IIT Advanced Mathematics Complex Numbers Notes (31

Prof. P.C.
Thomas Classes & Chaithanya Classes
IIT ADVANCED MATHEMATICS MODULE 07 : COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.
GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION
There is a one-one correspondence between
the set of complex numbers and the points in
the x-y plane.
arg(z n ) narg(z)
| z|| z || z ||z|
Re z |z| and Im z |z|, since sin, cos

1
|z||Re z | |Im z | 2|z|

since 1 |sin | |cos | 2
z x iy is represented geometrically by
and arg
the point (x,y)
|z| r x2 y2 = the distance of the point

z from the origin.
|y|
then
|x|
|z a|2 |z|2 2Re za |a|2
Re z
ei e i
z z
rcos x r
2
2
Im z
ei e i
zz
rsin y r
2i
2i
If z is purely real z z
If z is purely imaginary, z z 0
1
If tan
argument of z when z lies in different

quadrants is
, z = x+iy in the first quadrant
ie. x > 0, y > 0
arg (z) =
-, z = x+iy in the second quadrant

i.e. x < 0, y > 0
, z = x+iy in the third
quadrant
i.e. x < 0 , y < 0
-, z=x+iy in the fourth quadrant
i.e. x > 0, y < 0
1
z
If arg (z) = , then arg z ,arg
Ex.1. Let z and be two non-zero complex

numbers such that |z|| | and arg (z) +
arg () = , then z equals
a)
c)
b) -
d)
i
i
Ans:D) z re , re
arg (z) is the inclination of OP with the +ve

x-axis
arg(z)
i2n
i 2n
e 1 z re re
. Hence if is
an argument of z, then +2n, nZ, is also
an argument. But the principal argument
always lies in , .
2.
SOME PROPERTIES OF
z = x + iy = rei = r(cos+ isin)
|z|2 zz x 2 y 2 r2
|z n ||z|n
Prof. P.C.Thomas Classes, TC-6-1417, East Fort, Thrissur-5

Chaithanya Classes, Sankarayya Road, West Fort, Thrissur-4
z rei re
re i .ei
Ex.2. The real part of 1 cos 2isin
is
1
1
b)
2 3cos
3 4cos
1
c)
d)
5 3cos
4 3cos
1
Ans.D)
1 cos 2isin
1
2sin2 4isin cos

2
2
2
a)
To God, through Education
(31)
2sin sin 2icos

2
2
2
TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS z1 = r1 e
z 2 = r2e
i1
z1 z2 z2 z2
z1z2 z1 z2
z1 z2 z1 z2
z1 z1
,z2 0
z2 z2
z1 |z1 |
, z2 0
z2 |z2 |
AND
arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2)
z
arg 1 arg z1 arg z2
z2
Distance between z1 and z2 is |z2 z1 |
The inclination of the line joining z1 to z2

with the x-axis is arg (z2-z1)
lm w Imf z1 ,z2 ,...zn

|az bz | |bz az | a b |z |
z1 z2 z2 z1 2Re z1 z2 2|z1 |z2 | cos 1 2
If |z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |
|w| f z1 ,z2 .....zn |w|2 f z1 ,z2 ...zn f z1 , z2 ...zn
w w f z1 ,z2 ...zn f z1 , z2 ...zn
2
2
w w f z1 ,z2 ...zn f z1 , z2 ..zn
lm w
2i
2i
w f z1 ,z2 ...z n
If
is
purely
real,
Re w
f z1 ,z2 ...z n f z1 , z2 ....zn

|z2 |2
|z1 z2 |2 |z1 | |z2 |
z1 z2
z1 z2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |
2
2
|z1 | |z2 | 2z1 z2 2z2 z1
|z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |

2Re z1 z2 2|z1 ||z2 |
r1 r2 cos 1 2 r1 r2
cos 1 2 1 1 2 0
arg z1 arg z2
O, z1, z2 are collinear such that z1, z2 lie on

the same side of o.
If w f z1 ,z2 ...z n is a function with real

coefficients, then w f z1 , z2 ...zn
given
complex
equation
w f z1 ,z2 ,...z n we can always generate
i.e. Re w Re f z1 ,z2 ,...zn
Otherwise, 2 real equations can be generated

by equating the real part and imaginary part
i2
From
i.e. w f z1 , z2 ,....zn
2 sin2 4cos2 2 1 3cos2

2
2
2
1
1
2 3 1 cos 5 3cos
3.
is purely imaginary,
one more complex equation by taking

complex conjugate
Real part
f z1 ,z2 ...z n f z1 , z2 ...zn 0
sin 2icos
2
2
2sin sin 4cos2

2
2
2
=
If w f z1 ,z 2 ...zn
If |z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |
z1 z2 z1 z2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |

cos 1 arg z arg z
1
O, z1, z2 are collinear such that o lies between

z1 and z2
(32)
If z1 z2 z1 z2
z1 z2 z1 z2 z1 z2 z1 z2
cos 1 2 0 arg z1 arg z2
z
z1 z2 and 1 are purely imaginary.
z2
Ex.3: If arg (z) < 0, then arg (-z) arg (z) equals
a)
b) -
c)
d) /2
-/2
Ans: A) arg (-z) arg (z) = arg
z
z arg 1
1 1 1

1, then
z1 z2 z3
|z1 z2 z3 | is
a) equal to 1
c)
b) less than 1
greater than 3 d) equal to 3
Ans: A)
|z3 | 1
a) 1
c)
b)
1
2
2
d)
Ans:C)
(1)
(2)
Substitute for z in (2) from (1)

2
i iz2 z z2 z
iz z
(3)
Substitute (3) in (1),
1 1 1

1
z1 z2 z3
iz2 iz z z2 1 i z
2
z 1
,z 1, then Re()
z 1
is
1
b)
|z 1|2
2
1
1
d)
.
2
|z 1|2
z 1 z 1
Ans: A) |z| 1 z e
i z z2 z
z1 z2 z3 z 1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3
c)
Ex.6. If z 0 and iz2 z z, then |z|
Taking the conjugate,
1
z3
z3
a) 0
1 1
1
z2
z2
Ex.5 : If |z| 1 and
z 1
, Use Componendo-Dividendo,
z 1
1
z
1
|z| 1 |1 ||1 | 1 1
iz2 z z
1
|z1 | 1 z1
z1
|z2 | 1
Alternate Solution:
Re 0
Ex.4: If z1 ,z2 and z 3 are complex numbers such

that |z1 ||z2 ||z3 |
ei 1 ei/2 e i/2 2isin 2

i
e 1 ei/2 e i/2
2cos
2
itan , purely imaginary

2
Re 0

|z|2 |1 i||z| |z|
1
2
Ex.7 The minimum value of |z z1 | |z z2 | is

a)
2|z1 z2 |
b) |z1 z2 |
c)
|z1 z2 |
d) 2|z1 z2 |
Ans:C)
|z z1 | |z z2 | AP PB
(33)
This is minimum when P lies in between A

