Floculantes de Almidon

Potential use of rice starch in coagulationflocculation
process of agro-industrial wastewater: Treatment

performance and flocs characterization
Chee Yang Teha,
Ta Yeong Wua, , , ,
Joon Ching Juanb
Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash

University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia
Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of
Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received 14 September 2013, Revised 30 May 2014, Accepted 12 July

2014, Available online 15 August 2014
Highlights
Unmodified rice starch could be used as a natural coagulant in POME
treatment.
Flocs formed by rice starch showed higher settleability as compared to alum.
Combination between rice starch and alum reduced both dosages with high
TSS removal.
Both coagulants and flocs were characterized by FTIR, TGA and SEM.
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of starch to replace inorganic coagulants for the
treatment of agro-industrial wastewater from palm oil mill, namely palm oil mill effluent
(POME). Rice starch was found to be the best starch because it yielded similar total
suspended solids (TSS) removal as alum, significantly shortened the settling time and
produced flocs with higher resistance towards stronger shear force. The use of rice starch
alone in room temperature enabled the removal of TSS up to 84.1% using the
recommended values of dosage, initial pH, settling time and slow stirring speed at 2 g/L,
pH 3, 5 min and 10 rpm, respectively. Higher TSS removal of 88.4% could still be achieved
at lower dosage of rice starch (0.55 g/L) only when rice starch was used together with
0.2 g/L of alum during the treatment of POME. To gain further insights on the properties of
coagulants and flocs produced from the treatment, characterization methods such as Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) were used.
Keywords
Alum;
Coagulant;
Flocculant;
Palm oil mill effluent (POME);
Rice starch;
Wastewater treatment
Review article
Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes An

eco-friendly approach
F. Renault,
B. Sancey,
P.-M. Badot,
G. Crini,
Universit de Franche-Comt, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR

6249 UFC/CNRS usc INRA, Place Leclerc 25030 Besanon cedex, France
Received 30 October 2008, Revised 11 December 2008, Accepted 17
December 2008, Available online 25 December 2008
Abstract
Chitosan is a partially deacetylated polymer obtained from the alkaline deacetylation of
chitin, a biopolymer extracted from shellfish sources. Chitosan exhibits a variety of
physico-chemical and biological properties resulting in numerous applications in fields
such as cosmetics, biomedical engineering, pharmaceuticals, ophthalmology,
biotechnology, agriculture, textiles, oenology, food processing and nutrition. This aminobiopolymer has also received a great deal of attention in the last decades in water treatment
processes for the removal of particulate and dissolved contaminants. In particular, the
development of chitosan-based materials as useful coagulants and flocculants is an
expanding field in the area of water and wastewater treatment. Their coagulation and
flocculation properties can be used to remove particulate inorganic or organic suspensions,
and also dissolved organic substances. This paper gives an overview of the main results
obtained in the treatment of various suspensions and solutions. The effects of the
characteristics of the chitosan used and the conditions in solution on the
coagulation/flocculation performance are also discussed.
Keywords
Biopolymer;
Chitosan;
Coagulation;
Flocculation;
Wastewater treatment;
Bioflocculant
Water Res. 2016 Jul 1;98:128-37. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.009. Epub 2016

Apr 9.
Preparation of dual-function starch-based flocculants

for the simultaneous removal of turbidity and
inhibition of Escherichia coli in water.
Huang M1, Wang Y1, Cai J1, Bai J1, Yang H2, Li A1.
Author information
Abstract
A dual-function starch-based flocculant, carboxymethyl-starch-graft-aminomethylatedpolyacrylamide (CMS-g-APAM), was designed and prepared by a simple method. The
structure and solution properties of CMS-g-APAM were characterized by fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, and zeta-potential measurements.
CMS-g-APAM was then applied to flocculate a kaolin suspension and an Escherichia coli
suspension as well as a combination thereof. At suitable pH conditions, the starch-based
flocculant not only effectively removed turbidity but it also disrupted bacterial cells.
Interpretation of the zeta potential and floc properties (floc size and two-dimensional fractal
structure) showed that, for the aforementioned three effluents, simple charge neutralization
was the dominant mechanism of flocculation in acidic medium whereas an additional
contribution from a patching effect was determined under neutral conditions. Threedimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and direct surface morphology observation
under a scanning electron microscope both illuminated that the antibacterial activity of
CMS-g-APAM involved the partial destruction of the cell wall of Escherichia coli. The
mechanism can be attributed to the effective interaction between the tertiary amine group of
the flocculant and the negatively charged surface of the bacterium.
Copyright 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Dual-functionality; Flocculation and antibacterial mechanisms; Inhibition of Escherichia

coli; Starch-based flocculants; Turbidity removal
Influence of starch on microalgal biomass recovery,

settleability and biogas production
Raquel Gutirrez,
Ivet Ferrer,
Joan Garca,
Enrica Uggetti,
GEMMA Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of

Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat
Politcnica de CatalunyaBarcelona Tech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, E-08034
Barcelona, Spain
Received 18 December 2014, Revised 27 February 2015, Accepted 1
March 2015, Available online 6 March 2015
Highlights
This study aimed at evaluating starch as flocculant for microalgal harvesting.
The optimal flocculants dose (25 mg/L) led to more than 95% biomass recovery.
Settleability was studied in elutriation apparatus measuring velocities distribution.
Flocculants increased by 30% the particles with settling velocity higher than 6.5 m/h.
Biochemical methane potential tests results showed a biogas yield increment of 815%.
Abstract
In the context of wastewater treatment with microalgae cultures, coagulationflocculation
followed by sedimentation is one of the suitable options for microalgae harvesting. This
process is enabled by the addition of chemicals (e.g. iron). However, in a biorefinery
perspective, it is important to avoid possible contamination of downstream products caused
by chemicals addition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of potato starch as
flocculant for microalgal biomass coagulationflocculation and sedimentation. The optimal
flocculant dose (25 mg/L) was determined with jar tests. Such a concentration led to more
than 95% biomass recovery (turbidity < 9NTU). The settleability of flocs was studied using
an elutriation apparatus measuring the settling velocities distribution. This test underlined
the positive effect of starch on the biomass settling velocity, increasing to >70% the
percentage of particles with settling velocities >6.5 m/h. Finally, biochemical methane
potential tests showed that starch biodegradation increased the biogas production from
harvested biomass.
Keywords
Coagulant;
Flocculant;
Harvesting;
High rate algal pond;
Microalgae
Flocculation/sterilization dual-function starch-based water treatment agents
Recently, multi-function water treatment agents have attracted much attention. Traditional
water treatment agents usually possess single functionality, resulting in production of a
wide variety of agents at high doses, complicated devices, and fussy operations in practical
applications. Thus, the development of multi-function water treatment agents with
flocculation, bacteriostasis/sterilization, corrosion and scale inhibition properties is
significant in scientific research and practical applications. The combination of various
functionalities in one agent would considerably reduce actual cost and largely expand
application ranges.
Suspended colloidal particles and pathogenic microorganisms are frequently the main
contaminants in raw water. Thus, the major tasks in drinking water treatment are efficient
turbidity removal and effective sterilization. Traditional technological processes for the
production of potable water mainly include four steps, coagulation/flocculation,
sedimentation, sand filtration, and disinfection. Turbidity can be effectively removed by the
addition of a flocculant, which initiates a coagulation/flocculation process and thus
purification of the water. Most microorganisms can be efficiently controlled and killed by
disinfectants such as chlorine, which is commonly used in water treatment plants. However,
with rapid industrial development throughout the world, the quality of raw water has
seriously deteriorated. To meet national drinking water health standards, it must be heavily
treated with large doses of flocculants and disinfectants. This implies not only higher
treatment costs but also a greater risk of secondary pollution with adverse consequences for
human health, such as the disinfection byproducts produced during chlorine disinfection
processes. Therefore, a dual-function agent for water treatment with high-efficiency
flocculation and antibacterial properties is needed.
Fig. 1. Simultaneous removal of turbidity and inhibition of E. coli in water using a dualfunction starch-based flocculant.
However, traditional flocculants, such as those that are inorganic-metal-based as well as
synthetic organic polymeric flocculants, have no evident sterilization activities. Moreover,
they themselves carry many health risks, due to residual metal ions or the release of
noxious polymeric monomers into the target water. Recently, natural polymer based
flocculants have been the focus of intense interest, due to their widespread availability,
environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Chitosan, a high-performance natural
polymer, is highly effective not only as flocculant but also in their antibacterial properties,
both of which are due to its distinct structural feature. However, the high cost of chitosan
strongly limits its practical applications in water treatment.
Starch is considered as one of the high-performance and low-cost natural polymeric
materials. Many kinds of efficient starch-based flocculants have been developed for water
treatment because they are inexpensive, biodegradable, shear stable, and effective.
However, little work has been reported regarding dual-function starch-based flocculants,
and their widespread use need experimental validation in field operation. Considering that
most suspended colloidal particles and pathogenic microorganisms are surface negatively
charged, in this work, a novel cationic starch-based flocculant (carboxymethyl-starch-graftaminomethylated-polyacrylamide, CMS-g-APAM) was successfully prepared by
carboxymethylation for improvement of its water solubility followed first by the grafting of
polyacrylamide (PAM) onto the CMS backbone and then by a typical Mannich reaction to
introduce tertiary amine groups on the PAM. A aqueous mixture of kaolin and Escherichia
coli (E. coli) suspensions was employed as synthetic effluent. Based on Figure 1, the
starch-based flocculant not only effectively removed turbidity but it also disrupted bacterial
cells. The flocculation and sterilization mechanisms can be both attributed to the effective
electrostatic interactions between the cationic tertiary amine groups of CMS-g-APAM and
the negatively charged surface of the two contaminants: kaolin and E. coli, resulting in destability, aggregation, and final precipitation of the suspended colloidal particles as well as
partial destruction of the bacterial cell wall.
Mu
Huang,
Hu
Yang
and
State
Key
Laboratory
of
Pollution
Control
and
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, P. R. China
Aimin
Resource
Li
Reuse,
Publication
Preparation of dual-function starch-based flocculants for the simultaneous removal of
turbidity and inhibition of Escherichia coli in water.
Huang
M,
Wang
Water Res. 2016 Jul 1
Y,
Cai
J,
Bai
J,
Yang
H,
Li
Potential use of rice starch in coagulationflocculation

