DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTAL OF AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (EEU
07105)

LECTURER: J. MUSHI

PARTICIPANTS
NAMES
1. BAKARI .H.ABDALLAH
2. JUMA GANIYU

ADM.NO.
110333261669
110333231691

3. ABBAS S BINDE
4. JAMES MATINDE
5. ABUBAKAR HAMAD

110333221709
110333271679
110333241687

Qn: 1. Explain in detail about polyphase.

Polyphase
These are systems with more than one phase.
Polyphase system
Is basically an ac system composed of a certain number of single phase ac systems having the
same frequency and operating in sequence where each phase of a polyphase system (i.e. the
phase of each single phase ac system) is displaced from the next by a certain angular
interval.
In any poly phase system the value of
angular interval between each phase depend on the number of phase in the system
Three phase systems are the most common, but there are situation in which a different number of
phase may be used. Two phase systems have a simplicity that makes them for certain
servomechanisms. System with a relatively large number of phases is used for certain specialized
application such as controlled rectifiers for aluminum smelters.
Advantages of polyphase system ;
Smaller in size; less copper (or aluminum) is needed for the conductors of polyphase
system which transmits a given power at given voltage over a given distance than simple
single phase system.
Constant output power; in poly phase system, the total power delivered to a balanced
load is constant, where in single phase system the power delivered is pulsating. Therefore
for the power load, the poly phase system is more efficient. In fact the power delivered by
a single phase system pulsates the power full to zero three times each cycle. The power
delivered by three phase circuit also pulsates, but it never fall to zero.
Great output power; The output power of a poly phase machine is greater (almost150%)
than that of single phase machine of the same size, because of the efficient use of the
space available for the windings.
Ease in parallel operation; when connected in parallel, single phase generator present
difficult which do not occur with three phase generators.
Reliability; A polyphase system is more capable and reliable than a single phase system.
Two phase system;

A two phase system is produced by a generator consisting of two coils placed perpendicular to
each other so that the voltage generated by one lags the other by 90o .
The diagram showing two phase three wire system;

Three phase system;

A three phase system is produced by a generator consisting of three sources having the same
amplitude and frequency but out of phase with each other by 120o.
Bellow is three phase four wire system.

Voltage waveforms produced in three phase ac power source

Phasor diagram related to the voltage waveforms;

QN:2.Illustrate the power measurement in three phase system.

3-phase power measurement can be achieved by three methods namely;
a) 1-wattmeter method
b) 2-wattmeter method
c) 3-wattmetter method
One wattmeter method.
In a balanced three wires and three phase load circuit the power in each
phase is equal. Therefore using one wattmeter method the power measured

can be determined by multiplying the power measured in one phase by

three.
Disadvantage of one wattmeter method
Even a slight degree of unbalanced in load produce large error in
measurement, so this method is not used in unbalanced load.
Two wattmeter method.
In this method there are two watt meters(W1 and W2).This method is the
most popular method for measurement of power in three phase.
Consider the circuit bellow;

The circuit shown is a star connection system. The power measured by two
wattmeter method is equal to the instantaneous power absorbed by the
three loads(Z1, Z2 and Z 3),as shown bellow;
W1 + W2= iR(VRN-VBN) + iY(VYN-VBN)
=i RVRN-iRVBN+iYVYN-iYVBN
=i RVRN+iYVYN-VBN(iR +iY)
But,i R + iY +iB=0, there fore
iR +iY =-iB
=P1 + P2 +P3 =P3-

Where;
P1=Power(instantaneous power) absorbed by 1st load.
P2=Instantaneous power absorbed by the 2nd load.
P3=Instantaneous power absorbed by the 3rd load.
Therefore this shows that the power measured is equal to the instantaneous
power absorbed by three loads.
3-Wattmeter method.
In this method there are three(3) watt meters (W1,W2 and W3) and connected
to the phases(R,Y and B) with neutral respectively.
Consider the diagram bellow;

The power measured by using this method is given as;

P3-=W1 + W2 + W3
Where,
W1 W2 and W3 are the readings obtained from the three watt meters.

POWER FACTOR
The power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current.

It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance or the ratio of the real
power to the apparent power.
Determination of the power factor from the two wattmeter method
Recall that each line voltage leads the corresponding phase voltage by 300.
Average power read by wattmeter 1 is;
W1=VLILcos(300-),
And the average power read by wattmeter t 2 is;
W2=VLILcos(300+)
From above;
W1-W2=VLILsin.(1)
W1+W2=3ILcos(2)
Divide eqn.(1) by eqn.(2)
W1 W2 VL I L sin 1

W1 W2 VL I L cos 3

W1 W2

W1 W2

tan 3

W W2
cos cos tan 1 3 1

W1 W2

This is the power factor.

QN: 3. Describe the powers in three phase system.
When dealing with powers in three phase systems, two systems are considered;
1. Balanced load system.
2. Unbalanced load system.

A: Balanced load system.