and B. Minimum value =AB= |z1 z2 |
4.
a |z|
TRIANGLE INEQUALITIES
1
|z|
a |z|
1
a
|z|
|z|2 a|z| 1 0 and |z|2 a|z| 1 0
a a2 4
a a2 4
|z|
|z|
0
2
2
and |z|
In OAC,
OC OA AC
|z1 z2 ||z1 | |z2 |
a a2 4
a a2 4
|z|
0
2
2
a a2 4
a a2 4
|z|
2
2
Ex.8 : Let z and be two complex numbers such

that
and
|z| 1, | | 1
the
z
equals
|z i||z i| 2,
(1)
Also,
a) 1 or i
OC OA AC
|z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |
(2)
b) i or i
c) 1 or 1
d) i or 1
Ans: C) |z i||z| |i||z| | | 2
combining (1) and (2),
|z| | | 2 arg z arg(i)
|z1 | |z2 | z1 z2 z1 z2
and |z|| | 1
Thus z1 z2 is the greatest possible value
Similarly, |z i| 2 |z||w| 1
arg z arg( i)
and |z1 | |z2 | is the least
z1 z 2
of
(1)
(2)
From (1) and (2), 2 arg (z) = arg (i.-i ) = 0

or 2
possible value of z1 z 2
Similarly in AOD,
arg (z) = 0 or z = 1
OD OA AD
|z1 z2 ||z1 | |z2 |
(3)
5.
ROTATION PRINCIPLE
Also, OD OA AD
z1 z2 |z1 | |z2 |
(4)
combining (3) and (4),
|z1 | |z2 | |z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |

Thus z1 z2 is the greatest possible value
of
z1 z 2
and
|z1 | |z2 |
is the least
possible value of z1 z 2 .
If z
1
a, then we have
z
1
1
|z| | | using triangle inequality
z
z

z z
z2 z0 z1 z0 ei . z2 z0
1
CB is obtained by rotating CA about C

through an angle in the anticlockwise
direction and multiplying by
CB
.
CA
(34)
Ex.9: The complex numbers z1 ,z2
and
z3
z1 z3 1 i 3
are the vertices

z 2 z3
2
satisfying
7.
LOCUS PROBLEMS
arg z z0 , is the ray from z0 with slope
tan
of a triangle which is
z x iy,z0 x0 iy 0
a) of area zero
y y0
arg z z0 tan1
x x0
y y0
tan
x x0
b) right angles isosceles

c)
equilateral
d) obtuse-angled isosceles
Ans: C)
z1 z3
ei/3
z 2 z3
(1)
eg: If arg (z z0) = and 0,
Using rotation principle,
z1 z3
z z
e i . 1 3
z2 z3
z2 z3
(2)
Compare (1) and (2) to get
, AC BC
3
equilateral triangle
6.
cos isin e
i
in
Ex.10. If arg z3/8 arg z2 z z , then |z|=

a) 1
Ans.A)
zc
d)
z zc z zc r2
arg z2 z z 2arg z3/8 arg z3/4
If
z2 z z
arg
0 arg z5/4 zz 1/4 0
z3/4
5/4
zz
1/4
z re r
5/4
r e
3/4
5i
4
5/4
x x c rcos
zc xc iy c ,
is
the
r2 .
parametrically
5 3/4
5
r sin 0
4
4
3/4
and
x xc y y c
It
represented
and
then
circle
can
y y c rsin
be
as
or
z zc rei , on combining both.
Compare the imaginary parts,
r5/4 sin
z x iy
|z zc | r
R
5i
4
|z zc | r is the circle of radius r and centre
1
2
b)
c)
(2)
So (1) and (2) together represent a ray and

not a line.
cosn isinn
1
2
(1)
also y y 0 0 and x x 0 0
DE-MOIVRES THEOREM
If n Z, then
n
y y0
tan .
x x0
|z z1 ||z z2 | is the perpendicular bisector

of the line joining z1 and z2.
r 1

(35)
|z z1 |2 |z z2 |2
z z1 z z1 z z2 z z2
|z|2 zz1 zz1 |z1 |2 |z|2 zz2 zz2 |z2 |2
z z2 z1 z z2 z1 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 0
Angle between line joining z 1 and z2 and the

line joining z3 and z4 is
z z
arg 1 2
z3 z4
Ex.11. z1 and z2 are two points on the curve
such
that
arg
z z 2|z 2|
z1 z2 3 , then lm z
z 1 t z1 tz2 , 0 t 1
This is the parametric representation of the
line segment joining z1 and z2.
a)
Ans:D)
d)
The
2x
z2
b)
c)
2
3
4
3
given
4 x 2 y
2
curve
is
y2 4 x 1
C divides the line joining A and B in the ratio
t : (1-t).
The complex slope of line joining z1 and z2 is

given by
z1 z2
z1 z2
This
Equation of line through z1 and z2
can
z2 1 t 22 i2t 2
arg z1 z2
2t 2 2t 1
tan
2
2
3
3
1 t2 1 t2
2
2
3 t1 t2
t1 t2
3
Im z1 z2 2 t 1 t 2
number
of
satisfying arg (z+3i)=
z z1 z 2 z1
z z1 z2 z1
parametrically
2
Let z1 1 t 1 i2t 1
Ex.12.The
equate the complex slope to get.
be
2
represented as x 1 t , y 2t
curve
complex
numbers
and arg (z-2)= is

4
3
a) 0
b) 1
c)
d) 3
Ans:A)
This can be re-written in determinant form as
z
z1
z2
z 1
z1 1 0
z2 1
Two lines are parallel if 1 2
Two lines are perpendicular if 1 2

(36)
arg z 3i
is the ray with slope tan

4
4
From (2),
starting from (0,-3)
arg z 2 is the ray with slope tan

3
3
and starting from (2,0)
arg z=
a) arg (z-1)
c)
arg z2 z
1
arg z 1
2
1
d)
arg z2 z
3
arg z2 z1 arg z3 z1 arg z3 z2
If z1, z2, z3 are in AP,
z2
Ans: B,D
z z2
z2 z1
and 3
are purely real.
z3 z1
z3 z1
Also,
b)
z 2 z1
is purely real
z3 z 2
Similarly
The two rays do not intersect. There is no

common z
Ex.13: If z is a point on the circle |z 1| 1, then
z2 z1 z2 z1
z3 z1 z3 z2
z1 z3
z1 ,z2 ,z3 are collinear and z2 is
2
the midpoint of the line segment joining z1

and z3.
Ex.14: The area of the triangle in the Argand

diagram formed by the points z,iz,z iz is
a) |z|2
c)
1 2
|z|
2
3 2
d)
|z|
4
b)
3 2
|z|
2
Ans: B)
Let arg z 1
arg z
arg z2 z argz arg z 1
3
2
1
1
argz arg z 1 arg z2 z
2
3
8.
THREE POINTS z1, z2, z3

The area formed by the triangle is
z1
1
z
2 2
z3
1
1
1
BC.CA |z||iz| |z|2
2
2
2
9.
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
If three points z1, z2 and z3 are collinear,
a) Area of the triangle is zero
z1
z2
z3
z1 1
z2 1 0
z3 1
(1)
b) Equate the complex slopes
z 2 z 1 z 3 z 2 z3 z1
z2 z1 z3 z2 z3 z1
(2)
(1) and (2) are essentially the same.