process of agro-industrial wastewater: Treatment
performance and flocs characterization
Chee Yang Teh, Ta Yeong Wu, Joon Ching Juan
Source
Ecological Engineering > 2014 > 71 > Complete > 509-519
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of starch to replace inorganic coagulants for the
treatment of agro-industrial wastewater from palm oil mill, namely palm oil mill effluent
(POME). Rice starch was found to be the best starch because it yielded similar total
suspended solids (TSS) removal as alum, significantly shortened the settling time and
produced flocs with higher resistance towards stronger shear force. The use of rice starch
alone in room temperature enabled the removal of TSS up to 84.1% using the
recommended values of dosage, initial pH, settling time and slow stirring speed at 2g/L, pH
3, 5min and 10rpm, respectively. Higher TSS removal of 88.4% could still be achieved at
lower dosage of rice starch (0.55g/L) only when rice starch was used together with 0.2g/L
of alum during the treatment of POME. To gain further insights on the properties of
coagulants and flocs produced from the treatment, characterization methods such as Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) were used.
Corn starch-based treatment improves rainwater

quality
Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada, Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi
Published December 2015, 15 (6) 1326-1333; DOI: 10.2166/ws.2015.097
Abstract
Rainwater harvesting can provide an alternative water source, which may demand little
treatment, depending on the end use. Some starches have been used in water treatment as
coagulant/flocculant/filtration aid, and might be applied as primary coagulant. Here, we
show direct filtration with hydraulic rapid mixing, using 26 mg L1 cationic corn starch as
primary coagulant, considerably improves roof-harvested rainwater quality, achieving
removal efficiencies of up to 71.7% of apparent colour, 78% of turbidity, 1.1 log-unit of
total coliform, and 1.6 log-unit of Escherichia coli, meeting guidelines for turbidity, even
for potable purposes. Cationic corn starch has proved to be a suitable primary coagulant
when filtration is performed in a single-layer sand filter (coefficient of uniformity: 1.8,
effective particle size: 0.52 mm), at hydraulic loading rate of 450 m day1. However, a
disinfection unit is required to meet an absence of faecal coliform.
First received 13 March 2015.
Accepted in revised form 19 June 2015.
IWA Publishing 2015
PRE-FLOCCULATION OF PRECIPITATED CALCIUM

CARBONATE FILLER BY CATIONIC STARCH FOR HIGHLY
FILLED MECHANICAL GRADE PAPER
Yizhou Sang; McQuaid, Michael; Englezos, Peter
February 2012
BioResources;Feb2012, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p354
Academic Journal
Article
Three commercial starches were evaluated in conjunction with colloidal silica
and flocculant to retain precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler. A unique
feature of this study was the fact that the filler was pre-flocculated by a portion
of starch (2kg starch/t PCC) and the rest of the starch was added after the
flocculant but before the silica. The pulp used was peroxide bleached thermomechanical pulp (TMP). A statistical design methodology was employed and
empirical process models were constructed based on the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) results. The models were then employed to predict the retention and
drainage. It was found that the high-charged cationic starch gave the highest
retention and best drainage performance. The high-charged cationic starch
S880 also resulted in stronger paper, probably because of the larger and
stronger flocs produced and its higher affinity with the fiber and fines. Finally,
pre-flocculation was found to provide stronger paper compared with a
conventional starch/retention aid addition sequence.
Penerbitan
Recent developments of metal oxide semiconductors as photocatalysts

in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treatment of dye wastewater
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology
Mac 2011
The textile industry presents a global pollution problem owing to the dumping or
accidental discharge of dye waste-water into waterways, which is having a major
impact on the quality and aesthetics of water resources. The World Bank estimates
that 17 to 20% of industrial water pollution comes from textile dyeing and
treatment. This percentage represents an appalling environmental challenge for
clothing designers and other textile manufacturers. Recently, the application of
metal oxide semiconductors in the advanced oxidation process (AOP) has gained
wide interest for the treatment of dye waste-water owing to its good degradation
efficiency, low toxicity and physical and chemical properties. AOP refers to a set of
chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic and inorganic materials
from waste-water by oxidation. In this paper, recently developed metal oxide
semiconductors are discussed, in which the semiconductors are generally divided
into three categories: (i) titanium dioxide; (ii) zinc oxide; and (iii) other metal
oxides (such as vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, indium oxide
and cerium oxide). The syntheses and modification methods as well as the
efficiency of each category are discussed and analyzed
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Samuel Hong Shen Chan,
Joon Ching Juan
Investigation into photocatalytic decolorization of CI Reactive Black 5

