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POLICEPROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
Police Effectiveness, which measures whether or not important task goals are being attained
Police Efficiency, which measures how well resources are being utilized.
Performance Effectiveness + Performance Efficiency = High Productivity
The formula illustrates that one outcome is not enough; achieving high productivity requires both
performance effectiveness and efficiency.
POLICE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
The management process involves Planning Organizing Leading Controlling the use of
organizational resources to achieve high performance results.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Planning is the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the actions needed to
accomplish them.
Organizing is the process of dividing the work to be done and coordinating results to achieve a
desired purpose.
Leading is the process of directing and coordinating the work efforts of other people to help them
accomplish important task.
Controlling is the process of monitoring performance, comparing results to objectives and taking
corrective action as necessary.
Scientific Management sought to discover the best method of performing specific task. Based on his studies,
Taylor believed that if workers were taught the best procedures, with pay tied to output, they would produce the
maximum amount of work.
With respect to this philosophy, the role of management changed abruptly from the earlier use of the rule of
the thumb to a more scientific approach, including scientifically selecting, training, and developing workers, and
ensuring that all the work would be done in accordance with scientific principles, thus scientific management strongly
adhered to the formal organization structure and its rules.
2.
The concept of Bureaucracy is generally associated with the work of Max Weber, who was the major
contributor to modern sociology.
He studied the effect of social change in Europe at the end of the 19 th Century and coined the term
BUREAUCRACY to identify the complex organizations that operated on a rational basis.
Weber believed that such an approach was a means of lessening the cruelty, nepotism, and subjective
managerial practices common in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. (For example, it was a standard practice
to hire relatives regardless of their competence and to allow only individuals of aristocratic birth to attain high-level
positions within government and industry)
Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organization
3.
Administrative Management - It emphasizes broad administrative principles applicable to higher levels with
in the organization.
Henri Fayol (1841-1945) in his most influential work Industrial and General Management, 14 principles of
efficient management was identified.
4.
Division of Work - work specialization can increase efficiency with the same amount of effort.
Authority and Responsibility authority includes the right to command and the power to require
obedience; one can not have authority without responsibility.
Discipline Discipline is necessary for an organization to function effectively, however, the state of the
disciplinary process depends upon the quality of its leaders.
Unity of Command - employee should receive orders from one superior only.
Unity of Direction there should be one manager and one plan for a group of activities that have the
same objective.
Subordination of individual interest to general interest the interest of one employee or group of
employees should not take precedence over those of the organization as a whole.
Remuneration of Personnel compensation should be fair to both the employee and the employer.
Centralization the proper amount of centralization depends on the situation. The objective is to
pursue the optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel
Scalar Chain the hierarchy of authority is the order of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of
the organization. Besides this vertical communication should also be encourage as long as the
managers is in the chain are kept informed.
Order materials and human resources should be in the right place at the right time; individuals should
be in jobs or position that suits them.
Equity employees should be treated with kindness and justice
Stability of personnel tenure - an employee needs time to adjust to a new job and reach a point of
satisfactory performance; high turnover should be avoided.
Initiative the ability to conceive and execute a plan (through initiative and freedom) should be
encouraged and developed throughout all levels of the organization.
Espirit de Corps union Unity is strength; Harmony and teamwork are essential to effective
organizations.
Gulick and Urwick (1920-1937) - Pioneers of The Science of a Administration (1937). In this book, they
have described the major functions of administration using the acronym POSDCRB.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Planning working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them
to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise.
Organizing establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are
arranged, defined, and coordinated for the define objective.
Staffing personnel function of bringing in and out training the staff and maintaining the staff the
favorable conditions of work. Filling the organization with the right people and right position.
Directing task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and
instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise
Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work.
Reporting is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on,
which thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records research and
inspection.
Budgeting with all that goes of budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting, and control
The behavioral science approach utilizes scientific method as the foundation for testing and developing
theories about human behavior in organizations that can be used to guide and develop managerial policies and
practices.
Contributors to this approach are:
1. Abraham Maslow (Maslows hierarchy of needs theory) - 1940s see discussion on Motivation Theories
2. D. McGregor (McGregors Theory X and Y)
Theory X assumes that people have little ambition, dislike work, and must be coerced in order to perform
satisfactorily. Theory Y assumes that people do not inherently dislike work and if properly rewarded, especially
satisfying esteem and self actualization needs, will perform well on the job.
Theory X Assumptions
The average person inherently dislikes work and will try to avoid it
Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to
work towards organizational goals
The average person prefers to be directed, wants to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition,
and seeks security above all.
Theory Y Assumptions
Work, whether physical or mental, is as natural as play or rest, and most people do not inherently
dislike it
External control and threat of punishment are not the only means of bringing about effort toward
organizational goals, people will exercise self-direction and self-control when they are committed
Commitment to goals is a function of the rewards made available
An average person learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility
Ability to exercise a high degree of creativity in the solution of problems
The System Theory - It simply means that all parts of a system are interrelated and interdependent to form
the whole. A system is composed of elements or subsystems that are related and dependent upon one
another. When these subsystems are in interaction with one another, they form a unitary whole.
2.
The Contingency Theory This approach recognizes that many internal and external environmental
variables affect organizational behavior. In this case, there is no best way for structuring and managing
diverse types of organizations. So the underlying theme of this theory is that it all depends on a particular
situation. The task of managers then is to determine in which situations and at what times certain methods or
techniques are the most effective. In this way, the approach is more pragmatic although it encompasses
relevant concepts of both classical and behavioral theories.
3.
Theory Z and Quality Management - Important emerging perspectives include Theory Z and Quality
Management, focused on the Japanese management practices. The emergence of Total Quality
Management (TQM) practices a customer oriented approach and emphasizes on both human resources
and quantitative methods in an attempt to strive towards continuous improvement.
POLICE MOTIVATION
Police organizations are replete with stories of organizational restructuring and re-engineering. As a common
trend in these stories are retrenchments or rightsizing (in police parlance are called attrition) as sometimes called. The
direct outcome is that employees are expected to do more with less and the creation of an atmosphere of uncertainty,
insecurity, and fear of future retrenchment. For this, it is difficult to sustain high levels of employee commitment and
loyalty. Thus, the challenge is to rebuild high loyalty and commitment for high level of performance.
What are the Motivation theories?
1.
Bernstein, et al (1991) offered that at any time, many motives might guide a persons behavior. What
determines which ones will? Abraham Maslow has given a perspective that addresses this question. He suggested
basic classes of needs, or motives, influencing human behavior. These motives are organized in a hierarchy.
Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a hierarchy from the most basic biological
requirements to the needs for self-actualization the highest of all needs.
The pyramidal structures of human needs from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, the levels of needs or
motive according to Maslow, are:
Biological or Physiological Needs these motives include the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and
sleep.
Safety Needs these pertain to the motives of being cared for and being secured such as in income and
place to live.
Love/Belongingness Belongingness is integration into various kinds of social groups or social
organizations. Love needs means need for affection.
Cognitive Needs our motivation for learning and exploration
Esteem Needs our motivation for an honest, fundamental respect for a person as a useful and honorable
human being.
Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
Self- actualization pertains to human total satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much by unmet
needs, as by the desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).
According to the Maslows formulation, the level that commands the individuals attention and effort is
ordinarily the lowest one on which there is an unmet need. For example, unless needs for food and safety are
reasonably well-met behavior will be dominated by these needs and higher motives are of little significant. With their
gratification, however, the individual is free to devote time and effort to meet higher level. In other words, one level
must at least be partially satisfied before those at the next level become determiners of action.
2.
Clayton Aldefer has developed the ERG theory which is a modification of the Maslows theory. ERG theory
categorizes needs into Existence, Relatedness and Growth needs.
According to Aldefer:
Existence Needs are desires for physiological and material well-being
Relatedness Needs are desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships
Growth Needs are desires for continued personal growth and development.
3.
Need for Achievement the desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to
master complex task.
Need for Affiliation the desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others
Need for Power the desire to control others, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for
others.
McClellands view is that these three needs are acquired over time, as a result of life experiences. People
are motivated by these needs, each of which can be associated with individual work preferences.
To assist top and line management achieves the organizations objective of fostering harmonious relationship
with its human resource.
To acquire capable people and provide them with opportunities for advancement in self-development.
To assist top management in formulating policies and programs that will serve the requirements of the police
organization and administer the same fairly to all members.
To provide technical services and assistance to the operating management in relation to their personnel
functions in promoting satisfactory work environment.
To assist management in training and developing the human resources of the organization if it does not have
a separate training department to perform its functions.
To see that all police members are treated equally and in the application of policies, rules and regulations
and in rendering services to them.
To help effect organization development and institution building effort.
1. Police Personnel Planning is a study of the labor supply of jobs, which are composed with the demands
for employees in an organization to determine future personnel requirements, which either increase or
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decrease. If there is an expected shortage of personnel the organization may decide to train and develop
present employees and/or recruit from outside sources.
2. Police Recruitment - is the process of encouraging police applicant from outside an organization to seek
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Acquiring competent personnel - includes human resources planning, job description and job
specification, police recruitment, selection, placement, transfer, layoffs, and separation.
Holding and retaining competent police personnel - gives depth and meaning to good management
philosophy, and involves the granting of fair wages, reasonable working hours, and other employee benefits
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3.
4.
5.
and services. These activities include the determination of an equitable wage and maintenance of an
incentive system. This area also concerned with securing greater officer participation in activities and with
strengthening officer morals and effectiveness. All these help make the organization a good place to work
in.
Developing and motivating personnel - deals with the education of the police officers, the appraisal of
work performance, their promotion, and the suggestion system, which enables them to develop so they can
rise to the police organizations desired standards of performance.
Labor and human relations - involves the development of harmonious relations between management on
one hand and individual police officer the on the other hand. It also concerns the observance and application
of laws and court decisions affecting human relations, and relationships with other government law
enforcement agencies.
Efficient administration of the program with adequate budget this is to achieve a favorable climate for
police officers. Good human relations should be the attitude in the applications, implementation and
interpretation of the organizations policies, rules and regulations. The important tools in this area are records
and reports, personnel research and statistics, and evaluation of the effects of current policies, activities, and
programs.
Originated Policy - This type of policy comes from top management level and is intended to set up
guidelines in the operation of the police organization.
Appealed Policy - This type of policy is born when problems arise at the lower levels of the organization and
the man in charge does not know how to meet the problem. He then appeals to his superiors for guidelines
and for guidance.
Imposed Policy - This type of policy comes from the government in the forms of laws, administrative orders,
and rules and procedures or contract specifications.
According to their subject matter, policies may be classified into:
1. General Statement of Principles - policies stated in broad terms, such as statement of objectives,
philosophy and creed. Others stress in general terms management traits, such as fairness in dealing with
officers, understanding and humane treatment of the work force.
2. Specific Rules - cover specific situations. They are more direct and are less flexible. They are more rigid in
nature.
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Dissemination of Policies
To be effective, personnel policies must be understood by all concerned including the managers and
supervisors who are to interpret and implement them to the employees who will be affected by the policies. Various
means are used by communicate personnel policies to employees. The most common are police handbooks, manuals,
publications, memoranda, and circulars, bulletin boards, meetings and conferences.
Police Handbooks - These handbooks are distributed to all personnel, and contain among other things,
information about the benefits and services that the organization grants to its officers, the organizations history, its
organizational structure, its officers, and other information useful to the officers in understanding their relationship with
the organization.
Police Manual - A policy manual covering all police personnel policies and procedures, if made available to
managers and supervisors, will be a great help in their decision-making and employees relationship.
Memoranda and Circulars - Memoranda and circulars are another common means of communicating police
policies to all officers. They can be issued fast and they provide the greatest assurance of reaching every employee.
They are built in means by which every member of the organization is reached.
Bulletin Boards - Organizational policies, rules and regulations, and activities may be typed out of
mimeographed and the posted on bulletin boards. If strategically located and well managed, bulletin boards are an
effective medium for transmitting newly issued policies, rules and regulations to police officers.
Meetings or Conferences - Meeting or conferences are often held to inform officers about new policies,
their objectives and implementation. One advantage of this type of policy dissemination is that it gives the officers the
opportunity to ask questions and request clarification on vague and doubtful points. It is effective to smaller
departments, as they accommodate small groups and allow the scheduling of meeting at very convenient hours.
Police Publications - Communication has gained such importance to and attention by management in
recent years. To meet the needs of communicating with officers, police organizations have been spending amount of
money on publications, internal or external.
POLICE JOB DESCRIPTION
After a job is analyzed, the facts about it are gathered, summed up, and recorded in the job description and
job specifications.
Job description may be defined as an abstract of information derived from the job analysis report, describing
the duties performed, the skills, the training, and experience required the responsibilities involved, the condition under
which the job is done, and relation of the job to the other job in the organization.
POLICE RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND PLACEMENT
On Police Recruitment
The first step in the recruiting procedure, and the one that should receive greatest emphasis, is that of
attracting well-qualified applicants. The best selection devices available are of little value if the recruiting effort has
failed to attract candidates of high caliber. Widespread publicity directed at the particular element of the population
which it is hoped will be attracted to the examination is the best method of seeking outstanding applicants.
11
Recruitment in the police service is dependent on the availability of national or regional quota of the PNP,
which is determined by the NAPOLCOM.
Physical and Medical Examination - in order to determine whether or not the applicant is in good health,
free from any contagious diseases and physically fit for police service, he shall undergo a thorough physical and
medical examination to be conducted by the police health officer after he qualifies in the preliminary interview.
Physical Agility Test - the Screening Committee shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test
designed to determine whether or not he possess the required coordination strength, and speed of movement
necessary for police service. The applicant shall pass the tests like Pull-ups-6 Push-ups-27, Two minutes sit-ups-45,
Squat jumps-32, and Squat thrusts-20
The Police Screening Committee may prescribe additional requirements if facilities are available.
Medical Standards for Police Candidates
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Appearance the applicant must be free from any marked deformity, from all parasite or systematic
skin disease, and from evidence of intemperance in the use of stimulants or drugs. The body must be well
proportioned, of good muscular development, and show careful attention to personal cleanliness: Obesity,
muscular weakness or poor physique must be rejected. Girth of abdomen should not be more than the
measurement of chest at rest.
Nose, Mouth and Teeth Obstruction to free breathing, chronic cataract, or very offensive breath must be
rejected. The mouth must be free from deformities in conditions that interfere with distinct speech or that predispose to disease of the car, nose or throat. There shall be no disease or hypertrophy of tonsil or thyroid
enlargement. Teeth must be clean, well cared for and free from multiple cavities. Missing teeth may be
supplied by crown or bridge work, where site of teeth makes this impossible, rubber denture will be accepted.
At least twenty natural teeth must be present.
Genitals must be free from deformities and from varicole, hyrocole, and enlargement of the testicles,
stricture of urine, and retained testicles. Any acute and all venereal diseases of these organs must be
rejected.
Varicose Veins - a marked tendency to their formation must be rejected.
Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet must be free from infection of the joints, sprains, stiffness or other
conditions, such as flat foot, long nails or hammer toes which would prevent the proper and easy
performance of duty. First (index) second (middle), and third (ring) fingers and thumb must be present in their
entirely. The toe must be the same.
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6.
Eyes the applicant must be free from color blindness, and be able to read with each eye separately from
standard test type at a distance of twenty feet. Loss of either eye, chronic inflammation of the lids, or
permanent abnormalities of either eye must be rejected, 20/20 or 20/30 in one eye, with binocular vision of
20/30.
7.
Respiration must be full, easy, regular, the respiratory murmur must be clear and distinct over the lungs
and no disease of the respiratory organ is present.
Circulation The action of the heart must be uniform, free and steady, its rhythm and the heart from organ
changes. Blood Pressure systolic maximum 135; diastolic 90; pulse pressure 15 to 50. Brain and nervous
system must be free from defects.
Kidneys must be healthy and urine normal.
8.
9.
Character and Background Investigation - the Screening Committee shall cause a confidential
investigation of the character and from among various sources.
Psychological and/or Neuro-Psychiatric Test - in order to exclude applicants who are emotionally or
temperamentally unstable, psychotic, or suffering from any mental disorder, the applicant shall take a psychological
and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be administered by the NBI, the PNP, or other duly recognized institution offering such
test after he has qualified and met all the requirements above.
The Oral Interview - the Screening Committee shall interview the qualified applicants for suitability for police
work. The interview shall aid in determining appearance, likeableness, and affability, attitude toward work, outside
interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, and disagreeable mannerism.
POLICE APPOINTMENT
Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for appointment to police service and who passes the
tests required in the screening procedures shall be recommended for initial appointment and shall be classified as
follows:
1. Temporary if the applicant passes through the waiver program as provided in under R.A 8551.
2. Probationary if the applicant passes through the regular screening procedures.
3. Permanent if the applicant able to finish the required field training program for permanency.
Appointment in the PNP shall be affected in the following manner:
A.
PO1 to SPO4 appointed by the PNP Regional Director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for
National Head Quarters personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
B.
Inspector to Superintendent appointed by the Chief PNP as recommended by their immediate superiors
and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC).
C. Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the
endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on
Appointment (CA).
D. Director General appointed by the President from among the most senior officers down to the rank of
Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
Provided, that the C/PNP shall serve a tour of duty not exceeding four (4) years. Provided further, that in
times of war or other national emergency declared by congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
Waiver for Appointment - Waivers for initial appointment to the police service shall be governed by Section
15 of Republic Act 8551, IRR.
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Appointment by Lateral Entry -In general, all original appointments of Commissioned Officers (CO) in the
PNP shall commenced with the rank of inspector to include those with highly technical qualifications applying for the
PNP technical services, such as dentist, optometrist, nurses, engineers, and graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors of
Medicine, members of the Bar and Chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of Senior Inspector in their particular
technical services. Graduates of the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to the initial rank of Inspector. Licensed
Criminologist may be appointed to the rank of Inspector to fill up any vacancy.
POLICE TRAINING
The Need for Police Training
Organized training is the means by which officers are provided with the knowledge and the skills required in
the performance of their multiple, complex duties. In order that the recruit officer may commence his career with a
sound foundation of police knowledge and techniques, it is most important that the entrance level training he soundly
conceived, carefully organized and well-presented.
Training and the Changes in Police Works
During the past decades tremendous changes in police work have occurred. Advances in technology of
communications and equipment, public relations and employee relations as well as total evolution in the whole social
structure have made a law enforcement work more complex and difficult to pursue. The ordinary officer must be briefed
and oriented on new changes and developments that affect his job and the recruit must be given a new solid
foundation contemporary with the needs of the time. Policemen do not stay trained. If they do not forget what they have
learned, it is continually made absolute by improved technology and social changes, and requires frequent renewal to
keep it current and useful.
Standards for Police Training
All training programs operated by law enforcement agencies should limit their enrolment to law enforcement
officers. Training courses should be set-up, prescribed units of instruction, and arranged a time schedule. Practical
recruit training subsequent to employment should be provided.
Pre-and-post employment university training.
Responsibility of Training
The training of police officers shall be the responsibility of the PNP in coordination with the Philippine Public
Safety College (PPSC) which shall be the premier educational institution for the training of human resources in the field
of law enforcement (PNP, BFP, BJMP), subject to the supervision of the NAPOLCOM.
Types of Police Training Programs
The following are the training programs in the police service:
The Basic Recruit Training the most basic of all police training. It is a prerequisite for permanency of
appointment.
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The Basic Recruit Training shall be in accordance with the programs of instructions prescribed by the PPSC
and the NAPOLCOM subject to modifications to suit local conditions. This course is conducted within not less than six
(6) months. A training week shall normally consist of 40 hours of scheduled instructions.
Full time attendance in the Basic Recruit Training Attendance to this type of training is full time basis.
However, in cases of emergency, recruits maybe required to render service upon certification of the Regional Director
or the City or Municipal Chief of Police the necessity of such service.
Completion and Certification of Training After the Basic Recruit Training, the Regional Director shall
certify that the police recruits have completed the training and has satisfied all the requirements for police service.
The PNP Field Training is the process by which an individual police officer who is recruited into the
service receives formal instruction on the job for special and defined purposes and performs actual job functions with
periodic appraisal on his performance and progress.
Under R.A 8551, all uniformed members of the PNP shall undergo a field training program involving actual
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic and investigation as a requirement for permanency of their appointment.
The program shall be for twelve (12) months inclusive of the Basic Recruit Training Course for non-officers and the
Officer Orientation Course or Officer Basic Course for officers. (Section 20, RA 8551 IRR)
The In-Service Training Programs
POLICE APPRAISAL
Appraisal refers to the process of measuring the performance of people in achieving goals and objectives. It
is also known as performance evaluation system.
Purposes of Police Appraisal
1.
2.
3.
4.
It serves as guide for promotion, salary increase, retirement, and disciplinary actions.
It increases productivity and efficiency of police works.
It assimilate supervision
It informs the officer of the quality of his work for improvements
Police appraisal can be useful for personal decision-making in the following areas:
Eligibility to be hired
Salary adjustments
Determining potential for promotion
Evaluation of probationary officers
Identification of training needs
Isolating supervisory weaknesses
Validating selection techniques
Reduction in ranks (demotion)
Dismissal from service and other disciplinary actions.
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To invest a member of the police force with the degree of authority necessary for the effective execution of
police duties.
To place the police officer in a position of increased responsibility where he can make full use of his
capabilities.
To provide and promote incentives, thus motivating greater efforts of all members of the police force, which
will gradually improve efficiency in police works.
Under the law, the NAPOLCOM shall establish a system of promotion for uniformed and non-uniformed
members of the PNP, which shall be based on:
1.
2.
3.
The promotion shall be gender fair which means women in the PNP shall enjoy equal opportunity for
promotion as that of men.
Preferences for Promotion
1.
2.
3.
Efficiency of Performance as an aid to fair appraisal of the candidates proficiency, the performancerating period shall be considered. Provided, that in no instance shall a candidate be considered for promotion
unless he had obtained a rating of at least satisfactory.
Education and Training educational background which includes completion of in-service training
courses, academic studies, training grants and the like.
Experience and Outstanding Accomplishment this includes occupational history, work experience
and other accomplishment worthy of commendation.
Physical Character and Personality the factors of physical fitness and capacity as well as attitude
and personality traits in so far as they bear on the nature of the rank and/or position to be filled. This means
that the candidate should have no derogatory records which might affect integrity, morality and conduct.
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5.
Leadership Potential the capacity and ability to perform the duties required in the new or higher
position and good qualities for leadership.
He or she has successfully passed the corresponding promotional examination given by the
NAPOLCOM;
Passed the Bar or corresponding Board examination for technical services and other professions;
Satisfactory completion of the appropriate accredited course in the PPSC or equivalent training
institutions;
d.
e.
2.
Any uniformed member of the PNP who has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at the risk
of his or her life above and beyond the call of duty, shall be promoted to the next higher rank. Provided, that such act
shall be validated by the NAPOLCOM based on established criteria.
3.
Any PNP member designated to any key position whose rank is lower than that which is required for such
position shall, after six (6) months of occupying the same, be entitled to a promotion, subject to the availability of
vacant positions. Provided, that the member shall not be reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until after
two (2) years from the date of such promotion. Provided, further, that any member designated to the position who does
not possess the established minimum qualifications thereof shall occupy the same for not more than six (6) months
without extension. (Section 34, RA 8551 IRR)
POLICE ASSIGNMENT
Police assignment is the process of designating a police officer at a particular function, duty or responsibility.
Purpose of Police Assignment
The purpose of police assignment is to ensure systematic and effective utilization of all the members of the
force.
Power to make designation or assignment
The Chief of PNP (CPNP), Regional Director (RD), Provincial Director (PD), and the City or Municipal Chief
of Police (COP) can make designation or assignment of the police force with in their respective levels. They shall have
the power to make designations or assignments as to who among the police officers shall head and constitute various
offices and units of the police organization. The assignment of the members of the local police agency shall be in
conformity with the career development program especially during the probationary period. Thereafter, shall be guided
by the principle of placing the right man in the right job after proper classification has been made.
Criteria in Police Assignment
1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The NAPOLCOM shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP administered by
the Board of Incentives and Awards. Awards may be in the forms of decorations, service medals and citation badges or
in monetary considerations. The following are examples of authorized Decorations/medals/citation:
The NAPOLCOM is mandated to provide assistance in developing health and welfare programs for police
personnel. All heads of the PNP in their respective levels are responsible to initiate proper steps to create a good
19
atmosphere to a superior-subordinate relationship and improvement of personnel morale through appropriate welfare
programs.
3.
Under Republic Act 6975, PNP personnel are entitled to a longevity pay of 10% of their basic monthly
salaries for every five years of service. However, the totality of such longevity pay does not exceed 50% of the basic
pay. They shall also enjoy the following allowances: Subsistence allowance, Quarters allowance, Clothing allowance,
Cost of living allowance, Hazard pay and others
4.
Retirement Benefit
Monthly retirement pay shall be fifty percent (50%) of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired grade in
case of twenty (20) years of active service, increasing by two and one-half percent (2.5%) for every year of active
service rendered beyond twenty (20) yeas to a maximum of ninety percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of service and
over: Provided, that the uniformed member shall have the option to receive in advance and in lump sum his or her
retirement pay for the first five (5) years. Provided, further, that payment of the retirement benefits in lump sum shall
be made within six (6) months from effectivity date of retirement and/or completion. Provided, finally, that the
retirement pay of PNP members shall be subject to adjustments based on the prevailing scale of base pay of police
personnel in the active service. (Section 36, RA 8551 IRR)
5.
A PNP member who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted
in the performance of duty as certified by the NAPOLCOM, upon finding and certification by the appropriate medical
officer, that the extent of the disability or sickness renders such member unfit or unable to further perform the duties of
his or her position, shall be entitled to a gratuity equivalent to one year salary and to a lifetime pension equivalent to
eighty percent (80%) of his or her last salary, in addition to other benefits as provided under existing laws.
Should such member who has been retired under permanent total disability under this Section die within five
(5) years from his retirement, his surviving legal spouse or, if there be none, the surviving dependent legitimate children
shall be entitled to the pension for the remainder of the five (5) year guaranteed period. (Section 37, RA 8551 IRR)
6.
A PNP member of his or her own request and with the approval of the NAPOLCOM, retire from the service
shall be paid separation benefits corresponding to a position two ranks higher than his present rank provided that the
officer or non-officer has accumulated at least 20 years of service.
POLICE INSPECTION
The purpose of police inspection is to ascertain the standard policies and procedures, review and analyze
the performance, activities and facilities affecting operations and to look into the morale, needs and general efficiency
of the police organization in maintaining law and order.
Types of Police Inspection
1.
2.
Authoritative Inspection those conducted by the head of subordinate units in a regular basis.
Staff Inspection those conducted by the staff for and in behalf of the Chief PNP or superior officers in
command of various units or departments.
Internal Affairs inspection on internal affairs embraces administration, training, operation, intelligence,
investigation, morale and discipline as well as the financial condition of the police organization.
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2.
External Affairs it embraces the community relationship of the organization, the crime and vice situation of
the locality, and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
Authority to Inspect
In the PNP, the following are the authority to conduct inspection:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The inspecting officer/s shall examine, audit, inspect police agencies in accordance with existing standards
and with the following objectives:
1.