GENERAL EQUATION OF A LINE

The general equation of a straight line
(1)
az az b 0,bR
z x iy, a a1 ia2
2a1 x 2a2y b 0 is the line
(2)
Compare this with the equation of the line

through z 1 and z 2
z z1 z1 z 2
z z1 z1 z2
z z1 z2 z z2 z1 z2 z1 z1 z2 0
(3)
So the complex slope of the line (1) is
(37)
a
coefficient of z
a
coefficient of z
PM |z1 z2 |
Ex.15 Let bz bz c,b 0 be a line in the
Real slope of the line (1) is
Re a
a
m 1
a2
lm a
complex plane. The reflection of point z1 on

the line is
c bz1
c bz1
a)
b)
b
b
c bz1
c bz1
c)
d)
b
b
a a 1
m i
i
a a 1
| az1 az1 b|
2|a|
Two lines a1 z a1z b1 0, with complex

slope 1 and a2 z a2z b2 0, with
Ans:
A)
z1
complex slope 2 are given.

The lines are parallel if m1 m2 1 2
bzbzc
The lines are perpendicular if
m1m2 1 1 2 0
The length of the perpendicular drawn from

a point z1 to the line az az b 0
z2
Let z2 be the reflection. Let any point on the

line be z. We have,
|z z1 ||z z2 |
z z1 z z1 z z2 z z2
z z2 z1 z z2 z1 |z2 |2 |z1 |2
PM
az1 az1 b
compare with the given line,

z2 z1 z2 z1 |z2 |2 |z1 |2
b
b
c
We have,
z z z z z z
b z2 bz1 2 1 2 2 1 1
2
2
|z | |z1 |
c bz1
2
c z2
2|a|
Let M(z2) be the foot of the perpendicular
az2 az 2 b 0
(1)
Equation of line PM is
z z2 z1 z z1 z2 z2 z1 z1 z2 0
z1 z 2
z1 z2
10. TRIANGLE WITH VERTICES z1, z2, z3
PM is perpendicular to the given line
az az b 0
1 2 0
z1 z2 a
0
z1 z2 a
az2 az1 a1z2 az1
(2)
(2) in(1) az1 az2 az1 az2 b 0
az1 az1 b
2a
2az1 az1 az1 b
z1 z2
2a
z1 z2 z3
3
az bz2 cz3
Incentre zi 1
a bc
a |z2 z3 |,b |z3 z1 |,c |z1 z2 |
Centroid zg
In a triangle centroid (G) divides the line

joining the orthocentre (H) and the
circumcentre (S) in the ratio 2:1
z2

3zg 2zs zh
(38)
If
in
triangle
|z1 z2 | |z2 z3 | |z1 z3 |

2
triangle is right angled
then
the
at z2. Also
z h z2
zs
z1 z2 z1 z2 z2 z3 z2 z3
z3 z1 z3 z1
z1 z3
2
Ex.16. ABC is a triangle formed by the complex

number z1 ,z2 ,z3 respectively. The value of
sinA icosA is
z2 z1 z3 z1
z3 z1 z2 z1
a)
b)
z2 z1
z3 z1
c)
z3 z1 z3 z1
z2 z1 z2 z1
d)
z3 z1
z2 z1
z z
z z
1
1
1 2,
2 3
z1 z2
z2 z3
and
z z
1
3 1
z3 z1
(1)
1
1
1
0
z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
(2)
Multiply throughout by
z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
z3 z1
z2 z1
z2 z3 z3 z1 z3 z1 z1 z2
z1 z2 z2 z3 0
(3)
On simplification,
z2 z1
z3 z1
z12 z22 z32 z1z2 z2z3 z3z1
(4)
This can be rewritten as
Ans:A)
z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
2
0 (5)
And also as,
z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
2
Each of the equations (1) to (6) is necessary

and sufficient condition for a triangle with
vertices z1, z2 and z3 to be equilateral.
From figure, to show that ABC is equilateral,

it is sufficient that C=/3 and AC= CB.
z3 z1 b iA
e
z 2 z1 c
Hence,
c z z
eiA 3 1 cos A isin A
b z2 z1
sin A icos A
11. EQUILATERAL
ic z3 z1
b z2 z1
TRIANGLE
(6)
WITH
z 2 z3
ei/3
z1 z3
z1 z3
e i/3 ei53 ei .ei2/3
z2 z3
where ei2/3
VERTICES
z1,z2,z3
z1 z3 z2 z3
z 1 z 2 1 z 3 0
z1 z2 2z3 0 (since 1 2 0 )
...(7)
(7) is a sufficient condition
Now,
z1 z2 z3
|z1 z2 ||z2 z3 ||z3 z1 |

|z1 z2 |2 |z2 z3 |2 |z3 z1 |2
z12 z22 z32 2z1z2 z2z3 z3z1
z1 z2 z2 3 z12 z22 z32

2
(8)
(39)
z1 b c z 2 c a z 3 a b 0
(using (4))
We have
(3)
z z z
zg 1 2 3
3
(3) can be written in determinant form as
z12 z22 z32 3z2g
z1
z2
z3
(9)
where zg is the centroid

12. RIGHT ANGLED ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
a 1
b 1 0
c 1
(4)
(3) can also be re-written as
a z2 z3 b z3 z1 c z1 z2 0 (5)
We also have
|a b|
|b c|
|c a
k
|z1 z2 | |z2 z 3 | |z3 z1 |
BCA = /2
AC = BC
|a b|2 k2 |z1 z2 |2 k2 z1 z2 z1 z2
z 2 z3
ei/2 i
z1 z3
|b c|2 k2 |z2 z3 |2 k2 z2 z3 z2 z3
|c a|2 k2 |z3 z1 |2 k2 z3 z1 z3 z1
z 2 z3 i z1 z3
z1 iz2 1 i z3 0
(1)
Also z2 z3 z1 z3
2
z1 z3 z2 z3 0
2
z1 z2
2 z1 z3 z3 z2
|a b|2 |b c|2 |c a|2
0
z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
Also,
(2)
On simplification
2
(6)
(3)
13. SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Two triangles with vertices z1, z2, z3 and a,b,c
are similar.
(7)
|a b|2 |b c|2 |c a|2
0 (8)
z1 z2
z2 z3 z3 z1
Ex.17.If the complex number z1 ,z2 ,z3 represent

the vertices of an equilateral triangle such that
|z1 ||z2 ||z3 |, then
a)
z1 z2 z3 0
b)
z12 z22 z32 0
c)
z1z2 z2z3 z3z1 0
d)
z12 z2z3
Ans: A,B,C,D)
|z1 ||z2 ||z3 | OA OB OC O
is the
circumcentre. The centroid is O.

z z z
1 2 3 0 z1 z2 z3 0
3
2
z1 z22 z32 0 and z1z2 z2z3 z3z1 0
z1 z2 a b
z3 z2
cb
z1 z2
ab
arg
cb
z3 z2
arg
Also z12 z2z3

14. PARALLELOGRAM
z1 z2 a b
z3 z2 c b
(1)
z1 1 z2 z3
a 1 b c
(2)
From (1),
(40)
z1 z3 z2 z4
obtained by interchanging z 1 and z 2 in the
From the midpoints of diagonals, we have

