vig 4 _ Use b? = a%(e? — 1). Foci at (+V4T, 0) JOS ey, Asymptotes are y = £1.25n. focal GSzeno)} Use formula for asymptotes y= = from Section 2.3. SY 1. Find the eccentricity of the following ellipses. x2 ar _ x2 ye _ x2 y _ 2. Find the foci and directrices of the following ellipses. x2 ye xe? ateCHAPTER 2 3. Anellipse E has focus (3, 0) and the equation of the directrix is x = 12. Find a the value of the eccentricity b the equation of the ellipse. ’ 4 Anellipse E has focus (2, 0) and the directrix has equation x = 8. Find a the value of the eccentricity b the equation of the ellipse. 5 Find the eccentricity of the following hyperbolae. x2 2 x2 ¥ x2 az yo) bs 7! C9 6 Find the foci of the following hyperbolae and sketch them, showing clearly the equations of the asymptotes. ee ge ee x2 ays! Pio 2m 2 2 7 Ellipse F has equation 5 + - = 1. The foci are at S and S’ and the point P is (0, B). Show that cos (PSS’) = e, the eccentricity of E. 8 The ellipse E has foci at § and S’. The point P on E is such that angle PSS’ is a right angle and angle PS’'S = 30°. Show that the eccentricity of the ellipse, e, is * A locus is the equation of a curve and it is usually associated with the position of a variable point. 2 Example [} gs oF The tangent to the ellipse with equation + y= Jat the point P(acost, bsin ft) crosses the ae F x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Find an equation for the locus of the mid-point of AB as P moves round the ellipse. A diagram might help and it is always worth drawing a X rough sketch.Further coordinate systems Parametric equations x = acost,y = besint First find the equation of the tangent at P. ; : Gradient: 2 = 2% = Boost dx x —asint Equation of tangent: boost en g(t — acost) y — beint = This result was found in or aysint + bxcost = ab Exercise 2B question 3. A is (asec t, O) we ae ps Band B is (O, bcogec t) To find the locus of the mid- eee ; point, let the coordinates The mid-point of AB has coordinates (X, Y) where _—_ erine midipanrieecs 9 X = asect 2S and then form parametric 2 equations for X and Y. y = boosect ze To find the locus simply eliminate the parameter (tin this case) to find an Rearranging: a equation in X and Y. DB cost = 4 and sint = 4 -— 2X 2Y Use sin?t + cos*t = 1 to eliminate t. So locus is: ee 2 2 Sometimes in the examination you will [ax] a sx] tll al be asked to show the locus has a particular 2x \2Y form, but if you are simply asked to find an equation then this form is sufficient. In FP3 you might be asked simple loci questions based on the parabola or the rectangular hyperbola you met in FP1, The following table summarises some of the results about these two curves which you may find useful. Parabola Rectangular hyperbola Standard Cartesian equation y? = 4ax xy = c ‘ ’ x = at? x = ct Parametric equations Cc y= 2at y= t General point, P (at?, 2at) (ct, 4 Equation of tangent at P ty=x + at? x + ty = 2ct Equation of normal at P y + te = 2at + al Px — ty = c(t - 1)CHAPTER 2 _ Seluye(-m 20 The normal at P(ap’, Zap) and the normal at Q(aq’, 2aq) to the parabola with equation y? = 4ax ’ meet at R. a Find the coordinates of R. The chord PQ passes through the focus (a, 0) of the parabola. b Show that pq = —1. c Show that the locus of R is a parabola with equation y? = a(x — 3a). To find R, find the intersections of the normals. Normal at Pis y + px = 2ap + ap° Use results from the table Normal at Qis y + qx = 2aq + aq? on page 41. Subtracting: (p — q)x = 2a(p — q) + a(p’ — q?) The factorisations of =9 at al 24 na + ge (p’ = q’) = (p = gp? + pq + @) ie. (p-q)x ap=q) + alp=aq)(p + pq + g*) are particularly useful in this type i.e. x = 2a + a(p* + pq t+ q’) of problem and should be learnt. 60 y = 2ap +a’ — Zap — ap’ — ap’q — apq” < y = —apalp + 4) Substitute for x to find y. So Ris (2a + a(p* + pq + g*), —apq(p + q)) Chord FQ has gradient Zap 4) _— - 2p- qk, "i ~ ¥ aq) (p=ap+a) pra = Equation of chord is y — Zap = Z (x — ap*) | p* 4 Le. y(p + q) = 2x + 2apq +— Notice that if you let p = q in this Since the chord passes through (a, O) equation you get the equation of the tangent at Q. This is sometimes a O = 22 7 Zapq useful technique in this work. ee pals | Using pq = —1 the coordinates of R become (a + alp’ + 4°], alp + 4) Let R be (X, Y) then The following technique is particularly useful a i when tackling questions of this sort. X=atalp t+ q’] Y= alp + 4] So X=atal(p + q)* — 2pq] and using pq = —1 X = 3a + a(p + q)* Since (p + q)? = p? + q* + 2pq then p? + @ = (p + q)’ — 2pq. Using pq = —1 gives p? + q? = (p + qy’ + 2. Now use Y to eliminate p But ptqa=s. and q. Rearrange to the specified L.é. Vi a, a(x _ 3a) . form.Further coordinate systems ‘1. The tangent at P(ap?, 2ap) and the tangent at Q(aq?, 2aq) to the parabola with equation y? = 4ax meet at R. a Find the coordinates of R. The chord PQ passes through the focus (a, 0) of the parabola. b Show that the locus of R is the line x = —a. Given instead that the chord PQ has gradient 2, c find the locus of R. x2 2 2 The tangent at P(asect, btan £) to the hyperbola with equation — — =. = 1 cuts the x-axis a - at A and the y-axis at B. 7 Find the locus of the mid-point of AB. 2 2 3. The normal at P(asect, btant) to the hyperbola with equation 5 = 7 = 1 cuts the x-axis 2 at A and the y-axis at B. Find the locus of the mid-point of AB. x? 2 The normal at P(acost, bsin £) to the ellipse with equation 2 ++ = 1 cuts the x-axis at A b2 and the y-axis at B. | pe Find the locus of the mid-point of AB. c P rectangular hyperbola xy = c’, intersect at the point R. § The tangent from the point P( Cp, and the tangent from the point Q( cq, a) to the .