2.
3.
Where the irregularity noted during inspection is serious as to warrant administrative charges against a police
officer, the inspecting officer shall immediately file the necessary charge or charges before the appropriate disciplinary
action offices.
POLICE DISCIPLINARY MECHANISM
Aside from higher police management levels that can impose disciplinary actions against subordinates, the
following also serves as disciplinary mechanisms in the police service:
Administrative Disciplinary Powers of the Local Chief Executive (LCE) - The City and Municipal Mayors
shall have the power to impose, after due notice and summary hearings, disciplinary penalties for minor offenses
committed by members of the PNP assigned to their respective jurisdictions as provided in Section 41 of Republic Act
No. 6975, as amended by Section 52 of Republic Act No. 8551.
PLEB - the PLEB (People's Law Enforcement Board) is the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint
against PNP members. As such, every citizen's complaint, regardless of the imposable penalty for the offense alleged,
shall be filed with the PLEB of the city or municipality where the offense was allegedly committed. Upon receipt and
docketing of the complaint, the PLEB shall immediately determine whether the offense alleged therein is grave, less
grave or minor.
Should the PLEB find that the offense alleged is grave or less grave, the Board shall assume jurisdiction to
hear and decide the complaint by serving summons upon the respondent within three (3) days from receipt of the
complaint. If the PLEB finds that the offense alleged is minor, it shall refer the complaint to the Mayor or Chief of Police,
as the case may be, of the city or municipality where the PNP member is assigned within three (3) days upon the filing
thereof.
If the city or municipality where the offense was committed has no PLEB, the citizen's complaint shall be filed
with the regional or provincial office of the Commission (NAPOLCOM) nearest the residence of the complainant.
Administrative Offenses that may be imposed against a PNP Member
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The following are the offense for which a member of the PNP may be charged administratively:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Neglect of duty or nonfeasance it is the omission or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act
or duty, which it was the peace officers legal obligation to perform; it implies a duty as well as its breach and
the fast can never be found in the absence of a duty.
Irregularities in the performance of duty it is the improper performance of some act which might lawfully
be done.
Misconduct or Malfeasance it is the doing, either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which
the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where he acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds,
ignores or abuses his powers.
Incompetency it is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of
police duties. This has reference to any physical, moral or intellectual quality the lack of which substantially
incapacitates one to perform the duties of a peace officer.
Oppression it imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful exaction, domination, or excessive use of
authority. The exercise of the unlawful powers or other means, in depriving an individual of his liberty or
property against his will, is generally an act of oppression.
Dishonesty it is the concealment or distortion of truth in a matter of fact relevant to ones office, or
connected with the performance of his duties.
Disloyalty to the Government it consist of abandonment or renunciation of ones loyalty to the
Government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of the government.
Violation of Law this presupposes conviction in court of any crime or offense penalized under the Revised
Penal Code or any special law or ordinance.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Bureau the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of numbers of divisions.
Division a primary subdivision of a bureau.
Section functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
Unit functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group with in an organization.
Territorial Units
1. Post a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office or
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot location for general guard duty.
Route a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
Beat An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
Sector An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
District a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
Area a section or territorial division of a large city each comprised of designated districts.
Key Terminologies
1.
Sworn Officers all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses the power to arrest.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently, over officers of
lower rank.
Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a
district.
Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior rank/higher rank in a team or group.
Length of Service - the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered. Previous
active services may be included or added.
On Duty - the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.
Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
Special Duty - the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from the performance
of his active regular duty.
Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any valid/acceptable reason,
approved by higher authority.
Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
Suspension - a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of performing
his duties as result of violating directives or other department regulations.
Department Rules - rules established by department directors/supervisors to control the conduct of the
members of the police force.
Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to specified post or
position.
Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either a. General Order, b. Special, or c.
Personal
Report - usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal reports
should be confirmed by written communication.
In normal operations, the staff supervisor has line commands but with recognized limitations such as
coordination between line and staff personnel can be achieved without undue friction. Failure to recognize these line
and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent source of friction and a barrier to effective coordination. The
advantage of this kind would be - it combines staff specialist or units with line organization so that service of knowledge
can be provided line personnel by specialist.
Classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function
Whatever their method of grouping internal activities, all bureaucratic agencies segregate the function of line,
staff, and auxiliary personnel. The reasons for this tripartite classification are best explained by examining each of the
functions.
Line Functions: Line functions are the backbone of the police department; they include such operations as
patrol, criminal investigation, and traffic control, as well as supervision of the personnel performing those operations.
Line functions are carried out but line members, including the patrol officer, the detective, the sergeant, the lieutenant,
the captain, and the chief of police. Line members are responsible for:
Staff Functions: Staff functions are those operations designed to support the line functions, Staff members
are necessarily advisors who are typically assigned to planning, research, legal advice, budgeting, and educational
services. Staff members are often civilians with specialized training who serve within the department but do not deal
with daily operation son the street. Their main function is to study police policies and practices and to offer proposals to
the chief executive of the department. Staff personnel tend to be:
Highly specialized.
Involved in an advisory capacity
Detached from the public
Not directly responsible for the decisions made by department executive.
Auxiliary Functions: Auxiliary functions involve the logistical operations of the department. These include
training, communications, jailing, maintenance, record keeping, motor vehicles, and similar operations.
ELEMENTS OF ORGANIZATON
Specialization
The grouping of activities and segregation of line, staff, and auxiliary functions are large-scale examples of
specialization within a bureaucratic organization.
Specialization of an individual level is also important in all organizations, since it must be expected that some
members will know more, perform better and contribute more in one area of activity than in others, Disparities in job
ability among persons may be the result of physical attributes, mental aptitude, skills, interests education, training,
motivation, or adaptation, among other factors.
Specialization Defined: Specialization is the assignment of particular workers to particular tasks. Thus, it
can be thought of in terms of either jobs or people.
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Specialization of people (specialists) is the designation of particular persons as having expertise in a specific
area of work. Here, specialization signifies the adaptation of an individual to the requirements go some technical tasks
through training, conditioning or extensive on-the-job experience.
Example: Areas of police specialization include undercover works, c rime scene operations, legal advising, computer
work, planning, community relations, drug reaction, gang activities, or SWAT operations.
Hierarchy of Authority
If all persons within an organization were given the freedom to do what they like (and to refuse to do what
they dislike), there would be little likelihood of accomplishment. Any collaborative effort such as that in a police
department thus requires a system of checks and controls on individual behavior. Hence, the department must have a
person or persons with authority to direct the actions of workers and ensure compliance with standards in order to
achieve the departments goals.
Hierarchy defined: A hierarchy represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any
given organization. It can be visualized as a ladder, with each rung (or rank) representing a higher or lower level of
authority.
Each rank or position on a hierarchical ladder has specific rights, while at the same time owing specific duties
to the positions above and below it. Any particular position of the ladder is expected to direct and control the activities
of the ranks, while obeying the directions and instructions received from higher ranks.
Authority Defined: Authority is the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower
positions within an organizational hierarchy. A hierarchy thus serves as the framework for the flow of authority
downward (and obedience upward) through the department.
Example: Authority can be illustrated by the situation in which a subordinate abstains from making his or her
choice among several courses of action and instead automatically accepts the choice made by the supervisor
regardless of whether one personally agrees.
Authority Roles: Authority within an organization must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of
individuals. A particular position within an organization carries the same authority regardless of who occupies that
position. While the personality of the occupant may change the style or manner in which authority is exercise, it should
increase or decrease the basic obligations of the occupant toward those in subordinate positions.
Example: The authority of a police chief stems from the role that a chief executive must play whether he or
she is referred to as chief, superintendent, commissioner, or some other title, and regardless the size or location of the
department he or he commands.
Span of Control
A span of control is the maximum number of subordinates at a given position that superior can supervise
effectively.
Determining the Span of Control
Effective organization requires that only a manageable number of subordinates be supervised by one person
at any given time. This number will, of course, vary not only from one organization to another (depending on each
organizations definition of effective supervision) but also within each organization depending on the number of task
and the size of personnel available at a given time.
Delegation of Authority
Delegation is the conferring of an amount of authority by a superior position onto a lower-level position. The
person to whom authority is delegated becomes responsible to the superior for doing the assigned job. However, the
delegators remain accountable for accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and quality standards of the agency.
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Unity of Command
Traditional theories of organization insisted that each employee should have only one supervisor of boss,
and considered this principle of unity of command the backbone of any organizational structure. Thus, a patrol officer,
for example, would always receive orders from one sergeant and would always report to that same sergeant. If the
officer was instructed or advised by a detective, garage sergeant, or any other administrator (with the possible
exception of the chief), the officer is expected to check with his or her sergeant before taking any action.
Formal Communication
Basically, communication is the process of sharing understanding and information on common subjects.
More precisely, it is an intercourse between, through or more people by means of words, letters symbols, or gestures
for the purpose of exchanging information. Procedures, channels, and standardized languages are essential to
effective communication within such large organization.
While the eight elements previously discussed are crucial to any police organization, they would remain
fragmented without some means of integrating them into a meaningful and practical whole. The integrating element is
communication. Through communication, personnel are kept informed of the objectives of the organization, of the
means selected for achieving them, and of the information necessary for the continuing operation of the department.
Effective communication would ensure a common understanding of department goals, policies, and procedures and
this helps to bind the agency together.
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
Police organizations are either formal or informal. Formal organizations are highly structured while informal
organizations are those without structures.
Every formal police organization whether small or large are governed by the following principles:
1.
Principle of Unity of Objectives - an organization is effective if it enables the individuals to contribute to the
organizations objectives.
2.
3.
Scalar Principle shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization which defines an unbroken chain of units
from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority. The scalar principles are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.
Line of Authority and Chain of Command - This principle of organization suggests that
communications should ordinarily go upward through established channels in the hierarchy.
Diverting orders, directives, or reports around a level of command usually has disastrous effects on
efficiency of the organization.
The Span of Control of a supervisor over personnel or units shall not mean more than what he
can effectively direct and coordinate. In span of control, levels of authority shall be kept to a
minimum.
The Delegation of authority shall carry with it a commensurate authority and the person to whom
the authority is delegated shall be held accountable therefore. It implies that delegation must carry
with it appropriate responsibility.
The Unity of Command - explains that subordinates should only be under the control of one
superior.
Functional Principle refers to division of work according to type, place, time and specialization.
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5.
Line and Staff implies that a system of varied functions arrange into a workable pattern. The line
organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is responsible for
support, advisory or facilitative capacity.
6.
Principle of Balance states that the application of principles must be balanced to ensure the effectiveness
of the structure in meeting organizations objectives.
7.
Principle of Delegation by Results states that authority delegated should be adequate to ensure the
ability to accomplish expected results.
8.
Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility explains that the responsibility of the subordinates to their
superior for performance is absolute and the superior cannot escape responsibility for the organization on
activities performed by their subordinates.
9.
Principle of Parity and Responsibility explains that responsibility for action cannot be greater than that
implied by the authority delegated nor should it be less.
10. Authority Level Principle implies that decisions within the authority of the individual commander should
be made by them and not be returned upward in the organizational structure.
11. Principle of Flexibility means that the more flexible the organization, the more it can fulfill its purpose.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
Grouping of Similar Task
Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, method, or clientele, should be grouped together in one or
more units under the control of one person. Whenever, practicable, every function of the police force shall be assigned
to a unit.
a.
According to Function - The force should be organized primarily according to the nature of the basis
to be performed. It should be divided into groups so that similar and related duties may be assigned to
each.
b.
According to Time Frame - The elements are divided into many shifts or watches according to the time
of the day. This is the most elementary form of police organization. Any large functional unit can also be
organized according to time if the demand exists.
c.
d.
According to Level of Authority -A police department is always divided according to the level of
authority. Example, there will be some patrolmen, sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so
on. Vertical combinations of superior officers, with each rank at a different level of authority from any
other, from channels through which operations may be directed and controlled can be adopted in certain
cases to ensure coordination.
28
The Chief of the Philippine National Police has the rank of Police Director General in the Armed Forces of the
Philippines with a four-star rank. He is assisted by a Personal Staff composed of:
The Inspector General
Aide-de-Camp
Command Police Non-Commissioned Officer
B. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Administration.
C. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for Operations
D. The Chief of Directorial Staff is assisted by a Secretary, Directorial Staff.
The two Deputies and the Chief of Directorial Staff have the rank of Police Deputy Director General,
equivalent to a three-star rank in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Directorial Staff (Functional Staff)
Directorate for Personnel - Record Management
Directorate for Intelligence
Directorate for Operations
Directorate for Investigation
Directorate for Logistics
Directorate for Plans
Directorate for Comptrollership
Directorate for Police Community Relations
Directorate for Human Resources and Doctrine Development
Directorate for Research and Development
Administrative Support Units
Logistic Support Service Legal Service
Medical and Dental Service
29
Computer Service
Crime Laboratory Support Service
Engineering Service
Headquarters Support Service
Finance Service
Communications-Electronics Service
Captain Service
Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of lives and properties;
Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to ensure public safety;
Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice, and assist in
their prosecution.
Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and
pertinent Laws.
Detain and arrest person for a period not beyond what is prescribed by law, informing the person so detained
of all his/her rights under the Constitution;
Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in accordance with law;
Supervise and control the training and operation of security agencies and issue licenses to operate security
agencies, and to security guards and private detectives for the practice of their profession; and
Perform such other duties and exercises all other functions as may be provided by law. One of these is the
Forestry law wherein the PNP is primary enforcer in coordination with the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR).
EQUIVALENT
MILITARY RANKS
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
Director General (DG)
Deputy Director General (DDG)
Director (DIR)
Chief Superintendent (CSUPT)
Senior Superintendent (SR SUPT)
Superintendent (SUPT)
Chief Inspector (CINSP)
General
Lt General
Maj General
Brig.Gen.
Colonel
Lt Colonel
Major
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Captain
Lieutenant
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS:
Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV)
Senior Police Officer III (SPO III)
Senior Police Officer II (SPO II)
Senior Police Officer I (SPO I)
Police Officer III (PO III)
Police Officer II (PO II)
Police Officer I (PO I)
Master Sergeant
Tech. Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Private 1st Class
Private
C. Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA) are classified above the Senior Police Officer IV and
below the Inspector rank in the PNP.
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every branch of natural, biological and social sciences. If he possesses all these qualities, then he might be a good
policeman.
Community Oriented Policing System (COPS)
In the Philippines, a revolutionized concept in modern policing and a new strategy for delivering basic police
services adhering to the following basic concepts have been adopted the so called COPS:
a.
b.
c.
The police and community are co-producers of police vices. Hence, peace and order is shared joint
responsibility of the community and the police.
Puts emphasis on the proactive or pre-emptive system of policing capitalizing on the active and vigilant
actions and participation of the citizenry.
It is a problem oriented policing system (POPS), which is zeroed in to the root causes of the problem
and its solution.
The process of combining all aspects of the department and the realistic anticipation of future problems, the
analysis of strategy and the correlation of strategy to detail.
The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or objective.
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Operational Planning is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than
relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques
in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.
What is Police Operational Planning?
Police Operational Planning is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and
operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department. It may also be
the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line units of
the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals.
Objectives are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time. Goals
are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be measured
and observed. Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning. Relate this definitions with
their description as defined in chapter one.
The process of police operational planning involves strategies or tactics, procedures, policies or guidelines. A
Strategy is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives. Tactics are specific design,
method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy. Procedures are sequences of
activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. A policy is a product of prudence or wisdom in the management
of human affairs, or policy is a course of action which could be a program of actions adopted by an individual, group,
organization, or government, or the set of principles on which they are based. Guidelines are rules of action for the
rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic Planning is a series of preliminary decisions on a framework, which in turn guides subsequent
decisions that generate the nature and direction of an organization. This is usually long ranged in nature. The reasons
for Strategic Planning are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
In the process, the police administrator can use the potent tool of alternatives. Alternatives (options) are
means by which goals and objectives can be attained. They maybe policies, strategies or specific actions aimed at
eliminating a problem. Alternatives do not have to be substitutes for one another or should perform the same function.
33
For example, our goal is to improve officer-survival skills. The plan is to train the officers on militaristic and combat
shooting. The alternatives could be:
Alternative 1 - modify police vehicles
Alternative 2 - issuing bulletproof vests
Alternative 3 - utilizing computer assisted dispatch system
Alternative 4 - increasing first-line supervision, etc
What are the Objectives of Police Planning?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the objectives.
To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions.
To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
To orient people to action instead of reaction.
To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.
To provide decision making with flexibility.
To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual performance.
What are the guidelines in Planning? The five (5) Ws and one (1) H
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What to do mission/objective
Why to do reason/philosophy
When to do date/time
Where to do place
Who will do people involve
How to do strategy
34
A variety of approaches are employed in the planning processes. Each is unique and can be understood as a
method of operationalizing the word planning. There are basically five major approaches to planning which are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Synoptic Approach
Incremental Approach
Transactive Approach
Advocacy Approach
Radical Approach
Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should be detailed in a work chart that specifies (a) what events
and actions are necessary, (b) when they must take place, (c) who is to be involved in each action and for
how long, and (d) how the various actions will interlock with one another.
2.
Describe the present situation - Planning must have a mean for evaluation. Without an accurate beginning
database there is no reference point on which to formulate success or failure.
3.
Develop projections and consider alternative future states - Projections should be written with an
attempt to link the current situation with the future, keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is important for
the police executive to project the current situations into the future to determine possible, probable and
desirable future states while considering the social, legislative, and political trends existing in the community.
4.
Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the problems assumes that a system to monitor and
evaluate the current arena is already on place. Closely related to the detection and identification of issues is
the ability of the police to define the nature of the problem, that is to able to describe the magnitude, cause,
duration, and the expense of the issues at hand. A complete understanding of the problem leads to the
development of the means to deal with the issues.
5.
Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning. It makes no sense
to establish a goal that does not address a specific problem. Remembering that the police departments are
problem oriented, choices about goals and objectives should adhere to the synoptic model.
6.
Identify alternative course of action As stated earlier, alternatives are means by which goals and
objectives can be attained. These are options or possible things to be done in case the main or original plan
is not applicable.
7.
Strategic Analysis this includes the study on the courses of actions; suitability studies; feasibility
studies; acceptability studies; and judgment.
Suitability each course of action is evaluated in accordance with general policies, rules and laws.
Feasibility - these include the appraisal of the effects of a number of factors weighed separately and
together. Acceptability those judged to be suitable and feasible are then analyzed in acceptability
studies.
35
8.
Plan and carryout implementation - The police administrator must be aware that the implementation
requires a great deal of tact and skill. It maybe more important how an alternative is introduced to a police
department than what actually is.
9.
Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires comparing what actually happened with what was
planned for- and this may not be a simple undertaking. Feedback must be obtained concerning the results of
the planning cycle, the efficiency of the implementation process, and the effectiveness of new procedures,
projects or programs. This is an important step of synoptic planning, trying to figure out what, if anything
happened as a result of implementing a selected alternative.
10. Summation of the synoptic planning approach This can be done by making a summary of the
presentation, could be tabular or other forms of presentation.
11. Repeat the Planning Process repetition of the process of planning enables the planner to thresh out
possible flaws in the plan.
Primary Doctrines
36
Fundamental Doctrines These are the basic principles in planning, organization and management of
the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and strategic action plan of the
attainment of the national objectives.
Operational Doctrines These are the principles and rules governing the planning, organization and
direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational
mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and
public safety operation.
Functional Doctrines These provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field
of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc.
b.
Secondary Doctrines
Complimentary Doctrines Formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain
operation with regard to public safety and peace and order. These essentially involve the participation of
the other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP), Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law
enforcement agencies.
Ethical Doctrines These define the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude,
behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.
c.
The principles of organization are presented in chapter three. These principles are considered in police
planning in order not to violate them but rather for the effective and efficient development of police plans.
d.
Authority The right to exercise, to decide, and to command by virtue of rank and position.
Doctrine It provides for the organizations objectives. It provides the various actions. Hence, policies,
procedures, rules and regulations of the organization are based on the statement of doctrines.
Cooperation or Coordination
Discipline It is imposed by command or self-restraint to insure supportive behavior.
Strategic or Long Range Plan It relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application, and it
determine the organizations original goals and strategy.
Example: Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and Program P-O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda,
and GLORIA (These are discussed on the latter part of this Chapter).
2.
Intermediate or Medium Range Planning It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts
and accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the contribution on efforts that can make or
provide with allocated resources.
37
Operational or Short Range Planning - Refers to the production of plans, which determine the schedule of
special activity and are applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plan that addresses immediate
need which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated resources.
Examples of OPLANS
Oplan Jumbo Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan against terrorist attacks
Oplan Salikop Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan against
Organized Crime Groups
The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted in the apprehension of 110,975 persons,
the confiscation of 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to vehicles, and rendering various forms of
motorists assistance.
OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the operational guidelines on the heightened
security measures and sea borne security patrols.
Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the department
has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation.
2.
Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are predictable,
many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance.
3.
Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a future
condition or state to which the department can aspire. A vision may also include a statement of values to be
used to guide the decision making process in the department.
4.
Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow the
department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new philosophy or model of policing (e.g.
community policing). One of the most important aspects of strategic planning is to focus on external
environmental factors that affect the goals and objectives of the department and how they will be achieved.
Important environmental factors include personnel needs, population trends, technological innovations,
business trends and demand, crime problems, and community attitudes.
5.
Operational Plans (OPLANS) are designed to meet the specific tasks required to implement strategic plans.
There are four types of operational plan:
a.
Standing Plans provide the basic framework for responding to organizational problems. The
organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, and rules and
regulations are examples of standing plans. Standing plans also include guidelines for
38
responding to different types of incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage situation,
crime in progress, and felony car stops.
b.
Functional Plans include the framework for the operation of the major functional units in the
organization, such as patrol and investigations. It also includes the design of the structure,
how different functions and units are to relate and coordinate activities, and how resources are
to be allocated.
c.
d.
Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific purpose and conclude when an objective
is accomplished or a problem is solved. Specific police programs or projects such as drug
crackdown, crime prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up campaign are good
examples of time-specific plans.
1. Policy and Procedural Plans to properly achieve the administrative planning responsibility within in the
unit, the Commander shall develop unit plans relating to policies or procedure, tactics, operations, extraoffice activities and management.
Further, standard-operating procedures shall be planned to guide members in routine and field operations
and in some special operations in accordance with the following procedures:
a.
Field Procedure Procedures intended to be used in all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as
a guide to officers and men in the field. Examples of these procedures are those related to
reporting, to dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious persons, receiving complaints,
touring beats, and investigation of crimes. The use of physical force and clubs, restraining devices,
firearms, tear gas and the like shall, in dealing with groups or individuals, shall also be outlined.
b.
Headquarters Procedures Included in these procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer,
matron, and other personnel concerned which may be reflected in the duty manual. Procedures
that involve coordinated action on activity of several offices, however, shall be established
separately as in the case of using telephone for local or long distance calls, the radio teletype, and
other similar devices.
39
c.
Special Operation Procedures Certain special operations also necessitate the preparation of
procedures as guides. Included are the operation of the special unit charged with the searching
and preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes and accidents, the control of licenses,
dissemination of information about wanted persons, inspection of the PNP headquarters, and the
like.
2.
Tactical Plans These are the procedures for coping with specific situations at known locations. Included in
this category are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings with alarm systems and an attack against
the PNP headquarters by lawless elements. Plans shall be likewise be made for blockade and jail
emergencies and for special community events, such as longer public meetings, athletic contests, parades,
religious activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, and other street affairs.
3.
Operational Plans These are plans for the operations of special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic,
fire and juvenile control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared to accomplish each of the primary
police tasks. For example, patrol activities must be planned, the force must be distributed among the shifts
and territorially among beats, in proportion to the needs of the service, and special details must be planned
to meet unexpected needs. Likewise in the crime prevention and in traffic, juvenile and vice control,
campaigns must be planned and assignments made to assure the accomplishment of the police purpose in
meeting both average and regular needs. Each division or unit has primary responsibility to plan operations
in its field and also to execute the plans, either by its own personnel or, as staff agency, by utilizing members
of the other divisions.
Plans for operations of special division consist of two types, namely: (1) those designed to meet
everyday, year-round needs, which are the regular operating program of the divisions; and (2) those
designed to meet unusual needs, the result of intermittent and usually unexpected variations in activities that
demand their attention.
Regular Operating Programs These operating divisions/units shall have specific plans to meet
current needs. The manpower shall be distributed throughout the hours of operation and throughout the area
of jurisdiction in proportion to need. Assignments schedules shall be prepared that integrate such factors as
relief days, lunch periods, hours, nature, and location of regular work. Plans shall assure suitable
supervision, which become difficult when the regular assignment is integrated to deal with this short time
periodic needs.
Meeting unusual needs The unusual need may arise in any field of police activity and is nearly
always met in the detective, vice, and juvenile divisions by temporary readjustment of regular assignment.
4.
Extra-office Plans The active interest and the participation of individual citizen is so vital to the success of
the PNP programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate, promote, and maintain an active public
concern in its affairs. These are plans made to organize the community to assist in the accomplishment of
objectives in the fields of traffic control, organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. The
organizations may be called safety councils for crime commissions and community councils for the
delinquency prevention. They shall assist in coordinating community effort, in promoting public support, and
in combating organized crime. Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall also be prepared or
used in case of emergency or war in coordination with the office of the Civil Defense.
5.
Management Plans Plans of management shall map out in advance all operations involved in the
organization management of personnel and material and in the procurement and disbursement of money,
such as the following:
40
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Budget Planning Present and future money needs for personnel, equipment, and capital investments
must be estimated. Plans for supporting budget request must be made if needed appropriations are to
be obtained.
Accounting Procedures Procedures shall be established and expenditure reports be provided to
assist in making administrative decisions and in holding expenditures within the appropriations.
Specifications and Purchasing Procedures Specifications shall be drawn for equipment and
supplies. Purchasing procedures shall likewise be established to insure the checking of deliveries
against specifications of orders. Plans and specifications shall be drafted for new building and for
remodeling old ones.
Personnel Procedures shall be established to assure the carrying out of personnel programs and the
allocation of personnel among the component organizational units in proportions need.
Organization A basic organizational plan of the command/unit shall be made and be posted for the
guidance of the force. For the organization to be meaningful, it shall be accompanied by the duty
manual which shall define relationships between the component units in terms of specific
responsibilities. The duty manual incorporates rules and regulations and shall contain the following:
definition of terms, organization of rank, and the like, provided the same shall not be in conflict with this
manual.
Causes of accidents and congestion shall be discovered, facts gathered and analyzed for this purpose;
Causes shall be remedied, charges shall be made in physical condition that create hazards, and
legislation shall be enacted to regulated drivers and pedestrians; and
The public shall be educated in the provisions of traffic and ordinances. Motorists and pedestrians shall
be trained in satisfactory movement habits, and compliance with regulations shall be obtained by
41
enforcement. The police shall initiate action and coordinate the efforts of the agencies that are
concerned in the activities.