(1)
2|z
expressions of z 3 and z 4 .
In a parallelogram, 2 a2 b2 d12 d22

2
z4 z2 z3 z1
2
2
2 z1 | |z3 z2 |
16. CIRCLES
|z zc | r can also be written as
z zc z zc r2 |z|2
2Rezzc |zc |2 r2 0
(2)
15. SQUARE
z1+z3 = z2 +z4 (from midpoints of diagonals)
|z1 z2 ||z2 z3 ||z3 z4 ||z4 z1 |
The equation of the circle described on the

line segment joining z1 and z2 as diameter is
(since
sides are equal)
|z1 z3 ||z2 z4 |
(since
diagonals
are
|z z1 |2 |z z2 |2 |z1 z2 |2
equal)
(since AP2 BP2 AB2 )
z z
z2 z4
1 3 (since diagonals are
z2 z4
z1 z3
This can also be written in another form as

follows:
perpendicular)
AP BP
z z
z z
2 4 2 4 0
z1 z3 z1 z3
z z1
z z
2 4 is purely imaginary
z1 z3
z 2 1 i z1 i
z z2
z z1

z z1
z z2
z z2 z z2 z z1 0 (2)
Another way to express this is
|z zc | r
Ex.18 Two vertices of a square are z1 and z2. The

other vertices can be
a) z1 1 i z2i
b) z2 1 i z2i
c)
(1)
where zc
z1 z2
and r |z 1 z2 |
2
The equation is
d) z1 1 i z2i
Ans: A,B,C,D)
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
2
2
z z1 z z2 |z1 z2 |
(3)
It can be verified that (1), (2) and (3)

represent the same equation.
Rotation about z1 gives

z 4 z1 z 2 z1 i
z 4 z1 1 i z 2 i
z3 z1 z2 z4
z3 z4 z1 z2
The general equation of circle is
zz az az b 0, bR
z x iy
a a1 ia2
x 2 y 2 2a1 x 2a 2 y b 0
z3 iz1 1 i z2
centre is a1 , a 2 a
We can form another square with vertices

z1 ,z2 ,z5 and z6 where z 5 and z 6 are
radius a12 a22 b |a|2 b

2
Since r R , |a| b
(41)
Ex.19: ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in the

circle |z| r, with BC=BA. If z1 ,z2 ,z3
represents A, B, C respectively then
zz
a) z2 z1z3
b) z2 1 3
z1 z3
c)
z2
2z1z2
z1 z 2
2z1z2
z1 z 2
Ex.21 The least positive argument of z, if
|z 1 2i| 1 is
z
a)
tan1 2
4
b) tan 1
3
c)
3
tan 1
4
d)
d) z2 z1 z3
Ans:A)
Ans.C)
COB AOB
z3 z 2 e i
The least positive argument corresponds to

point z.
z2 z1ei
Dividing both,
z3 z2
z22 z1z2
z2 z1
Ex.20 A z1 and B z 2 be two points on the

circle |z| r . The point of intersection of
tangents at A and B is
2z1z2
a)
b)
z1z2
z1 z2
c)
z1z2
z1 z2
d) z1 z2
Ans:B)
1 2 z z 2 z 1 z z1
Ex.22.If |z 1| 1 , arg z ,0
z 2
z
a) itan
c) tan
Ans:A)
, then
2
b) icot
d) cot
z 0 i OP
e .
cos isin cos
20
OQ
z 2cos cos isin
Rotation of AO about A gives

z z1 d i/2
e
(1)
0 z1 r
Rotation of PB and B gives
0 z2 r i/2
e
(2)
z z2 d
2
1
tan ,tan
1
2
tan tan
3
tan
1 tan tan 4
z 2
2
1
1 1
2
z
cos isin cos
z2
cos isin
1
i tan
cos
zz1 z1z2 zz2 z1z2

(42)
Ex.23.For
all
complex
numbers
z1 ,z2
satisfying |z1 | 12 and |z2 3 4i| 5 , the

minimum value of |z1 z2 | is
This will represent a circle if r |a|2 b R+
|a |2 b
z1 z2 z1 z2 2|z1 |2 2|z2 |2 2k
a) 0
b) 2
c) 7
d) 17
Ans: B)
|z1 z2 ||z1 z2 3 4i 3 4i
1
z z z z
2 1 2 1 2
1
k |z1 z2 |2
2
k
|z1 | |z2 3 4i| |3 4i|

12 5 5
=2
z z1
k, k 1, represents a circle.
z z2
|z z1 |2 k 2 |z z2 |2
Alternate solution
|z|2 2Rezz1 |z1 |2 k 2 |z|2 2Rezz2 |z2 |2
1 k 2 |z|2 Re z z1 k 2z2
z 1 is any point the circumference of the outer

circle and z 2 is any point the circumference of
the inner circle. The minimum value of
|z1 z2 | lies along the line joining their
centers and
= 12-10 =2.
is equal to AB=C2B-C2A
|z z1 |2 |z z2 |2 k
z z1
|z2 |2 |z1 |2
2
2
2
2
z k z2
k |z2 | |z1 |
|z|2 2Re z 1
2
1 k2
1 k
z k 2z2
z1 k 2z2
|z| 2Re z 1
2
1 k2
1 k
k 2 |z2 |2 |z1 |2 z1 k 2z2
1 k2
1 k2
z z1 z z2 z z2 k
|z|2 |z1 |2 zz1 zz1 |z|2 |z2 |2 zz2 zz2 k 0
2|z|2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 zz1 zz1 zz2 zz2 k 0

z z z z |z | |z2 | k
|z|2 z 1 2 z 1 2 1
0
2
2
2
This is in the form,
|z|2 az az b 0
z1 z 2
where a
z k 2z2
z1 k 2z2
|z|2 2Re z 1
2
1 k2
1 k
17. MORE ON LOCUS PROBLEMS
k 2 |z1 z2 |2
|1 k 2 |2
2
z k 2z 2
k 2 |z1 z2 |2
z 1
2
|1 k 2 |2
1k
z k 2z2 k |z1 z2 |
z 1
2
|1 k 2 |
1k
(1)
This represents a circle with centre zc and radius

r, where
z1 k 2z2
1 k2
k |z1 z2 |
r
|1 k 2 |
zc
|z1 |2 |z2 |2 k
2

(43)
Now consider the points
z4
z3
z1 kz2
1k
and
z1 kz2
. Clearly z3 and z4 lie on the line
1k
through z1 and z2.

Also, zc
z3 z4
2
Hence the circle in (1) has the line joining z 3 and

z4, as a diameter.
z2 z3
z4 z1
arg
z2 z1
z4 z3
arg
z3 and z4 represent the points C and D which

divide AB internally and externally
respectively in the ratio k:1
AC AD
k
CB DB
BA BC BD BA
BC
BD
2BD.BC
BA
BD BC
|z2 z3 |,|z1 z2 | and |z2 z4 | are in HP
z z1
arg
z z2
is purely real. (1)
Similarly, B + D = also gives the same

result.
Also, using Ptolemys theorem, which states

that the product of the lengths of the
diagonals of a convex cyclic quadrilateral is
equal to the sum of the products of the
lengths of the two pairs of its sides, we have
AC.BD = AD.BC+AB.CD
|z1 z3 ||z3 z4 ||z1 z2 ||z3 z4 | |z1 z 4 ||z2 z3 |
This circle is known as an Apollonius circle.