{ 24 2c Show that R s| ; a OW d ] p+4q p+ 4, b Show that the chord PQ has equation ypqg + x = c(p + q) c Find the locus of R in the following cases i when the chord PQ has gradient 2 ii when the chord PQ passes through the point (1, 0) iii. when the chord PQ passes through the point (0, 1). 6 The chord PQ to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c? passes through the point (0, 1). Find the locus of the mid-point of PQ as P and Q vary. Mixed exercise EX 7 x2 yy 1, A hyperbola of the form ZZ B through the point (a, 0). a Find an equation of the hyperbola in terms of x, y, a and mi. = | has asymptotes with equations y = +x and passes A point P on this hyperbola is equidistant from one of its asymptotes and the x-axis. b Prove that, for all values of m, P lies on the curve with equation (x? a sy?) _ Ax?(x2 _ a’) @CHAPTER 2 2 a Prove that the gradient of the chord joining the point P| Cp, 5) and the point Q( cq, a on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? is — oh The points P, Q and R lie on a rectangular hyperbola, the angle QPR being a right angle. b Prove that the angle between QR and the tangent at P is also a right angle. @ a Show that an equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? (with c > QO) at the point (ct, A is ty + x = 2ct Tangents are drawn from the point (—3, 3) to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 16. b Find the coordinates of the points of contact of these tangents with the hyperbola. 6 The point P lies on the ellipse with equation 9x? + 25y? = 225, and A and B are the points (—4, 0) and (4, 0) respectively. a Prove that PA + PB = 10 b Prove also that the normal at P bisects the angle APB. A curve is given parametrically by x = ct, y = : a Show that an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (ct, = is Pyt+ x = 2ct The point P is the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to this tangent. b Show that the locus of P is the curve with equation (x2 + y?)? = 4c2xy a Find the gradient of the parabola with equation y? = 4ax at the point P(at’, 2at). b Hence show that the equation of the tangent at this point isx — ty + a? = 0. The tangent meets the y-axis at T, and O is the origin. at? 2 d Deduce that, as t varies, the locus of the centre of this circle is another parabola. POQ = 90°, where O is the origin. a Prove that pq = -4 Given that the normal at P to the parabola has equation y + xp = ap* + 2ap b write down an equation of the normal to the parabola at Q. c Show that these two normals meet at the point R, with coordinates (ap? + ag? — 2a, 4a[p + q}) d Show that, as p and q vary, the locus of R has equation y? = l6éax ~ 96a’. Show that for all values of m, the straight lines with equations y = mx = vb* + a*m? are ; ; _ ty? tangents to the ellipse with equation 2 ef 5 = 1. e @ c Show that the coordinates of the centre of the circle through O, P and T are (ae + 4, ° ). @ _ The points P(ap?, 2ap) and Q(aq’, 2aq) lie on the parabola with equation y? = 4ax. The angleFurther coordinate systems 9 The chord PQ, where P and Q are points on xy = c’, has gradient 1. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents from P and Q is the line y = —x. 10 a Show that the asymptotes of the hyperbola H with equation x? — y? = 1 are perpendicular. an ly . : . . v2 V2 Using (sect, tan f) as a genera] point on H and the rotation matrix 1 1 b show that a rotation of 45° will transform H into a rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c* and find the positive value of c. Summary of key points 1 The ellipse with equation ~, + e BP =a(1- e) e foci at (ae, 0) 2 a pe = 1 (a> by has eccentricity e (0 < e < 1) and e directrices at x = +8 x2 2) 2 The parametric equations of the ellipse 2 +% = 1 are b2 % = acost y = bsint ean th on 3 Equation of tangent and normal to the ellipse Zz 4 Rp 1 at (acost, bsinf) tangent: bx cost + aysint = ab normal: ax sint — by cost = (a — b’)costsint ban a 4 The hyperbola with equation 2 Ro 1 has eccentricity e (e > 1) and e P= ae — 1) e foci at ( Square all terms. 2 ae = 2 (x lee A(arcosh x) but y = (arcosh x)* e artanh 3x f£ arcosh3x ie’ arsinh x 1 xarcosh 3x on the curve with equationDifferentiation 1 d ' _ a dy (arcsinx) v1 — x? d 1 @ ——(arccosx) = -———— de | v1 — x d __1 a dx (arctanx) 1+ Example Ey Show that 4 (arcsin x) = 1 dx V1 — x? Let y = arcsinx then siny = x AY _ cos Ya. = ay. _f dx cosy _ | . v1 — sin? y but giny = x Ad 60 7 = 1 ax 1 — x2 Example Ey Given y = arcsinx? find i Method | giny dy cosy = dy dx dy dx but siny d 50 d dxCHAPTER 3 Method Il Let t = x2. then y = arcsint ——_—___+>— Substitute t = x? to get arcsin x? in the form ° arcsin x. ad Then at => oy => _ 1 = . AX dat fi —-# Differentiate t and y. d dy at = = a Ax ~ Use chain rule. =. && | =n Example [Jj : _ 1{/1l- z| dy Given y = tan (3 ay , find oe = ii x vany (; qtaaexs Differentiate using quotient rule on d =((]