Balanced load system is a system in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in
phase. OR is a system in which the three phase voltages and currents have the same amplitude
and are phase shifted by 120o with respect to each other.

B: Unbalanced load system.

Unbalanced load system is a system in which the phase impedances are not equal in magnitude
and in phase.
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or unbalanced load.
Power in a 3-phase balanced system
The load in a 3-phase system may be connected in star or delta. A balanced load is
that in which the loading in each phase is exactly the same. The power in a 3-phase
system is always equal to the sum of the powers in each of he three phases.
P = P1 +P2 +P3
With a balanced load, the total power is
P= 3 P3 = 3 VpIpCos
Where,
Vp = phase voltage
Ip = phase current
Cos= power factor of any phase
= phase angle between phase voltage and phase current
Three Phase Power Equation
For determination the expression of three phase power equation i.e. for three phase power
calculation we have to first consider an ideal situation where the three phase system is balanced.
That means voltages and currents in each phase differ from their adjacent phase by 120o as well
as the amplitude of each electric current wave is same and similarly amplitude of each voltage
wave is same. Now, lets the angular difference between voltage and current in each phase of
three phase power system is .
Then the voltage and current of RED phase will be
VR = Vmsint and IR = Imsin(t ) respectively
the voltage and current of YELLOW phase will be
VY = Vmsin(t 120o) and IY = Imsin(t 120o) respectively
and the voltage and current of BLUE phase will be
VB = Vmsin(t + 120o) and IB = Imsin(t + 120o) respectively
Therefore, the expression instantaneous power in red phase is
VR. IR = Vm. Imsint.sin(t )

Similarly the expression instantaneous power in yellow phase is

VY. IY = Vm.Imsin(t. 120o)sin(t 120o)
Similarly the expression instantaneous power in blue phase is
VB. IB = Vm.Imsin(t + 120o)sin(t + 120o)
The total three phase power of the system is summation of the individual power in each phase
P = VR.IR + VY. IY + VB. IB = Vm.Imsint.sin(t ) + Vm.Imsin(t 120o)sin(t 120o) +
Vm.Imsin(t + 120o)sin(t + 120o)
= Vm.Im[sint.sin(t ) + sin(t 120o)sin(t 120o) + sin(t + 120o)sin(t +120o)]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[2.sint.sin(t ) + 2.sin(t 120o)sin(t 120o) + 2.sin(t + 120o)sin(t
+ 120o)]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[cos(t t + ) cos(t + t )
+ cos(t. 120o t. + 120o + ) cos(t 120o + t 120o )
+ cos(t + 120o t 120ot + ) cos(t + 120o + t + 120o )]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[cos cos(2.t ) + cos cos(2.t 240o ) + cos cos(2.t + 240o
)]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[3.cos cos(2.t ) cos(2.t 240o ) cos(2.t + 240o )]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[3.cos cos(2.t ) 2.cos(2.t ).cos(240o)]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[3.cos cos(2.t ) 2.cos(2.t ).{1/2}]
= Vm.Im.(1/2)[3.cos cos(2.t ) + cos(2.t )]
= 3.(Vm/2).(Im/2).cos
= 3VIcos This is three phase power equation
Where, V=phase voltage(Vp) and I=phase current(Ip)
Therefore, Power = 3VpIpcos
The above expression of power shows that the total instantaneous three phase power is constant
and equal to three times of the real power per phase. In case of single phase power expression we

fund that there are both reactive power and active power components, but in case of three phase
power expression the instantaneous power is constant. Actually in three phase system, the
reactive power in each individual phase is not zero but sum of them at any instant is zero
NOTE:
The total power of a balanced star or delta connected load is given by
P= 3 VL IL Cos
Where,
VL = line voltage
IL = line current
Cos= power factor of any phase
= phase angle between phase voltage and phase current
If the neutral point in a star-connected system is accessible, the power may be
calculated from the readings of one wattmeter whose current coil has to carry the
phase current and the voltage coil the phase voltage of the same phase. The total
Power is three times the power in one line.
P= 3. P3
In a delta or star connected system with no access to neutral point, the power may
be calculated from the readings of two watt meters whose current coils are carrying
line currents & the voltage coil are connected between the same lines and the third
line. The total power is the algebraic sum of the two-wattmeter readings.
P=P1 +P2

Advantages of three phase system are;

The single phase power equation is P = Vm.Imsint.sin(t )
which is time dependent function. Whereas three phase power equation is
P = 3.(Vm/2).(Im/2).cos
which is time independent constant function. Hence the single phase power is
pulsating. This generally does not affect the low rating motor but in larger rated
motor it produces excessive vibration. So three phase power is more preferable

for high tension power load.

The rating of a three phase machine 1.5 times greater than that of same size
single phase machine.
Single phase induction motor has no starting torque so we have to provide some
auxiliary means of starting, but three phase induction motor is self starting - does
not require any auxiliary means.
Power factor and efficiency both are greater in case of three phase system.