The point z3 and z4 are said to be harmonic
conjugates with respect to A and B.
z4 z1 z2 z3
z2 z1 z4 z3
Using the concept in (1), we can write the

equation of circle passing through three
points z1, z2, z3 as
z z1 z2 z3 z z1 z2 z3
z2 z1 z z3 z2 z1 z z3
|z z1 | |z z2 |
This is an ellipse with foci at z and z2 and the
length of major axis = , if |z1 z2 | , since
This is an arc of a circle in which the chord

joining z1 and z2, subtends an angle at any
point on the arc.
in an ellipse, SP+S1P =2a, SS1 = 2ae and e <1.

This is the line segment joining z1 and z2 if
|z1-z2| =.
|z z1 | |z z2 | , represents a hyperbola
with foci z1 and z2, and length of transverse
axis=,if |z1 z2 | , since in a hyperbola
If
, it is the major arc

2
If > /2, it is the minor arc
|SP S1P| 2a,SS1 2ae and e >1

Ex.24. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral inscribed in
the circle |z| r. If z1 ,z2 ,z3 ,z 4 are the
If =/2, it is a semicircle
If 0 or , it is the straight line through z1
and z2.
vertices A, B, C, D respectively and AC BD,

then
a) z1z3 z2z4 0 b) z1z3 z2z4
Concyclic points : Let ABCD be a cyclic

quadrilateral such that A(z 1), B(z2), C(z3) and
D(z4) lie on a circle. Clearly A+C = .
c)

z1 z3
zz
2 4 0
z1 z3 z 2 z 4
(44)
d)
z1 z3
zz
2 4
z1 z3 z 2 z 4
Similarly nth roots of unity are the roots of

the equation zn 1 0 .
Ans:A)
i
i
i
i
Let z1 re 1 ,z2 re 2 ,z3 re 3 ,z 4 re 4
AC BD .
Also z1
1
1
1
1
, z2 , z3 , z4
z1
z2
z3
z4
z z
z3 z1
2 4
z3 z1
z2 z4
z1z3 z2z4 0
The nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle

|z| 1 and are the vertices of a regular
polygon of n sides inscribed in the circle.
The
roots
2
i
n
are
1, , 2 ,..., n1 ,
where
ei . The roots form a G.P with a
common ratio =.
1 2 ...n1 0 and n 1
1
r r nr ,r 0,1,... n 1
18. ROOTS OF UNITY 1 ei0 ei2k
2
n
ei0 and ei are the square roots of unity (1)
ei0 ,ei/2 ,ei ,ei3/2 are the fourth roots of

unity 1, i
ei0 ,ei2/3 ,ei4 /3 are the cube roots of unity
n n1
i2 n n1
.
2
1..2 ....n1
If
the
nth
roots
by 1,z1, z2, zn-1
(1,,2)
e n
ei
are
n1
n1
represented
1 z 1z z1 z z2 ... z zn1
Taking logarithm on both sides in the above

result,
n zn 1 n z 1 n z z1 ... n z zn1
On differentiating,
nzn 1
1
1
1
1
...
n
z z n 1
z 1 z 1 z z1 z z 2
zn 1
lim z z1 z z2 ... z zn1
z1 z 1
z1
1 z1 1 z2 1 z3 ... 1 z n1 n
lim
n1p
ei2/3 , 2 ei4 /3 ei2/3
1
2 2 ,1 2 0, | | 1 .
1 z1p z2p ...znp1 1 p 2p 3p ...

i2
Cube roots of unity are the roots of the

3
equation z3 1 or z 1 0
z 1 z z 0
2

np
np 1 e n 1 ei2p 1
1
1
1
0, if p is not an integral multiple of n
=
n, if p is an integral multiple of n,
since each term in the sum is 1
(45)
The sum of 6 consecutive terms = 0
z 1
z z1 z z2 ... z zn1
z 1
z 1
n
n 1
n 1
The nth roots of any complex number
z rei is
z1/n
z i iz2
z3 i since z 0
z3 i3 z i,i,i2
19. USEFUL TRIGONOMETRY RESULTS
cos cos2 cos3 .... cosn
i2k
n
r e .e
k 0,1,...n 1
r 1
Ex.26: No. of non-zero z satisfying z iz2 is

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Ans:C)
(1)
z iz2
Taking conjugate
(2)
z iz 2
Substitute (1) in (2)
2k
2k
r1/n cos
isin
n
n
1/n i/n
r1
0 1 1 8 8
0,if n is even
1 z1 1 z2 ..... 1 z n 1
1,if n is odd
2010
t r t r t 2011 t 2012 t 2013
1 z 1 z ...1 z
1
2013
n
sin
2 cos n 1
2
sin
2
The product of nth roots of any complex

number rei .e
2 n n1
.
n
2
n1
i n1
ze z 1
Ex25: If x2 x 1 0, then
2013
r 1
n
sin
2 sin n 1
sn
2
1

xr
a) 0
b) 1
c) 1
d) -
2
Ans:D) x x 1 0 x , 2
3
t r xr r
x
1 cos n isin n
1 cos isin
n
n
n1
cos
k 0
t 4 4 4 1

t 5 5 5 1

t 6 6 6 8


2k
2k
isin
n
n
t 3 3 3 8

1 ei/n
ei/n
i /n
1
t 1
1

t 2 2 2 1

sin sin2 sin3 ... sinn
n 1
2k
n
k 0
n1
cos
k 0
n1
and
i2n
e 1
i2
0
n
e 1
2k
0
n
sin
k 0
2k
0
n
(46)
Ex.27:The value of sin

a)
c)
1
2
7
2
2
4
8
=
sin
sin
7
7
7
1
b)
2
7
d)
2
x y z x y 2z x 2y z
Ex.28 Let ei2/3 and a,b,c,x,y,z be no-zero
complex numbers such that a+b+c=x,
a b c2 y, a b2 c z . Then the
value of
| x |2 | y |2 |z|2
|a|2 |b|2 |z|2
is
Ans:C)
Let e
unity
i2
7
, the complex seventh root of
2
4
8
cos
cos
C Re 2 4
7
7
7
2
4
8
sin sin
sin
S lm 2 4
7
7
7
C iS 2 4
(1)
2
4
6
5
C iS 3 (2)
(1) + (2)
2C 2 3 4 5 6 1
1
C
2
Now, C2 S2 2 4 6 5 3
cos
1
3
c) 1
d) 3
xx yy zz
Ans:D) 2
|a| |b|2 |c|2
a) 0
3 |a|2 |b|2 |c|2

|a| |b| |c|
2
Ex.29. If 1 be a cube root of unity then the

minimum value of a b c2 , whose a,b
and c are all not equal integers is
a)
b)
c) 1
1
2
d) 0
Ans:C) z a b c
z2 a b c2 a b c2 a b2 c
2
2
2
1
a b b c c a
2
This has minimum value of 1 for a = b=1, c=2.
x3 1 x 1 x x 2
x2 1 x i x i
x2 y2 x iy x iy
x y x y x y x y
x3 1 x 1 x x 2
x3 y3 x y x y x 2y
x2 y 2 z2 xy yz zx
Ex.30. Let N 2013 2013 1. Then N is