1 since —(arcoshx) = — (x? — 1) dx v@?-1 If x is replaced by a linear function of « in the results 1 to 6, they can be generalised using [flax + bydx = flax + b) + C. Find a i cosh(4x — 1)dx b i cosech 3x coth 3xdx a foosncax — Idx = dsinh(4x — 1) + C b foosech 43x coth 3xdx = —4cosech Sx+CIntegration Results 7 to 10 will be generalised in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, but at this stage it is important to recognise their structure. There are many integrals that have the same denominators as those in x dx v1 + x? The results of these integrals were found using one of the two general results: results 7 to 10, that you found in C4, for example lee ei yt and fecptorar =r scone-1 f’ us = In|f(x)| + C @ You should be confident in recognising these forms (they will occur frequently in this chapter); the next Example is included as revision. Integrate with respect to x. 4x b 5x 1+ x? (1 + x?) wo (ar) This is of the form k | —~dx, so use @. { ; i ee eee is | 1) 2 = 2inl(1 + x2)| + C ; An integral with a denominator of 1 + x? =2ini t+ x*)+C does not automatically imply arctanx. b Tse = 5 {xt + x2) 2dx (eee) = | (2x) + x2) td a This is of the form k | F(x)[f(x)I"dx, so use O. (i sr x)? Result is oa + CG with f(x) = 1 + x7, — 5. + C = it zZ (4) a > 2 =5/i+x°4+C An integral with a denominator of (1 + x?) does not automatically imply arsinhx. It may be possible to reduce more complicated looking integrals into two parts, one of which is one of those listed in 7 to 10 and one of which you already know how to integrate. Find [22S 2+ “ay jie’ + 1 2a = _ 2 a Dx 4 Splitting the numerator gives J? +1) a JG +1) 2 (x? + 1) Bs two recognisable integrals. I =a oh 5 {xt if x2) Fx L Standard form 9. | sre a = Zareinhe + Sy (1 + x7) + C See Example 2b.CHAPTER 4 [1] Integrate the following with respect to x. a sinhx + 3coshx b 5sech?x c _— sinh?x _ sinhx 3 dl cosh cosh?x cosh?x sinhx tanhx g sechx(sechx + tanhx) h (sechx + cosechx)(sechx — cosechx) | 2| Find . x 29% a | sinh 2x ax b [cosh(% jax c [sech (2x — 1)dx : ‘ x d [cosech 5x dx e [cosech 2x coth 2x dx f [sech( + )tanh( 7 \ax g [{s sinh 5x — 4cosh 4x + 3 sech?(7) | dx 3 Write down the results of the following. (This is a recognition exercise and involves some integrals from C4.) * fe ble ft lras® 9 at e Freee x\ <1 f [aS g s« bap 4) Find a [Su b [axe c ae mS x? 5 a Show that =j]-—s = 1+x b Hence find @ The method for integrating hyperbolic expressions is usually the same as that applied to the corresponding trigonometric expressions. Many hyperbolic functions can be integrated by recognising that they are of the form f(x) Fee) | f(x) [f(x) "dx or Find a [sech®x tanh dx b [cosh® 2x sinh 2x dx c [tanhxax d [; Se Sech adea [eech®x tant xdx = — feech®.x(—sech x tanh x)dx as 6 geech ENG b | cosh? 2x sinh 2x dx = 4 | (cosh 2x)°(2 sinh 2x)dx = acosh® 2x +C X [rand = [ete ax coshx = Incoshx + C (*) " gech? x _4f 5Ssech*x B fs + Sten ~ by 2+ eran zln|(2 + Stanhx)| + C Integration Use [feo @dx = mo ae with f(x) = sechx and n= 5. Use |Ifad}"f (dx = oo +e with f(x) = cosh2x and n= 5. Use [pear = In|f(x)| + G with f(x) = cosh x (modulus signs are not necessary because coshx > 0, for all x). You can arrange so that it is of the form f(x) k | a Remember that you can always check your result; differentiating it should give the integrand (the expression to be integrated). In C4, you saw how using trigonometric identities often transformed a trigonometric expression that you could not integrate directly into one that you could. The same technique can be used with hyperbolic functions. Example Fj Find a [tanh?x ax b [cosh 3x dx Cc [sinh xax a rant? acax [c — gech* x)dx x —tanhx-+C (1 + cosh 6x) b [eoch?3x dx = a = 3[x + 2S) + ¢ = 4x + LeinhGx + C CG [etnn® x ax = [sinh x oinh xa = [(coonex — |)sinhx dx = [ooot?x sinh x ax — [einh x ax = cosh? x —coshx+C Using 1 — tanh?x = sech?x gives two standard integrals. Using cosh 2A = 2 cosh*A — 1 with A= 3x. For small odd values of n, you can use [sinh x dxa— fsinn™ x sinh x dx. ( f cosh" x dx, n odd, can be found similarly.)CHAPTER 4 not be the simplest. Example Wj Find | e*sinh x dx. [e*einna Ax for) a = Ce = 6*)ax a Ce = —e)+c = He¥ — Be) + Find | sechx dx. at { Writ hx as —_— riting sechx as ——— exponential form of cosh x, gives [ecchxax = [Fax and using the 6 +e 2e" = ax ee +1 Use the substitution u = e*, then i: =e 50 ‘é* dx’ can be replaced by ‘du’, _ zZ _ so feechxax = [2 —du = 2f— du = 2arctanutc = Zarctan(e*) + C M Sometimes however, the method used for trigonometric functions may break down, or may In such cases you can use the exponential definition of the hyperbolic functions. | e**sinh x dx can be found using integration by parts twice. However using integration by parts on | e“sinh ax dx breaks down. Using the definition of sinh x. | secx dx can be found by noting that Ra {In(secx+ tanx)} = 1 onan (secxtanx + sec?x) = secx so that | secx dx = In(secx + tanx) + C, but | sechx dx needs a different approach. Multiply numerator and denominator by e*. This is now standard form 8 with variable u.Integration iN 2 10 11 12 1| Find a [sinn’x coshx dx b tanh 4x dx c ftannss sech? x dx d | cosech’ x coth x dx e | Vcosh 2x sinh 2x dx f | sech! 3x tanh 3x dx. | Find sinhx 1 + tanhx Scoshx + 2sinhx 7 2+ 3coshx le B cosh?x ee e focoshaeomhx coshx a a Show that [oothx ax = Insinhx + C. ° 1 b Show that | coth 2x dx = In [e + 4}. 1 e Use integration by parts to find a Jz sinh 3x dx b /xsech?x dx. | Find a [e*cosha dx b (= sinh 3x dx c [coshx cosh 3x dx. | By writing cosh 3x in exponential form, find | cosh? 3x dx and show that it is equivalent to the result found in Example Sb. 1 Evaluate | ___! _ay iving your answer in terms of e. o sinhx + coshx ~’ 8 By Use appropriate identities to find +12 Z 2 cosh? 3x a | sinh? x dx b | (sechx — tanhx)?dx c | sink? 35 d | sinh? cosh? x dx e | cosh’ x dx f | tanh? 2x dx. In2 Show that l cosh?( 5 |dx = 4(3 + In 16). The region bounded by the curve y = sinhx, the line x = 1 and the positive x-axis is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Show that the volume of the solid of revolution formed is sae" — 4e2 — 1), Using the result for | sechx dx given in Example 7, find a [—2 ax b {sech 2x dx ce [/1— tanh?