using titanium dioxide nanopowder
Coloration Technology
Jun 2011
The photocatalytic decolorisation of CI Reactive Black 5 using titanium dioxide

nanopowder as a catalyst was studied and the results obtained are discussed in terms
of its decolorisation efficiency. All experiments were performed using a doublewalled quartz immersion well batch reactor in which the slurry form of the reactants
was at its natural pH of 5.1. The performance of titanium dioxide nanopowder (size
<25 nm; surface area 200220 m2/g) was compared with that of reference titanium
dioxide powder (size ca. 230 nm; surface area 11 m2/g); in both cases, the titanium
dioxide samples were anatase. It was found that the photocatalytic decolorisation
efficiencies obtained using titanium dioxide nanopowder were higher than those of
the reference titanium dioxide powder, with the latter taking approximately 8 min
longer to achieve almost complete decolorisation of 10 mg/l CI Reactive Black 5.
The photocatalytic decolorisation rate of CI Reactive Black 5 using both titanium
dioxide photocatalysts typically followed a first-order reaction and the
decolorisation kinetics were successfully fitted to a simplified Langmuir
Hinshelwood kinetic model. In addition, the effects of light type and intensity,
catalyst loading and initial CI Reactive Black 5 concentration were investigated
using titanium dioxide nanopowder as the photocatalyst in the decolorisation of the
dye. This study shows that the recommended parameters for treating 10 mg/l CI
Reactive Black 5 based on the experimental set-up and operating conditions are an
ultraviolet light power of 125 W (39.3 mW/cm2) and a 0.3-g/l catalyst loading.
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Fiona Chai Foong Low,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Joon Ching Juan,
Balasubramanian N.
Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation

Springer
2013
Over the past ten years, innovative technologies have shown that advanced
oxidation processes are highly promising when applied to the remediation of
polluted water or wastewater as they dont generate any sludge or solid material of
hazardous nature.
Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation reviews the
fundamentals of ultrasound technology and the state of the art developments in

ultrasound-based free radical generation in environmental remediation and
pollution prevention. It also presents the challenges of introducing ultrasound
technology into large-scale environmental remediation applications and examines
the methods used to improve ultrasound technology. Indeed, ultrasonic systems are
extremely sensitive and vulnerable to operational parameters which cannot be
controlled without a good knowledge and understanding of physical and chemical
phenomena.
Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation features the
theory and fundamentals of ultrasound technology and discusses its potential as an
alternative method in environmental remediation.
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay,
Guo Ningqun
Optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using unmodified

rice starch as a natural coagulant
Industrial Crops and Products
Mac 2014
There have been increasing interests on the use of organic starch derivative
coagulants such as cationic starch in coagulation-flocculation process due to
environment and health concerns regarding the use of inorganic coagulants.
However, studies on the potential utilization of unmodified starch in wastewater
treatment remain limited. In this study, treatment performance of unmodified rice
starch and alum was tested on agro-industrial wastewater produced from crude palm
oil extraction, namely palm oil mill effluent (POME). Response surface
methodology (RSM) showed that an addition of unmodified rice starch not only
enhanced total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)
removals; but it also significantly improved the process by reducing both the dosage
of alum (47.95%) and settling time (58.66%), while shifting the operating pH
closer to the natural pH of POME. The treatment enabled TSS and COD removals
up to 86.65 and 49.23%, respectively under the optimum conditions of 0.38 g/L
alum, 0.28 g/L unmodified rice starch, pH 4.45 and settling time of 5.54 min. An
addition of unmodified rice starch to alum also resulted in 33.8% reduction of

chemical cost as compared to the treatment using alum alone.
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Joon Ching Juan
Potential use of rice starch in coagulationflocculation process of agroindustrial wastewater: Treatment performance and flocs characterization
Ecological Engineering
Julai 2014
The present study investigated the use of starch to replace inorganic coagulants for
the treatment of agro-industrial wastewater from palm oil mill, namely palm oil mill
effluent (POME). Rice starch was found to be the best starch because it yielded
similar total suspended solids (TSS) removal as alum, significantly shortened the
settling time and produced flocs with higher resistance towards stronger shear force.
The use of rice starch alone in room temperature enabled the removal of TSS up to
84.1% using the recommended values of dosage, initial pH, settling time and slow
stirring speed at 2 g/L, pH 3, 5 min and 10 rpm, respectively. Higher TSS removal
of 88.4% could still be achieved at lower dosage of rice starch (0.55 g/L) only when
rice starch was used together with 0.2 g/L of alum during the treatment of POME.
To gain further insights on the properties of coagulants and flocs produced from the
treatment, characterization methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) were used
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Joon Ching Juan
The Potential Use of Natural Coagulants and Flocculants in the