Vice Control It shall be the determined stand of the PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as
they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to eliminate them, as there attempt to eliminate robbery, theft, and
public disturbance. Control of vice, shall be based on law rather than on moral precepts, and intensive operations shall
be directed toward their elimination. A primary interest in vice control results from the close coordination between vice
and criminal activities. Constant raids of known vice dens shall be undertaken.
Juvenile Delinquency Control Effective crime control necessitates preventing the development of
individuals as criminals. The police commander shall recognize a need for preventing crime or correcting conditions
that induce criminality and by rehabilitating the delinquent.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOPs)
Standard Operating Procedures or SOPs are products of police operational planning adopted by the police
organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of their duties and functions, especially during field operations.
The following are Police Security Service Package of the PNP with the following standard operating
procedures and guidelines:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
SOP #01 POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES - This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be
observed by all PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of visibility patrols.
SOP #02 BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field to increase
police visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.
SOP #03 SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in the conduct of inspections to ensure police
visibility.
SOP #4 REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992 as the peoples direct link to the police to receive
public calls for assistance and complaints for prompt action by police authorities. This SOP prescribes the
procedures in detail of Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio Operators for REACT 166; and their
term of duty and responsibilities.
SOP #5 LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the creation of the Presidential Anti-Organization Crime Task
Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign against kidnapping in terms of personnel
requirements. SOP #5 sets forth the PNPs guidelines in its fight against kidnapping activities.
SOP #6 ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the conduct of an all-out and sustained anti
carnapping campaign to stop/minimize carnapping activities, neutralize syndicated carnapping groups,
identify/prosecute government personnel involved in carnapping activities, and to effectively address other
criminal activities related to car napping.
SOP #7 ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the operational guidelines in the conduct of operations
against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.
SOP #8 JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This SOP
provides overall planning, integration, orchestration or coordination, and monitoring of all efforts to ensure the
successful implementation.
SOP #9 ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY This SOP sets forth the guidelines and concepts
of operations to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway robbery/hold-up/hijacking operations.
SOP #10 PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This SOP sets forth the concept of operations and tasks of
all concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed Groups and loose fire.
SOP # 11 MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION OF WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP sets forth the
objectives and concept of operation tasks of all concerned units in the neutralization of wanted persons.
SOP #12 ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal gambling nationwide.
SOP #13 ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets forth the concept of operation in the campaign against
professional squatters and squatting syndicates.
SOP #14 JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the operational guidelines to be undertaken by the National
Headquarter (NHQ) of PNP in the establishment of a quick reaction group that can be detailed with the office
42
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
of the Secretary of Interior and Local Government (SILG), with personnel and equipment requirements of that
reaction group supported by the PNP.
SOP #15 NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY) - This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be
undertaken by the PNP that will spearhead the fight against prostitution and vagrancy.
SOP #16 ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This prescribes the guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP
Units/Offices in enforcing the ban on pornographic pictures, videos and magazines.
SOP #17 GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes
the procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid, search and/or search of person, search of any
premises and the seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Rules of Court, as
amended and updated decision of the Supreme Court.
SOP #18 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
SOP #19 ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
SOP #20 ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
SOP #21 ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
Disaster
(Natural Crisis)
Induced
Catastrophe
(Man-made Crisis)
Commonalities:
Deciding Policy
Assessing Threat
Identifying Resources
Selecting crisis team personnel
Locating crisis management center
Equipping the crisis center
Testing contingency plans and emergency procedures
Dealing with the media
Dealing with victims and their families
Dealing with other affected person (such as employees)
Getting the organizations normal work done
Returning to normal after the crisis
Plan Checklist
Communications Specialist
Legal Specialist
Medical and Relief Operations Officer
Financial Specialist
Each disaster team member must be oriented and trained on their respective role and the functional
requirements for disaster management.
Disaster Action Team Duties
On Pre-event
Retain archives
The chain of events during a disaster is simplified as follows:
Security receives initial report of emergency
Security notifies Disaster Team Leader
Team leader decides if immediate action is required
If action is required, he notifies the other team members to convene at the crisis management center
Initial liason established and actions taken: create log, contact of family, employees involved, government or
law enforcement liaison contacts, prepare contingency press guidance, others.
Respond to event
47
Through planning, the law violators can be arrested and processed with in the existing legal frameworks by
the exercise of reasonable force. Without an immediate decisive police action, the continually recurring conditions of
civil unrest and lawlessness could quickly evolve into a full-scale riot. Police planning could provide the best police
reaction and order can be restored with a minimum of property damage and injury.
What are the Police Purpose and Objectives in Anti-Riot Operations?
Containment Unlawful assembly and riot are as contagious as a plague unless they are quarantined from
the unaffected areas of the community. In here, all persons who are at the scene should be advised to leave the area,
thereby reducing the number of potential anti-police combatants.
Dispersal The crowd of unlawful assembly or riot should be dispersed at once. It may appear at first to be
a legal assembly but the nature of the assembly at the time of the arrival of the police may clearly distinguish it as
being unlawful. Once it is determined, the responsibility of the police to command the people to disperse. Crowd
control formations may be done if necessary to expedite their movements.
Prevention of Entry or Reentry- The police have to protect the area once the people have been moved out
or dissipated into smaller groups to prevent them from returning. Enforce quarantine by not allowing the group to
resume their actions.
Arrest Violators One of the first acts of the police upon arrival at the scene of the disturbance is to locate
and isolate individuals who are inciting the crowd to violate or fragrantly violating the law. Prevent any attempt by the
crowd or mob to rescue those arrested by enforcing total quarantine.
Establish Priorities Depending upon the circumstances, it is always necessary to establish priorities.
Assessing the situation to determine the nature of assistance and number of men needed is part of the planning
process.
determine whether the original purpose of the gathering was lawful or not
determine also the lawfulness at the time of arrival at the scene
assess their attitude, emotional state, and their general condition
determine any state of intoxication and other conditions that may lead to violence
identify the cause of the problem
locate and identify leaders or agitators
48
Communicate
report on your assessment, keeping your assessment brief but concise, giving your superior the sufficient
data with which to proceed for plans of action
ask for assistance or help from the command post hence remain close to the radio as possible until
additional units arrived or to communicate new developments
Maintain a Watchful Waiting
5.
6.
7.
8.
What are the Special Problems in Crowd Control and Anti-Riot Operations?
Snipers Certain psychopathic people may attempt to take advantage of the mass confusion and
excitement at a riot scene by taking a concealed position and shooting at people with some type of weapons, usually
rifle.
Arsonist Persons holding torch in their hands are potential arsonists. They must be taken into custody
immediately.
Looters Acts of simple misdemeanor thefts or may consists of robbery of breaking and entering. Take the
suspects into custody by whatever means are necessary.
50
As discussed earlier, the term police originated from the Greek word politeia, which means civil
organization and the state; the Romans slightly changed the word to politia. The French changed the word to police
to call those people authorized to implement the law. The English and the Americans borrowed the word from the
French and used it to describe a law enforcer. The word Cop and Constable are other common descriptions of a
police officer. Cop is a European term meaning to catch or seize.
It must be noted that the terms constable and patrol came from the French. Patrol originated directly or via
German Patrolla from the French patrouller (patroullier), which originally means to walk through mud in a military
camp.
The Evolution of Police Patrol
Police is the agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and
preventing and detecting crime. The idea of the police force as a protective and law enforcement organization
developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Guard of ancient Rome.
The Praetorian Guard is composed of Roman soldiers or centurions carefully selected by the commander of
the city under the authority of Emperor Ceasar. The Romans achieved a high level of law enforcement, which
remained in effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 15 th century,
policing became a task of the heads of fiefdoms and principalities.
Police in the Ancient Time
In recorded history, we can find many documents and archeological finds that insinuate a form of organized
police. For example, a clay tablet used by the ancient Babylonian dated, around 2000 BC, contains a report from a
Babylonian officer to his superiors notifying them that he had proceeded to the mans house as ordered, arrested him,
taken his fingerprints and then taken control of his property. Around the same date, the discovery in the Indus valley
revealed not only that this city had sewers and a bathroom in each house, but that there are special watch-houses
which were used by policemen whose duty it was to patrol the streets and maintain order.
In both the Old Testament (Song of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the New Testament (Matthew and
John), we find references to watchmen whose duty it was to protect the city and arrest offenders.
The hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians indicates that they had police officers. They had special flag with
its distinctive emblem, a gazelle with a large ostrich feather attached to its neck. There was a constant for some type
of protective police patrol because of the great treasures hidden in the many tombs. It was in this regard that the
Egyptians became the first people to use police dogs on patrol. They also invented the lock.
The police were civilians called medjay and headed by an Egyptian military officer.
Augustus, just before the time of Christ, formed the Vigiles of Rome, a group of over two thousand men,
armed with staves and shortsword, whose duty was to keep the peace and fight fires.
Police in the Middle Ages
In the early Middle Ages (a period from the 5 th Century A.D. to about 1350), a system of mutual protection
was developed called the Frankpledge. Under this system, a community was divided into tithings or groups of 10
men, each member of which was responsible for the conduct of the other members of his group and for the assurance
that a member charged with a breach of the law would be produced at court.
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This system has in some ways prevailed in the British military. If one man makes a mistake, the whole group to which
he belongs is punished.
England
In England, each petty kingdom was divided into shires or counties. Each shire was the responsibility of a
Reeve, later called the Sheriff, who in turn was responsible to their King for law and order in his respective district.
Each Shire was broken down into Hundreds (100 households) headed by a Hundredman, later known as a High
Constable. Each hundred was further broken down into Tythings (10 families) headed by a Tythingman or Chief
Tythingman who was elected by the group, later on replaced by the Constable in the 12 th century. He served as
constable and judge.
Another form of police protection used at the end of this era was for each able bodied man to serve so much
time patrolling the town at night as a Watchman. Later, it was required that they call out the time and weather on the
hour.
The Hue and Cry - It was an ancient Saxon practice that the invaders brought over to England. The horn,
the oldest known warning device in history, was sounded when a person committed a crime, or a felon escaped, and
it was detected. When they hear this, they raised a cry, sounded their horns, and by law had to lay aside their work
and join their pursuit. If they failed to join, they were considered to have taken the part of the escaping person and
would be arrested. The law stated that pursuit of the fugitive must continue until he was caught or reached the sea.
Keepers of the Peace - At the end of the 12th Century (1195), King Richard issued a proclamation entitled
Keepers of the Peace, requiring the appointment of knights to keep the Kings Peace. Some believe that the
present shield type badge used by some police departments had its origin with the shield the knights used. They
keep guard at bridges and gates and checking on people leaving and entering the town.
Statute of Winchester (Watch and Ward Act) - Near the end of the 13th Century (1285), the Statute of
Winchester enacted the system of Watch and Ward Act. A watch was stationed between sunset and sunrise at each
gate of a walled town. It revived the Hue and Cry. Some watches are grouped together for protection and patrolled the
town in Marching Watches.
The Charlies - Near the middle of the 17 th Century (1663), King Charles passed an act which provided in
London one thousand Night Watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise and they were called
Charlies. Also referred to by the local citizens as Shiver and Shake watch because they were often old and frail
and would run off if they saw any trouble, or heard a cry for help. They carried long staves and dimly lit lanterns, and
they called out the hour and weather conditions. Some were not honest and sometimes work for criminals as lookouts.
Because of this ineffectiveness, merchants hired their own watchman who was known as the Merchant Police.
Bow Street Runners - In 1748, Henry Fielding became the Chief Magistrate at Bow Street in Middlesex,
London. He organized a group of men known as Bow Street Runners whose task was to run errands for the Bow
Street Court. He later formed The Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the
travelers from highwaymen or highway bandits. According to some books, Bow Street Runners was the first organized
foot patrol and Bow Street horse Patrol was the first mounted police on patrol.
The Metropolitan Police - In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act and was
passed by the English parliament of England in the same year. This law led to the creation of the Metropolitan Police
Force of London, which is viewed by some historians as the first organized uniformed police form. This police force
52
was later called Scotland Yard. Being the sponsor of the law, Peel became the first head of the police organization
thus earning the title of The Father of Modern Policing System.
The New Police by Peel were not well received at first. Oftentimes, they were referred to as Peels
Bloody Gang, Blue Devils, and Dirty Papists.
France
The French Police is quite old. During the Roman Empire, France was the Roman province Gaul, and the
French seemed to expand on Augustus Caesars idea of police by giving them very wide powers including price
control, welfare, public morals, and even sitting in judgment of these offenders. They (the police) handled duties that
today we consider civil matters and their power came directly from the king not from the community.
16th Century - Paris had two patrols: The Citizen Night Guard; (similar to English Watchman) and the Royal
Guard which was probably for the kings protection. At this time, Saint-Louis gave the Guard a motto that is even today
on the French police emblem, Vigilat ut Quiescant (He watches that they may sleep).
End of 18th Century (1791) - The position of Officers de Paix was formed (origin of Peace Officer).
First Police Organization (headed by Louis-Marie Debelleme)- In truth, the French were the first to
establish a group of uniformed police officers tasked to patrol the city of Paris. This police force was called Sergent
de Ville (servant of the city) which was organized six months earlier before the creation of Metropolitan Police Force
of London.
United States
In Colonial Times - As former colony of England, it borrowed most of th system of its country of origin.
Two main trends in law enforcement were:
North life was more urban oriented, and the Watch or Constable system seemed to be best suited.
South development was more rural because of agriculture, hence, the sheriff system became the trend.
Other pertinent developments:
Intermediate period the following were the key events concerning police and patrol before the
modernization of the United States of America:
53
summon assistance in enforcing the law). To beef up law enforcement, Wanted Poster and Bounty
Hunters were used.
San Francisco formed the Committee of Vigilance in lieu of an established police. Their motto: Fiat
Justitia Ruat Coelum (Heaven decrees, Let There Be Justice).
Pendleton Act of 1833 established civil Service for federal employees.
Modern Period - This period began in the 1920s with the use of automobile patrol and voice radio communications.
World War II During the war, the following were some of the events highlighting policing in America:
Philippines
The evolution of policing system and police patrol in the country developed from the practice of different
tribes. The common tradition was to select able-bodied young men to protect their villages from the depredation of wild
animals that prey on their crops and livestock.
Some Important Dates or Events in Early Policing particularly in the area of patrol organization (some
were already discussed in the Preliminaries of this book):
1712 - Carabineros de Seguridad Publico was organized for the purpose of carrying the regulation of the
State and was armed and considered as the Mounted Police.
Jan. 8, 1836 - Guardrilleros, a body of rural police organized in each town as established by a Royal
Decree.
Feb. 12, 1852 - Guardia Civil, was created by a Royal Decree issued by the crown to partially relieve the
Spanish Peninsular Troops of their policing towns.
1899 - Post Office Inspection system begun.
1901 - Department of Public Instruction was concerned with peace and order. Gen. Howard Taft became the
first Civil Governor of the Philippine.
July 18, 1901 - The PC, better known as the Insular Constabulary, was organized, the first insular police
force in the Philippines, manned mostly by Filipinos but most officers were Americans. Capt. Henry Allen
named as the first Chief of the PC.
1935 - American Police Force withdrawn with the advent of the Commonwealth. Capt. Columbus Piatt was
the last American Police Chief in Manila. Col. Antonio C. Torres became the first Filipino Police Chief.
Mar. 17, 1954 - Automobile Patrol was introduced in Metro Manila. Isaias Alma Jose, the first Chief of mobile
patrol of MPD.
Dec. 13, 1990 - RA 6975, An Act establishing the PNP under a Reorganized Department of the Interior and
local government and for other purposes.
1998 - RA 8551, the PNP Attrition Law, Professionalization Law
Present Period
The country through the Philippine National Police and the Department of Interior and Local Government in
coordination with other government agencies particularly the Armed Forces of the Philippines, has tapped the
involvement of the community in policing. One of these is the institution of the Community Oriented Policing System or
COPS, the Integrated Patrol System (IPS) and the Patrol 117.
The Role of Police Patrol
The primary law enforcement body of the state is the police. The basic police mission preserving order by
enforcing rules of conduct or laws was the same in the ancient communities as it is today in sophisticated and highly
urbanized societies.
Police, the first component of the Criminal Justice System in the Philippine setting is responsible in
performing these fundamental functions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
On Law Enforcement, it embraces crime prevention and crime control, including customary police functions.
On the other hand, peace and order maintenance covers the peacekeeping role and community-oriented services
(community service role). Note that peace and order maintenance has no law enforcement implications. Domestic
trouble is a sample situation wherein police officers must have to intervene although their action is not backed by any
specific law or ordinance.
Sometimes on patrol, while performing a mediators role in a family squabble, the responding officers may
subsequently take police actions if:
a.
b.
c.
Why is it that the citizens usually call first the police when a social problem occurs?
Traditionally speaking, these are the reasons: Because the police are constantly available when needed;
dependable when called upon; and capable of providing advice to decide or settle interpersonal conflicts. Thus, there
are two broad duties of police officers while on patrol.
55
1.
2.
56
6.
7.
Individual patrol officers play a major role in determining the quality of justice in a given community. Errors
made by patrolmen have significant negative effect in the publics perception and on the other components of
the CJS.
The patrol officer is the most important human element of the police organization since all police field
operations are supported by the patrol activity.
Police departments sometime gain reputation of efficiency and effectiveness based on their vigilance in
dealing with criminal offenses and the establishment of a high state visibility in the community. Criminals usually plan
their legal illegal ventures in areas where police are known to be lax and inefficient. Hence, they purposely avoid
communities whereby the police have established reputation of being extremely vigilant and aggressive in deterring
crimes.
In order to realize the above-enumerated functions, the patrol unit has to perform the following activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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Percentage
50%
15%
10%
10%
10%
5%
Theory of Police Omnipresence - High police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think
twice before executing their plans if there is obvious presence of police officers. Thus, patrol activity should
be carried in a manner that attracts maximum attention to the police officer or police vehicles. This theory
applies the principle of overt operation or high police visibility.
2.
Low Profile Theory - Low police visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals. Deceptive
absence of the police officers will let criminals believe that they will not be detected or caught if they execute
crimes that they planned. In this theory, the objective is to attract as little attention as possible while on the
process of patrolling. The officers should operate in a manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or
the public to determine that police are around. The principle of covert operation is integrated in this theory.
A smart patrol officer should use both approaches depending on the circumstances of a situation. He can
make his presence obvious in a high-crime area to deter criminals by conducting slow motor patrol. In another
situation, he may conceal himself and test the presence of criminals around an area.
The most important role of a patrol officer is to serve as the police organizations actual field contact with the
people. Thus, the word PATROL is an acronym of: P oliceman; A ssigned; T o; R estore; O rder in the ; L
ocality
B. Patrol Methods
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Patrol methods are various means of getting from one place to another within a specified patrol jurisdiction. Various
methods of patrol are not intended to isolate the patrol officer from the people he vowed to serve and protect.
Patrol effort made by the police may be in the form of any or combination of the following:
1.
Beat Patrol
a. Foot Patrol
b. Bicycle Patrol
2.
3.
FOOT PATROL
Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and is used to deal with special situations while maintaining radio
contact with officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure 2 types of police geographical units:
1.
2.
Post a fixed position or location where an officer is assigned for guard duty
Beat the smallest area specifically assigned for patrol purposes
Fixed foot patrol is usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades, and special events.
Mobile foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot movement such as patrolling business and
shopping centers, high crime areas, and in places where there are many or multiple family dwellings.
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
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less chance of obstruction by pedestrians on the sidewalk if you are required to take quick action;
and
Higher police visibility, which is effective in crime prevention.
5. Walk near buildings during night patrol.
Check the window glass of street level stores or offices for cracks or broken glass.
Avoid looking backwards, unless necessary. Use the reflection in store windows to see your back.
Move discreetly to avoid tipping off burglars or muggers.
Pause frequently in shadows to observe without being seen.
Use convenient light to check doors in case of forcible entry.
6. Do not immediately open the door when intending to get inside. Observe and evaluate first the situation.
7. Check the interiors of buildings and rattle doorknobs to ensure that premises are secure.
8. Watch for persons loitering or hiding in doorways, either ingress or egress.
9. Use fire escapes to inspect building rooftops once in a while.
10. Be attentive or on alert for the sound of breaking glass or any unusual noise that may be caused by criminal
activity.
Greater personal contact with the public leading to increased community support for the police. Police
becomes closer to the community residents.
Greater opportunity to develop sources of information.
High police visibility. Regular police presence discourages criminals and provides greater sense of security to
storekeepers, females, and elderly persons.
Places not accessible by motor vehicles are reached and patrolled. Patrol officers can enter small alleys and
side streets.
Easier detection of criminal activities. Foot patrol provides closer observation of the environment and the
circumstances that may require immediate police attention.
Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the beat. In-depth knowledge of the character and
problems of the patrol area.
AUTOMOBILE PATROL
The patrol car is the most extensively used and the most effective means of transportation for police on
patrol. Equipped with state-of-the-art police gear, patrol cars today provide a rapid, safe, and efficient means of
transportation under average operating conditions. Automobile patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. Most
experts on patrol operation agree that it is the most cost-effective method of patrol.
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4.
HELP - high-intensity emergency lighting plan heavy duty light than can provide 2 million candle power of
lighting
Do not develop the habit of using only the main roads in your area. Most criminal activity occurs at
the back streets, out of sight from the main thoroughfares.
Do not spend too much time in drive-inns or coffee spots.
Always take note (jot down) the plate numbers of strange or suspicious vehicles.
Get out from the patrol car regularly or frequently to be visible and accessible to the public; and
develop personal contacts in the neighborhood.
Set an example to other motorists.
a. Observe/Obey all traffic laws (rules of the road), for both safety and public relation (PR) reasons,
unless you are en route to an emergency or while on pursuit.
b. Always park the patrol car in the legal way.
c. Use seat belts or shoulder straps and other safety devices.
d. Use the proper traffic signal lights and hand signals.
8.
Avoid driving too fast on general patrol conditions except during emergencies or in pursuing some
criminals/suspects. Maintain a cruising speed of 20-25 mph during patrol. This is slow enough to make
detailed observations without impeding the traffic flow.
9.
When conducting solo patrol, maintain frequent contact with the dispatcher or other communication
personnel in the field or at the HQ.
10.
If you are patrolling with a partner, divide the observation area around your vehicle.
a. The driving officer covers at least 100 OC of vision in front. He must not, however, allow his
observations to interfere with the safe operation of the patrol car.
b. The passenger officer should cover a field of view twice more than the driving officer.
c. Both driver and passenger officer must always be on alert for possible informants.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Minimize hiding behind hills, curves or signboards to trap traffic violators. This is bad PR and
serves to erode community confidence in the police sense of fair play.
Frequently check the potential trouble spots in your patrol area.
Stop periodically among parked cars at the entrance of side streets to observe activity on the
street.
Check the occupants of vehicles that stop beside and behind you at intersections.
Regularly check parking lots for abandoned stolen vehicles.
In stopping and checking a vehicle, park at the rear side of the suspect vehicle. Leave the door
slightly open unless the area is highly populated.
Do not leave the key in the patrol car especially if the place is in a high-crime or congested area.
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Preventive enforcement is doubled by having twice as many police cars on the street
An officer who is alone devotes his full attention to driving and beat observation rather than conversing with
his partner
Personality clashes are reduced and/or avoided
Promotes self-reliance and self-confidence.
Provides officers with greater safety by doubling the firepower and physical protection
Mistake made by one officer may be noticed and immediately corrected by his partner
Each officer could get rest and thus perform more effectively since each does not have to drive for full 8
hours of duty
Beneficial since two pairs of eyes are better than one.
One could operate the radio while the other one drives.
Sleeping on duty could be avoided especially for the one who is driving since he has a companion who
keeps him awake
BICYCLE PATROL
Bicycle patrol is growing in popularity because of easy operation and its acceptance by the public,
particularly children who view them as a non-threatening form of patrol. Bicycles are now used in many countries as a
simple and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry police officers throughout their patrol district. Often,
bicycles are used in parks and on beaches and have many of the same advantages and disadvantages as
motorcycles.
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3.
4.
5.
Increased mobility and stealth since bicycle can be operated quietly and without attracting too much
attention. In Seattle, Washington, for, example, bicycle officers use bikes to whip around corners and surprise
drug dealers. This type of patrol provides the maximum stealth and mobility to patrol officers.
Found to be highly effective in combating theft, vandalism in residential areas, parks, shopping malls, etc.
The Seattle Citys 20 bicycle officers have averaged five times the number of arrests made by foot patrols in
the downtown area.
Effectively used by plainclothesmen for surveillance in high crime areas wherein officers wearing nondescript
clothes could blend with the apparels worn by the criminals
Like motorcycles, bicycles leave the patrol officer extremely vulnerable. Officers should have the proper
safety equipment and follow all basic safety practices while on bicycle patrol.
MOTORCYCLE PATROL
Most police departments have their motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their patrol cars.
Motorcycles are beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers because of the ease and speed of moving around.
Motorcycle patrol has many of the same advantages as automobile patrol, especially in speed and maneuverability.
Motorcycles have greater access than automobiles to some areas and are better suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys
and rugged terrain.
Disadvantages of Motorcycle Patrol
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thus, in motorcycle patrol, proper protective clothing and helmets are a must. A motorcycle also offers the
patrol officer much less protection than a squad car should a person in a vehicle being pursued decides to start
shooting. Nonetheless, the ability of motorcycles to maneuver through traffic and their ability to access areas, which
squad cars cannot, make them valuable patrol vehicles.
A number of American police agencies continue to use two wheel and three wheel motorcycles, especially for
traffic control and special occasions, such as parades and escort duty. In general, however, the use of the two wheeled
motorcycle patrol had decreased in recent years for several important reasons. Departments that have used solo, or
two wheels, motorcycles, have found them to be:
a.
b.
c.
d.
costly to operate,
hazardous to the driver, and
inoperative during inclement weather when the police should be most active in the
enforcement of traffic regulations or readily available for special escort duties.
Additionally, the solo motorcycle is tiring for the driver and has no capacity to transport
prisoners, other personnel, or equipment.
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AIRCRAFT PATROL
Among the more recent trends in patrolling is the use of aircraft, either helicopter or fixed-wing. Today, it has
become necessary for the police use aircraft in performing both routine and specialized patrol activities. The use of
aircraft is not totally new. In 1925, the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department has already formed a volunteer Reserve
Aero Squadron. Full-time Aero detail is still an official unit in this police department today.
Before 1929, the New York police department began using aircraft. In 1947, the New York Port Authority
began using helicopters for surveillance, transportation, and rescue. Other cities and state agencies in United States
has employed helicopters, usually during daylight hours. In 1986, the state of California developed an experimental
program using helicopters for police patrolling known as SKY KNIGHT.
During the latter part of 1959, the Public Safety Department of Dade County in Florida used the aerial patrol
concept. At present, it is effectively utilizing fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters in regular patrols to prevent crime and
apprehend offenders or engage in surveillance activities.
Advantages of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Patrol
1.
2.
Able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary, and to land even in small patch of flat land.
Increased visual range/scope.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation, surveillance, and other high profile police activities.