(~)aw. coshx 2 Using the substitution uv = x?,or otherwise, find 22 x a [xcosh (x*)dx b Fron ©CHAPTER 4 The standard results below, which you met in Section 4.1, can be derived directly by using a substitution. es" = arcsinx + C, |x| <1 —-z 8 | 1 dx = arctanx+C 1+ x? ws" = arsinhx + C x za" = arcoshx + GC, x>1 xX _— In these cases algebraic substitutions, such as u = 1 — x? for result 7, do not help, but an appropriate trigonometric or hyperbolic substitution can be used. The suggested substitutions below are made so that the two termed expressions in the denominator are transformed into one, by use of a relevant identity. H For an integral involving (1 — x?) try x = sin @ or x = tanhu For an integral involving 1 + x? try x = tan@orx = sinhu H@ For an integral involving \(1 + x?) try x = sinhu or x = tan@ H For an integral involving (x? — 1) tryx = coshuorx = sec0 The first substitution in each suggested pair is the one more likely to prove the better choice. By the use of an appropriate substitution, show that i TE ha = arctanx + C, Using the substitution x = tan @, then 3 = sec* 0 30 ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘sec* 6d@, ley = las 2 and then le z eo ra tan? 62" de II DS of YY arctanx + CIntegration For integrals of the form " 1 A al dx < —+— dx dx and dx, the substituti lar , fe a fata Ts an as e substitutions x = asin 0, x = atané6,x = asinhu, andx = acoshu respectively are suggested. Example EJ By using an appropriate substitution in each case, a find [—AReee >a b show that lee vx? — a?) dx = parctan( 5 | +C, a Ascosh*u —1= sinh? u, it follows that a cosh* u — a* = a* sinh? u. So, using the substitution x = acoshu, ae = asinh u 90 ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘aginh udu’, and | _ | . 5 ———— aS TICE yk ae) (2 Gosh? tt — a7) _ | = | Gant aeinit udu Ua arcosh(*) cama As x = acoshu, coshu = x = 4{% sou = arcosh(<). b Let x = 2tand, then 4 + x* = 4+ 4tan*@= 4(1 + tan? 0) = 4 ec" @ and 2% = 2 sec? @ so ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘2 sec* 646, dé i F —— dx = 2 sec" 60 . Ie + Aeect 0 —1 =p | 1dé =10+C 2 a 54 Asx = 2tand, tand = 5 — garctan( 3) ae so 0 = arctan(>). 2 The mee results are me in the Edexcel formula booklet. ie x?) _1 x = 12 [4 @ix dx = qarctan( ~) (*) When a = 1, these become the ae 7 to 10. Only 12 has the factor | in 3|8 3 | ers) dx = arsinh( (*) the result. 4 poz =arcosh(%\,x>a (*)CHAPTER 4 You may still be asked to find a result by using a suitable substitution, but usually you will be able to use the results 11 to 14 for integrals of this type. Example [) 8 b Show that [ ah = In| 2 omy 5 Vx? - 4 = ffl eee 4 fot aoe - = 4{ Tearctan( se) +e Using 12 with a = V5. 4 x = —=arctan| —=) + C var" & )| Using 14 with a = 4 = | arcosh( 5 AIR & | 5. {ane 5 Vx* — 16 = _ 5 arcosh2 arcosh{ 2 hea) inf + = Using arcoshx = In(x + Vx? — 1) (*). = Ina + 73) = nz = in 2 eal Using Ina -— Inb = In(5)- H Integrals of the form 1 1 1 1 le — bx?) a IF + pee Ie + bx) aeand le — a) shy can be easily manipulated to use the results 11 to 14. a Find | er op: b Evaluate is aoa leaving your answer in terms of 7. lets dx = aan You need to write 25 + 9x? 25 + 9x? 2+ x?) in the form k(a? + x2). ol= lapealé ue _ 1 OX = farctan( 2) ane Using 12 with a = 3.Integration V5 V3 y fee aries V5 - 4x2 +S Ja(3 — 32) the form Mana). B = af 1 ax aTE-# = 4 arosin( = Using 11 with a = = 4a = sont] - foo 3) = a - a > < aresinx = F = E so arcsin($) = (BF arcsin(—4) = Ga The substitutions suggested in the previous pages can be used in a wide range of integrals. Show that | v1 + x?dx = sarsinhx + xv 14+ x24C. Using x = sinh u, then ae = cosh u so ‘dx’ can be replaced by ‘cosh udu’ So fi + x*dx = fi + sinh? u cosh udu [cote udu - Using cosh 2u = 2cosh*u — 1. =Hut Stes a = Lf + cosh 2u)du You need to be able to use x = sinhu, so use _ A(u + sinh ucoshu) + C sinh 2u = 2sinhucoshu. lee dy 2 pareinhx + sxvi + xe + C “—————_[ As u = arsinhx and coshu = V1 + sinh2u. : : wg You could use integration by By using a hyperbolic substitution, evaluate ay 0 e249 ° parts. 6CHAPTER 4 You need to reduce x? + 9 Use the substitution x = S3sinhu then to a single term; using x =3sinhu ax _ ae gives 9sinh2u + 9 = 9sinh2u + 1) 3 cosh u, and ‘dx’ can be replaced by = 9cosh2 u. ‘3. cosh udu’, arsinh2 eines 1 — | 6 x3 ' | sin O7anhe Limits: When x = 6, ——— dx= Ne) hud i = = arsi 30 == L ZRH cosn udu sinhu = 2 > u = arsinh2. enn? When x = 0, sinhu =0 > u=0. = a7 sinh? udu O arainh2 See Example 5e. = 27| cosh? u — coshu O = ee - ¥5| - 272-1 3 As sinhu = 2 = 18/5 + 18 coshu = y{1 + (2)}} = V5. = 18(V5 + 1) or 58.2 (354) Unless a substitution is given or asked for, use the standard results 7 to 14. Give numerical answers to 3 significant figures, unless otherwise stated. 1. Use the substitution x = atan # to show that | 7 1 Page = garctan(*) +, 1 dx = —arccosx + C. 2) Use the substitution x = cos @ to show that | . v1 — 3 Use suitable substitutions to find 3 ] 4 1 dx b dx —— dx d |———dsr as le ‘lee TE 4 Write down the results for the following: 1 3 . 1 2 a [au b [Su c [au d [4 ax. 5 Find a —_ os a a laa b [am ¢ jae d fu. 6 Evaluate a 2 2 z= 3 1 ——— dx b | ———dr ——— dr. i | 1+ x? Ia + 4g? ° es — Bx? 7| Evaluate, giving your answers in terms of 7 or as a single natural logarithm, whichever is appropriate. | “1 _ay bf —1 _«x I Sd ay a | -—— es c 0 vx? + 16 13 vx? — 144 v2 V4 — x?10 VW 12 13, 14 15 — a!) 17 18 20, Integration The curve C has equation y = ay The region R is bounded by C, the coordinate axes ob and the lines x = —] and x = 3. a Find the area of R. The region R is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. b Find the volume of the solid generated. _ Acircle C has centre the origin and radius 1. a Show that the area of C can be written as 4 I vr — x? dx. 0 b Hence show that the area of C is a7. 