7
|a|2 |b|2 |c|2
b)
a b c a b c a b c2 a b2 c a b2 c a b c2
1 3 6 1 2 4 4 5 1 2
7
S2 2 C2
4
7
S
2
2
8
2
sin sin
sin sin 0
7
7
7
7
7
S 0S
2
20. FACTORIZATION
x3 y 3 z3 3xyz
a) prime
b) even composite
c) odd composite d) none of these
Ans.C)
N is odd
Let f x x7 x2 1

x x x
f 0 and f 2 0
2
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
2

x 1 is a factor of
x7 x2 1
2013 2013 1 is factor of N

2
(47)
6. If z = x+iy satisfy arg(z 1) = arg (z+3i),

then the value of (x 1): y is equal to
SECTION I
SINGLE ANSWER TYPE
1. If z is a complex number such that
which of the
arg z , then
2
2
following inequality is true?
a) z z | z || arg z arg z |
b) z z | arg z arg z |
c) z z | z || arg z arg z |
2. Let z1 and z2 be two complex

numbers and 1,1,2,3,,n 1 be the
nth roots of unity, then the value of
z
k 0
2
1
k z2
is
a) | z 1 | 2 | z 2 | 2
c) 0
b) | z | | z |
d) n | z | | z |
1
z2
3. If arg
, then |z zi| is equal
z 2 4
to
4. If
b)
c) 2
d) 2 2
and
zw
,
k 2 zw
c) k
d) none of
5. If n1,n2 are positive integers, then

1
1 i3
1 i
n1
5 n2
1 i7
real, then the set of values of z, is

a) |z| = 1, z2
b) |z| = 1, z 1
c) z z
d) none of these
c)
a) ii b) i
these
d) none of
9. If a,b and c are real numbers and is

a non real non real cube root of
unity
such
that
1
1
1
3 then
a) 0
b) 3
c) 3
d)32
10. cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 equals

11
b)
11
11
1
2
c)
11
11
1
2
d) none of these
1
lie on
b) n1+1 = n2
(x-x0)2 + (y y0)2 = r2 and (x

x0)2+(yy0)2= 4r2, respectively. If z0 = x0
+ iy satisfies the equation 2 |z0|2 = r2 +
2, then || =
n2
a)
is a real number if and only if

a) n1 = n2+1
n1 = n2
1 z
circles
these
1 in
the condition that w wz is purely
11. Let complex number and
then Re() equals

a)0
7. If w = +i , where 0, z1 satisfies
a) 0
k >0, |z| = |w| = k
k
b)
2
d) none of
a b c
a
b
c
equals
a b c
a) 3 2
c) 1:3
b)1:3
8. Which of the following is a non real

number?
d) none of these
n 1
a)2 :1
these
c)
d) n1,n2 are any two positive numbers
b)
1
2
c)
1
7
d)
1
3
12. If for the complex numbers z1 and z2

| 1 z1 z 2 | 2 | z 1 z 2 | 2 k (1 | z 1 | 2 )(1 | z 2 | 2 ),
then k is equal to
a) 1
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
(48)
13. If z is a non real root of

7
d) max | z |
1 (seventh root of 1) then z86 + z175 +
z289 is equal to
14. If i
c) 3
d) 1
1, is non real cube root of
unity then
(1 i) 2 n (1 i) 2 n
is
(1 4 2 )(1 4 2 )
equal to
b) 0 for all n z
a) 0 if n is even
c) 2n1. i for all n N d) none of these

15. If z is point on the argand plane such
that
z2
|z 1| = 1, then
is equal
z
to
a) tan (arg z)
b) cot (arg z)
c) i tan (arg z)
d) none of these
16. Let z be a complex number such that the

imaginary part of z is non zero and a =
z2+z+1 is real. Then a cannot take the
value
a) 1
1
b)
3
1
c)
2
3
a) cos ec 8.e
c) cos ec 8.e
1) is
i 24
2
i 36
2
3
b) cos ec 8e
19. If z
i 24
2
d) cos ec 8.e
i 24
2
MULTIPLE OPTION TYPE

18. If z satisfies | z 1 2i | 1, then
3
i) min (arg z) tan
4
1
ii) max (arg z)
iii) min | z | 5 1
z 2 z1
d) (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv)
, where z1 = 1+2i and
z2 = 1 i then
i) | z |
1
26
2
ii) arg z tan 1
1
65
2
iii) | z |
c) (iii) and (iv)
19
17
iv) arg z tan 1 19

17
a) (i) and (iv)
b) (ii) and (iv)

d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
20. Z0 is a root of the equation

1
zncos0+zn
=2
cos1 ++z cosn
1+cosn
where i R, then
i) |z0|<1
1
4
a) (i) and (iv)

c) (iii) and (iv)
ii) z 0
1
2
iv) z 0
3
2
b) (ii) and (iv)

21. If |z1|=1, |z2|=2,|z3|=5 and

|z| = |z2z3+4z3z1+25z1z2|, then
i) |z|20
ii) |z|20
iii)|z|80
iv)|z|80
a) (i) and (iv)

SECTION II
b) (ii) and (iv)
z 2 z1
iii) z 0
3
d)
4
17. The trigonometric form of z = (1 icot

8)3 (where i
a) (i) and (iv)

c) (iii) and (iv)
b) 1
a) 0
5 1
c) (iii) and (iv)

22. Let w
b) (ii) and (iii)

3i
and P = {wn, n = 1, 2, 3,
2
} Further H1 = { Z C : Re Z >
H2 = { Z C : Re Z <
1
} and
2
1
}, where C is the
2
set of all complex numbers . If Z1 P

H1,
Z2 P H2 and o represents the
origin, then Z1 0 Z2 =
(49)
i)
ii)
iii)
a) (i) and (iv)
S sin
i) C
iv)
5
6
Column I
ez = 2
ez 1 3 i
ez =e2
ez = 1
2
4
8
and
cos cos
7
7
7
2
4
8
sin
sin , then
7
7
7
1
2
ii) S
1
2
a) (i) and (iv)
| z 1 | 3. If one of the vertex of the

square 1 3i, then which of the
following are the vertices of the square ?
ii)
iii) 1 3
iv) 1 3
a) (i), (iii) and (iv)

c) (iii) and (iv)
3i
b) (ii) and (iii)
25. If 1, z1, z2, .., zn1 be nth roots of unity

and be a non real complex cube root of
n 1
can be equal to
(
z
)
r
r 1
i) 0
iii) 1
ii) 1
a) (i) and (iv)
iv) 1 +
b) (ii) and (iii)
c) (iii) and (iv)
(2n 1)i n I
log 2 2ni n I
c) Ap;Br;Cq;Ds
d) none of these
SECTION IV
24. A square is inscribed in the circle
i) 1 3i
2n 1)
log 2 i
n I
b) Ar;Bq;Cp;Ds
b) (ii) and (iii)
c) (iii) and (iv)
2 2ni n I
a)As;Bq;Cp;Dr
7
iv) S
2
1
iii) C
2
unity, then
Column II
b) (ii) and (iii)
c) (iii) and (iv)