Improved response time to emergency calls and other called-for service.
Increased rate of apprehension of professional and organized crime groups.
Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through airborne reconnaissance.
Increased ability in conducting searches for missing or lost people suspected offenders and escaping
prisoners.
8. Provide a better system of flood lighting areas to be patrolled at night.
9. Capable of broadcasting information to a large area through airborne speakers.
10. Provide rapid emergency transportation of personnel.
11. Added security to patrol officers on foot, motorcycles or in patrol cars through backup offered by aerial patrol.
Disadvantages of Helicopter Patrol
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Very expensive high cost of training of pilots/operators, buying, fuel, and special facilities for housing and
maintenance.
Public complaints about the noise and about being spied upon.
Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
Smog and light or intermittent clouds affect visibility.
Presence of various hazards especially in congested areas, such as high wires and smog.
There are landing patterns or procedures that must be followed, which delays landing time.
Pilots must work shorter periods of time than regular police shifts since driver of helicopters easily suffer work
fatigues.
There are many tactical problems to overcome such as location of police units on ground and the exact
location of addresses
Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear the helicopter coming even from a great distance.
company began a loan program wherein law enforcement agencies can obtain free use of Yamaha PWC during the
boating season. These vehicles have very shallow draft, high maneuverability and stability. They are also very easy to
operate. The 2 models most frequently used were the: Wave Runner LX (for 2 people) and the Wave Runner III (for 3
people). The front compartment allows for storage of ticket book, high-powered binoculars and a portable breath test.
Many are equipped with public-address systems, sirens, and lights.
Main advantages of using PWC rather than ordinary patrol boats are:
1.
2.
Marine patrol officers can approach areas not accessible to conventional patrol boats because of shallow,
low bridges or other impediments.
One or two officers are enough to operate while increasing maneuverability and speed.
Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well as in smelling out drugs and bombs.
Provide protection for 1-officer patrol. Officer/s assigned to a high-crime area has little to fear with a welltrained canine at their side.
Great value in crowd control since:
a. properly trained dogs are virtually fearless; and
b. totally loyal to their handlers have a significant psychological effect on would-be trouble makers
Extensively used in international airports to detect narcotics and bombs because of their keen sense of
smell. A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times better than a human can.
Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in finding bodies dead or alive, just buried or buried for
years.
Locating trapped people during emergencies.
Can be an asset to public relations efforts.
Well-trained police dogs can be used for demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or parades.
What breeds of working dogs are best suited for police works?
1.
2.
German Shepherds the most frequently used and highest-scoring dog for police work
Black Labrador retrievers
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Giant Schnauzers
Rottweilers
Doberman pinschers
Bouviers
Newfoundlands
Airedale terriers
Alaskan malamutes
WOLVES It stands for Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System; the system of attaching a miniature
camera and transmitter to a search dog; this equipment make mans best friend and even better friend, because the
dog can now be the eyes and ears of his handler in situations where saving life is paramount objective.
Bloodhounds These tracking dog; a large powerful dog with drooping ears, sagging jowls, and keen sense of smell,
formerly used for tracking.
PATROL: WORKING THE STREET
Preparation for Duty The patrol officers job starts even before they are in their respective area of
responsibility (AOR) because they need to prepare the following that are necessary in the performance of their
routines:
Equipment check
Police uniform
Weapons
Watch
Money, including change for pay telephones
Flashlight, spare battery and bulbs
Notebook with ample supply of blank paper
Forms re reports, traffic violations, etc.
Current list of stolen and wanted vehicles
Portable radio and other equipment as required
Vehicle Check In case of patrol officers assigned on mobile cars (prowl cars), they should:
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Check the inside of your patrol car, paying particular attention to the rear seat.
A prisoner may have hidden a weapon or evidence in the vehicle during the previous shift.
During your own tour of duty, a prisoner might try the same maneuver. If you havent checked the vehicle,
any evidence you recover might be ruled inadmissible in court; you would be unable to swear that the vehicle
was empty before the suspect entered it.
Record the condition of your vehicles interior in your notebook for possible latter use as evidence.
Check your vehicles siren, roof light, radio and other equipment to ensure that they are in proper working
order. Note any damage or mechanical problems.
PATROL CONCEPTS
The following are simple but vital questions in the management of a patrol unit in your own department or in
any police department:
What is reactive Patrol?
It is the old system of police patrol activity which consists of continuously driving around the area of patrol
waiting for something to happen and to react accordingly in case something does happen.
What is proactive Patrol?
It is the more economical alternative patrol system, which has an objective approach against criminality as
much as practicable. It addresses crime at its very root before it is able to develop into a felonious act.
What is participative law enforcement?
It is a system where the citizenry and the police work together to reduce crime, prevent juvenile delinquency
and criminal behavior, maintain the peace and reduce local problems which are the mutual responsibility of the police
and the people.
What is the difference between prevention and repression of criminal and delinquent behavior?
Prevention is the objective aimed towards ways and means to reduce the desire of the human being to
commit crime. Repression, on the other hand is the act of preventing the actual commission of crimes. Repression is
leveled on the prevention of the very act itself which constitutes crimes.
What is Police Omnipresence?
It is a crime repression activity of the police which is accomplished by making their presence known in such a
way that even if they are longer present in a certain location, would be criminals would still have the impression that
they are still around and would therefore refrain from committing an offense.
What is the meaning of the acronym COPS?
The acronym COPS refers to Community Oriented Policing System. It is the deploying of policemen in police
blocks to provide police and public safety services. It also involves the breaking down of large and impersonal police
departments into small units to create as series of mini-police precincts, which are responsive to the smaller
communities.
What are the objectives of the PNPs New COPS?
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1.
2.
3.
To enhance police visibility in order to reach out to the community to serve the resident a policing out.
To improve police community relation to gain public acceptance, build mutual respect and trust and promote
cooperation.
To attend sustained and integrated police-community participation, in crime prevention and suppression.
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This is a term used frequently to describe a specific condition or place that requires a patrol officers special
attention.
What is the importance of Vehicle inspection for patrol?
The emergency nature of police work demands that the vehicle they use be in the best condition as possible
not only for routine patrol driving but also for pursuit operation. Hence, there is a need for regular vehicle inspection.
What is the purpose of the District Orientation Tour in preparing for patrol?
Its purpose is to familiarize and orient a policeman about the patterns and characteristics of his patrol area
before he conducts actual patrol.
What is police surveillance?
It is the process of keeping under observation a person; a place or an object to obtain information material to
the solution of a case. It is also use to detect some forms of criminal behaviors.
What is the purpose of the police at the scene of civil disturbance?
During civil disturbances, the police: protects lives and properties of everyone at the scene; enforces the law;
and restores peace and order.
What are the objectives of the police at the scene of unlawful assemblies?
The objectives of the police at the scene of unlawful assemblies like riot (these are discussed in Chapter 4
Crowd Control and Riot Prevention): Containment; Dispersal; Prevention of reentry or entry; Arrest of law violators; and
Establish priorities.
State the essential steps that must be taken by the police during a disaster response.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
What are the primary line units concerned with the accomplishment of the police operational tasks?
70
The primary line units in the police include patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and juvenile patrol.
What are the secondary or auxiliary units concerned with the service tasks?
The secondary or auxiliary units in the police include the records, property custodian, jails, crime laboratory
services, transportation, and communication.
What are the administrative or managerial units?
The administrative or managerial units in the police include personnel, intelligence, planning, budgeting, and
training in community relations.
Why participation of patrol in vice control necessary?
Patrol participation in vice control is necessary in order to lessen the force needed in the vice-division; to
increase its efficiency; to conserve time and energy of its members; and to focus its attention to the more serious vice
violations.
What are different types of calls response by the police patrol?
ROUTINE CALL Under this category, the mobile car is required to observe all traffic laws and rules and
does not normally use its flashing lights and siren while on its way to the scene. This includes when the police
responds to:
Obtain reports about offenses discovered after the criminal has left and which does
not involve injury.
What are the two schools of thoughts regarding the best means of approaching any scene where a crime is
believed to be in progress?
First is to approach the scene with lights and siren flashing and to pull on directly at the scene of the reported
crime. The idea here is to frighten the criminal in order to prevent him from completing his criminal act.
Second is to approach the crime scene as inconspicuously as possible in order to use the advantage of
surprise in apprehending the criminal or preventing his escape.
What are the factors to be considered by the patroller in choosing the manner by which an approach to a
crime in progress is to be made?
These are the factors of: time and day; condition of traffic; possibility of ongoing physical assault; and the
neighborhood characteristics.
Why is the police force organized along semi-military lines?
It is due to the nature of work they perform, the manner in which they are expected to perform their duties,
and their close adherence to a rigid chain of command with specific assignment of duties and responsibilities and
functional job descriptions that distinguish between line and staff authority.
What is the distinction between line and staff functions?
Line functions such as patrol and criminal investigation are those that are directly responsible for
accomplishing police goals and objectives.
On the other hand, staff, auxiliary or support functions are those that are designed solely to support and
enhance the operation of line units. They usually include records, communications, personnel, training, property
maintenance and the like.
THE INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS) OF THE PNP
The Integrated Patrol System (IPS) of the Philippine National Police is a concerted effort of the whole PNP
organization with other government agencies. The purpose is for the effective performance of the general role of the
PNP which is to deliver the basic public safety services to the community.
What are the Three (3) Public Safety Bureaus?
In the Philippines, there are three separate line bureaus created under the Department of Interior and Local
Government. They are responsible in the protection of the community against criminality, destructive fires and
calamities and protection by confinement and correction of convicted criminal perpetrators. The three bureaus are:
PNP Philippine National Police
BFP Bureau of Fire Protection
BJMP Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
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In crime prevention, the psychological tool of the police is VISIBILITY and OMNIPRESENCE; and
Visibility and omnipresence is applied by the police for the purpose of:
a. making their presence felt;
b. giving a feeling of security to law abiding citizens; and
c. providing a feeling of fear to would be offenders.
Instrumentality the means or instrument used in the commission of crime such as:
firearm; fan knife; poison (or any obnoxious substance); Hammer; motor vehicle; a document, etc.
Motive the reason or cause why a person or group of persons will perpetrate a crime or
the purpose or aim of doing something. Examples are: economic gain; jealousy; covetousness/greediness;
revenge; gratify desire; and win a competition.
Opportunity It refers to the chance or twist of fate; consist of the acts (whether by
omission or commission) by a person (the victim) that enables another person or group of persons (the
offenders) to perpetrate the crime. Opportunity is synonyms with carelessness, acts of indiscretion, and lack
of crime prevention or lack of consciousness on the part of the victim. Illustrative examples are:
a. Leaving ones home or car unattended for a long time
b. Walking all alone in a well-known crime prone alley
c. Wearing expensive jewelries in slum area
d. Readily admitting a stranger to ones residence and the like.
Further, once crime took place, it can be further explained by using the interaction of these three (3) factors:
Criminal Tendency, Total Situation, and Resistance to temptation. Criminal tendency is innate to every human being.
Total situation speaks of the environmental circumstances. Resistance to temptation could also be innate to a person
which could be attributed to his cultural and educational upbringing.
What is a Freak Crime Accident?
There are situations when all the three elements of the crime are present and merged at the same time and
the same place; however the victim is not the intended one due to error in persona (mistaken identity). This is called a
freak crime accident. Similarly, the public still need to be protected against these kinds of crimes.
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A.
Fixed Components These include the following: Police Station HQ; Police Community Precincts (PCP);
Traffic Posts; and Visibility Posts police outposts
Station Desk (SD) plays the most important role in the implementation of the police mission to serve end
protect the community. Further, it serves as the 3 Cs of the police force: communication; coordinating; and
center/command post. Being the 3 Cs of the police force, the SD serves as:
a.
Nerve center of the IPS
b.
Transmitter of the police station
c.
Police stations administrative nerve center
d.
Disaster Coordinating Council (DCC)
e.
Showcase of the Stations efficient operational capabilities.
f.
Monitoring assistance center during elections and other political events
To ensure proper response to calls, the Police Station should equip the SD with the following communication
facilities:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Situation/Locator Map (w/ magnetic equipment) also called spot map; the key-point in the Police Station
Desk; capable of providing a visual IPS situation because it shows the: area of responsibility (AOR); Real Time Current
Situation; and Real time Status of the IPS. The importance of the Situation/Locator Map (S/LM) are for OTS (on the
spot) assessment of the situation; and for OTS shifting of patrol forces to deal with a situation
PCP Led by a police commissioned officer with a rank of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a minimum
of 30 personnel including the PCP Commander divided in 3 shifts of 8-hours duty. More often, it is headed by Senior
Police Officers (SPOs) due to lack of commissioned officers.
B.
Patrol Components The patrol components of the IPS are: Air Patrol; Line Beat Patrol; Mobile Patrols;
Motorcycle Patrol; Bicycle Patrol; Reaction Unit Patrol (SWAT); and Detective Repressive Patrol.
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Police Beats (PBs) These are consist of any contiguous or adjacent area defined by identifiable
boundaries within the AOR of a PCP where an officer can effectively patrol during his tour of duty; it is an area that can
be effectively patrolled on foot and police officers can respond to calls for police assistance within a matter of minutes.
PBs has the following identifications (ID):
PBs for the NCR Police Offices:
Identifiable by a 5-digit number; the 1st digit refers to the numerical number assigned to the district.
2nd refer to the number assigned to each of the cities/municipalities/stations within the district.
3rd digit refers to the number assigned to particular PCP.
4th and 5th digits refer to the numbers assigned to a particular beat.
PBs for Regional Offices:
Identifiable by a 7-digit number
First 2 digits refer to the number of the region
3rd digit refer to the # assigned to a particular province within the region
4th digit refer to the PCPs
5th and 6th referring to the beat
Mobile Patrol (MP) The SOPs are similar to the earlier discussions under the AUTOMOBILE TYPE of
patrol. In cases where a vehicle is stopped, the following 10 Rules in Stopping Vehicles should be applied:
During daytime, select the widest portion of the road where to stop a motorist.
Signal the motorist to pull closer to the right side of the curb with the patrol car parked behind
the violators vehicle.
Observe flow if traffic coming from behind before opening the door and alighting from the
patrol car.
In issuing a citation, occupy the right side of the vehicle using the hood to accomplish the
citation.
Never stand to do anything in front of a stopped vehicle with its engine running and its driver
still at the vehicle.
Never stand to do anything between the stopped vehicle and the patrol car if the driver of the
stopped vehicle is at the wheel.
Never stand on the way of the door of the stopped vehicle especially if he is ordering a
suspicious driver to get out of the vehicle.
Never allow an apprehended suspect to sit inside the patrol car on the side where the
policemans f/a is tucked.
Detective Beat (DB) or Detective Beat System (DBS) - DB is a contiguous area where a team of police
investigators is assigned with a specific task of conducting follow-up investigation to all complaints, reports, referrals,
and other requests with the end-in-view of full compliance and/or the filling of a case.
The Purpose of DBS is to provide the police organizational and operational framework in truly effecting
mechanisms towards enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the PNPs investigation capability.
Nature of DBS:
DB is concerned with the crime solution angle while the PB has the primary role of crime prevention and
control.
DB maybe different from PB but the former complements the latter in serving and protecting the
community.
PB occupy a particular AOR while the detectives have the primary responsibility of 1 st response in all
cases reported for investigation purposes.
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Assume primary responsibility or jurisdiction in conducting CSO within their AOR unless otherwise
directed by competent authorities for special cases requiring intervention of specialized PNP units.
Investigator/Detective is responsible for case build-up, filing criminal charges, arrest of offender,
monitoring/tracking of cases and court appearance.
Perform all other duties and function to accomplish their assigned tasks.
2.
Deployment Phase:
a. Report to SD by the POs (Patrollers)
b. POs make patrol plan and follow patrol procedures
c. Adopt the buddy-buddy system
d. Make situation report on an hourly basis or upon reaching the end of their line beat
e. Report and/or record in the PSR (patrol sheet report) all unusual incidents.
2.
After which, the patrol commander collects the DPR and submits it to the HQ for consolidation and
reference.
C.
Auxiliary Components - In the Philippines, the police are the members of the PNP with two (2) statutory
characteristics - National in scope and Civilian in character
Who are the members of the Auxiliary Police (or Auxiliary Components of the IPS?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
d.
Oral (spoken) language is a feature of every human society or culture. Anthropologists studying
ancient cultures have several theories about how human language began and developed. The earliest
language systems probably combined vocal sounds with hand or body signals to express messages. Some
words may be imitative of natural sounds. Others may have come from expressions of emotion, such as
laughter or crying. Language, some theorists believe, is an outgrowth of group activities, such as working
together or dancing.
Over 6000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today. As some languages grow,
others disappear. Languages that grow also evolve and change due to class, gender, profession, age group,
and other social forces. The Latin language is no longer spoken but survives in written form. Hebrew is an
ancient language that became extinct, but has now been brought back to life and is spoken today. Others
such as the ancient languages of native peoples in Central and South America, the Pacific Islands, and some
of the Native American peoples of North America, which had no written form, have been lost as the speakers
died.
Today anthropologists are trying to record and preserve ancient languages that are still spoken in
remote areas or by the last remaining people in a culture.
Symbols and Alphabets
Most languages also have a written form. The oldest records of written language are about 5000
years old. However, written communication began much earlier in the form of drawings or marks made to
indicate meaningful information about the natural world. The earliest artificially created visual images that
have been discovered to date are paintings of bears, mammoths, woolly rhinos, and other Ice Age animals on
cave walls near Avignon, France.
Perhaps the earliest forerunner of writing is a system of clay counting tokens used in the ancient
Middle East. The tokens date from 8000 to 3000 BC and are shaped like disks, cones, spheres and other
shapes. They were stored in clay containers marked with an early version of cuneiform writing, to indicate
what tokens were inside.
Cuneiform was one of the first forms of writing and was pictographic, with symbols representing
objects. It developed as a written language in Assyria (an ancient Asian country in present-day Iraq) from
3000 to 1000 BC. Cuneiform eventually acquired ideographic elementsthat is, the symbol came to represent
not only the object but also ideas and qualities associated with it.
The oldest known examples of script-style writing date from about 3000 BC. Papyrus sheets (a kind
of early paper made from reeds) from about 2700 to 2500 BC have been found in the Nile Delta in Egypt
bearing written hieroglyphs, another pictographic-ideographic form of writing.
Chinese began as a pictographic-ideographic written language perhaps as early as the 15th century
Today written Chinese includes some phonetic elements (symbols indicating pronunciation) as well. The
Chinese writing system is called logographic because the full symbols, or characters, each represent a word.
Cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyph eventually incorporated phonetic elements.
BC .
In syllabic systems, such as Japanese and Korean, written symbols stand for spoken syllable
sounds. The alphabet, invented in the Middle East, was carried by the Phoenicians (people from a territory on
the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, located largely in modern Lebanon) to Greece, where vowel sounds
were added to it. Alphabet characters stand for phonetic sounds and can be combined in an almost infinite
variety of words. Many modern languages, such as English, German, French, and Russian, are alphabetic
languages.
The DYAD
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The most basic form of interpersonal communication is a dyad (an encounter or conversation
between two people). Some dyads exist over a long period of time, as in a marriage or partnership.
Communicating well in a dyad requires good conversational skills.
Communicators must know how to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Group Communication
Communication may also occur in small groups, such as families, clubs, religious groups, friendship
groups, or work groups. Most small-group interaction involves fewer than ten people, and the communicators
need the same communication skills as in a dyadic conversation. However, additional factors called group
dynamics come into play in a small group. A group may try to work toward a consensus, a general sense of
understanding or agreement with others in the group. Groupthink may occur, in which a group reaches
consensus so quickly that its members mistakenly ignore other good ideas. Small-group members may
experience disagreement or even conflict. Some members may be more persuasive than others and form
sides, or cliques, within the group.
Public Speaking
Interpersonal communication occurs with larger groups as well, such as when a speaker gives a talk
to a large crowd (a political candidate giving a speech at a campaign rally, or a teacher lecturing to a large
class). However, the audience can respond in only limited ways (such as with applause, nodding, whistles,
boos, or silence). The speaker usually wants to be persuasive or informative, so the words chosen and the
style of delivery or performance are very important. A speaker who wants to reach an even larger audience
than the people who can physically hear the speech in one place must use communication technology or
media to get the message across distance and even time.
ANCIENT METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
From the earliest times, people have needed to communicate across distance or over time. Since the
beginnings of writing, communication media have allowed messages to travel over distance and time. A
communication medium is a means for recording and transporting a message or information. The word
medium comes from the Latin word medius, meaning middle or between. It is a channel or path for sending a
message between communicators. A single channelsuch as radio, or a book, or the telephone is called a
medium; media is plural, meaning more than one medium.
Semaphore systems (visual codes) of flags or flashing lights were employed to send messages over
relatively short but difficult-to-cross distances, such as from hilltop to hilltop, or between ships at sea. In the
early 1790s the French scientist and engineer Claude Chappe persuaded the French government to install a
system of towers that used semaphore signals to send visual telegraphs along approved routes throughout
the country. The system was copied in Great Britain and the United States.
Some ancient societies, such as the Roman or Byzantine empires, expanded their territorial control
far beyond their original boundaries, and traded with distant neighbors. To hold on to their far-flung territories,
they needed two technologies that have remained closely tied ever since:
transportation; and
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Recorded messages had to be carried easily. Therefore, lightweight forms of recording (such as
papyrus or animal skins) were desirable.
EVOLUTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Paper and Printing
The first lightweight medium was papyrus, an early form of paper used by the Egyptians that was
made from grasses called reeds. Later, in the 2nd century AD, the Chinese wrote on silk fabric instead of
wood, and developed paper made from silk fibers. (Today paper made from cotton or linen fibers is still called
rag paper.)
From as early as the 2nd century BC, Europeans wrote on thin layers of tanned and scraped animal
skins called parchment or vellum, with quill pens made from bird feathers. Parchment is not as light as
papyrus but is very durable; many parchment manuscripts and books from the Middle Ages still exist. The
Arabs brought papermaking to Europe from China in the 11th century AD. Paper gave European merchants,
who traveled across the continent, a portable and inexpensive way to keep records.
Until the 1400s in Europe, all documents were handwritten. Copyists and editors called scribes
recorded commercial transactions, legal decisions and pronouncements, and manuscript copies of religious
booksmany scribes were monks working in monasteries. By the 15th century, however, the need arose for
an easier way to duplicate documents. In Asia, block printing had already been developed by Buddhist monks
in China in about the 8th century. A similar technique was later used in the 15th century by Europeans to
make illustrations for printed books.
An early version of movable type of printing was first developed in China around 1045, and was
independently developed by Koreans in the 13th century AD. In 1450, the German printer Johannes Gutenberg
perfected movable metal type and introduced the first reliable system of typesetting, a key invention in the
development of printing.
As more books became available, more people learned to read. Books were printed in the local, or
vernacular, languages as well as classical Greek and Latin. With literacy came exposure to new ideas. Some
historians believe that the 16th-century Protestant Reformation (a revolution in the Christian church that
divided it into factions) might not have occurred if European thought had not been prepared by ideas
introduced and circulated in printed books. Printers published other things besides books, including
newspapers, pamphlets, and broadsides (sheets of paper printed on one or both sides). These cheaper works
helped spread news throughout Europe and, in the 17th and 18th centuries, throughout the British colonies in
America.
During the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, printing technologies
evolved rapidly. The steam-powered press was invented in Germany in the 19th century, and the rotary press,
which prints images onto a continuous sheet of paper from a rotating drum, was introduced in the United
States in 1846. The Linotype typesetting machine was patented by the German-born American inventor
Ottmar Mergenthaler in 1884. It permitted typesetters to set text by typing on a keyboard rather than handsetting each letter individually. Together, the Linotype machine and the rotary press transformed the speed of
printing. These so-called hot-metal or letterpress printing technologies dominated the industry until the 1950s,
when phototypesetting and photo-offset printing were introduced.
Photocopying was another technology that made document duplication easier. Invented by American
physicist and inventor Edwin Land in the 1950s, photocopying transfers an image from one sheet of paper to
another very rapidly.
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A more recent advance is computer typesetting and printing. Computers and word-processing and
graphics software are used today to set type and compose pages on the screen just as they will look in the
final print, in either black and white or color. Page layouts can also be transmitted digitally (numerically coded
into electronic pulses) via fax machines, computer modems, telephone networks, and satellite systems to
other locations for editing, redesign, or printing.
The spread of computer-based word processing and graphic design has led to the growth of desktop
publishing. Today almost anyone can publish newsletters, newspapers, or magazines for medium-sized
audiences. Business communication has been transformed by computer and information technologies.
Letters, memos, reports, or other documents can be transmitted almost anywhere at the speed of light.
Early advocates of business computers predicted the paperless office, an office where paper would be made
obsolete by computer technology. Experience, however, has shown that the ease of copying, printing, and document
transmission made possible by computer technology has produced more demand for paper, not less.
Postal Services
Different societies have devised systems for transporting messages from place to place and from
person to person. The earliest were courier-type services whereby messengers carried memorized or written
messages from one person to another, and returned with the reply. The Persian and Roman empires and
some Asian societies sent couriers regularly along planned routes to retrieve reliable and timely information
about trade and military affairs from distant areas.
In the United States, the postal service was established by the government in 1789, and the
postmaster general's office was created to supervise the mail service. The first postmaster general of the
United States was Samuel Osgood. In the late 19th century, as the United States expanded its territory west
beyond reliable roads or rail lines, the U.S. Post Office started the Pony Express, reviving courier-style
services in the new territories. Pony Express riders carried sacks of mail through rugged and remote territory,
relaying their loads from one rider to the next. The Pony Express quickly became renowned for its speed of
delivery.
Over time, the U.S. Post Office took advantage of new transportation systems. Huge volumes of mail
were sent across the country on trains, and the Post Office started its own postal security force to prevent the
mail from being stolen in railroad holdups. They were also the first postal service to hire pilots to fly mail to
distant or rural locations within the United States and overseas. By the 1930s every small town and rural route
had carrier service; in many places, deliveries were made twice a day. As demand for postal services grew,
the U.S. Post Office developed systems for coding and sorting the mail more quickly, notably the
neighborhood ZIP Code system in the 1960s.
The Telegraphy
The first truly electronic medium was the telegraph, which sent and received electrical signals over
long-distance wires. The first practical commercial systems were developed by:
1.
2.
3.
Morse demonstrated the first telegraph system in New York in 1837. But regular telegraph service,
relaying Morse code (system of code using on and off signals), was not established until 1844. Telegraphers
would translate the letters of the alphabet into Morse code, tapping on an electrical switch, or key. The
telegrapher at the other end of the line would decode the tapping as it came in, write down the message, and
send it to the recipient by messenger.
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Telegraph systems were immediately useful for businesses that needed to transmit messages quickly
over long distances, such as newspapers and railroads. A telegraph room installed in the United States
Capitol in 1844 was the center of a sensation when news of the nomination of James K. Polk as the
Democratic presidential candidate was conveyed by telegraph between the convention in Baltimore, Maryland,
and the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. In cities, thousands of telegraph lines suspended on poles
webbed the streets by the latter half of the 1800s. Telegraph cable was first laid under the Atlantic Ocean in
1858, and regular transatlantic telegraph service began in 1866.