2 a Use the substitution x = Stan 6 to find | a dx. 9x° + 4 b Use the substitution x = sinh? u to find | x - 1 dx, x > 0. By splitting up each integral into two —- integrals, or otherwise, find x2 2+ 3x dx b [2 dx * la a © S14 3x? Use the method of partial fractions to find | att Way, x>0. dl — Show that [ mea a pt = Mr + 2n2), 3 By using the substitution u = x’, evaluate | 2x dx 2¥e4— 1] By using the substitution x = ssin 6, show that I ay = sank ovl — 4x? 2a — 3V3). ' a Use the substitution x = 2 cosh u to show that | vx? —4dx = sxx? —-4- 2arcosh| 5 | +C., 2 ag b Find the area enclosed between the hyperbola with equation 7" 5 = land the linex = 4. 2g +3 1 b Hence, by using the substitution uv = e*, find | 2eoshx ~ sinhx 1 ae | 2coshx — sinhx dx can be written as ld om coshx 0 V4sinh?x + 9 Using the substitution u = ésinh x, evaluate 9 a Find fs 5, | a (*) pore —-- jxj = ate jane tat x 60 1= xartanhx — | “dx eb 255 = xartanhx — (-1 = ax = xartanhx + SIn|l — x4] + C v3 Evaluate | * arcsinx dx. 1 2 Let /= [arcein xdx = [arcein. X Idx dv _ ax andv=x Using u = arcsinx and du _ 1 Ax 1 — x? 501 = xarcsinx — x ax v1 — x? = xarcsinx — (-2)/(-2nja — x2)"2dx 1 — x2)2 = xarcsinx + cee (3) AGS ihe tev eo S50 ie aresinx dx= [xaresinx + v1 — Be lea = [2 arcain( 3) te 4] = [ —4arcsin( —1) + | 2 -V3a le v3 6 2 2 2 = 0.279 (Bs) nl-Integration (1) a Show that /arsinhx dx = xarsinhx — V1 +x7+C. 1 b Evaluate | arsinhx dx, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. 0 c Using the substitution u = 2x + 1 and the result in a, or otherwise, find [arcsinh(2x + 1) dx. re | Show that | arctan 3x dx = x arctan 3x — éIn(1 + 9x?) + C. [...] =] / a Show that | arcoshx dx = xarcoshx — Vx? -1+C. 2, b Hence show that | arcoshx = In(7 + 4/3) - V3. 1 a Show that | arctanx dx = xarctanx — $In(1 + x7) +C. 3 _ b Hence show that | , arctanx dx = (3 3 = sin 2. -1 The curve C has equation y = 2 arctanx. The region R is enclosed by C, the y-axis, the line y = mand the linex = 3. c Find the area of R, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. ji v2 2 wa | Evaluate a | 0 giving your answers in terms of 7. 1 arcsin x dx b I x arctan x dx 0 6| Using the result that ify = arcsecx, then dy _ 1. show that — dx xv/x? -1 Jarcsecx ax = xarcsecx — Inlx + Vx? — 1} + G. Often a method used to integrate a function involving n, usually a power, where n is small, is not viable as n becomes large. For example, the methods used to find | sin’ x dx, using the double angle formula for cos 2x to give | sin’x dx = 3 | (1 — cos 2x)dx, to find | sin’ x dx by writing as | sinx(1 — cos?x)dx, and to find {x?e*dx, by using integration by parts, become increasingly unwieldy when applied to | sin’x dx and |x"e*dx, as n increases. In such cases it may be possible, usually by using integration by parts, to relate the given integral in n to a similar integral in n— 1 (orn — 2, or lower); this relation is called a reduction formula. By repeated application of the reduction formula the given integral may be reduced to a form where only simple integration is required.CHAPTER 4 Example Pi) Given that I, = | x"e*dx, where n is a positive integer, a show that [,, = x"e* — nI,1,n = 1. b Find [ixtetdx. a Let u= x" on = é 60 that ee = nxn v=e Then |, = pretax = xN"e* — [reerax = xN"ex — nf x'erax 50 L, = x"e* — Hl, b [tera ={, Using the reduction formula = — Al. = xte* _ A(x? as j = xte* — 4x°e% + ite = 24(xe = |) = xtet — Ay2e* + 12x%e* — 24xe* + 24e° + C emeseees Sometimes, after using integration by parts, you may need to use an algebraic or trigonometric identity to produce the reduction formula. L Show that, if 1, = | x"V1 — x dx, then I, = —2n 7, n= 1, 0 2n+ 3 Let ii = see a =v1-Xx So a = pyr v= -2(1- x)? | Then integrating by parts | =([-2 aq — |, a , a4 — ZA n = | 7~ex"(l — x)2 ae (1 — x)? dx 1 _________ =[O- a+ [3 enxt (1 — x) Ax Using the identity (1 - x)? =(1-x\v1—x —Integration i I, = =! | x11 — x)\VT— x dx 0 1 1 = BIT eta x — 28 ala x 2) Oo 5 0 _ 2m, _ 2n, Zz n—1 Aon Se mee ar Collecting up terms in /,. = 201 " 2n+3"" Example ] Given that I, = I 2sin"'x dx,n = 0, 0 a derive the reduction formula nl, = (n — 1)I,_>,n = 2. b Deduce the values of i i 2sin’ x dc ii | 2sinox dx. 0 0 a First write sin’x as sin” 'xsinx To find | cos"x dx you would Using integration by parts on [eine-‘x0inx ax write cos’x as cos"! x cosx. Let u = gin™'x a — cing 4 AX = = (fn — ein x cos x v= —cosx Take care with ax signs. m a ae So |, = Pein a ax = | -sin"x cos x]? + [Fn — 1)sin"* x cos? x dx, o O ‘ z This is not in a =(O-O]+ (4-1) [ein 2x1 — gin® x)dx convenient form 2 ‘—__ but you can use Zz iz sin?x + cos?x = 1 aa (n = 1) [Peinr-2x ax = (n = 1) [Poinrx a to express as a e powers of sinx I, = (1 — I)hh-2 — (1 — 1), gi — L + (n= 1), = (9 = 1)l,-2 Collect up terms in /, and |, >. — So nl, = (1 — 1)I,-2, 1 2 2 is the reduction formula. te tea= (SB) Ahm (G4 22 Bina = (251) AEB AEB) afd 30 on. i lf nis odd, ii if nis even, b= (T= 3) ~ (3) b= (NT 3) ~ (B)la)e = (TSS) (Bomex = (NESS) ~ (ae -(e8=$)-G)o © -(eH=9)- GENE)CHAPTER 4 WT b ij [Pein x ax = b, 0 = (Z)(4)en = = Using @) with n = 5. il [eine x dx O -(S(2\LI)- 2% oma owann=s It is not always necessary to use integration by parts to produce a reduction formula. = | tan”"x dx, where n is a positive integer. By writing tan"x as tan”-*x tan?x, and using | + tan?x = sec?x, establish the reduction formula I, = 1 jtan" lx — I,-2, n = 2. = [ran?x tan? x ax = [eanr2x(seo?x Sax tan"-*x sec*x dx — [ran-exax _ | nt 50 |, = tan" 'x — I,» > i " _ (fey Use i [fx ]"F (dx = al + C. « 1) Given that [, = [xre2ae, x a show that I, = 2x"e2 — 2nl,1,n= 1. b Hence find [rear e 2. Given that [, = | xdnzx)rdx, nEN, 1 e_n 3 ain neEN. b Hence show that i x(Inx)*dx = e738. 