Treatment of Urban Waters
Chemical Engineering Transactions

2014
Increasing population living in cities brings upon new challenges in water and
wastewater management. It is therefore critical to improve the quality of urban
water in a cost-effective and fossil-fuel approach in order to achieve a more
sustainable future. Proper management of the natural water resources and its
discharge back into the environment after use are of utmost importance due to its
huge implication towards human developments. Hence, there have been ongoing
investigations over the years in order to broaden the variety of methods for the
treatment of urban water. Typical treatment processes to produce water safe for
human consumptions include coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and
disinfection. In particularly, coagulation-flocculation process has always been a
vital step to remove particulates, natural organic matters, microorganisms, inorganic
ions, metals and others, thus significantly improves water quality. Increasing
awareness of the health issues and environmental drawbacks regarding the use of
conventional aluminum-based and iron-based coagulants shifted the interests
towards plant- or animal-derived materials to be used as coagulants/flocculants.
Unlike its inorganic counterparts, natural materials such as Moringa oleifera, tannin,
chitosan, and seed gums were found to be effective, biodegradable, non-toxic to
living organisms, and more environmentally friendly. This paper reviews the
potential use of natural coagulants and flocculants in the treatment of urban waters
for sustainable applications and consumptions in the cities.
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu
Optimized growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 using response

surface methodology (RSM)
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
Februari 2012
This study presents optimization of growth parameters (temperature, pH,

ammonium conc. and inoculum size) to achieve an economical viable biohydrogen
production process by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 using response surface
methodology (RSM) followed by analysis of light and agitation effects on bacterial
growth using optimized conditions. Optimized growth conditions on third day of
fermentation, when R. sphaeroides O.U.001 was cultured aerobically under the
presence of light (510 lux), were found as follows: temperature, 30.3oC; pH, 4.71;
ammonium conc., 0.60 g/l; and inoculum size, 6.02% (v/v). Light did not give a
significant effect on overall growth of R. sphaeroides O.U.001. Agitation greatly
influenced bacterial growth as a result of higher dissolved oxygen and dispersion of
macromolecules in shake culture.
Pengarang:
Chee Yang Teh,
Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Jamaliah Md Jahim
Facile sonochemical synthesis of N,Cl-codoped TiO2: Synthesis effects,

mechanism and photocatalytic performance
Catalysis Today
Mac 2015
Both nitrogen and chlorine were successfully doped into TiO2 (N,Cl-codoped TiO2)
via a sonochemical method using titanium(IV) butoxide and ammonium chloride as
precursors. When N,Cl-codoped TiO2 was tested on the decolorization of CI
Reactive Black 5 (RB5), it was observed that the photocatalytic activity exhibited
by the synthesized photocatalyst was greatly affected by the synthesis conditions.
Increasing the sonication intensity or duration up to a certain point shifted the
absorption onset toward a lower energy and improved the crystallinity of the
synthesized photocatalyst. It was also observed that increasing the N,Cl:Ti molar
ratio to 2 significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of N,Cl-codoped TiO2,
but higher molar ratios inhibited the decolorization of RB5. A relatively low
calcination temperature of 200 C was sufficient to further improve the
photocatalytic activity of N,Cl-codoped TiO2. The following recommended
synthesis conditions successfully yielded 96.02% RB5 decolorization under visible
light irradiation for 5 h: sonication amplitude of 40%, sonication duration of 3.62 h,
N,Cl:Ti molar ratio of 2 and calcination temperature of 200 C. The decolorization
rate constant of N,Cl-codoped TiO2 (0.01 min1) was also significantly higher than
that of commercially available P25 (0.0055 min1).
Pengarang:
o
Chee Yang Teh,
Ta Yeong Wu,
Joon Ching Juan
1. Polymeric flocculant based on cassava starch grafted

polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride: Flocculation behavior and mechanism
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Razali, M.A.A.; Ariffin, A., E-mail: srazlan@usm.my
2015-10-01
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: Flocculation performance of cassava grafted
polyDADMAC was studied. Turbidity and TSS removal increased with
increasing grafting percentage. The grafted polymer showed good removal in
acidic and neutral region. Zeta potential results pointed to the charge
neutralization mechanism. Flocs increased with increasing grafting percentage
and molecular weight. - Abstract: In this work, flocculation properties of cassava
starch grafted polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) with
different grafting percentages were investigated. Flocculation performance was
evaluated in simulated kaolin suspension. The grafting percentages used were 1.76
%, 14.84 %, and 21.98 %. The effectiveness of the flocculation was measured based
on the reduction of the turbidity and total suspended solids (TSSs), zeta potential
measurements, particle size, and atomic force microscopy imaging. Grafted
polymers improved the removal rate of turbidity and TSS compared with
gelatinized starch, and the removal rate increased with increasing grafting
percentage and dosage.
2. Polymeric flocculant based on cassava starch grafted
polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride: Flocculation behavior and mechanism
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Graphical abstract: - Highlights: Flocculation performance of cassava grafted
polyDADMAC was studied. Turbidity and TSS removal increased with
increasing grafting percentage. The grafted polymer showed good removal in
acidic and neutral region. Zeta potential results pointed to the charge
neutralization mechanism. Flocs increased with increasing grafting percentage
and molecular weight. - Abstract: In this work, flocculation properties of cassava
starch grafted polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) with
different grafting percentages were investigated. Flocculation performance was
evaluated in simulated kaolin suspension. The grafting percentages used were 1.76
%, 14.84 %, and 21.98 %. The effectiveness of the flocculation was measured based
on the reduction of the turbidity and total suspended solids (TSSs), zeta potential
measurements, particle size, and atomic force microscopy imaging. Grafted
polymers improved the removal rate of turbidity and TSS compared with
gelatinized starch, and the removal rate increased with increasing grafting
percentage and dosage
3. Evaluation of chain architectures and charge properties of various starch-based
flocculants for flocculation of humic acid from water.
Science.gov (United States)
Wu, Hu; Liu, Zhouzhou; Yang, Hu; Li, Aimin
2016-06-01
Three different starch-based flocculants with various chain architectures and charge
properties have been prepared through etherification, graft copolymerization, or
their combination. Two of the flocculants (starch-graft-poly[(2methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] and starch-3-chloro-2hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride, denoted as STC-g-PDMC and STCCTA respectively) are cationic, and another one (carboxymethyl starch-graftpoly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride], denoted as CMS-gPDMC) is amphoteric. Those three flocculants have shown far different flocculation
efficiency and floc properties for the removal of humic acid (HA) from water due to
their distinct structural features. The effects of pH, flocculant dose, and initial HA
concentration have been studied systematically. Accordingly, STC-g-PDMC and
CMS-g-PDMC with strongly cationic branch chains have much better flocculation
performance than polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and STC-CTA, the latter of which
features linear chain architecture and strongly cationic pieces lying on its chain
backbone. It indicates that the architecture of cationic branch chains plays an
important role in HA flocculation due to their significantly enhanced bridging
effects. Moreover, STC-g-PDMC has higher HA removal efficiency and better floc
properties than CMS-g-PDMC, suggesting that charge neutralization effects make
notable contributions to HA removal and that the additional anionic pieces on CMSg-PDMC can weaken its flocculation performance. In addition, STC-g-PDMC used
as coagulant aid for PAC has also been tried, which observably reduces the optimal
dose of the inorganic coagulant. PMID:27038383
4. Preparation and flocculation properties of cationic starch/chitosan crosslinkingcopolymer
A novel flocculant (CATCS) based on corn starch and chitosan was prepared and its
flocculation behaviors were studied. The synthesis conditions of CATCS were
discussed and the production obtained was characterized using Fourier infrared
spectra and scanning electron microscopy. Flocculation properties of the products
were evaluated in terms of transmittance, removal of organic contaminant and solid

suspending substances. Influences of temperature, pH and flocculant dosage on
flocculation efficiency of CATCS were examined. CATCS had better flocculation
performance at lower temperature for the wastewater investigated. CATCS showed
better flocculation performance than cationic starch and chitosan in 5 g/L kaolin
suspension trended to performance well in acidic and alkaline solution. The
comparison of the flocculation performance between CATCS, Fe2 (SO4)3 and
polyacrylamide showed CATCS had much efficient flocculation performance. In
addition, cationic starch was prepared from corn starch using microwave-assisted
method.
5. Preparation of dual-function starch-based flocculants for the simultaneous removal
of turbidity and inhibition of Escherichia coli in water.
Huang, Mu; Wang, Yawen; Cai, Jun; Bai, Junfeng; Yang, Hu; Li, Aimin
2016-07-01
A dual-function starch-based flocculant, carboxymethyl-starch-graftaminomethylated-polyacrylamide (CMS-g-APAM), was designed and prepared by a
simple method. The structure and solution properties of CMS-g-APAM were
characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, (1)H nuclear magnetic
resonance, and zeta-potential measurements. CMS-g-APAM was then applied to
flocculate a kaolin suspension and an Escherichia coli suspension as well as a
combination thereof. At suitable pH conditions, the starch-based flocculant not only
effectively removed turbidity but it also disrupted bacterial cells. Interpretation of
the zeta potential and floc properties (floc size and two-dimensional fractal
structure) showed that, for the aforementioned three effluents, simple charge
neutralization was the dominant mechanism of flocculation in acidic medium
whereas an additional contribution from a patching effect was determined under
neutral conditions. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and direct
surface morphology observation under a scanning electron microscope both
illuminated that the antibacterial activity of CMS-g-APAM involved the partial
destruction of the cell wall of Escherichia coli. The mechanism can be attributed to
the effective interaction between the tertiary amine group of the flocculant and the
negatively charged surface of the bacterium. PMID:27088247
6. Preparation and Flocculation Effect of the Starch-based Complex Flocculant%

Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (English)
; ;
2013-01-01
[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the best preparation condition and
flocculation effect of starch-based complex flocculant. [Method] Starch, aluminum
sulphate and ferrous sulfate as main materials, starch-based complex flocculant was
prepared. By using orthogonal design, removal rates of the CODCr and chroma as
indicators, influences of the pH, Fe/starch (mass ratio) and Al/starch (mass rati-o)
on treatment effect of the dyeing wastewater by complex flocculant were studied.
[Result] Considering from removal efficiency of the CODCr, the optimal
preparation condition of complex flocculant was that pH was 2.5, Fe/starch ( mass
ratio) was 0. 35/1 , and Al/starch (mass ratio) was 1.8/1. Considering from removal
efficiency of the chroma, the optimal preparation condition of complex flocculant
was that pH was 2. 5 , Fe/starch (mass ratio) was 0. 30/1 , and Al/starch (mass ratio)
was 1. 8/1. [ Conclusion] When using the complex flocculant in practical
engineering, the optimal preparation condition should be selected according to
concreteObjectiveof the removing C0DCr and chroma.%[]
.[
]
,.
,CODCr , pH
Fe/()Al/()3
[]CODCr,
:pH2.5,Fe/(
)0.35/1Al/()1.8/1.
,
:pH2.5,Fe/()0.30/1Al/
()1.8/1.[]
, CODCr
.
7. Flocculation of Pyrite Fines in Aqueous Suspensions with Corn Starch to Eliminate
Mechanical Entrainment in Flotation
OpenAIRE
Ge, Wei; Li, Hongqiang; Ren, Yanzeng; Zhao, Feiyu; Song, Shaoxian
2015-01-01
The hydrophilic flocculation of pyrite fines in aqueous suspensions with corn starch
was studied by measuring particle size distribution, microscopy observation and
micro-flotation. Furthermore, the interaction of corn starch with pyrite was

investigated by determining the adsorption density and based on zeta potential
measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis in this work.
The results of the particle size distribution measurement show that corn starch can
effectively a...
8. PRE-FLOCCULATION OF PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLER
BY CATIONIC STARCH FOR HIGHLY FILLED MECHANICAL GRADE
PAPER
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Yizhou Sang,
2011-11-01
Full Text Available Three commercial starches were evaluated in conjunction with
colloidal silica and flocculant to retain precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC filler. A
unique feature of this study was the fact that the filler was pre-flocculated by a
portion of starch (2kg starch/t PCC and the rest of the starch was added after the
flocculant but before the silica. The pulp used was peroxide bleached thermomechanical pulp (TMP. A statistical design methodology was employed and
empirical process models were constructed based on the analysis of variance
(ANOVA results. The models were then employed to predict the retention and
drainage. It was found that the high-charged cationic starch gave the highest
retention and best drainage performance. The high-charged cationic starch S880
also resulted in stronger paper, probably because of the larger and stronger flocs
produced and its higher affinity with the fiber and fines. Finally, pre-flocculation
was found to provide stronger paper compared with a conventional starch/retention
aid addition sequence
9. Characterization of cationic starch flocculants synthesized by dry process with ball
milling activating method.
Su, Yuting; Du, Hongying; Huo, Yinqiang; Xu, Yongliang; Wang, Jie; Wang,
Liying; Zhao, Siming; Xiong, Shanbai
2016-06-01
The cationic starch flocculants were synthesized by the reaction of maize starch
which was activated by a ball-milling treatment with 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl
ammonium chlorides (ETMAC) using the dry method. The cationic starches were
characterized by several approaches including scanning electron microscope (SEM),