The telegraph made it possible for many companies to conduct their business globally for the first
time. Because price changes could be communicated almost instantaneously, the telegraph also prompted the
reorganization of American commodities markets. Prices became uniform from city to city, and futures
(agreements to buy a commodity at a fixed price on a fixed date in the future) markets were established. In
addition, standard time zones across the United States were established so that railroads could set regular
and consistent schedules as trains moved across the country, enabling the railroads to check on schedules,
passengers, and freight via telegraph.
Telegraph technology became more sophisticated, especially after its competitor, the telephone, was
introduced in the 1890s. Telegraph systems evolved into telex systems, in which machines eliminated the
need for coding and decoding the messages. Users could type in a message, and the identical message
would appear at the recipient's end, carried over telegraph and telephone lines (and eventually satellite
systems) to telex machines anywhere in the world. In remote areas where long-distance telephone service
was unavailable or impractical, telex machines were widely used (much like an early version of electronic
mail). Telegraph and telephone lines were also used to transmit pictures via an early version of facsimile
called telefacsimile or Wirephoto service. Newspapers used Wirephoto to transmit photographs as early as
the 1930s.
The Telephone
In 1876, Scottish-born American inventor Alexander Graham Bell was the first to patent and produce
a telephone. His patent was titled Improvement in Telegraphy, and contained the design of a device that would
transmit the human voice over wires instead of electrical clicks or other signals, like the telegraph. Originally,
Bell thought that the telephone would be used to transmit musical concerts, lectures, or sermons. The
American inventor Elisha Gray filed an intention to patent at the same time, but after many court battles, Bell
was given the rights to the invention.
Bell and his financial backers established the Bell Telephone Company. In an extraordinary business
move, Bell decided to lease telephones rather than sell them. His next step would be to build the connecting
networks and sell services on those networks to customers. Bell began by leasing pairs of telephones that
would connect two locations, such as a businessman's home and office, or between two partners' offices.
However, the real appeal of telephone service emerged with the opening of the first telephone exchangea
switchboard connecting any member of a group of subscribers to any other memberin 1878.
After Bell's patents expired in 1893 and 1894, other companies began manufacturing telephones,
wiring new networks, and installing exchanges. The new exchanges connected people in rural communities
and residential households. Some were rural cooperatives owned and operated by the customers. The
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), which bought the Bell Telephone Company in 1900,
developed switching systems to connect calls between exchanges, and eventually began experimenting with
long-distance connections.
Between the 1880s and the 1980s the telephone system in the United States had an enormous effect
on the quality of life and work. In rural communities, telephone service meant an end to the isolation and
loneliness experienced by many farm and ranch families. Families whose members moved away to school or
new jobs could stay in contact with each other over the phone. For ill or disabled people, the telephone
became an indispensable link to the outside world. Telephone service also enabled immediate contact with
emergency services, such as the police, fire department, or emergency medical services. By the 1960s the
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telephone was considered so essential that telephone companies provided basic services at reduced rates to
elderly and disabled people.
The telephone network has also provided the electronic network for new computer-based systems
like the Internet, Facsimile transmissions, World Wide Web. The relationship today between computers and
the telephone system is inseparable.
The Radio
The telegraph and telephone were systems for distance communication that sent electrical signals
through wires. The earliest system for sending electrical signals through the air via electromagnetic waves
was called wireless, and later radio. Radio technology was based on the discoveries of James Clerk Maxwell.
The Italian electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi was the first person to invent a true wireless radio.
In 1895, he built a system that could send and receive a signal at a distance of close to 3 km. (close to 2
miles). He moved to England, and by 1899 the British Marconi Company had sent signals across the English
Channel. In 1901, Marconi received the Morse code signal for the letter S sent across the Atlantic Ocean to
Canada.
Marconi's radio system used a spark-gap technology that could transmit only simple on-off signals
so radio signaling used an on-off system like Morse code. This type of radio technology is called
radiotelegraphy. Wireless was especially valuable for ships in distress, so that other ships could be
dispatched to save their passengers and crews in times of emergency.
In 1901, the Canadian-born American physicist Reginald Fessenden patented an alternator that
would use continuous waves instead of on-off spark-gap signals. This system could also send signals much
farther and with much less background noise, so it could carry the sound of the human voice. This new
approach to radio was called radiotelephony. On Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve in 1906, Fessenden
produced the first radio broadcasts from Brant Rock, Massachusetts, which were picked up as far away as
New York and by ships in the Atlantic.
Radio technology improved rapidly throughout the 20th century. The first breakthrough was the
invention of the cat's-whisker receiver, or crystal set, which used a silicon crystal and a small metal wire to
detect radio waves clearly. Later improvements were made in the valves, or tubes, such as De Forest's
Audion, which amplified the signal once it was received. Radio transmissions initially used amplitude
modulation (AM) to superimpose audio signals onto radio waves. The invention of frequency modulation (FM)
radio provided much more sensitive and clear radio transmission and reception. Tuners became more
sensitive, and more broadcast signals were sent over the air at different frequencies. In the 1950s and 1960s
radio manufacturers began replacing the bulky and heat-generating vacuum tubes in radios with transistors,
and radios became smaller.
Eventually the radio industry asked the federal government to intervene in their disputes over
frequencies and signal power. The Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was created in 1927 and was given the
task of allocating frequencies to different users. However, the FRC was a somewhat ineffective body until the
Communications Act of 1934, when it was renamed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and
given a budget and a staff. FCC rulings had the power of law, and the agency was responsible for issuing
licenses to radio broadcasters for particular bandwidths, frequencies, and signal powers. License holders had
to demonstrate that they operated their radio stations in the public interest, convenience, and necessity.
The Television (TV)
Two pioneers independently created the first workable television systems American inventor Philo
T. Farnsworth and Russian-born American engineer Vladimir K. Zworykin. Farnsworth used an electronic
camera he called an image dissector to transmit a picture of a dollar sign in 1927. He patented aspects of his
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system, and developed his television further in the 1930s, but lost his financial backing when World War II
(1939-1945) began.
In 1923, Zworykin first demonstrated an electronic television camera he called the iconoscope. At the
time, he was working for Westinghouse Electronic Corporation, but Zworykin moved to RCA when David
Sarnoff, vice president of RCA, became interested in his invention. Sarnoff supported the development of the
iconoscope when RCA obtained the rights to Westinghouse's radio research projects in 1930.
Since the 1950s many improvements have been made in television technology, particularly the
introduction of color television in the 1960s. Image reception has become clearer, and screens have become
larger. Most televisions can now receive stereo sound. The widespread growth of cable television since the
1960s has introduced many new channels and types of programming into American homes. And today directbroadcast-satellite (DBS) services allow individual households to receive hundreds of channels carried by
satellites directly into their homes.
There is no doubt that television has been one of the most important communication technologies in
history. Televisions are switched on an average of seven hours a day in American households. Debates
continue about the medium's effects on children, culture, education, politics, and community life. Critics say
that television feeds a constant stream of simplified ideas and sensationalistic images, that it has a negative
effect on political campaigns and voting patterns, that it destroys local cultures in favor of a bland national
culture, and that it has encouraged the growth of an uncritical and passive audience. Defenders say that
television provides a great deal of high-quality educational and cultural programming, and that it is the major
source of national and international news and information for most U.S. citizens. Television can be a very
effective teaching tool in the classroom and at home. And, as the Canadian writer Marshall McLuhan pointed
out, perhaps nothing has been more responsible for creating the global villagethe sense that we can see
and hear events anywhere in the world as they happen and so can feel more connected to other places.
The Computers
The earliest computers were machines built to make repetitive numerical calculations that had
previously been done by hand. By the 1890s, calculating machines were used to tabulate the U.S. Census
with a punched-card system invented by Herman Hollerith. Electromechanical calculators were being built by
the 1930s, especially by a new company called the International Business Machines Company (IBM). The first
truly electronic memory and processors were built by John Vincent Atanasoff in 1939 at the Iowa State
College, and the first fully functioning electronic computers, a series of ten called Colossus, were built by the
British Secret Service during World War II to help them crack the Germans' secret military codes.
The first general-purpose electronic computer in America, called the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC), was built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. Two of its inventors, American
engineers John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, moved on to build the first electronic computer for
commercial use, the UNIVAC, at the Remington Rand Corporation.
In 1975 the first microcomputer was introduced, which had the power of many larger machines but
could fit onto a desktop. This miniaturization was accomplished by using new microprocessor technologies,
which compressed the memory and processing power of many hundreds and then thousands of circuits onto
tiny chips of materials called semiconductors. The invention was soon followed by the introduction of the first
word-processing software in 1978, which enabled people to use the computer to write and change text and
graphics.
Today the Internet is the foundation of computer networks in the United States and allied countries. It
is interconnected by both wire and over-the-air microwave and satellite telephone lines. Commercial online
service providers such as America Online, CompuServe, and the Microsoft Network sell Internet access
to individual computer users and companies. Smaller networks of computers, called Local Area Networks
(LANs), can be installed in a single building or for a whole organization. Wide Area Networks (WANs) can be
used to span a large geographical area. LANs and WANs use telephone lines, computer cables, and
microwave and laser beams to carry digital information around a smaller area, such as a single college
84
campus. In turn, they can interconnect to the Internet. Computer networks can carry any digital signals,
including video images, sounds, graphics, animations, and text.
Since the 1970s, personal computers have transformed business, education, and entertainment. The
typical home or business computer today has many times the computing power of a single early mainframe.
People can use computers to design graphics and full-motion video, compose music, send electronic mail,
make airline or hotel reservations, or search the Library of Congress over the World Wide Web. They can play
games and even visit electronic rooms or parties to talk to other people. These activities are made possible by
multimedia computer programs that employ still and motion pictures, sounds, graphics, and text together.
Computers are used in all aspects of business and education. Self-instructional computer programs
help people learn new information or skills through computer-aided instruction. Some programs are
simulations, which imitate tasks that require the learner to perform in certain ways, and give the learner
feedback about that performance. For example, airline pilots sharpen their flying skills in computer-generated
flight simulators, which exactly duplicate the experience of flying in different types of aircraft.
Mobile Phone
This is a very recent mode of communication which is already utilized by private and commercial
entities. The Police and the military are also using this as one of the major alternatives of communication.
Mobile (cellular) phones have become invaluable for people who need to stay in touch while on the
move. Cellular telephone systems combine radio and television technology with computer systems. As a caller
moves from one geographical cell (the name given to a specific part of the area being covered by the system)
to another, computers in switching offices transfer calls among variously located antenna transmitters without
interrupting service (Microsoft Encarta).
Text Messaging also known as Short Message System (SMS). It is a method of communication allowing
cellular, or mobile, phone users to exchange brief notes, typically up to 160 characters in length. Now, you can send as
much as 450 characters.
The huge popularity of text messaging is remarkable considering that the service was developed by mobile
operators in the early 1990s as something of an afterthought and was never expected to take off.
The main reason for its success is that younger phone users have adopted text messages as their preferred
means of communication. Early concerns over the clumsy means of entering text and the limited length of messages
have been overcome partly by familiarity and partly by a shorthand language; for instance c u l8r is an abbreviated
way of saying See you later. A major factor in the uptake of text messaging was that it was free when pre-pay phones
were first introduced. Even with messages now charged for, they are still considerably cheaper than mobile phone calls
(Microsoft Encarta).
Many police officers are using this communication technology as an alternative to the traditional means of
communications. The PNP and other law enforcement related agencies are using hotlines as and easy access to
crime reports by the populace.
POLICE COMMUNICATION CONCEPTS
If patrol is the backbone of police organization, POLICE COMMUNICATIONS are the backbone of police
tactics. Without proper communications, the modern police department would be lost.
Historical Development of Police Communications
In primitive times, the pounding of hollow logs or the beating of animal skin drums was used to convey a
message. Later man discovered that when he cut the tip from the horn of an animal and blew through it, the sound
carried for quite a distance. We find its use mentioned throughout the Bible, and it was certainly the main warning
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instrument used in the Hue and Cry even into the twelfth century. In the orient, the brass gong and finally the bell
became the warning instrument.
In western civilization, until very recently, the church bell, high in the steeple, not only called the people to
church services but also warned the town or village of imminent dangers. The American Indian used smoke signals,
bird calls and drums in his effort to communicate and send out warnings.
In the history of Anglo-American police patrol, we find the horn replaced by the hand-bell and rattle, and then
finally by the metal whistle.
When police vehicles were first used, there was no radio communications as we know it today. The system of
notifying patrol vehicles of emergencies and calls for service was handled by the installation of red lights at the major
intersections of the town or city. When headquarters wanted to contact a police car, they would pull a switch that would
send power to the red lights at the intersections. The next time the patrol car passed the intersection and saw the red
light on, he would drive to headquarters for the assignment. When telephones become more common, the officer
would call headquarters when he observed the light signal.
When radios were first installed in police vehicles, they were just usually receivers and did not have
transmitters for answering calls. The radio operators would broadcast the calls and hoped that it was received.
The police have always been keenly aware of the importance of communications and because of this they,
along with the military, have been leaders in the development and adoption of new methods of communications. In the
early days of electronic communication the departments themselves had to develop their own communications
equipment because there was little or no commercial equipment available to suit the police needs. Today the situation
is different. Because of military and space development programs, the police are able to readily adapt existing
commercial equipment to their needs. This has the great advantage of eliminating the many years of costly and time
consuming experiments and failures that the early police departments had to suffer in their development of police
communications.
Significant dates and events in the development of Police Communications
1.
2.
3.
1877- The Albany New York Police Department installed five telephones in the mayors office connected to
precinct stations.
1880 The Chicago Police Department installed the first Police Call Box on City Street. Only officers and
reputable citizens were given keys to the booth. Before this time a signal box was used that would signal
the emergency without voice communications. Detroit made such installations in 1884 and Indianapolis in
1895.
1883 The Detroit, Michigan Police Department installed one police telephone. This was significant when
one considers the fact that there were only seven telephones in the whole city at that time. In 1889, the
department established a new division to handle communications. It was called the Police Signal Bureau.
A code wheel was installed in the box so that when the beat man called in for his time check, it would register
at headquarters with the proper signal for that call box. This insured that the beat officer was in fact at the location from
which he claimed to be calling.
4.
5.
1916 The New York Harbor Police installed spark transmitters so they could communicate with their police
boats while they were patrolling the harbor.
1923 The Pennsylvania State Police installed point-to-point radiotelegraph between their headquarters and
various posts throughout the state.
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6.
1928 On April 7, 1928, the worlds first workable police radio system went on the air. The Detroit Police
Department went on the air as station W8FS. The transmitter was installed on Belle Isle in the Detroit River,
and the receiver was installed in cruiser No. 5.
By 1927 the prohibition era had sent he development of big time crime and gangsters were making wide use
of automobiles as get-away cars. The police were under great pressure to control the situation, but always arrived at
the scene too late. Commissioner Rutledge then persuaded Robert L. Batts, a young radio technician and student at
Purdue University, to come to Detroit and work on a radio receiver that would operate in a police car. It was through
this effort that the first workable police radio setup was developed.
7.
1929 In September 1929, the Cleveland Police Department went on the air with a few cars, and in
December of the same year, Indianapolis became the third police department in the world to set up a
workable police radio system.
8.
1930 The Michigan State Police became the first state police organization to go on the air in October of
1930. It proved very effective in apprehending bank robbers and other gangsters.
9.
1931 The first police motorcycle was equipped with a radio by the Indianapolis Police Department in
September 1931.
10. 1933 In March 1933, the Bayonne New Jersey Police Department went on the air with the first two-way,
mobile police radio system.
11. 1934 By 1934, so many police departments have police radio systems that they were being as inter-city
communications for all types of general police messages. The Federal Communications Commission had to
intervene and establish strict control on police radio communications, restricting non-emergency messages
to wire communications.
12. 1935 Because the police departments did not understand the government restrictions, they (at first) refused
to obey them and police radiomen from all over the country banded together to form the APCO (Association
of Police Communications Officers). (It was later changed to the Association of Public-Safety
Communications Officers).
13. 1939 Daniel E. Noble, of Connecticut State College, developed the first FM mobile two-way transmitters
and receivers for the Connecticut State Police. This was to bring about a change in the whole mobile radio
picture. (FM means Frequency Modulation)
14. 1940 Motorola President, Paul Galvin, saw, the value of FM over AM for mobile police communications,
and hired Dan Noble to develop two-way FM for Motorola Police Radio Sales. One of Nobles first
developments was the remarkable Differential Squelch Circuit, which demonstrated greatly increased range
in fringe areas.
15. 1945 The Federal communications Commission allocated frequencies for FM, and it became the
established system for police radio communications.
Today most departments have three-way radios where the patrol car in the field may not only carry on a twoway conversation with the base radio, but may also carry on the same type of conversation with other police vehicles in
the field.
87
Recent developments by the military, in the area of field communications, indicate that law enforcement
communications will have much more to look forward to.
Determine the Basic Need - Is there a need for portable two-way radio
radio tranceivers in mobile patrol cars
radios tranceivers for police officers on foot patrol
telephone system
manual telephone exchange
semi-automatic telephone exchange
National Direct Dial (NDD)
International Direct Dial (IDD)
Standard Modern Police Communication System requirements: Modern communication systems require
OPERATION CENTER or BASE and the communication room at the base contains the following:
monitor receivers
fax machines
intercoms
closed circuit TV
computer with Land Area Network (LAN) and modem (for internet access)
2.
a.
Conduct pre-survey conference with the COP and city/municipal officials to determine the:
funding - type of system desired and kind of support the system will need
b.
88
location of the precincts - limits/boundaries of areas to be patrolled - obstructions of radio and telephone transmission
interferences, frequency drifts and harmonics - availability of local facilities such as electric power, telephone system,
fax, etc. Questions that must be answered during the technical survey include but not limited to:
Analysis of the Survey - Compatibility of the equipment and system - Cost of the equipment:
Is there available fund to support the quality of system
that is needed?
Is there an alternative if the first option cannot be
realized?
3.
Draft the PCS and Propose the Plan - The Technical Team prepares an output (summary report) of their
survey and submits this to the local government. The report is actually a project proposal or feasibility study
which includes the recommendations of the technical team such as training of operators, maintenance
program, appointment of a Communication Officer
4.
Choice and Acceptance - The report of the Surveying Team (Technical Team) is then transformed into a
feasibility study. The feasibility study is submitted to the Reviewing Team, which is composed of the Local
Chief Executive (LCE), the COP and other concerned authorities in the locality, for evaluation and decision
making. After evaluation, the reviewing team must accept the proposal or choose an alternative from the
options recommended by the surveying team.
5.
Implement Action and Checklist - If the proposal or a corresponding alternative has been chosen and
accepted by the reviewing team, the technical team must then set priorities and prepare a checklist of tasks
to be performed.
6.
Appointment of Action Official - In the checklist of priorities, among the first tasks to be performed is
determining the person who will be appointed as the Action Official the coordinator of the project of
installing the planned PCS.
7.
Procurement of Equipment - In the procurement of equipment that will be used for the PCS, bidding must
be conducted as a standard operating procedure (SOP). In bidding, the proposed equipment to be bought
and used is advertised. At least 3 dealers or suppliers of such needed articles respond by furnishing a
quotation (itemized price list) and then submits it to the action official. The action official has the discretion to
choose the dealer or supplier who offers the lowest quotation. Procurement of needed equipment is then
awarded to the dealer chosen by the action official.
8.
Training of Technicians, Dispatchers, and other Users - Training of Technicians and Users of the system
to be installed may be done thru formal schooling or thru on-the-job (OJT). Technicians and Dispatchers
should be trained with the standard radio, telephone and other communication procedures. They must also
be updated with the laws, rules and regulations for public communication.
9.
Coordinating Center and Service Shop - An office for the action official and communication engineers who
will supervise the installation of the communication system must be established. This is important in order to
have a formal setting of decision making while the system is about to be installed or is already in the actual
process of installation.
89
Designation
Very low frequency
Low frequency
Medium frequency
High frequency (short wave)
Very high frequency
Ultrahigh frequency
Superhigh frequency
Extremely high frequency
Abbr.
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
Wavelength
100,000-10,000 m
10,000-1,000 m
1,000-100 m
100-1 m
10 -1 m
1 m-10 cm
10 -1 cm
1 cm-1 mm
An oscillation generator for converting commercial electric power into oscillations of a predetermined radio
frequency;
Amplifiers for increasing the intensity of these oscillations while retaining the desired frequency; and
A transducer for converting the information to be transmitted into a varying electrical voltage proportional to
each successive instantaneous intensity. For sound transmission, a microphone is the transducer; for picture
transmission the transducer is a photoelectric device.
90
Radio Modulators
Other important components of the radio transmitter are the modulator, which uses these proportionate
voltages to control the variations in the oscillation intensity or the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, and the
antenna, which radiates a similarly modulated carrier wave. Every antenna has some directional properties, that is, it
radiates more energy in some directions than in others, but the antenna can be modified so that the radiation pattern
varies from a comparatively narrow beam to a comparatively even distribution in all directions; the latter type of
radiation is employed in broadcasting.
Modulation of the carrier wave so that it may carry impulses is performed either at low level or high level. In
the former case the audio-frequency signal from the microphone, with little or no amplification, is used to modulate the
output of the oscillator, and the modulated carrier frequency is then amplified before it is passed to the antenna. In the
latter case, the radio-frequency oscillations and the audio-frequency signal are independently amplified, and
modulation takes place immediately before the oscillations are passed to the antenna. The signal may be impressed
on the carrier either by frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM).
Radio Antennas
The antenna of a transmitter need not be close to the transmitter itself. Commercial broadcasting at medium
frequencies generally requires a very large antenna, which is best located at an isolated point far from cities, whereas
the broadcasting studio is usually in the heart of the city. FM, television, and other very-high-frequency broadcasts
must have very high antennas if appreciably long range is to be achieved, and it may not be convenient to locate such
a high antenna near the broadcasting studio. In all such cases, the signals may be transmitted by wires. Ordinary
telephone lines are satisfactory for most commercial radio broadcasts; if high fidelity or very high frequencies are
required, coaxial cables are used.
C. RADIO RECEIVER - The essential components of a radio receiver are:
1. An antenna for receiving the electromagnetic waves and converting them into electrical oscillations;
2. Amplifiers for increasing the intensity of these oscillations;
3. Demodulator or detection equipment for demodulating;
4. A speaker for converting the impulses into sound waves audible by the human ear (and in television a
picture tube for converting the signal into visible light waves); and
5. In most radio receivers, oscillators to generate radio-frequency waves that can be mixed with the
incoming waves.
D. THE CONVENTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AND COMMAND CENTER
Most police communication centers operate in a two-stage manual process. The following is the SOP when a
call is made to the police department:
1. The officer at a complaint desk position, first determines the need for police action, and then records the
details on a card.
2. The card is then routed to dispatch console where the operator has control of one or more radio
channels. In the smaller organizations, this usually accomplished by handing the card from one person
to another. In larger departments it is customary to use a conveyer belt system between the two
positions.
3. The operator at the dispatch console then establishes radio contact with the patrol unit and relays the
details of the complaint.
4. The dispatcher also has the duty of maintaining a record of the status of the police vehicles under his
control. If information is needed from the records division or from some computer source, the operator
must then phone for this information.
E.
91
The radio dispatcher is the personnel in a police communication center or coordinating center tasked to
receive and transmit radio messages. Before a policeman or civilian can become a radio dispatcher, he must be
trained formally or through an OJT. The dispatcher is also called radio coordinator and radio operator.
Benefits of employing a trained radio dispatcher:
1. Easy of understanding radio messages
2. Elimination of errors
3. Minimum communication time
4. Development of professional attitude in sending and receiving messages
5. Inter-service cooperation
6. Conservation of equipment
Basic Qualifications of a Radio Dispatcher or Operator
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Voice Qualities of Effective Radio Dispatcher The three characteristics of a persons voice are:
1.
2.
3.
F.
Even though your primary duties are those of an investigator, patrolman, or traffic officer, you may be called
upon to pick up a radio to pass some valuable information to one of the police units or offices. This section provides
you with basic knowledge of correct radio and telephone procedures so you can operate the voice radio equipment in
an ordinary police station. The following are key terms that help you understand and observe proper radio and
telephone procedures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
TRANSMISSION: A communication (formal message) sent by one police unit and intended for reception by
another police unit.
ANSWER or FEEDBACK: A transmission made by a station called in response to the call received.
CALL SIGN: A call sign is a word, or a combination of words, intended for transmission by voice
means, and it identifies the command, unit, or authority of the radio station.
NET CALL SIGN: The collective call sign that represents all the radio stations operating together on a
particular radio net (ROTACOM, DELTACOM, etc.).
NET CONTROL STATION: A radio station appointed by higher authority to direct and control the operation
and flow of all traffic handled on the radio net.
PROWORD: A pronounceable word or phrase that has been assigned a meaning to speed up message
handling on radio nets that use radio and telephone.
ABBREVIATED PLAINDRESS MESSAGE: A message that has certain elements of the message heading
omitted for speed of handling. Anyone or all of the following may be omitted: precedence, date, date-time
group, and group count.
92
8.
9.
RECEIPT: A communication sent by the receiving operator indicating that the message or other transmission
has been satisfactorily received.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: A separate message originated by the addressee to inform the originator that his
message has been received and is understood.
LETTER
PHONETIC EQUIVALENT
PRONOUNCED AS
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ALPHA
BRAVO
CHARLIE
DELTA
ECHO
FOXTROT
GOLF
HOTEL
INDIA
JULIET
KILO
LIMA
MIKE
NOVEMBER
OSCAR
PAPA
QUEBEC
ROMEO
SIERRA
TANGO
UNIFORM
VICTOR
WHISKEY
XRAY
YANKEE
ZULU
AL fah
BRAH voh
CHAR lee or SHAR lee
DELL tah
ECK oh
FOKS trot
GOLF
hoh TELL
IN dee ah
JEW lee et
KEY loh
LEE mah
MIKE
no VEM ber
OSS cah
pah PAH
keh BECK
ROW me oh
see AIR rah
TANG go
YOU nee form
VIK tah
WISS key
ECKS ray
YANG key
ZOO loo
93
10.41 Operatives/Members
10.42 Disengage/Cancel
10.43 Information
10.44 Regards
10.45 Vehicle/Mobile
10.46 Assist motorist
10.47 Crew needed
10.48 Excavation/Road repairs
10.49 Traffic situation
10.50 State complete details
10.51 Wrecker needed
10.52 Ambulance needed
10.53 Heavy traffic/Road block
10.54 Investigation/Tor needed
10.55 Electric power
10.56 Intoxicated person/
Alcoholic behavior
10.57 Hit and run
10.58 To direct road traffic
10.59 Convoy/Companion
10.60 Hospital
10.61 Doctors/Medical team
10.62 Medicines
10.63 Assignment completed
10.64 Message
10.65 Assignment/tasks
10.66 Necessary/Needed
10.67 Male/YM
10.68 Deliver/Dispatch
10.69 Received message
10.70 Fire alarm
10.71 Nature of fire
10.72 Demo/Rally
10.73 Fire trucks
10.74 Negative
10.75 Permission
10.76 Proceed to
10.77 Time of arrival
10.78 Assistance needed
10.79 Dead person
10.80 Kidnapping case
10.81 Carnapping case
10.82 Reservation prepare
10.83 Vehicle found
10.84 Estimated time of departure
10.85
10.86
10.87
10.88
10.89
10.90
10.91
10.92
10.93
10.94
10.95
10.96
10.97
10.98
10.99
10.100
10.101
10.102
10.103
10.104
10.105
10.106
10.107
10.108
10.109
10.110
10.111
10.112
10.113
10.114
10.115
10.116
10.117
10.118
10.119
10.120
10.121
10.122
10.123
10.124
10.125
10.126
10.127
10.128
10.129
Will be late
Missing person
Female/YL
Limaline No.