1 a show that [, = ; 1 3, In Example 21, you saw that, if [, = [ x"V1 — x dx, then J, = L,-1n = 1. 0 2n 2n+3 lh Use this reduction formula to evaluate I (x + 1) + 2)V1 - x dx. 0“| 10, Integration | Given that [, = | x"e* dx, where nis a positive integer, a show that J, = —x"e* + nl, ),n = 1. b Find [x'esax. 1 c Evaluate [ xte-*dx, giving your answer in terms of e. 0 I, = [tann'xde, a By writing tanh"x = tanh” *x tanh’x show that for n = 2, = -_t nl I, = [,-2 — ytanh x. b Find i tanh®x dx. In2 c Show that tanh‘x dx = In2 — aA. 0 1 Given that | tan"x dx = ao tan" x 7 | tan” *x dx (derived in Example 23) a find ftantx dx. b Evaluate i ttandx dx. 0 c Show that [Ptansx ax = ous - - 0 a Given that J, = I (Inx)"dx, where a > 1 is a constant, 1 a show that, for > 1, J, = a(Ina)" — nl,_. 2 b Find the exact value of i (Inx)*dx. 1 c¢ Show that i "(Inx)°dx = 5(53e — 144), ] Using the results given in Example 22, evaluate a [?sin’x ax b [sine cos*x dx c I “VT? dx, using the substitution x = sin @ a d i sin’ 3r dt, using a suitable substitution. 0 in2n Given that [,, = | oe dx, iy 2ntl a write down a similar expression for J/,,,, and hence show that J, — [,41 = Ra b Find | —_ + dx and hence show that eo gat = In(1 + V2) - re 0 1 a Given that I, = | x(1 — x3)"dx, show that J, = ae 0 Hint: After integrating by parts, write x4 as x{1 — (1 — x9)}. 3n 3n+ 2 b Use your reduction formula to evaluate Ij.CHAPTER 4 12’ WW 15, 16 17 a Given that I, = I (a* — x*)"dx, where a is a positive constant, 0 _ 2na? a show that, forn > 0, I, = on ee b Use the reduction formula to evaluate 1 3 2 i i (l-x2)!ax oil i 9-x2)3dx ill i V4—x2 de. 0 0 0 ce Check your answer to part b iii by using another method. 4 Given that I, = | x"V4 — x dx, 0 a establish the reduction formula [,, = D41,n= 1. 8n ; 2n+ 3 b Evaluate | x°V4 — x, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures. 0 3 Given that J, = | cos"x dx, a establish, for n = 2, the reduction formula nJ,, = cos’-!x sinx + (n — 1)f,->. Qa Defining J, = I cos" x dx, 0 b write down a reduction formula relating /,, and J,,_., for n = 2. c Hence evaluate i J, ii J,. d Show that if n is odd, J, is always equal to zero. 1 Given I = | xy 1 — x2) dx,n = 0, oar” ( yea Hint: Write «V1 — x? as x"""{xv1 — x?} a show that (7 + 2)1, = (n — II,-2, 1 = 2. before integrating by parts. J b Hence evaluate [ x7/(1 — x?) dex. 0 Given I, = [x"coshx ax a show that for n = 2, J, = x" sinha — nx”! coshx + n(n — 1)I,_» b Find |{x* coshx dx. I c Evaluate i x° coshxdx, giving your answer in terms of e. 0 Given that I, = | DE dx, n> 0, a write down a similar expression for J,,_,, and hence show that 2sin(n — 1)x In ~ Ina = ae b Find i | sin ax dx ii the exact value of 3 sin Sx dx sinx Zz sinx Given that J, = | sinh"xdx,n EN, a derive the reduction formula nJ,, = sinh” !xcoshx — (n — 1)I,_», n = 2. In3 b Hence i evaluate I sinh? x dx, 0 arsinhl ii show that [ sinh*x dx = 4{31n(1 + v2) - v2}. 0Integration y Q Zk 7 Ox R (x, ¥) O| x Suppose that P(x, y) is any point on the curve C, whose equation is y = f(x), and that the length of the arc from a fixed point on C to P is denoted by s. Let Q(x + dx, y + dy) be a neighbouring point on C, and the length of the arc PQ be 6s. As P and Q are close together, 6s ~ the length of the chord PQ : See triangle PQR. k so (ds)? ~ (8x)? + (dy)? ie 85 \2 Sy \ Remember this; it is the key > I =] + 2 to deriving all the formulae. ds by dy As 6x — 0 (Q approaches p), & —- & and = an Ge ‘ 4 ds\" dy\’ so, in the limit (ss) =1+ (4) 4 wy _ The posit) : ca a& \it (@) | fincieaceae Integrating this with respect to x gives an expression for s, the arc length. So, if s is the length of the arc joining A(x,, y,) and B(x, yz), dx (*) points of the arc. Then, providing the integration mB s= c ia. ( a! dx The curve must be continuous between the end Xa is possible, the arc length can be evaluated. Alternatively, ae ® throughout by (6y)? and proceeding to the limit, gives ds\’ _ 4, (dx)’ dy dy Integrating with respect to y gives 8 ~ Use whichever formula is Mos= [ 1 +| yay convenient. If the equation of the curve is given parametrically, i.e. in the form x = f(6), y = g(f), then dividing © by (8f)* and proceeding to the limit, gives (ae) = (ae) + (Se Given that the parameters at A and B are t, and f, respectively, then integrating with respect to t, w= [iG] tg) tOCHAPTER 4 point P(4, 8). d y=ivs Ye, Xs dy \* Using o= | lity oy AX, x4 EE length of arc OP = i V1 + x2 dx oO Using the substitution x = sinh u, 60 that dx = coshudu, arsinh 4 arc length = V1 + sinh? u cosh udu Oo arsinh 4 i cosh* udu Oo ear cose u) i: i B du arsinh4 ut 59inh 2u|, arsinh4 QO arsinh 4 + 1(4v1 + 16) u + ginhucosh ul nNI— j e j 2 Fin(4 + v17) + 2V17 arsinh4 + 2V17 Example 3} The curve C has parametric equations x=t+4y=2intt>0 Find the length of the arc between points A and B with t = 1 and t = 2 respectively. Ee a x=ttsy 2lnt, t > 0. dx _,_ 1 4y_2 at t2 dt ot eel ey Zot 4 ee ae ee Se a OE re) Ties 0 (4 at (( ea z:| il Find the exact length of the arc on the parabola with equation y = 5x, from the origin to the dy First find dx Choose the appropriate formula. poh} = 0, Xp = 4, Choose the appropriate method of integration. Use coshu = V1 + sinh2u and sinhu = 4. Use arsinh x = Infx + /(1 + x?)