23. Let C cos
2
3
ASSERTION REASON TYPE

a) if statement I and statement II are true
and statement II is a correct
explanation of statement I
b) if statement I and statement II are
true but statement II is not a correct
explanation of statement I
c) if statement I is true and statement II
is false
d) if statement I is false and statement II
is true
27. Statement I:The complex numbers z1,z2
and the origin form an equilateral
triangle iff
z1 z 2
1
z 2 z1
Statement II : The complex numbers

z1,z2,z3 form an equilateral triangle iff
z12+z22+z32 = z1z2+z2z3+z3z1
SECTION III
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
26. For z = x+iy , define ez=ex(cosy+i sin y) .
The set of complex number z such that
28. Statement I : The complex number
i
z i sin will be
6
pure
real
number
Statement II : The complex number
(50)
z = x+iy, x,yR is called pure real if y

=0
a)
2 3
2 3
b)
2
2
c)
3 3
2
SECTION V
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
Consider the complex number z1 and
z2
satisfying the
|z1|2+|z2|2
relation
INTEGER TYPE
|z1+z2|2 =
29. Complex number z 1 z 2 is

a) purely real
b) purely imaginary
c) zero
d) none of these
z x iy , x 1 , y R 1 x , then
2
the number of values of z satisfying

|z|n = z2|z|n
is
a)1
z1
is
z2
a) purely real
b) purely imaginary
c) zero
d) none of these
b) 1
+z|z|n2+1 (nN,n>1)
c) 2
d)0
MATHEMATICS FOR
GADVANCE EXAMINATION
31. One of the possible arguments of the
TOPIC COMPLEX NUMBERS
complex number i 1
z2
KEY & HINTS

1. A)
2. C)
3. D)
4. A)
5. D)
6. B)
7. B)
8. C)
9. A)
10. B)
11. C)
12. A)
13. B)
14. A)
15. C)
16. D)
17. A)
18. D)
19. A)
20. D)
21. B)
22. C)
23. C)
24. A)
Z 1 3i
S 2 Z C : Im
0 and
1 3i
25. D)
26. A)
27. A)
28. A)
29. B)
30. B)
S3 = { Z C : R e Z > 0}
31. C)
32.i)B) ii) C)
33. B)
a)
b)
c) 0 d) none of these
SECTION VI
32.
Paragraph Type
S = S1 S2 S3, where
Let
S1 = { Z C : |Z| < 4}
i) Area of S =
10
a)
3
32
3
ii)
3 3
2
SECTION VII
33. If
30. Complex number
d)
min
ZS
20
b)
3
16
c)
3
d)
|1 3i Z | =

1. Let z re i r cos i sin
2
2
z re i r cos i sin
z z r e i e i 2ir sin
(51)
2 | i || r || sin | 2r | sin |
2|z||| sin | |
= |z||2|
5.
z z | z | arg z arg z
2.
z
k 0
n 1
k z 2 z 1 k z 2 z 1 k z 2
2
z 1 z1 z 1 z 2 k z1 z 2 k k k z 2 z 2
k 0
z1 z 2
k 0
n 1
k 0
0 and |k|2 k k 1
3. Let z = x+iy
x 2 yi

arg
x 2 yi 4
x 2 4 y 2 4 yi
2
2
x 2 y
4
arg
n1
22 e
n1
1 i 1 1 i 2 1 i
n
in 1
4
n1
22 e
in 1
4
n2
2 2 e
2
n 1
2
2
4
2 2 2 cos
in 2
4
n2
n2
2 2 e
in 2
4
n 2
2 cos 4 (1)
As (1) R n1,n2I
1 1 2 ... n 1 0
1 i n
k 0
n 1
n 1
0
2
Re()
= |z||arg z arg z |
n 1
k 2 zw
k 2 z w
4y
tan 1
2
4
x 4 y
6. arg(z1)= arg(z+3i)
Let z = x+iy
y
1 y 3
tan 1
tan
x 1
x
y
y 3
0
x
tan 1 x 1
y y 3
1

x 1 x
xy (x1)(y+3) =0
3(x1)= y
(x1):y = 1:3
x2+(y2)2 = 8
w wz
be purely real
1 z
7. Let z1
x y 2i 2 2
z 1 z1
z 2i 2 2
4. |z|= |w|= k
w wz w wz
1 z
1 z
w wz wz wz.z w zw wz wz.z
k
z
2
zw
w wz k
2
2
k zw
k 2 k z w
k 2 z
w
2
k2
w
zw
zw
2
z 2
2
k
k zw k zw
k2
w
z

w w w w z 0
2
|z|2 =1 (as w w 0, 0)
|z| =1 and z1
i
i
8. i i e 2 e 2 real

(52)
i 2
e 3 e 3 real
OB = ||, OC =
1
2
1
2
cos
cos
| |
a
a 0
10. Let
1
, z= ei and e i
11
z
z11 = ei = 1 z11 + 1 =0
1
7
12. | 1 z1 z 2 | 2 | z 1 z 2 | 2 k (1 | z 1 | 2 )(1 | z 2 | 2 )
1 | z1 z 2 | 2 ( z1 z 2 z1 z 2 ) | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2
z1 z1 z1 z k (1 | z 2 | 2 )(1 | z1 |) 2
1
a
1

0
a
a
1
r2
2
||
1
z | z0 |
||
| z 0 |2
3
e e non real
a 0
| z 0 | 2 | | 2 r 2
z | z 0 || |
For OCD,
i 2 i 3
i 2 .i 3
.
3 2
e 3 2
e
3 1 1 1
9.

For OBD,
1
3
i
2 2
i 3
i 3
2
2
i 23
e
i
3
1
3
i
2 2
1
1
||
1 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2 (z1 z 2 z1 z 2 )
( z 1 z 2 z1 z 2 )
k (1 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2 | z1 | 2 | z 2 | 2 ) k = 1.
13. z7 = 1
(z+1)(z10 z9+z8 z7 + z+1) =0
z 86 z175 z 289 z.84 z 2 z175 z 287 .z 2
(z 7 )12 z 2 (z 7 ) 25 (z 7 ) 41 z 2
1
1
1
1
1
z z 1 z5 5 z 4 4 z3 3 z 2 2 z 1 0
z
z
z
z
z
cos
(1)12 z 2 (1) 25 (1) 41 z 2
1
1
z
2
z
1
1
cos n z n n
2
z
11.
= z2 1 z2 = 1.
14.
(1 i) 2n (1 i) 2n
(2i) n (2i) n
(1 4 2 )(1 4 2 ) (22 )(2)
C
B 2V
r
D
2 n [i n (1) n i n ] n2 n
= 2 i [1 + (1)n+1]
4
If n is even then , given expression = 0

If n is odd then, given expression=2n1in.
15. |z 1| = 1 z 1 = ei
z = 1 + ei

(53)
z1
z 2 e i 1 (cos 1) i sin
i
z
e 1 (cos 1) i sin
18.
cos i sin
2
2 i tan
i tan