Person found
Robbery/Theft
Unnecessary use of radio
Anti-narcotics case
Address
Drug racing
Operation
Visitor/Jammer/QRM
Radio check/QSA
Call sign/QRA
Home/House
Office
Statement of account
Treasurer/Collection
Money
Change frequency/QSY
Reactivated/Mechanic
Modulation
Antenna
Radio license
Uniform/Attire
Equipment
Radio (portable)
Base Radio
Booster
Power supply
Battery pack
Repeater/Phone patch
Computer
Rotator
Coax cable
Gun shot/Stab wound
Heart attack
CVA (stroke)
Fracture
OB Emergency
Hypertension
IN patient
OUT Patient
Operator
Son/Daughter
94
10.130
10.131
10.132
10.133
10.134
10.135
10.136
10.137
10.138
10.139
10.140
10.141
10.142
10.143
10.144
Secretary
Extension
Driver
Wife/XYL
National officer
Regional officer/ Group
NTC
NBI Clearance
Police clearance
Necessary papers
I.D.
Organization base
Thank you/TNX
I Love You/QLY
Welcome
95
H. WALKIE-TALKIES
The slang term for the two-way radio systems developed by Motorola in the 1930s designed for home and
police radios. Today, it is known as two-way hand held radio (HHR) or radio transceiver.
Features and advantages of walkie-talkies:
1. Portable and easy to operate;
2. The foot patrolman can both send and receive messages quite easily; and
3. Enables patrol officers to call for immediate assistance.
I.
Though radio communication is not complex, there are still problems that usually encountered by police
operatives. One problem is the massive use of the airwave by both police and civilian communication groups. To
reduce or eliminate these problems, basically, police operatives should be familiar with proper use of the equipment,
and to adhere to the basic rules of radio procedure.
THE ABCS OF RADIO TRANSMISSION
A.
B.
Brevity This means using few words. Due to the expanding volume of radio traffic, it is essential
that there be no unnecessary or repetitious words in the transmission.
C.
Courtesy Courtesy refers to politeness of the words being used in communication. As the old
adage points out, Courtesy begets courtesy. Anger begets anger. The practice of courtesy is actually a
practice of good human relations. In radio communication, courtesy can be shown:
by saying thank you (but this may take very valuable air time);
in the tone of voice;
by avoiding humorous comments over the air when somebody goofs up or commits error in
transmitting or understanding the message; and
by avoiding jamming up when police officers are on the air.
Two ways to improve semantics - Learn through experience what the most common errors are. If an officer
tries to communicate with someone and finds that he is misunderstood or has trouble getting the idea over to him, he
can give the problem some thought with the intent of finding a better way of expressing it next time. He can talk to
others and find out how they would express this thought, or just listen to others when they try to communicate in the
same or similar situations.
Think before Talking. An officer should always put his mind in gear before releasing the clutch on his
tongue. Too many officers grab for the mike, press the transmitter button then think of what they want to say. This is
quite easy to do when the situation involves an urgent matter. The important thing to remember is that the message be
received and UNDERSTOOD, or the time made precious by the emergency would be wasted.
2.
Radio interference and distortion - This can be corrected to some extent by the proper adjusting of the
Squelch control. Changing position and having the message relayed by other units can also help.
Poor Pronunciation - An officer should not transmit over the air if he has gum in his mouth or is eating his
lunch. If it is an emergency, he should spit them out for the sake of clarity. He should face the mike at all times, and talk
about two inches from the mike. If he is speeding with the siren going, he may cut out the noise by placing the mike on
the side of his throat and then transmitting his message.
Similar sounding words and letters - There are many words in the English language that have similar
sound. There are also many letters that sound the same.
Universality of application - it should apply to as many phases and aspects of intelligence as possible. It
should guide not only the production of intelligence but also the concomitant activities essential to the
process as well as the organization and the thought and actions of the individual composing it.
It must be broad - it should form the basis for a formulation of corollary and subsidiary guides.
It must be important, indeed essential, to intelligence- if a guide is truly important and essential, then its
violations should bring its own immediate penalties.
Doctrines
a.
b.
There exists an essential unity between knowledge and action; that knowledge enhances the
effectiveness of action and minimizes the chances of error.
The knowledge requirements of decision-making are complex and beyond the capacities of
anyone necessary to meet there requirements.
Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there must
be unity between knowledge and action. It follows therefore that intelligence should interact and condition the
decision. Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and taker. Action or
decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every step.
Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to insure complete
coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each
subdivision remains as essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses a
precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious whole.
Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be continuous so that the shape
of what happens today could be studied in the light of what happened before, which in turn would enable us
to predict the shape of things to come.
Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to all the decision makers in
manner that they will understand and form that will permit its most effective use.
Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers.
The story must be told and it must be told well. The story must be convincing and to be convincing it must not
only be plausible or factual but its significance must be shown.
Selection - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand. Intelligence involves the
plowing through a maze of information, considering innumerable number of means or of picking the most
promising of a multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly the entire span of
human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most essential and the pertinent, intelligence will go
off in all directions in one monumental waste of effort.
Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its
most effective use. This is one of the most important and most obvious, for Intelligence that is too soon or too
late are equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that complements all the others.
Security - Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity
of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well being run like a newspaper to which it is
similar.
4.
5.
Strategic Intelligence it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in nature with little practical
immediate operation value.
Line Intelligence it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and value necessary for more
effective police planning and operation.
National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the governmental
branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy. It is concerned to more
than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all the
activities of the government in developing and executing integrated and national policies and plans.
Counter-Intelligence phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of
hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
Undercover Work is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and deception are
used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of any
criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.
Criminal Intelligence refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes and the investigation,
arrest, and prosecution of criminal offenders.
Internal Security Intelligence refers to the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
Public Safety Intelligence refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the protection of lives and
properties.
Forms of Intelligence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sociological Intelligence deals with the demographic and psychological aspects of groups of people. It
includes the population and manpower and the characteristics of the people, public opinion attitude of the
majority of the people towards matter of public policy and education.
Biographical Intelligence deals with individuals personalities who have actual possession of power.
Armed Force Intelligence deals with the armed forces of the nation. It includes the position of the armed
forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its creation and actual role, the organizational structure and
territorial disposition, and the military manpower recruitment and Order of Battle
Geographical Intelligence deals with the progress of research and development as it affects the
economic and military potential of a nation.
KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Strategic Intelligence as defined earlier, it is an intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It
is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of personalities, modus operandi. It does not have
immediate operational value but rather long range that may become relevant to future police operations.
B. Line Intelligence It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide for planning and
conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This pertains to knowledge of People, Weather,
Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter
insurgency.
Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:
People - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the people, government livelihood
projects, extent of enemy influence to the people
Weather visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain), wind
Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability
Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man made features. There are military
aspects of terrain which includes cover and concealment, obstacle, critical key terrain features, observation
and fields of fire, and avenues of approach.
C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.
Hence, the three activities of CI are: protection of information against espionage; protection of personnel against
subversion; and protection of installations and material against sabotage.
Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative Intelligence - a generic term meaning three different things;
Security Intelligence means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies, diplomatic
decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the security of the nation form
unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny information to unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are
explicitly authorized to possess it.
Counter-Intelligence - counter intelligence is the organized effort to protect specific data that might be of
value to the opponents own intelligence organization. Some of its functions are: Censorship of the following:
correspondence, broadcast, telecast, telephone conversations, telegrams and cables, etc., prevention of the
dissemination of any information that might aid an opponent; maintenance of files of suspect; surveillance of suspects;
mail reading, wire tapping and recording; infiltration of the enemy intelligence organized to procure information about
its method, personal, specific operations and interest.
Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic and active effort. Its
purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any
violators.
Five Categories of CI Operation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.
Counter Human Intel (HUMINT) seeks to overcome enemy attempts to use human sources to collect
information or to conduct sabotage and subversion which includes CI special operations, liaison, counter
security, and CI screening.
Counter Imagery Intel (IMINT) - includes action taken to determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy
weaknesses, capabilities and activities. These actions include surveillance radar, photo thermal and infrared
systems. Successful counter IMINT operations rely heavily on pattern and movement analysis and
evaluation of the enemy.
Counter Signal Intel (SIGINT) determine enemy SIGINT and related enemy weaknesses, capabilities and
activities, assess friendly operations to identify patterns, profiles and develop, recommend and analyze
counter measures.
to provide the particular Intel required for success. He must have a thorough knowledge of the tactics, organizations,
and characteristics of the enemy and be especially competent in the fields of acquisition of operations.
Categories of Intelligence Requirements
In relation to use
a.
b.
c.
d.
In relation to type
a.
b.
c.
Basic are general reference materials for use in the planning regarding the enemies, area of
operations, capabilities static comprehensive.
Current are information which are temporary in nature and narrower in scope.
Estimative are those that determine the future courses of action; required by the executives
to plan future military operations and policies.
c.
d.
e.
Fit those indications into existing situations critical clues, security measures, attack, defense, etc.
Basis for development for specific collection directive - designed to exploit to the fullest the collection
directive; guide doesnt limit.
Selection of Collecting Agencies criteria for selection suitability, capability, confirmation, timeliness
and balance. Designation of particular time and place that the required information is to be reported.
Methods of Collection collection of information can be done through overt method (open system) or
covert method (secret/clandestine).
Collecting Agencies depending on the type of operation, the collecting agency could be Government
Agencies, Intelligence units, or Organizations
Trade Crafts includes the use of photography, investigations / elicitation / interrogation, surveillance,
sound equipment, surreptitious entry keys and locks, use of an artist, communication
Collection organization of raw data and information into usable form; grouping
similar items of information so that they will be readily accessible.
2.
Recording is the reduction of info into writing or some other form of graphical
representation and the arranging or this info into writing or some form of graphical representation and the
arranging of this into groups of related items.
Police log book and Journal
Intel-work Sheet - Intel Files
Situation Maps - Rouges Gallery
Modus Operandi Files
3.
RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
1234-
ABCD-
COMPLETE RELIABLE
USUALLY RELIABLE
FAIRLY RELIABLE
NOT USUALLY RELIABLE
5- IMPROBABLE
6- TRUTH can not be judged
4.
E- UNRELIABLE
F- REALIBILITY cannot be judged
Timeless must reach the users on time to be of value. It must be disseminated in accordance with the
urgency and must reach the user in sufficient time to be use.
Propriety the message must be clear, concise and complete, as well as in the proper form for the receiver
to readily understand its contents. It must be disseminated to the correct user, presented in a form that lends
itself to immediate use and distributed by the most effective means appropriate to both time and security
requirements.
Methods of Dissemination
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Open Sources 99% of the information collected are coming from open sources.
Close Sources 1% of information are collected from close sources.
Overt Intelligence is the gathering of information or documents procured openly without regard as to
whether the subject or target become knowledgeable of the purpose
Open Sources: Includes information taken from
Enemy activity
POW and Civilians
Captured documents
Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report - Agencies
Covert Intelligence is the secret procurement of information, which is obtained without the knowledge of
the person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence interest.
Close Sources: Include information which maybe taken through:
Surveillance
Casing and
Elicitation
Surreptitious entry
Employment of technical means (Bugging and Tapping device)
Tactical Interrogation - Observation and Description (ODEX)
PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Informant Net It is a controlled group of people who worked through the direction of the agent handler. The
informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler directly or indirectly with Intel information
Informants (Asset) people selected as sources of information, which could be voluntary, or in
consideration of a price.
Informant refers to a person who gives information to the police voluntarily or involuntarily with
out any consideration
Informer those who give information to the police for price or reward
Types of Informants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Criminal Informant an informant who give information to the police pertaining to the underworld
about organized criminals with the understanding that his identity will be protected
Confidential Informant is similar to the former but he gives information violate of the law to includes
crimes and criminals
Voluntary Informant a type of informant who give information freely and willfully as a witness to a
certain act
Special Informant those who gives information concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded
a special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers, businessmen)
Anonymous Informant those who gives information through telephone with the hope that the
informant can not be identified
Sub-type of Informant
1.
2.
Incidental Informant a person who casually imparts information to an officer with no intention of
providing subsequent information
Recruited Informant A person who is selected cultivated and developed into a continuous source of
info
Spontaneous or Automatic Informant Informants who by the nature of their work or position in
society have a certain legal, moral or ethical responsibilities to report info to the police
Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants Informants that are under the compulsion to report info to the
police
Special Employee informants who are of a specific operational nature
3.
Selection it is particularly desirable to be able to identity and recruit an informant who has access to
many criminal in-group or subversive organization. Wide access is probably the single most important
feature in the consideration of recruiting the potential informant
Investigation the investigation of the potential informants that has tentatively identified as a
probable must be as thorough as possible. It must establish possible existing motives as to this person
might assist the police Intel community. Failure to do so will deny this office who must perform the
approach and persuasion phase with little more that a guess. If necessary, conduct complete
background investigation (CBI)
Approach approach must be done in a setting from which might include pleasant surroundings,
perhaps a confidential apartment, completely free form any probability of compromise, preferably in an
adjacent city or a remote area foreign to the informants living pattern.
4.
Testing the testing program should begin, of course, with the limited assignment, with a gradual
integration into the more important areas. The occasional testing of an informant should continue
through the entire affiliation
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
Intelligence Operations is the result of intelligence planning, planning is always ahead of operation although
an operation can be made without a plan, it is usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely this is poor
intelligence management.
The 14Operational Cycles
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Cover - the means by which an individual group of organization conceals the true nature of its acts and or
existence from the observer.
Cover story a biographical data through fictional that will portray the personality of the agent he assumed,
a scenario to cover up the operation
Cover Support an agent assigned in target areas with the primary mission of supporting the cover story.
Types of Cover
1.
2.
3.
4.
Organizational Cover is an account consisting of biographical which when adopted by an individual will
assume the personality he wants to adopt
Undercover Assignment is an investigative technique in which agent conceal his official identity an obtain
information from that organization
AGENT CONTROL
CONTROL authority to direct the agent to carryout task or requirement on behalf of the clandestine
organization in an acceptable manner and security
Two Categories of Control
1.
2.
SURVEILLANCE
Surveillance is a form of clandestine investigation which consists of keeping persons, place or other targets
under physical observation in order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to an investigation. Surveillance of
persons is called Tailing or Shadowing, Surveillance of place is called Casing or Reconnaissance, and Surveillance
of other things, events, and activities is called Roping.
Considerations in Surveillance Planning
Pre-Surveillance Conference a conference held among the team members, the police intelligence unit
before surveillance is conducted.
Surveillance Plan a plan established the as required according to type of personnel, and the general and
specific instructions for surveillance.
Area Target Study refers to the area of operation of surveillance activities.
Surveillant a person who conducts surveillance with includes only observations.
Stakeout or Plant is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.
Tailing or Shadowing it is the observation of a persons movement.
Undercover Man it refers to a person trained to observe and penetrate certain organization suspected of
illegal activities and later reports the observation and informations that proper operational action can be
made
Liason Program the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in order to obtain
information of police intelligence value. (Agencies like the press, credit agencies, labor unions, telephone
companies)
Safehouse is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police undercover men meet for
debriefing or reporting purposes.
Drop any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police undercover men meet his
action agent for debriefing or reporting purposes.
Convoy an accomplice or associate of the subject used to avoid or elude surveillant.
Decoy a cover supporting the surveillant who can become a convoy whenever surveillant is burned.
Contact any persons whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under observation and identifies the
observer.
Made when subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under observation and identifies the
observer.
Lost when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded the
surveillance.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
According to Intensity and Sensitivity
1.
Discreet subject person to be watch is unaware that he is under observation
2.
Close subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasions
3.
Loose applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each occasion
According to Methods
1. Stationary this is observation of place usually a bookie stall, a gambling, joint, a residence where illegal
activities are going on (fixed position)
2. Moving surveillance follow the subject from the place to place to maintain continuous watch of his activities
3. Technical this is a surveillance by the use of communications and electronic hardwares, gadgets, system
and equipment
Special Equipment (Technical Supports)
1. Camera with telephoto lens
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Study the Subject name, address, description, family and relatives, associates, character and
temperament, vice, hobbies, education, others
Knowledge of the area and terrain maps, national and religious backgrounds, transportation, public utilities
Subversive Organization - history and background, biography of the official, identity and background of
members and former members, method of identification employed by the members, files and records, nature,
location and accessibility, meeting
Cover Story the scenario must be appropriate to cover up operation and avoidance of identification of
mission.
Counter Surveillance the conduct of operation is coupled with counter intelligence measures such as
window shopping, use of convoys and decoys, stopping immediately on blind corners, getting out
immediately on public conveyances, retracing, entering mobile housing
CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE
Casing is the term use in the police organization while reconnaissance is used in military terms. Casing or
reconnaissance is the surveillance of a building place or area to determine its suitability for Intel use or its vulnerability
in operations. It aids in the planning of an operation by providing needed information. It assists the agent handler to
install confidence in his agent during briefing phase by being able to speak knowingly about the area of operation.
Casing is also considered a security measure because it offers some degree of protection for those operating in an
area unfamiliar to them.
Method of Casing
1.
2.
3.
4.
Personal Reconnaissance the most effective method and will produced the most
info since you know just what youre looking for.
Map Reconnaissance it may not sufficient but it can produce a certain amount of
usable information
Research - much info can be acquired through research
Prior Information your unit and of the unit will have file report that they may
provide you with info
5.
Hearsay info usually gain by the person operating in the area and performing
casing job
ELICITATION
It is a system or plan whereby information of intelligence value is obtained through the process direct
intercommunication in which one or more of he parties to the common is unaware of the specific purpose of the
conservation. The three phases are determination of the mission, selection of the subject, and accomplishment of the
mission.
Two Devices in the conduct of Elicitation
Types of Approach
1.
2.
Teacher Pupil Approach the subject is treated as an authority then solicit his view
point and opinion on a subject matter.
Kindred Soul Approach the subject is placed in a pedestal having some specialized
quality then flatter him/her by showing enough concern for his/her welfare to pay special attention to his
enjoyment
Good Samaritan Approach is the sincere and valid offers of help and assistance are
made to the subject
Partial disagreement Approach seek to produce talking by the word Im sure if I fully
agree.
Teaser Bait Approach the elicitor accumulates the sources of knowledge about a particular subject
to tempt the subject to give his/her views.
b.
c.
d.
Manhattan from Missouri Approach the elicitor adopts an unbelievable attitude above anything. He
questions all statements and oppositions.
Joe Blow Approach is I know the answer to everything approach. The elicitor adopts the attitude
of being approachable of any field.
National Pride Approach nature propensity of al persons to defend their country and its policies.
Types to Probe
1.
2.
3.
4.
Competition Probe this is effective when used in connection with the teacher pupil approach
Clarity Probe used to elicit additional information in an area which the response is clear
High Pressure Probe it serves to point out contradictions in what the subject has said
Hypothetical Probe presents a hypothetical situation and to get he subject to react to the
hypothetical situations
Purposes of Elicitation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Learns the meaning of the numerous words used in describing the various features of the persons.
Study and practice the description of the features, such as the eyes, hair or the nose as hey appear on
several different persons.
Learning a definite order of proceeding from one picture to another
Close observation of the person and accurate recording of the terms describing the features
Information describing through interviews of witnesses
Examination of observation of photographs and sketches
Examination of records
The need for obtaining information of the highest degree of credibility taken on the minimum of time can be
through interrogation which varies and dependent entirely on the situation. In tactical interrogation, familiarization of the
following is necessary:
Interrogation the systematic asking of questions to elicit information in the minimum of time.
Interrogator - person who does the questioning.
Interrogee any person who is subjected to the interrogation process in any of its forms and phases.
Suspect any person believed to be associated with prohibited activity
Source a person who for any reason submits information of intelligence interest usually on a voluntary
basis
Provocateur an individual from enemy forces who is deliberately introduce in our custody with a specific
mission of causing some unfavorable action or reaction on our part.
Screening initial examination of an interrogee to determine the extent of his knowledge of persons, places,
things or events in which we are interested.
Formal Interrogation - the systematic attempt to exploit to an appropriate depth those are of he interrogees
knowledge which have been identified in the screening process
Debriefing the interrogation of a friendly interrogee who has information at the direction of or under the
control of the friendly intelligence service.
Interview Similar to a debriefing although it is less formal and the interrogee is not necessarily under the
control or employment of he respective intelligence service
Interrogation Report an oral or written statement of information by the questioning f an interrogee
INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES:
Techniques of Approach the purpose is to gain the cooperation of the source and induce him to answer
questions which will follows.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Open Techniques the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and makes no attempts
to conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best employed when the interrogee is cooperative. It is
frequently used at the tactical level where time is a major interrogator.
The Common Interest Technique the interrogator must exert effort to impress the interrogee of
their common interest. The interrogator must look for he point out the real advantages the interrogee will
receive if he cooperates
Record File (we know all technique) the interrogator prepare a file on the source listing all known
information (record should be padded to make it appear to be very extensive). The information must contain
the life history of he interrogee to include his activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of the
interrogee is important). The we know all s used in conjunction with the record file. During the approach, the
interrogator may ask the interrogee about a subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the interrogator may provide
the answer in order to impress him that the interrogator knows him very well (all is known).
Exasperation Techniques (Harassment) effectively employed against hostile type interrogee. The
interrogator must be alert because the interrogee may fabricate information to gain relief from irritation
(monotype). Subject Interrogee is placed in a longer period of interrogation without rest or sleep. The
interrogator permits the source to go to sleep and subsequently awaken for another series of questioning
(this is done repeatedly). After many repetitions, the interrogee will be exasperated and will finally cooperate
hoping that he can be allowed to rest or sleep. Ask a question, listen to a reply and then ask the same
question repeatedly (use a tape recorder if possible). The purpose is to bore the interrogee thoroughly until
he begins to answer questions freely to end the harassment.
Opposite Personality Technique also known as Mutt and Jeff, Threat and Rescue, Bud Guy
God Guy, Sweet and Sour, Sugar and Vinegar, Devil and Angel. Use of two (2) interrogators playing
opposite roles.
Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) usually successful when employed against an interrogee who
has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity. You may reverse the technique by complimenting the
7.
8.
interrogee in hopes of getting him to admit certain information to gain credit. Described him as the best
person, superior or comrade.
Silent Technique employed against nervous or the confident type of interrogee. Look out the
interrogee squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile (force him to break eye contact first). He may ask
questions but the interrogator must not answer. Patience is needed until the interrogator is ready to break
silence.
Question Barrage Technique (Rapid Fire Questioning) intended to confuse the interrogee and
put him into a defensive position. The interrogee become frustrated and confused, he will likely reveal more
than he intended, thus creating opening for further questioning.
from the national unity, the social and moral fiber of the people and the things they believe in, and from the nature and
vigor of national institutions-political, social, religious, educational, scientific and cultural. Military strength is the ability
of a nation to exert pressure by armed force in furtherance of national policy. It consists of the strength of all the armed
forces in combination with other elements of national power, depending heavily on natural resources, economic
strength, a broad base of war industries and a vigorous population, military strength is influenced by the number and
quality of the nations military, economic, and political alliances.
3.
Physical Security - this concern with the physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to
equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage,
loss and theft.
Personnel Security- this is as important as physical security. Personnel security starts even before the
hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained for as long as the person is employed. Its purpose is to
insure that a firm hires those best suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once
hired assist in providing necessary security to the work force while carrying out their functions.
Document and Information Security- this involves the protection of documents and classified papers from
loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through disclosure. Classified
documents need special handling. Lack of indoctrination and orientation among the personal handling them
can result in the leakage, loss, theft and unauthorized disclosure of the documents.
Physical security, personnel security, and document security cannot exist independently- they are mutually
supporting. They are in many respects overlapping. Physical security is correlated to the other two parts, interwoven
and one is essential to the other.
PROTECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEMS
Protective Security can be defined as those measures taken by an installation or unit to protect itself
against sabotage, espionage or subversion and at the same time provide freedom of action in order to provide the
installation of the unit with the necessary flexibility to accomplish its mission.
The aspects of protective security can be seen with the application of the following:
1.
2.
Industrial Security a type of security applied to business groups engaged in industries like manufacturing,
assembling, research and development, processing, warehousing and even agriculture. It may also mean
the business of providing security.
Hotel Security - a type of security applied to hotels where its properties are protected from pilferage, loss,
damage and the function in the hotel restaurants are not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
themselves. This type of security employs house detectives, uniforms guard and supervisor and insures that
hotel guests and their personal effects are safeguarded.
Bank security - this type of security is concern with bank operations. Its main objective is the protection of
bank cash and assets, its personnel and clientele. Security personnel are trained to safeguard bank and
assets while in storage, in transit and during transactions.
VIP Security - a type of security applied for the protection of top-ranking officials of the government or
private entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries.
School Security - a type of security that is concern with the protection of students, faculty members, and
school properties. Security personnel are trained to protect the school property from theft, vandals, handling
campus riots and detecting the use of intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the students.
Supermarket or Mall Security - a type of security which is concern with the protection of the stores,
warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and properties as well as the supermarket personnel and
customers. Security personnel are trained to detect shoplifter, robbery, and bomb detection and customer
relation.
Other types this include all other security matters not covered in the above enumeration.
PHYSICAL SECURITY
Definition: Physical security measures are being used to define, protect, and monitor property rights and
assets. These measures consist of barriers and devices that would detect, impede, and prevent unauthorized access
to equipment, facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
Physical security may be also defined as the safeguarding by physical means, such as guard, fire protection measures,
of plans, policies, programs, personnel, property, utilities, information, facilities and installation against compromise,
trespass, sabotage, pilferage, embezzlement, fraud, or other dishonest criminal act.
What is a Barrier?
A barrier can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal
access to an installation.
Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Types of Barriers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Natural barriers - it includes bodies of waters, mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain that are
difficult to traverse.
Structural barriers - these are features constructed by man regardless of their original intent that tends to
delay the intruder. Examples are walls, doors, windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or containers etc.
Human barriers - persons being used in providing a guarding system or by the nature of their employment
and location, fulfill security functions. Examples are guards, office personnel, shop workers, etc.
Animal barriers - animals are used in partially providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained and
utilized to serve as guard dogs. German shepherds are best suited for security functions. Goose and turkeys
could also be included.