}.Integration 2 2 bg 2 2 Are len n= [y(it+4) dt e ie ay} 9 ' e Use s [ ($4) + (3 df. 2 | = + — [( pa -[e-¥) = 15 1 10 3 a Find the length of the arc of the curve with equation y = 5x’, from the origin to the point with x-coordinate 12. L 3 The curve C has equation y = Incosx. Find the length of the arc of C between the points with x-coordinates 0 and Find the length of the arc on the catenary, with equation y = 2cosh|% |, between the points with x-coordinates 0 and In 4. Find the length of the arc of the curve with equation y? = 2x3, from the origin to the point (3, 2v3). The curve C has equation y = zsinh? 2x. Find the length of the arc on C from the origin to the point whose x-coordinate is 1, giving your answer to 3 significant figures. | The curve C has equation y = 5 (2x? — Inx), x > 0. The points A and B on C have x-coordinates 1 and 2 respectively. Show that the length of the arc from A to B is 76 + In 2). Find the length of the arc on the curve y = 2arcosh( 5}, from the point at which the curve crosses the x-axis to the point with x-coordinate 3. Compare your answer with that in Example 25 and explain the relationship. The line y = 4 intersects the parabola with equation y = x? at the points A and B. Find the length of the arc of the parabola from A to B. The circle C has parametric equations x = rcos 6, y = rsin 6. Use the formula for arc length on page 79 to show that the length of the circumference is 2 ar. The diagram shows the astroid, with parametric equations x = 2acos*t, y = 2asin’t,0 = = sinh x Xo d 2 Using [enxas in the form [em42 ax = i 27x 1 + ee Ax dx X, Ax In2 area of the surface generated = 2a] xv1+ sinh*x dx 0 In2 = 2m X coshx ax 0 BD Use integration by parts - 2a|x ginhx — [inn x ax aig u =x and 2 ie = coshx. ¢ Ind = 2a[x sinhx — coshx], l = 2a7(In2 sinh(In 2) — cosh(In2) + 1] = 2nfIn2(e) - @) + 1 = 32 In2 —1) The curve with parametric equations x = t — sint, y = 1 — cost, from t = 0 to f = 27, is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Find the area of the surface generated. O 2 * d Oe aoe = ae dx at at dx \* (a4) - 2 2 = = pene so (| a ae = (1 — cost) + sin*t = 2 — 2cost = 2(1 — cost) = 4¢in 3Integration 25 frax\2 fdy\@ =f, 2) + Ge Area of the surface generated [ aa \ ae at at as = 2a | (1 -— cos t)2 sink dt O 2 27 = 2a 4 sin? £ dt O 2 21T t t — j 2% oj pias en} gin 2 in5at 27 t t = = Zoe ein en (1 cos bein Sat 2 = 8n| —2.coss + Sco? S| i 2 ° Z]o = 6a[(2- 3) -(-2 + 4) 1 a The section of the line y = 3x between points with x-coordinates 4 and 8 is rotated completely about the x-axis. Use integration to find the area of the surface generated. b The same section of line is rotated completely about the y-axis. Show that the area of the surface generated is 607. 2) The arc of the curve y = x3, between the origin and the point (1, 1), is rotated through 4 right-angles about the x-axis. Find the area of the surface generated. 3. The arc of the curve y = 5x2, between the origin and the point (2, 2), is rotated through 4 right-angles about the y-axis. Find the area of the surface generated. 4 The points A and B, in the first quadrant, on the curve y? = 16x have x-coordinates 5 and 12 respectively. Find, in terms 7, the area of the surface generated when the arc AB is rotated completely about the x-axis. 5 The curve C has equation y = coshx. The are s on C, has end points (0, 1) and (1, cosh 1). a Find the area of the surface generated when s is rotated completely about the x-axis. b Show that the area of the surface generated when s is rotated completely about the ee 1) y-axis is 2n{ £ = 6 The curve C has equation y = i + x3 a 6 dy 2 a Show that 4/1 + (| = (2 + 5). The arc of the curve between points with x-coordinates 1 and 3 is rotated completely about the x-axis. b Find the area of the surface generated.CHAPTER 4 10 13, 14 | The diagram shows part of the curve with equation = 2 2 x? + y} = 4, Find the area of the surface generated when this arc is rotated completely about the y-axis. O 8 x a The arc of the circle with equation x? + y? = R’, between the points (—R, 0) and (R, 0), is rotated through 27 radians about the x-axis. Use integration to find the surface area of the sphere S formed. b The axis of a cylinder C of radius R is the x-axis. Show that the areas of the surfaces of S and C, contained between planes with equations x = a and x = b, where a < b < R, are equal. The finite arc of the parabola with parametric equations x = at’, y = 2at, where a isa positive constant, cut off by the line x = 4a, is rotated through 180° about the x-axis. Show that the area of the surface generated is Sa a°(5V5 — 1). The arc, in the first quadrant, of the curve with parametric equations x = seché, y = tanht, between the points where t = 0 and tf = In2, is rotated completely about the x-axis. Qn Show that the area of the surface generated is 5° The arc of the curve given by x = 3f, y = 28, from t = 0 and t = 2, is completely rotated about the y-axis. 2 a Show that the area of the surface generated can be expressed as 367 i BV1 + f dt. 0 b Using integration by parts, find the exact value of this area. The arc of the curve with parametric equations x = f?, y = t — sf, between the points where t = 0 and t = 1, is rotated through 360° about the x-axis. Calculate the area of the surface generated. The astroid C has parametric equations x = acos*t, y = asin’ t, where a is a positive constant. The arc of C, between ft = g and t= a is rotated through 27 radians about the x-axis. Find the area of the surface of revolution formed. The part of the curve y = e*, between (0, 1) and (In2, 2), is rotated completely about the