2
2
cos i sin
2
2
z=1+
ei
2 cos
i / 2
arg z
e
2
2
D
A
1+2i
C
= (1 + cos) + isin
z1 i tan
19. z
i tan(argz) .
2
16. let z = x + iy
Im (x + iy) 0
1 2i 1 i 1 2i 4 7i
1 i 1 2i
1 3i
17 19
i
10 10
| z |
y0
a = (x + iy)2 + (x + iy) + 1
(x2 y2 +x+1a)+iy (2x + 1) = 0 (1)
1
26
2
19
arg z tan 1
17
20. z n cos0 z n 1 cos1 ... cos n 2
It is purely real .
If y (2x + 1) = 0
2 | z 0 | n | cos 0 | | z n 1 || cos 1 | ...
But Im z is non zero
| z n 2 || cos 2 | ... | cos n |
2x + 1 = 0 or
2|z0|n+|z0|n1++|z0|+1
1
x
2
2 < |z0|n+|z0|n1 + +
2
From (1) 1 y 2 1 1 a 0
4
a y 2
3
3
a .
4
4
z0
17. z = (1 i cot 8)3
ez = 2 ez= e(ln2+i2n)
cosec 8 cos 8 sin 8
cosec 3 8cos 24 i sin 24
2
3
24
2
cosec 3 8.e i
i 24
2
1
2
21. ez = ex.eiy
= cosec38 (sin8 icos8)3
cos ec 3 8.e
1
1 | z 0 |
z= (ln2)+i(2n)
i
1
3
e z 1 3 i 2
i 2e 3
2 2
z ln 2 i 2n
e z e 2 e z e 2 .e i 2 n
z 2 i2n

(54)
z 1 1 3i 1 1i 1, i,i
e z 1 e z e i 2 n 1 z = i(2n+1)
22.
z 1 3i, 1 3i,1 3 ,1 3
A3
B1
z=
0 1
B2
A2
z1 1 3i
A1
B3
25. xn 1= (x1)(xz1)(x z2).(xzn 1)
x=1/2
x=1/2
3 i
w
e i / 6 w n e in / 6
2
put x =
n 1
For Z1, cos
6 2
if
0,
n 1
n 1
1,
if
( z r ) 1
1 , if
r 1
n
1
For Z2, cos
6
2
possible position of Z1 are A1, A2, A3
where as of Z2 are B1, B2, B3
Z1 0Z 2
2 5
or .
3
6
23. C + is = ei + ei2 + ei4, where
2C = + 2 + 3 +.+ 6
1 7

6
1
( 1) 1
1 C
1
1
2
z1 1 i 3
or 2
z2
2
z1
1
z2
Also z1 = or 2
1 7
7
.
S 20 S
2
4 4
2
z2 = 2 or and z3 =0
24. A square is a regular polygon of 4 sides.
z z0
11 / 4
z1 z 0
0,z1,z2 form an equilateral triangle
= 1 + 6 + 4 + + 1 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 1
put
z
1 1 0
z2
z
arg 1
z2
(C + is) (C is) = C2 + S2
So
n 3k 2
|z1| = |z2|
n 3k 1 , k Z.
z1 z 2
1
z 2 z1
z
1
z2
C is = 6 + 5 + 3
27.
n 3k
z12 z1z2+z22 =0
C + is = + 2 + 4, = ei
2
x n 1
( x z1 )( x z 2 )....( x z n 1 )
x 1
ie
z z0
1,1, i,i
z1 z 0
28. sin
e i e i
2i
i e
i sin
i
i
6
e
2
i
i
6
(55)
e6
a real purely real
2
S 2 : 3x y 0
Area of S
29,30,31
|z1+z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2
|z1|2 + |z2|2 +
z1 z 2 z1z 2 z1 z 2
2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 0 Re z1 z 2 0
z
i 1
z2
1
5 20
16
.
2
6
3
(1,
3)
Distance
of
y 3x 0
3 3 1 3 3
.
2
2
from
32. i) B)
z 1 z 2 is purely Imaginary
z
arg 1 also
z
2
2
real
1 2
r
2
is purely
ii). C)
33. |z|n = (z2+2)|z|n2 +1
z2+z is real
z2+z= z 2 z
z z z z 1 0
1
z z x as z z 1 0 x
2
30
100
(4,0)
(1,3)
The given equation reduces to
(1, 3)
xn = xn +x|x|n2 +1
z 1 3i
S 2 Im
0
1
3
i
y= 3x
x|x|n2 = 1
x = 1
( x 1) i( y 3 )
Im
0
1 3i
( x 1) 3 ( y 3 )
0
4

(56)

IIT Advanced Mathematics Complex Numbers Notes (31

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IIT Advanced Mathematics Complex Numbers Notes (31

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Prof. P.C.

Thomas Classes & Chaithanya Classes

IIT ADVANCED MATHEMATICS MODULE 07 : COMPLEX NUMBERS

Re z |z| and Im z |z|, since sin, cos

|z||Re z | |Im z | 2|z|

the point (x,y)

|z| r x2 y2 = the distance of the point

|z a|2 |z|2 2Re za |a|2

argument of z when z lies in different

-, z = x+iy in the second quadrant

If arg (z) = , then arg z ,arg

Ex.1. Let z and be two non-zero complex

arg (z) is the inclination of OP with the +ve

z = x + iy = rei = r(cos+ isin)

Prof. P.C.Thomas Classes, TC-6-1417, East Fort, Thrissur-5

Ex.2. The real part of 1 cos 2isin

2sin2 4isin cos

To God, through Education

2sin sin 2icos

TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS z1 = r1 e

arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2)

Distance between z1 and z2 is |z2 z1 |

The inclination of the line joining z1 to z2

lm w Imf z1 ,z2 ,...zn

z1 z2 z2 z1 2Re z1 z2 2|z1 |z2 | cos 1 2

If |z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |

|w| f z1 ,z2 .....zn |w|2 f z1 ,z2 ...zn f z1 , z2 ...zn

w w f z1 ,z2 ...zn f z1 , z2 ...zn

f z1 ,z2 ...z n f z1 , z2 ....zn

Prof. P.C.Thomas Classes, TC-6-1417, East Fort, Thrissur-5

|z1 z2 |2 |z1 | |z2 |

z1 z2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |

|z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |

O, z1, z2 are collinear such that z1, z2 lie on

If w f z1 ,z2 ...z n is a function with real

i.e. Re w Re f z1 ,z2 ,...zn

Otherwise, 2 real equations can be generated

2 sin2 4cos2 2 1 3cos2

one more complex equation by taking

f z1 ,z2 ...z n f z1 , z2 ...zn 0

2sin sin 4cos2

If |z1 z2 | |z1 | |z2 |

z1 z2 z1 z2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 2|z1 ||z2 |

O, z1, z2 are collinear such that o lies between

To God, through Education

Ans: A) arg (-z) arg (z) = arg

greater than 3 d) equal to 3

Substitute for z in (2) from (1)

Substitute (3) in (1),

Ex.6. If z 0 and iz2 z z, then |z|

Taking the conjugate,

Ex.5 : If |z| 1 and

Ex.4: If z1 ,z2 and z 3 are complex numbers such

ei 1 ei/2 e i/2 2isin 2

itan , purely imaginary

Prof. P.C.Thomas Classes, TC-6-1417, East Fort, Thrissur-5

|z|2 |1 i||z| |z|

Ex.7 The minimum value of |z z1 | |z z2 | is

To God, through Education

This is minimum when P lies in between A

|z|2 a|z| 1 0 and |z|2 a|z| 1 0

Ex.8 : Let z and be two complex numbers such