Energy barriers - it is the employment of mechanical, electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to
entry by the potential intruder or to provide warning to guard personnel. These are protective lighting, alarm
system and any electronic devices used as barriers.
2.
3.
Second line of defense- doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills and other entries to the buildings
Third line of defense- storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.
The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of variable factors and therefore may be achieved
in a number of ways.
There is no impenetrable barrier
Defense-in depth is barriers after barriers
Delay is provided against surreptitious and non-surreptitious entry.
Each installation is different.
b.
c.
d.
Interior Area Control - Interior area control is generally affected in two ways. The first method is
the system which is initiated and terminated at the outer limits of the area to determine the movements
of a visitor within the area. A second somewhat less means of accomplishing the same thing is time
travel. This system provides for checking the actual time used by the visitor against known time
requirements for what the visitor is to accomplish.
Visitor Identification and Movements Control - Processing and control of movements of visitor
shall be included in the PASS SYSTEM. The control of movements of visitor will depend on the
installation. A visitor register shall be maintained to include the name of the visitor, date of visit, purpose
of visit, which may be filed for the future reference.
Key Control- A system of controlling keys shall be advised and regulations covering the disposal,
storage or withdrawals, shall be issued and imposed.
Fire Prevention- fire is so potentially destructive without human assistance, with assistance it can
be caused to devastate those things you are attempting to secure and, professionally accomplished,
often in a way that does not leave recognizable evidence of sabotage.
is located, the perimeter may be the walls of the building itself. Most of the Industrial companies, however, are required
to have a wide space for warehousing, manufacturing etc.
Types of Perimeter Barrier
Perimeter barriers includes fences, walls, bodies of water
Types of Fences
Solid fence -constructed in such away that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that it
denies the opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the time scheduled of the
movements of the guards in the installation. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around
the installation and it creates shadow that may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.
Full-view fence - it is constructed in such away that visual access is permitted through the fence. Its
advantages are that it allows the roving patrols and stationary guard to keep the surrounding are of the installation
under observation. On the other hand, it allows the intruder to become familiar with the movements and time schedule
of the guard patrols thereby allowing him to pick the time that is advantageous on his part.
Types of Full-View Fence
1.
2.
As a standard, the distance between strands must not exceed 6 inches at least one wire will be interlaced
vertically and midway between posts.
3.
Gates and Doors - when not in use and controlled by guards, gates and doors in the perimeter should
be locked and frequently inspected by guards. Locks should be changed from time to time and should
be covered under protective locks and key control.
Side-walk-elevators - these provide access to areas within the perimeter barrier and should be locked
and guarded.
Utilities Opening - sewers, air intakes, exhaust tunnels and other utility openings which penetrate the
barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96 square inches or more should be protected by bars,
grills, water filled traps or other structural means providing equivalent protection to that portion of the
perimeter barriers.
Clear Zones - an obstructed area or a clear zone should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter
barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable between the barriers and exterior structures and
natural covers that may provide concealment for assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.
Top Guard - additional overhang of barbed wire placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and outward
with a 45 degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This increases the
protective height and prevents easy access.
Guard Control stations - this is normally provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located outof-doors, and manned by guards on full-time basis. Sentry station should be near a perimeter for surveillance
at the entrance.
Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure above the perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the more
visibility it provides. It gives a psychological unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard towers,
whether permanent or temporary, must have a corresponding support force in the event of need. Towers as
well as guard control stations should have telephones, intercoms, and if possible two-way radios connected
to security headquarters or office to call for reserves in the event of need.
Barrier Maintenance - fencing barriers and protective walls should always be regularly inspected by
security. Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for investigation. Destruction of fence or
sections thereof should be repaired immediately and guard vigilance should be increased.
Protection in Depth - in large open areas or ground where fencing or walling is impractical and expensive,
warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The depth itself is protection reduction of access roads, and
sufficient notices to warn intruders should be done. Use of animals, as guards and intrusion device, can also
be good as barriers.
Signs and notices - Control signs should be erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized
ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and legible from any approach and in an
understood language or dialect.
2.
3.
4.
Continuous lighting - the most familiar type of outdoor security lighting, this is designed to provide two
specific results: glare projection or controlled lighting. It consists of a series of fixed luminaries at range to
flood a given area continuously during the hours of darkness.
a. Glare projection type- it is being used in prisons and correctional institutions to illuminate walls and
outside barriers.
b. Controlled lighting- it is generally employed where, due to surrounding property owners, nearby
highways or other limitations, it is necessary for the light to be more precisely focused.
Standby lighting - it is designed for reserve or standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A standby
system can be most useful to selectively light a particular area in an occasional basis.
Movable or Portable lighting - this system is manually operated and is usually made up of movable search
or floodlights that can be located in selected or special locations which will require lighting only for short
period of time.
Emergency lighting - this system is used in times of power failure or other emergencies when other
systems are inoperative.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Incandescent lamp - it is the least expensive in terms of energy consumed and has the advantage of
providing instant illumination when the switch is on.
Mercury vapor lamp - it is considered more efficient that the incandescent and used widespread in exterior
lighting. This emits a purplish-white color, caused by an electric current passing through a tube of conducting
and luminous gas.
Metal halide - it has similar physical appearance to mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher
luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
Fluorescent - this provides good color rendition, high lamp efficiency as well as long life. However, it cannot
project light over long distance and thus are not desirable as flood type lights.
High-pressure sodium vapor - this has gained acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas, roadways,
buildings and commercial interior installations. Constructed on the same principle as mercury vapor lamps,
they emit a golden white to light pink color and this provide high lumen efficiency and relatively good color
rendition.
Floodlights - These can be used to accommodate most outdoor security lighting needs, including the
illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and for the emphasis of vital areas or particular buildings.
Street lights - This lighting equipment received the most widespread notoriety for its value in reducing crime.
Search lights - These are highly focused incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint potential trouble
spots.
Fresnel lights - These are wide beam units, primary used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal strips
to protect the approaches to the perimeter barrier. Fresnel projects a narrow, horizontal beam that is
approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal and from 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
Central Station System - a type of alarm where the control station is located outside the plant or installation.
When the alarm is sounded or actuated by subscriber, the central station notifies the police and other public
safety agencies.
Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the proprietary alarm system is located in the industrial firm itself
with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the duty operator calls whatever is the primary need; firefighters,
police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal unit.
3.
4.
Local Alarm This system consist of ringing up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected.
When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm thereat goes off.
Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm systems with a unit in the nearest police station so that in case of
need, direct call is possible. The company maintains the equipment and lines both for the company and
those in the police, fire and other emergency agencies by special arrangement. Radio, landlines, or cell
phones can avail of the auxiliary system.
Kinds of Alarms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Audio Detection Device - it will detect any sound caused by attempted force entry. A supersonic
microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, ceilings and floors of the protected area.
Vibration Detection Device - it will detect any vibration caused by attempted force entry. A vibration
sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors of the protected area.
Metallic foil or wire - it will detect any action that moves the foil or wire. An electrically charge strips of tinfoil
or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass surfaces of the protected area.
Laser Beam Alarm - a laser emitter floods a wall or fencing with a beam so that when this beam is disturbed
by a physical object, an alarm is activated.
Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device - an invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this is disturbed or
when an intruder breaks contact with the beam, it will activate the alarm.
Key-operated mechanical lock - it uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers (wards
tumblers) which prevent the lock from operating unless they are properly aligned. The key is the device used
to align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated.
Three (3) Types of Key-operated Lock
a.
b.
c.
2.
3.
4.
Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring and is
then made fasten or secured.
Combination lock - instead of using the key to align the tumblers, the combination mechanism uses
numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point which enables an operator to align them manually.
Code-operated lock - a type of lock that can be opened by pressing a series of numbered button in the
proper sequence.
5.
6.
Electrical lock - a type of lock that can be opened and closed remotely by electrical means.
Card-operated lock - a type of lock operated by a coded card.
Types of keys
1.
2.
3.
4.
Change key - a specific key, which operates the lock and has a particular combination of cuts which match
the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
Sub-master key - a key that will open all the lock within a particular area or grouping in a given facility.
Master key - a special key capable of opening a series of lock.
Grand Master key - a key that will open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.
Key Control
Once an effective key control has been installed, positive control of all keys must be gained and maintained.
This can be accomplished only if it is established in conjunction with the installation of new locking devices. The
following methods can be used to maintain effective key control;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Key cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will have to be procured. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient
size to hold the original key to every lock in the system. It should be secured at all times.
Key record- some administrative means must be set up to record code numbers and indicates to whom keys
to specific locks have been issued.
Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be made of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of the
employees whom they have been issued.
Audits- in addition to periodic inventory, an unannounced audit should be made of all key control records
and procedures by a member of management.
Daily report- a daily report should be made to the person responsible for key control from the personnel
department indicating all persons who have left or will be leaving the company. In the event that a key has
been issued, steps should be initiated to insure that the key is recovered.
Safe - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or small items in an office or installation.
Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary resistance depending upon the use and need.
a. Its weight must be at least 750 lbs. And should be anchored to a building structure.
b. Its body should at least one inch thick steel.
2.
Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance container usually a part of the building structure used
to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller
than a file room.
a.
b.
c.
3.
File room - a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate
limited people to work on the records inside.
a. The file room should at most be 12 feet high.
b. It must have a watertight door and at least fire proof for one hour.
Personal recognition
Artificial recognition- identification cards, passes, passwords, etc.
Single pass system - the badge or pass coded for authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an
employee who keeps it in his possession until his authorization is terminates.
Pass exchange system - an exchange takes place at the entrance of each controlled area. Upon leaving
the personnel surrenders his badge or passes and retrieve back his basic identification.
Multiple pass system - this provides an extra measure of security by requiring that an exchange take place
at the entrance of each restricted area.
3.
4.
5.
Visitors logbook All visitors to any facility should be required to identify them selves and should be given
a visitors ID by the security. Visitors logbook should be filled up with the named of visitors, nature and
duration of visit.
Photograph - taking of photographs should also be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in areas
where classified information is displayed to preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the installation. If a
visitor has camera and it is prohibited to take picture, said camera should be left in the care of security with
corresponding receipt.
Escort - If possible visitors should be escorted by the security to monitor their activity within the
establishment and guide them where to go.
Visitor entrances - separate access for visitors and employees of the establishment should be provided.
Time- traveled - If there is a long delay or time lapse between the departure and arrival, the visitors maybe
required to show cause for the delay.
Every facility must establish a system for the control of package entering or leaving the premises. However,
desirable it might seem it is simply unrealistic to suppose that a blanket rule forbidding packages either in or out would
be workable. Such a rule would be damaging to the employee morale and, in many cases, would actually work against
the efficient operation in the facility. Therefore, since the transporting of packages through the portals is a fact of life,
they must be dealt with in order to prevent theft and misappropriation of company properties. Thus;
a.
b.
c.
No packages shall be authorized to be brought inside the industrial installation, offices and work area without
proper authority. This basic precept help reduce if not eliminate pilferage, industrial espionage or sabotage.
Outgoing packages carried by personnel should be closely inspected and those in vehicles should also be
checked as many pilfered items are hidden in the surface of the vehicles leaving the compound.
Any personnel/visitor entering the installation with a package should deposit the same to the security and in
return receives a numbered tag, which he/she will use in claiming his/her package upon departing.
Privately owned vehicle of personnel/visitor should be registered and are subject to the identification and
admittance procedure.
Vehicles should be subjected for search at the entrance and exit of the installation.
All visitors with vehicle should provide the security as to the complete details of their duration of stay, person
to be visited, and other information.
All vehicles of visitors should be given a sign/sticker to be placed on the windshield.
Traffic warning signs should be installed in all entrances in order to guide the visitors in their destination as
well to provide them with the necessary safety precautions while they are inside the installation.
Security personnel must constantly supervise parking areas and make frequent spots searches of vehicles
found there.
Access to restricted Areas can be partially controlled by fences, gates and other physical means, but the
individual working in the area is the key to the bringing out of classified matter to unauthorized personnel. Written
information does not have the power of speech. Only the individual has knowledge of this written information can pass
it to an unauthorized personnel if he unguardedly talks about information.
What is Personnel Security Investigation?
It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion and loyalty of individual in order to determine a
persons suitability to be given security clearance.
Mayor, Police, Fiscal, Judge of the locality where the individual is a resident.
Background Investigation (BI) This is more comprehensive investigation than the NAC or the NAC and
LAC. A through and complete investigation of all or some of the circumstances or aspects of a persons life is
conducted.
This type of personnel Security Investigation may either be a complete (CBI) or a partial Background
Investigation (PBI).
1.
2.
Partial Background Investigation Consist of the investigation of the background of an individual but
limited only to some of the circumstances of his personal life which are deemed pertinent to the investigation.
Normally, the request for the investigation will indicate the specific personal circumstances to be covered.
This type of BI is also used to further develop questionable information contained in another investigation
report.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Loyalty faithful allegiance to the country, government and its duly constituted authority.
Integrity- uprightness in character, soundness of moral principles, freedom from moral delinquencies, ore
more simply stated-honesty.
Discretion- the ability of tendency to act or decide with prudence; the habit of wise judgment or simply
stated- good judgment
Moral- distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a person;
his outward manifestation, personal traits or moral habits.
Character- the sum of the traits that serves as an index of the essential intrinsic nature of a person. It is the
aggregate of distinctive mental and moral qualities that have been impressed by nature, education and habit
upon the individual.
Reputation- opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what one reported to be, whereas
character is what a person is.
Revenge- a real or fancied wrong can create a hatred which will stop at nothing to obtain revenge of the
offender. Hatred wraps the sense of moral values until the hater will go to any lengths, even betrayal of his
country, to avenge himself on the person or class of people hated.
Material Gain- some people are so avid for material gain that they will stop at nothing to achieve this end.
Personal Prestige- this motivation applies to those whose main desire is for power-power over others-to
prove to the world what leaders they are. However, their desire for power makes them especially vulnerable
to subversion.
Friendship through close attachment to another person, many people, otherwise of high integrity, will do
things inimical to their countrys interest.
Ideological Beliefs- If a person holds inimical to their country, they are of course vulnerable to approach by
subversive groups of agents.
Private Security Agency - any person, association, partnership, firm or private corporation, who contracts,
recruits, trains, furnishes or post any security guard, to do its functions or solicit individual s, business firms,
or private, public or government-owned or controlled corporations to engage his/its service or those of his/its
security guards, for hire commission or compensation.
2.
3.
Company Security Force - A security force maintained and operated any private company/ corporation for
its own security requirements only.
Government Security Unit - a security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than
military and/a police, which is established and maintained for the purpose of securing the office or compound
and/or extension such government entity.
2.
3.
4.
Office of the Human Resources and Administrative Manager/Staff Director for Personnel and
Administration
a. The principal staff assistant to the General Manager/Security Director for planning and supervising
matters or activities pertaining to personnel management and miscellaneous administrative
functions such as:
b. Personnel Strengths
c. Replacement
d. Discipline, Law and Order
e. Morale and Personnel Services
f. Personnel Procedures
g. Interior Management
h.
Personnel Adviser
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
f.
He conducts inspection of his units and institutes corrective measures on the spot on those
problems he may detect or brought to his attention. If not possible, he brings the problem to the
Security Manager of the establishment.
He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his official actuation, obeying the laws of the land and the
regulations prescribed by his agency and those establish by the company he is suppose to serve.
He shall not reveal any confidential matter committed to him as a security guard and such other matters
imposed upon him by law.
He shall act all times with decorum and shall not permit personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship to
influence his actuation in the performance of his official functions.
He shall not compromise with criminal and other lawless elements to the prejudice of the customers or clients
and shall assist government relentless drive against lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
5.
He shall carry out his assigned duties as required by law to the best of his ability and shall safeguard life and
property of the establishment he is assigned to.
6. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia properly as a symbol of public trust and confidence
as an honest and trustworthy security guard, watchman and private detective.
7. He shall keep his allegiance first to the government he is assigned to serve with loyalty and utmost
dedication.
8. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself with the rules and regulations lay down by his agency
and those of the customers or clients.
9. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute his superior officers, government officials and
officials of the establishment where he is assigned and the company he is supposed to serve.
10. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform and neat in his appearance
11. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the laws and regulations governing the use of firearm.
Code of Conduct: The watchman should abide by the following code of conduct:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty his license identification card and duty detail order
with an authority to carry firearms.
He shall not use his license and privileges to the prejudice of the public, the client or customer and his
agency.
He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the discharge of his work and
shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc., while actually performing his duties.
He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately before and during his tour of duty.
He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
He shall know how to operate any fire extinguishers at his post.
He shall know the location of the telephone and/or telephone number of the police precincts as well as the
telephone number of the fire stations in the locality.
He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign of disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations of
the law.
He or his group or guards shall not participate or integrate any disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations
of the law.
He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of
life, property/having in mind that the nature of his responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
He shall familiarize himself with the Private Security Agency Law (RA5487) as amended, and the PNP
SAGSD implementing rules and regulations.
When issued a pass he should not lend his pass to anybody.
He shall always in proper uniform and shall always carry with him his basic requirements, and equipment
such as writing notebook, ball pen, nightstick (baton) and/or radio. He shall endeavor at all times to merit and
be worthy of the trust and confidence of the agency he represents and the client he serves.
To take charge of this post and all companies property in view and protect/preserve the same with utmost
diligence.
2. To walk during tour of duty in military manner, keeping always in the alert and observing everything that takes
place within sight or hearing.
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant from the guardhouse where I am station.
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. T o receive, obey and pass out to the relieving guard all order from company officers or officials, supervisors
post in charge or shift leaders.
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by instructions.
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the agency, ranking public officials and commission officer of the
AFP and officers of the PNP.
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of challenging to challenge all persons on or near my
post and to allow no one to pass or loiter without proper authority.
Selection of Guards
Republic Act Number 5487 and its implementing rules and regulations prescribed the minimum requirements
for guards to be able to secure a license to exercise profession as a security guard, private detective, security officer
and security consultant.
General Requisites in the Security Profession
1.
2.
3.
4.
Filipino Citizen
Physically and mentally fit
Good moral character
Must not posses any disqualification
General Disqualification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dishonorably discharge from the service in the PNP/AFP or any private government entities.
Physically or mentally unfit
Conviction of a crime
Addicted to drugs or alcohol dummy of a foreigner
Elective or appointive government official
Alertness- A good guard must be alert in spotting violators. This can be attained by being watchful,
dedicated and diligence.
Judgment- sound and good judgment is more than the use of common sense. It is the arriving at wise and
timely decision.
Confidence- it is the state of being sure; a state of the mind free from doubt or misgivings. This attribute
includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is attained by job knowledge. Thorough and proper training
plus good supervision instills confidence.
Physical fitness- security work is strenuous and demanding. Physical conditioning is essential if he is to be
a dependable guard.
Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with others successfully without offending. In short, he can be firm
but pleasant.
Self-control- ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation. With self-control, the guard
will do his work without being angry and the situation will be on hand.
Interest, loyalty, responsible and trustworthy, is also important attributes of a reliable guard.
2.
3.
License to Operate- before a Private Security Agency (PSA) can operate; it has to secure a License to
Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or regular. A temporary license is issued by the PNP thru Civil
Security Croup Directorate after the applicant /licensee should have complied with all the requirements while
it has less than two hundred guards. A Regular license to operate is issued to the PSA once it is qualified of
having two hundred (200) or more license security guard in its employ duly posted. Regular license is
renewable every two (2) years.
Security Guard License- before a security guard can practice his profession; he shall possess valid security
license. The use of expired license is not allowed. In case of doubt, licenses may be verified at the PNP
SAGSD whether valid or fake.
Firearms license- all firearms of the security agency should be covered with firearms license issued by the
PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division under the Civil Security Group, renewable every two years. No
duplication of two or more firearms with the same make and serial number shall be covered by one license.
Firearms and Weapons Authorized for Used of the Security Guard While on Duty
1.
2.
3.
Handguns/Low-powered (cal. 22 and cal.38) not exceeding one FA for every two guards employed.
Shotguns (not bigger than 12 gauge)
High-powered- when the agency is operating in areas where there is upsurge of lawlessness and criminality
as determined by the Chief PNP.
f.
Footwear
2.
Color of Uniforms
a. Private Security Agency- navy blue (upper and lower)
b. Company Security Forces- light blue/light gray for upper and navy blue for lower
c. Government Security Forces- white for upper and navy blue for lower
3.
4.
Each individual whose duties allow access to classified matter, or each individual who possesses knowledge
of classified matter while it is in his possession and shall insure that dissemination of such classified matter is on the
need-to-know basis and to property cleared persons only.
Document Security Systems
Documents Security is that aspect of security which involves the application of security measures for the
proper protection and safeguarding of classified information.
Classification Categories - Official matter which requires protection in the interest of national security shall be
limited to four categories of classification which in descending order of importance shall carry one of the following
designations:
TOP SECRET - SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL - RESTRICTED
In Document and Information Security, a matter includes everything, regardless of its physical character, or in
which information is recorded or embodied. Documents, equipment, projects, books, reports, articles, notes, letters,
drawings, drawings, sketches, plans, photographs, recordings, machinery, models, apparatus, devices, and all other
products or substances fall within the general term matter. Information, which is transmitted orally, is considered
matter for purposes of security.
Security Clearance is the certification by a responsible authority that the person described is cleared for
access to classified matter the appropriate level. Need-to-know is the principle whereby access to classified matter
may only be only given to those persons to whom it is necessary for the fulfillment of their duties. Persons are not
entitled to have access to classified matter solely by virtue of their status or office. It is a requirement that the
dissemination of classified matters be limited strictly to persons whose official duty requires knowledge or possession
thereof.
Certificated of Destruction is the certification by a witnessing officer that the classified matters describe
therein has been disposed of in his presence, approved destruction methods.
Classified refers to assign information by one of the four classification categories. Security Clearance refers
to the administrative determination that an individual is eligible for access to classified matter. Compromise means lose
of security, which results from an authorized persons obtaining knowledge of classified matter. Compartmentation is
the grant of access to classified matter only to properly cleaved persons in the performance of their official duties.
Declassify is the removal of security classification from classified matter. Reclassify / Re grading is the act
of changing the assigned classification of matter. Up- grading is the act of assigning to a matter of higher classification
to a classified document.
What are Top Secret Matters?
These are information and material (matter), the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally
grave damage to the nation, politically, economically or from a security aspect. This category is reserve for the nations
closest secrets and is to be used with great reserve.
Classification Authority
The original classification authority for assignment of TOP SECRET classification rests exclusively with the
head of the department. This power may however, be delegated to authorized offices in instances when the necessity
for such arises. Derivative classification authority for TOP SECRET classification (authority for) may be granted those
officers who are required to give comments or responses to a communication that necessitates TOP-SECRETS
response.
Examples of Top Secret Documents
b.
c.
Classification Authority Any officer is authorized to assign confidential classification to any matter in the
performance of his duties.
Examples of Confidential Documents
General Policy. No person in the government shall convey orally, visually or by written communication any
classified matter outside his own department unless such disclosures has been processed and cleared by the
department head or his authorized representative.
Release of classified matter to Congress
Government personnel, when giving oral testimony before Congressional Committee involving classified
matter, shall advice the committee of the classification thereof. Government personnel called upon to testify shall
obtain necessary and prior instruction from his department head concerning disclosure.
When Congressional members visit government offices, department heads are authorized to release
classified matter which is deemed and adequate response to an inquiry provided that it is required in the performance
of official functions.
Disclosure to Foreign Government or Nationals
1.
2.
3.
4.
Its use shall be solely for the purpose for which the classified matter is requested.
It shall be treated or handled in accordance with the classified categories of the originating office.
Handling shall be made by security-cleared personnel.
Reproduction and dissemination shall not be made without the consent of the department head.
Category A
a. Information which contains reportable time sensitive, order of battle and significant information.
b. It should be given priority because it is critical information.
c. It must be forwarded without delay.
d. It is critical to friendly operations.
e. It requires immediate action.
2.
Category B
a. Anything that contains communications, cryptographic documents, or systems that should be
classified as secret and requires special handling.
b. Higher authorities should declassify it.
3.
Category C
a. Other information, which contains something that, could be an intelligence value.
b. Contains exploitable information regardless of its contents.
c.
4.
Category D
a. No value, yet lower level will classify documents as category D.
b. No decision must be made at the lower echelon that document has no value. It is the responsibility
of the higher Headquarters.
Trade Secrets- this consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in
ones business and which gives him an opportunity to gain an advantage over competitors who do not know
or us e it. It may be a formula for a chemical compound a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving
materials, a pattern for machine or device, or a list of customers. It differs from other secret information as to
single or ephemeral events. A trade secret is a process or device for continuous use in the protection of the
business.
2.
Patents- this is a grant made by the government to an inventor, conveying or securing to him the exclusive
right to make, use, or sell his invention for term of years.
Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific. To qualify for a patent the invention must be more than
novel and useful. It must represent a positive contribution beyond the skill of the average person.
A much lower of novelty is required of a trade secret.
A trade secret remains secret as long as it continues to meet trade secret tests while the exclusive right to
patent protection expires after 17 years.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY
Communication Security is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which prevent
or delay the enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining information through our communications. It includes
Transmission, Cryptographic and Physical security.
Rules- governing communications security do not in guarantee security, and they do not attempt to meet
every conceivable situation. Communication security rules are a means, not an ends.
Department heads- are responsible for the maintenance of communication security and for the promulgation
of additional directives as may be necessary to insure proper communication security control within their jurisdiction.
All communication personnel should have an appreciation of the basic principles of communication
security may result in compromise.
Communication Security Officer - A properly trained and cleared Communication Security Officer shall be
appointed in every Department of the Government handling cryptographic communication.
TRANSMISSION SECURITY:
Transmission Security is that component of communication security which results from all measures
designed to protect transmission from interception, traffic analysis and imitative deception.
Communication personnel shall select the means most appropriate to accomplish the delivery of message
in accordance with the specified precedence and security requirements.
Radio Operators shall adhere to the use of correct procedures, circuit discipline and authentication system
as a security measures against traffic analysis, imitative deception and radio direction finding.
CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY
Cryptographic Security is that component of communication security which results from the provisions of
technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
CODES AND CIPHERS
Code - a system which uses words as the smallest element like the one below.
Code word
Angel
Fox
Plaintext
we are ready
send additional
Cipher - a system that manipulate one, two, or three characters at a time like:
Cipher
B
C
J
D
Plaintext
1
2
3
4
Abbreviation
C: code or cipher
P: Plaintext
K: keyword/ key number
Note: Code and cipher may be used interchangeably to mean the same.
Categories of Cipher
Concealment is the simplest, which means to hide/hidden. For instance:
I WILL DO IT. IF NOT TODAY, THEN TRUST ME. SIGNED SMITH.
message: ( copy out every third word )
Decipher: DO NOT TRUST SMITH
EFDH GORA NQBO PETE YTDS RTOU ZESV ITVE SOWM XNIM CTLK HJEA
Same: copy of the third letter
decipher: DO NOT TRUST SMITH
Example
ADDE DAQD NPCR OOLL TMAT RLOC RATS TKCL MNRA KETI SSTU ARTF
THEE OSET ULCO JEOU TAKE BLFZ IAHF SQUI TIFC ANLL TMZX AEXE
DLGY ZZTI FLOO VWKA TTIM IFTT HATH EEFC ANND FLHA
(Read this by copying out a progressive cipher. Progress 1, 2, 3.)