x-axis. Show that the area of the surface generated is a(arsinh 2 — arsinh1 + 2V5 — v2). Mixed exercise ru 1 Show that the volume of the solid generated when the finite region enclosed by the curve with equation y = tanhx, the line x = 1 and the x-axis is rotated through 27 radians _ 3. (OT t the x- =. about the x-axis is ite eyIntegration 2| 4x?2+ 4x +17 = (ax+ bd? +c,a>0. a Find the values of a, b and c. b Find the exact value of f aoe @ 3) Find the following. a [sinn 4x cosh 6x dx b poeseme fame ay c le sinhx dx 4\y RY 0 g The diagram shows the cross-section R of an artificial ski slope. The slope is modelled by the curve with equation y= 10 J (4x2 + 9)’ Given that 1 unit on each axis represents 10 metres, use integration to calculate the area R. oi O = 1. a Sketch D and E on the same diagram, showing the coordinates of the points where each curve crosses the axes.The point S is a focus of D and the point T is a focus of E. b Find the length of ST. x2? An ellipse, with equation — + —- = 1, has . 9 «4 foci S and S’. a Find the coordinates of the foci of the ellipse. b Using the focus-directrix property of the ellipse, show that, for any point P on the ellipse, SP + S'P = 6. a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse with equation 3x? + 4y* = 12. b Find an equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation 3x” + 4y? = 12 at the point with coordinates (1, 3). This tangent meets the y-axis at G. Given that S and S’ are the foci of the ellipse, c find the area of A SS’G. The point P lies on the hyperbola x2 a > — <> = 1, and Nis the foot of the er pb perpendicular from P onto the x-axis. The tangent to the hyperbola at P meets the x-axis at T. Show that OT.ON = a?, where O is the origin. x2 2 The hyperbola C has equation 2 BP = 1. a Show that an equation of the normal to C at the point P (asect, btan £) is ax sint + by = (a? + b’)tant. The normal to C at P cuts the x-axis at the point A and S is a focus of C. Given that the eccentricity of C is 3, and that OA = 305%, where O is the origin, b determine the possible values of f, for0 b. a Find an equation of the tangent at the point P(acost, bsin f). b Find an equation of the normal at the point Piacost, bsin ft). The normal at P meets the x-axis at the point Q. The tangent at P meets the y-axis at the point R. c Find, in terms of a, b and ¢, the coordinates of M, the mid-point of QR. Given that 0 < t< 7 d show that, as t varies, the locus of M has equation (Ha) Hz 4, @ The points S, and S, have Cartesian coordinates (-5v3 , 0) and | ay 3, 0) respectively. a Find a Cartesian equation of the ellipse which has S, and S, as its two foci, and a semi-major axis of length a. b Write down an equation of a directrix of this ellipse. Given that parametric equations of this ellipse are x =acosd, y = bsing, c express b in terms of a. The point P is given by ¢ = re and the point Q by ¢ = e d Show that an equation of the chord PQ 1S © Show that the equations of the tangents with gradient i to the hyperbola with equation x? — 4y? = 4 are (V2 —1)x + 2y-a=0. y = mx + / (4m? — 1), where |m| > 3. eThe line with equation y = mx + cis a tangent to the ellipse with equation x2 yy? “4% _= er pb a Show that c? = a@m? + b?. b Hence, or otherwise, find the equations of the tangents from the point (3, 4) to 2 2 1. . 5 : 2 the ellipse with equation Té + 35 > 1. x oy? - The ellipse F has equation 2 + Rp land the line L has equation y = mmx + c, where m>OQOandc> 0. a Show that, if L and E have any points of intersection, the x-coordinates of these points are the roots of the equation (b? + aen?)x? + 2a°’mex + a?(C? — b?) = 0. Hence, given that L is a tangent to E, b show that c? = b? + an’. The tangent L meets the negative x-axis at the point A and the positive y-axis at the point B, and O is the origin. c Find, in terms of i, a and b, the area of the triangle OAB. d Prove that, as m varies, the minimum area of the triangle OAB is ab. e Find, in terms of a, the x-coordinate of the point of contact of L and E when the area of the triangle is a minimum. a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse x2 A — eS 9 «64 b Find also the coordinates of both foci and equations of both directrices of this ellipse. = 1. c Show that an equation for the tangent to this ellipse at the point P(3.cos @, 2 sin 8) is x COS @ sin 0 +2 = 3 2 " d Show that, as @ varies, the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at P lies on the curve (x? + y?)? = 9x? + 4y?. @ a Show that the hyperbola x? — y? = a’, a > 0, has eccentricity equal to v2. b Hence state the coordinates of the focus S$ and an equation of the corresponding directrix L, where both S and L lie in the region x > 0. The perpendicular from S to the line y = x meets the line y = x at P and the perpendicular from S$ to the line y = —x meets the line y = —x at Q. c Show that both P and Q lie on the directrix L and give the coordinates of P and Q. Given that the line SP meets the hyperbola at the point R, d prove that the tangent at K passes through the point Q. a Show that an equation of the normal 2 2, to the ellipse = + 7 = P(acos 6, bsin 0) is ax sec 6 — by cosec 6 = a? — b*. 1 at the point The normal at P cuts the x-axis at G. b Show that the coordinates of M, the mid-point of PG are (2 cos 6, (3) sin é). c Show that, as 6 varies, the locus of M is an ellipse and determine the equation of this locus. Given that the normal at P meets the y-axis at H and that O is the origin, d show that, if a > b, area AOMG:area AOGH = b?:2(a? — b’). 8 a Find equations for the tangent and normal to the rectangular hyperbola