Example
RTRTBS
encipher by droppings every other letter
EUNOAE
C: RTRTBS EUNOAE
then put in four letter code group
C: RTRT BSEU NOAE
Decipher:
P: Return to base
Decipher:
P: Charlie will attack 2001
P: CHARLIE WILL ATTACK TWO ONE ZERO ONE
C: charliewillattacktwoonezero
C: char liew illa tack twoo nez roome
Substitution Method - original message elements, letters, numbers or other symbols are replaced with alternate
symbols.
Example 1 - symbols
j
4
I
number of times
26
19
16
)
*
Example 2 -
15
13
c: x y z a b c d e
p: ABCD EFGH
p: stop icebox
c: VWRS LFHERA
Risk Avoidance- eliminating or removing the risk totally from the business, government, or industrial
environment for which the risk manager has responsibility
Risk Reduction- decreasing the risk by minimizing the probability of the potential loss. The reduction of
criminal opportunity is often accomplished by situational crime [prevention strategies to discourage, deter, or
deny criminal incidents.
Risk Spreading- spreading the risk through compartmentation or decentralization to limit the impact
(criticality) of the potential loss
Risk Transfer- moving the financial impact of the potential loss-over to an insurance company.
Risk Self-assumption- planned assumption and acceptance of the potential risk by making a deliberate
managerial decision of doing nothing about the threat, or setting aside resources for use in case of a specific
loss incident.
SECURITY HAZARDS
Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of
property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
Types of Hazards
1.
Natural Hazard- these are hazards which arise from natural phenomena. The following are types of natural
hazards or disasters:
a. Floods caused by typhoons
b. Earthquakes
c. Fire (not caused by human action)
d. Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and hurricane)
e. Lighting storms
f. Extreme temperature and humidity
2.
Human-Man made Hazards- These are hazards which are the result of a state of mind, attitude,
weaknesses or character traits of one or more persons. They can be acts of commission or omission, both
overt and covert, which can disrupt operation of a plant or installation. The following are types of human or
man made hazards:
a. Carelessness- accidents and dissatisfaction
b. Disloyalty-subversion and sabotage
c. Espionage, pilferage and theft
d. Vandalism, etc
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Employees or outside personnel seeking memberships in paper organizations should report this activity to
security.
Other methods of subversion like united fronts, mob action, terrorism and sabotage will be done to gain the
subversive ends.
Casual Pilferer- one who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of
detection is no plan or premeditation and he is usually a loner on the job. The temptation to pick up the
article is basically due to poor security measure. The implication of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost
if it remains unchecked.
2.
Systematic Pilferer- one who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or
supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this kind can be employees or outsiders of the establishment.
conducted solely for the purpose of establishing a security program of an office. The head of office is directly
responsible for establishing a security system for his office after which a survey may be conducted to determine if the
program is adequate in comparison with the importance of the office to the overall national objective.
EXECUTIVE/VIP PROTECTION
Executive/VIP Security
Are those measures taken by Agents, Security Officers, Law Enforcement officers or an Agency /officers to
protect heads of state, foreign, national or local dignitaries, civilian or military against any personal injury,
assassination, sabotage, and espionage. These may include the protection of any government or civilian officials and
individual utilized as government witnesses.
Basic Security Principles in VIP Security
Every phase of security must be carefully in advance, to include the importance of the individual to be
protected, political attitude of the population, obstacles involved, means of transportation, and duration of the security
mission.
Physical protection should consist of a series of protection cordons. These protective cordons may be composed of a
combination of personnel or physical security barriers.
Central direction and unity of effort
The officer in charge should be given full responsibility for all phases of the security mission.
Close coordination must be established with all local military and civilian authorities. Civilian authorities will
include police and other interested city, municipal or other local officials.
The agencies responsible for each of the security plan must be clearly defined. Arrangements should be
made for local police to control local inhabitants. All available intelligence channels should be used to obtain
information of potential danger areas, persons, or groups.
Coordination must be accomplished by an advance party after the official itinerary is received.
Protective measures must be through but inconspicuous and afford security without impending the
protectee/VIPs performance of his functions.
The degree of protection is dependent upon the degree of contact with the general public desired by the protectee.
A basic element of VIP/Executive protection is the identification and the elimination of possible sources of
danger against a VIP/Executive before the danger becomes real.
Plans for a perimeter of protection must be surprise proof and flexible enough to allow a quick response to
any emergency.
Defense-in-Depth Theory
There is no impenetrable barrier. If an unfriendly individual, organization or government can devote time,
money, personnel, material or imagination to passing a barrier, he can succeed.
To achieve the ultimate results from a physical security system, it is necessary to add barrier to barrier, delay
time, until sufficient delay time has been accumulated to allow control of any foreseeable penetration.
Therefore, rather than attempting to achieve exclusion through the use of a single barrier, security must be
built upon accumulated time or a system of Defense-in-Depth.
Contingency Planning
Security planning should be flexible. Weather conditions, mechanical failures and failure of lighting systems
are three-ever-present potential hazards. The unexpected arrival of large numbers visitors, audience is another
situation frequently encountered. Last-minute changes in the security plan or schedule of events occur routinely. The
security plan therefore must be sufficiently fluid to cover these and other eventualities, all of which present hazards.
Mission Orientation
An orientation/briefing must be conducted by the officer in charge or the protection plan, during which he
explains fully the contents of the plan. Some topics to be emphasized are:
Conduct of Security Personnel
Police/Security personnel assigned to these duties are selected to the basis of the appearance, alertness,
and intelligence, as well as their ability to act quickly and correctly in unforeseen circumstances.
Restriction on the circulation of the individuals should be strictly enforced. Before any person maybe allowed to get
near the protectee or his effects, the person is checked carefully for identification and the authority for his presence is
established.
Use of weapons
There is always the danger of accidental discharge and injury of innocent persons when weapons are
carried. All protective personnel must be qualified to fire the weapons with which they are armed.
Crowd Control
Protective personnel should understand the principles of crowd control. They should not show not show
prejudice or sympathy, or become involved in any grievances expressed by the crowd.
Security Preparation in Local/Foreign Travel
Advance Preparations
Advance preparation refers to the activities of arranging timetable/ itinerary and coordinating with those
concerned with visit local or foreign law enforcement security men. Conduct security survey and inspection of routes,
quarters, conference, luncheon and or inaugural site. Arrange for security measures for motorcade routes, quarters,
conference site, etc. Confer with local or foreign security men about potential danger to the Executive, such as
persons, organizations or obtain copies of photographs and place these persons under surveillance.
Motorcades
Select and consider the best motorcade route, preferably the most direct route to destination. Select a route
which affords a chance to have alternate routes if something happened on the motorcade route.
Review or dry run the route and take notes on the requirements for controlling the crowd and traffic and
deployment of foot patrolmen and motorcycle police at various positions along the route. Arrange for police or buildings
custodian to inspect buildings along the motorcade routes.
Security in Inaugural/Conference/Luncheon sites
1.
2.
3.
4.
Defense-in-Depths Barriers Concentric Patterns (any attack will have to penetrate layer after layer of
defenders, the heaviest layer of defense, being closest, being closest to the Executive/VIP.)
Outer ring- sidewalks, stationed in front of quarters/residence/office, covering all entrances, front, center, side
and rear
Middle ring- inside quarters, office/residence, covering all stairways and elevators.
Inner ring- immediately outside executive/VIPS door, or close to Executive/VIP if outside
Establish screening points to allow only authorized persons access to the protected area/person and to keep
out those who have no valid reasons to enter same.
Duty stations or posts should be marked on a floor/ground plan or sketch/map.
If an unusually large crowd are expected along a parade route security men may call on the armed forces to
station troops along the line of march.
If the VIP travels by train, a pilot engine must run the trucks IN advance of the VIP train.
Every manhole and sewer along the route should be sealed.
Every single building and all its occupants along the route should be checked.
Bellboys, waiters, cooks should be cleared.
Food to be cooked must be examined and samples be sent to laboratory for analysis.
Inspect for time bombs, radio - active materials and fire hazards.
Inspect closets and under the tables.
Never allow the VIP to stop his car in a crowd if it can be avoided.
Drivers for the VIP can be competent, reliable, well trained in protective driving and must be alert for dangers
and to take instant action.
While walking, it is necessary to increase the number of guards because the VIP becomes an easy target.
In case the VIP is going to speak at hasty made stage, its strength and capacity should be inspected to limit
the persons going up to stage.
During afternoon sessions, lightning facilities must be checked or installed. It is estimated that the program
may reach up to nighttime.
An alternate generator fore emergency use is made available if source of electric power is from a central
source. Designate qualified electrician to watch main source or switch.
If traveling by air, close the door of VIP plane when parked and place constant guards every time.
If traveling by watercraft, select boats of type and size capable of facing danger at the ocean. Thorough
inspection should be made on the ship and check the adequacy of lifesavers and emergency facilities.
All non- uniformed men must wear signs or countersigns for identification.
Checklist of all security hazards noted in the course of security survey or inspection should be given to the
OIC for reference/planning.
Security plans and specific duties of men assigned or details must be stated.
These could be varied hourly, in response to current threat level, and areas of coverage or occasion in any of
the following:
Crowds, restaurants, home, office
Public transport, bus, taxi
Friends of protectee/principal, business
Movie theatre
Functions: private, public, business
Huge crowds: a tight-packed area of swirling bodies
Elevators: opening a door to the unknown, stopping at unknown floors.
Escalators: progressing into the unknown, Turn side on, so that you can see the front at one side
and the area behind you. As you rise with the escalator, you will become level with the floor behind
before you, giving you something to watch.
Street lights: workmen, doorways, shops you are walking past, hotels or clubs and doorways
should always be covered the protectee/Principal walks past
Concentrate - concentration do not get loss or be left behind, it takes only a second or two {to get killed}
Anticipation - anticipate your fellow officer/Escorts moves, you can keep the protective formation together
nice and well coordinated. Because of obstacles, obstructions, and areas of threats, the movement of Closein security/Escorts will be spasmodic and spontaneous.
Relaxation/Observation- observation should be done in a relaxed manner. Be very attentive but looking
relaxed.
Common sense- common sense comes from using your brain, foresight, experience, and good training.
Participation within the Team- the team must train together and understand completely what their job is and
their responsibilities. There will be big gaps in the defenses if we do not have participation within the team.
service, statistics show continuing increases in criminal offenses and anti-social acts. Part of the blame may be
attributed to political interference, low salaries, weak law enforcement, public apathy or corruption of officials and police
officers.
But these factors are not the basic causes in the breakdown of police services. They are symptomatic of the
more fundamental factors, such as disorganization, lack of cohesion or inadequate and realistic leadership, defective
recruitment, inadequate personnel management and insufficient training. A situation of this character has a profound
effect on the public welfare as well as upon the law enforcers themselves.
The public has become increasingly critical on police service and as a result a significant number of loyal and
capable officers find them selves confused and fearful of the future.
Factors and Conditions which caused the Problems
Why Man Turns to Crime?
The causes are so varied as human experiences itself and mans capacity for evil is matched only by his capacity
for good.
If experts in human behavior, sociologist, and police authorities are asked why man turns to crime, complex and
elaborate answers are offered that could be divided into the following categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biological- The impulsive and the temperamental are likely to blow their tops given a particular situation.
Obviously, certain types of temperament are prone to violent behavior those whose tolerance levels are
extremely low.
Psychological Too many frustrations, rejections and disappointments.
Environmental / Sociological
Economics
Political
Statistics from year to year show that on a nationwide scale, one crime committed every three minutes,
which means 20 crimes per hour. Theft, the leading index offense, occur every 16 minutes, followed by physical injuries
every 19 minutes, robbery 28 minutes, homicide every 39 minutes, murder every 49 minutes and rape every 6 hours.
Cost of Crime
The factors that go into the cost of crime and disorder are legion. In so far as lives lost, limbs broken and
mental anguish are concerned, the cost of crime is not quantifiable.
The cost of enforcing the laws can be categorized to three aspects: namely: 1. to the government, 2. to the
society, and 3. to the individual person. These costs to crime do not even include social costs associated with offenses
such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Victimization
Fear of Victimization
Cost of protection against crime
Operation of then Criminal Justice System
Welfare for offenders and families
Crime Factors
The causes of criminality and social disorder are numerous and occur in such complex variety of
combinations that their isolation, analysis and evaluation become extremely difficult. The prevention of criminality,
therefore, cannot be the exclusive task of one agency or organization. Crime is a social problem and the basic concern
of the entire community. The law enforcement effort as a rule is limited to factors within its control. It can only provide
support to the related effort of the pillars of the Criminal Justice System.
Some of the conditions that affect the volume, density and type of crime that occurs from place to place are
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Meaning of Life - Life means more than mere physical existence. It includes the right to live, free from
social damages against limbs or freedom from unjustified control.
Meaning of Liberty - Liberty means the right of a person to act without any interference except in
accordance with law.
Meaning of Property - The term property means everything which man may legally have exclusive
dominion and ownership.
Deprivation of life, liberty or property without due process of law. (Sec. 1, Art. III Bill of Rights under the
Constitution)
Violation of the Right to the equal protection of laws.
Violation of the rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable search and seizure of whatever nature and for any purpose.
Commission of acts constituting illegal arrest and procurement of illegal search warrant.
The use of force, torture, violence, threats and other means that vitiate the freewill of any person or to do
anything or to sign a document against his will. (Sec.12 Art. III Bill of Rights under the Constitution).
Holding a person in a secret detention places, in solitary confinement, or incommunicado or other forces of
detention.
Employment of physical, psychological and degrading punishment against a prisoner or detainee.
Unexplained of force disappearance and extra-legal executions.
Human Rights are violated in different areas under any of the following categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Constitutional Area
Human Rights subject to the violation fall within the protecting ambit of Art. III of the 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines entitled The Bill of Rights which includes those found in other provisions.
The Statutory Area - The statutory area includes those provided under Chapter 2, Preliminary Title of the
New Civil Code of the Philippines entitled Human Relations on the one hand, and those defined and punished under
Book Two of the Revised Penal Code, which include the following:
1.
2.
3.
Where one act in defense of his rights - There are acts which a person commits in defense of his rights, he
thus, violates the rights of another as a consequence.
Conflict of interest, motives and disparity in the social and economic status of people.
Classification of Human Rights
1.
2.
warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after
examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
SEC. 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order
of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in
violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
SEC. 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances.
SEC. 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference,
shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
SEC. 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be
impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of
national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
SEC. 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to
official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to
government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
SEC. 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
SEC. 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
SEC. 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
SEC. 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be
denied to any person by reason of poverty.
SEC. 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If
the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except
in writing and in the presence of counsel. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms
of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section
as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
SEC. 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence
of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be
provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
SEC. 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to
be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a
speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
SEC. 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or
rebellion when the public safety requires it.
SEC. 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasijudicial, or administrative bodies.
SEC. 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
SEC. 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No
involuntary servitude in any from shall exist except as punishment for a crime whereof the party shall be duly
convicted.
SEC. 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.
Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress
hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The
employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of
substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
SEC. 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
SEC. 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished
by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the
same act.
SEC. 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
Promotion of Human Rights
Under our laws and government administrative issuances the following are mandated:
1. The DECS shall include the study and understanding of human rights in the curricula of all levels of
education and training in all schools in the country, adapting the scope and treatment of the subject or course on
human rights to the respective educational levels. (Executive Order 27-86)
2. The CSC shall include in the examinations for government service the basic knowledge on human rights.
3. The Department of National Defense, the AFP and the PNP shall include the study of Human rights as an
integral and indispensable part of the education and training of all police, military, and other arresting and investigating
personnel.
4. The NAPOLCOM shall include in the qualifying examinations for police work a basic knowledge on human
rights. (Memo Order No. 26-86).
Police Problem on Graft and Corruption
The malady is the result of rampant criminal activities of public/private officials using their influence and
positional advantage in illegal acquisition of wealth. Police Corruptions has many definitions. Herman Goldstein defines
it as acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for him
self or others.
Frederick A. Elliston and Michael Feldberg define corruption as the acceptance of money or the equivalent
of money by a public official for doing something he or she is under the duty to do anyway, that he or she is under a
duty not to do, or to exercise legitimate discretion for improper use
Although these definitions differ, we can find enough commonalities to define corruption as follows: A police
officer is corrupt when he or she is acting under his or her official capacity and receives a benefit or something of value
for doing something or for refraining from doing something.
The Cost of Corruption
The cost of corruption is extremely high to the police, the criminal justice system and the society. The most
important point is that a corrupt act is a criminal act. Criminal activity by the police officers undermines the
fundamental integrity of the law enforcement mission. At the same time, corruption protects other criminals
activity. Gambling syndicates, protected by corruption are the major source of profits for organized crimes.
Corruption destroys the police department itself. It robs officers of self-respect, respects for their supervisors,
and respect for the department as a whole. Effective discipline becomes impossible when corruption spreads. The
corrupt supervisor cannot discipline an officer who might threaten to expose the supervisors illegal activity. Corruption
also encourages police lying, as officers protect one another. Lying to protect one or other officers can then spread to
other areas of policing, such as covering up excessive use of force.
Corruption destroys public confidence in the police. The belief that a department is corrupt undermines
respect for officers and public support for the department as a whole. This has a special impact on police community
relations. Illegal vice activities have generally been relegated to low income and racial minority neighborhoods.
Awareness of corruption in their neighborhood is one reason why police have low ratings from the public.
Corruption is less serious when it involves only a few police officers acting on their own. The rotten apple
theory applies to a situation where only a few officers independently engaged in corrupt acts. A rotten pocket exists
when several corrupt officers cooperate with one another. The Rotten apple problem is the easiest to control. Rotten
pockets represents a far more difficult problems, they involved a conspiracy among several officers who will not testify
against one another.
Second Level Pervasive Unorganized Corruption
Corruption reaches a higher degree of intensity when it is a majority of personnel who are corrupt, but who
have little relationship to each other.
Third Level Pervasive Organized Corruption
The most serious form of corruption exists at an organized level that penetrates the higher levels of the
department. An example is a systematic payoff to protect illegal activities with the payoff shared among all members of
a unit and their supervisors.
Types and Forms of Corruption
Corruption is not limited to the present day, for as long as there have been a police, there has been police
corruption. Samuel Walker describes four general types of corruption: taking gratuities, taking bribes, theft or burglary,
and internal corruption.
1.
Gratuities are small tips or discounts on goods purchased. In many communities. Some prohibits gratuities,
while others do not.
2.
Taking Bribes the payment of money or other consideration to police officers with intent to subvert the aims
of the criminal justice system. According to Walker, bribe may take two forms: (1) the pad (formal, regular,
periodic payments to the police to overlook continuing criminal enterprises) (2) the score (a one time
payment to avoid arrest for illegal conduct).
3.
Theft or Robbery The taking of money or property by the police while performing their duties, is another
form of corruption. The police have access to numerous premises; include warehouses and stores, while
investigating burglaries.
4.
Internal Corruption Officers pay members of their departments for special assignments or promotions.
Thomas Barker and Julian Roebuck on the other hand have identified the following types of corruption:
Shakedown Arises when an officer inadvertently witnesses or gains knowledge of a criminal violation
and the violator subsequently offer a bribe to evade arrest.
Protection of Illegal Activities This type of corruption concerns with the giving of protection by a
policeman in any illegal activity such as gambling, smuggling, prostitution or other vices to operate
without police interference in exchange of any form of material rewards.
Traffic Fix The quashing of prosecution proceeding following the offenders arrest
Direct Criminal Activities It involves no corruptor. Policeman directly committed crimes against the
person or property of another for material gain.
Criminal Pay-off- Internal Pay-Off regulates a market where the police officers prerogatives maybe
bought, bartered or sold.
It represents a secret tax on businesses that have to pay off the police to avoid harassment.
It undermines the enforcement of the law, allowing widespread illegal activity to flourish
It destroys the department itself, robbing the police officer of self-respect and respect for superior officers and
the department as a whole. Effective discipline becomes impossible when corruption is systematic
Knowledge of the existence of corruption under the publics faith in the police and the entire criminal justice
system.
Citizens sometimes want first to verify that a situation does indeed involve a crime; that is they try to
resolve ambiguity in the situation.
Sometimes citizens take actions to help themselves cope with problems the crimes has created for
them, for example leaving the scene, talking with someone else to enlist support, chasing the suspect or
taking care of a physical injury.
Most citizens experience conflict as to whether or not to call the police, and try to avoid making
immediate decisions.
After the citizens decided to call the police, they may encounter other problems, such as the following:
No Phone Available
Not Knowing what Number to Call
Nor Being Able to Communicate Clearly with the Person Receiving the Call
Response time is also delayed when the department does not have enough patrol officers available for such
duty at any particular time.
Patrolling is mainly a deterrent to criminal activity: recent research showed that a patrolling police officer is
likely to come across a serious crime by chance once every 14 years.
Patrols are particularly useful in offering reassurance to the public. More targeted police presence also
prevents crime, especially where there are crowds of people.
Police patrols take place in cars or on foot; there has been some tendency to return to foot patrols
recently, as they are seen as more conducive to a good relationship with the public; car patrols, on the other hand,
have the advantage of speed of response when a crime is reported. Police are equipped with radios that enable the
local control room to respond with officers to an incident as appropriate.
Factors Affecting Police Response
Police Officers respond to calls about committed crimes depends on several important variables:
Anticipation defined as the period from the officers first awareness of the
need for the intervention to his arrival on the scene where the encounter occurs with the opponent. A critical
element of this phase is the substance, amount and accuracy of information that the officer receives and that
he may use in forming expectations of and preparations for the encounter.
2.
Entry and Initial Confrontation This is the period in which the officer
physically enters the scene or fist approaches the citizen. It is theorized that tactical decisions made in this
phase can significantly influence the officers later options. These decisions would include whether to seek
cover (behind an object, protective body armor, etc.) or concealment and whether to enlist the aid of
individuals whom the suspect may trust.
3.
4.
5.
If a policeman physically assaulted a citizen and then failed to make an arrest, proper use involves an arrest.
If the citizen being arrested did not, by word or deed, resist the policeman, force should be used only if it is
necessary to make the arrest.
3.
4.
5.
6.
If the policeman, even though there was resistance to the arrest, could have easily restrained the citizen in
other ways.
If a large number of policemen were present and could have assisted in subduing the citizen in the station, in
lockup, and in the interrogation rooms.
If an offender was handcuffed and made no attempt to flee or offer violent resistance.
If the citizen resisted arrest, but the use of force continued even after the citizen was subdued.
By the same idea, Reiss discovered that citizens objected to, and complained about:
1.
2.
3.
Reiss summarizes the ways in which police have traditionally dealt with certain citizens, particularly those in
the lower class:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Reasonable Officers Perception It is breakdown into five categories of perceived subject actions:
2.
Enforcement Elective Panel The model corresponds to the tools provided via the training curriculum,
keying enforcement actions to the specific encounter.
3.
Compliant (Cooperative) Within the normal realm of law enforcement, the vast majority of
police/citizen encounters are positive and cooperative.
Resistant (Passive) In some confrontational contacts, the subject may offer a preliminary level of
noncompliance. The subject resistance is primarily passive, with the subject offering no physical
enhancement toward the effort other than sheer unresponsiveness.
Resistant (Active) At this level, the subjects resistance has become more active in scope and
intensity. The indifference to control has increased to a level of enhanced physical defiance.
Assault (Bodily Harm) In this case, the officers attempt to gain lawful compliance has met with active,
hostile resistance culminating in an attack upon the officer.
Serious Assault (Serious Bodily Harm/ Death) This category represents the least encountered but
most serious threat to officer safety. Here the officer can draw a reasonable conclusion that he is subject
to death or great bodily harm as a result of the attack
Level I This category consists of fundamental procedures supportive of the initiation and continuation
of compliance and procedures.
Level II This level includes options centered on the gaining of control via procedures that are primarily
psychologically manipulative, rather than physically manipulative.
Level III Due to the introduction of a physical component to the subjects noncompliance, the officer
now must call upon the tactics of encounter and, possibly, the deployment of supportive force.
Level IV Due to the combative nature of the confrontation, the officer must now deploy tactical
procedures centering upon active, force-enhanced counter measures.
Level V At this level, tactical options are directed toward officer survival and self-preservation.
Verbal Command This level relies on the professional officers wide variety of communication skills,
capitalizing upon the general populations acceptance of authority.
Contact Controls In the first stage of noncompliance, the officer must deploy tactical talents to assert
control and gain cooperation.
Compliance Techniques The officer must deploy sufficient force to overcome the subjects active
resistance, remaining vigilant for signs of more aggressive behavior from the subject.
Defensive Tactics Confronted with the subjects assaultive act/s the officer is justified in taking
appropriate steps to immediately cease the assaultive action and gain and maintain control of the
subject once compliance is achieved.
Deadly Force Facing an assaultive situation that reaches the ultimate degree of danger, the officer
must deploy absolute and immediate tactics to stop the lethal threat and secure conclusive compliance
and control.
THE REMEDIES TO THE POLICE PROBLEMS
As they say, every problem has a solution. After we have discussed the problems, below is a discussion on
the possible remedies to deal with these police problems. They must be, however, taken into holistic approaches in
their implementation.
General Remedies Available
Consistent progress in public service is possible only when the internal strength of the organization exists.
There must be high morale among the members of the police service reflected in their esprit de corps that springs from
their genuine loyalty and noble faith in the policies and objectives of the organization.
Recruitment standards, training requirements and career development program must be strictly observed.
Salaries and allowances and other personnel motivations must be maintained in the proper levels. Police
service as it is presently conducted does not appear to meet all the requirements of a true profession, and while
evident improvements have been made in some areas of work, much remain to be done in the correction of the police
organizations to attain modern civilian professional concepts.
There are no obstacles to the attainment of professional status that are so great that cannot be surmounted if
the human elements of the organization themselves are willing to accept the demands of professional growth and
responsive service.
In professional organizations, high standards of qualifications must be established and recognized by the
members for recruitment and admission thereto. Likewise, facilities must be provided for technical and enrichment
skills and the development of knowledge on both substance and work procedures.
Remedies on Police Corruption
We can prevent or control police corruption through the following means:
1.
2.
3.
List all the corruption or crimes reported to have been committed in your organization and
arrange in order of importance.
Specify each act of corruption using the following questions:
What is the particular type of corruption committed?
Who are reportedly involved as giver, taker, accomplishes etc.?
Where is this corruption occurring in your organization?
When is this corruption occurring in the cycle of your service?
How big is the problem? How many times is it occurring? How much loss is involved?
Identify the forces of attraction to this crime.
What is in it for the giver? The taker? And each of those involved?
What gains or rewards are they after?
What risks are involved? What punishments are in store for those who are caught? What is the likelihood
that the culprits will be caught and prosecuted?
4.
oo