degree of substitution (DS), infrared spectrum (IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
flocculating activity, electron spin resonance (ESR), and solid-state nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). The effect of mechanical activation on starch
etherifying modification was investigated. The mechanical activation cracked starch
granules and destructed their crystal structures. This resulted in enhancements to the
reaction activity and reaction efficiency, which was approved by ESR and solid state
NMR. The starch flocculants, synthesized by the reaction of mechanically activated
starches at 90C for 2.5h with ETMAC at molar ratio of 0.40:1.00, showed good
flocculation activity. The substitution degree (0.300) and reaction efficiency
(75.06%) of starch flocculants synthesized with mechanically activated starches
were significantly greater than those of starch flocculants with native starches
(P<0.05). PMID:26905465
10. PRE-FLOCCULATION OF PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLER
BY CATIONIC STARCH FOR HIGHLY FILLED MECHANICAL GRADE
PAPER
OpenAIRE
Yizhou Sang,; Michael McQuaid; Peter Englezos
2011-01-01
Three commercial starches were evaluated in conjunction with colloidal silica and
flocculant to retain precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler. A unique feature of
this study was the fact that the filler was pre-flocculated by a portion of starch (2kg
starch/t PCC) and the rest of the starch was added after the flocculant but before the
silica. The pulp used was peroxide bleached thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP). A
statistical design methodology was employed and empirical process models were ...
11. Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on
the flocculation properties
Zhen Yang; Hu Yang; Rongshi Cheng; Yabo Shang; Xin Huang; Yichun Chen;
Yaobo Lu; Aimin Chen; Yuxiang Jiang; Wei Gu; Xiaozhi Qian
2012-01-01
A series of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants(3-chloro-2hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(CTA)modified carboxymethyl
chitosan,denoted as CMC-CTA)with different substitution degrees of CTA were
prepared successfully.The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA

sample was kept almost constant.The solubility of the various flocculants showed
that,higher cationic content of flocculants caused a better solubility.The flocculation
experiments using kaolin suspension as synthetic water at the laboratory scale
indicated that the substitution degree of CTA was one of the key factors for the
flocculation properties.With the increase of cationic content,the flocculants were
demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage
requirement.Flocculation kinetics model of particles collisions combining zeta
potential and turbidity measurements was employed to investigate the effects of the
cationic content of the flocculants on the flocculation properties from the viewpoint
of flocculation mechanism in detail.Furthermore,flocculation performance using
raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtze River at the pilot scale showed the
similar effects to those at the laboratory scale.
12. Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch
modified soils.
Shi, Wenqing; Bi, Lei; Pan, Gang
2016-07-01
Modified soils (MSs) are being increasingly used as geo-engineering materials for
the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial blooms. Cationic starch (CS) has been
tested as an effective soil modifier, but little is known about its potential impacts on
the treated water. This study investigated dissolved organic matters in the bloom
water after algal removal using cationic starch modified soils (CS-MSs). Results
showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could be decreased by CS-MS
flocculation and the use of higher charge density CS yielded a greater DOC
reduction. When CS with the charge density of 0.052, 0.102 and 0.293meq/g were
used, DOC was decreased from 3.4 to 3.0, 2.3 and 1.7mg/L, respectively. The
excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and UV254 analysis indicated
that CS-MS exhibits an ability to remove some soluble organics, which contributed
to the DOC reduction. However, the use of low charge density CS posed a potential
risk of DOC increase due to the high CS loading for effective algal removal. When
CS with the charge density of 0.044meq/g was used, DOC was increased from 3.4
to 3.9mg/L. This study suggested, when CS-MS is used for cyanobacterial bloom
removal, the content of dissolved organic matters in the treated water can be
controlled by optimizing the charge density of CS. For the settled organic matters,
other measures (e.g., capping treatments using oxygen loaded materials) should be
jointly applied after algal flocculation. PMID:27372131
13. Synthesis, characterization, and secondary sludge dewatering performance of a

novel combined siliconaluminumironstarch flocculant
Lin, Qintie, E-mail: qintlin@163.com; Peng, Huanlong; Zhong, Songxiong; Xiang,
Jiangxin
2015-03-21
Highlights: Silicon, aluminum, and iron were grafted onto starch chains to
synthesize CSiAFS. The sludge dewatering performance of CSiAFS was
superior to PAC, PAM, and FeCl{sub 3}. CSiAFS exhibited a good dewatering
efficiency over a wide range of pH (3.011.0). CSiAFS had a discontinuous
surface with channels which helped to sludge dewatering. - Abstract: Flocculation is
one of the most widely used cost-effective pretreatment method for sludge
dewatering, and a novel environmentally friendly and efficient flocculant is highly
desired in the sludge dewatering field. In this study, a novel combined
siliconaluminumferricstarch was synthesized by grafting silicon,
aluminum, and iron onto a starch backbone. The synthesized starch flocculant was
characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning
electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The
dewatering performance of secondary sludge was evaluated according to the
capillary suction time, settling volume percentage, and specific resistance to
filtration. The results indicated that the copolymer exhibited: (1) a good dewatering
efficiency over a wide pH range of 3.011.0, (2) superior sludge dewatering
performance compared to those of polyaluminum chloride (PACl), polyacrylamide
(PAM), ferric chloride, and (3) a discontinuous surface with many channels or voids
that helps to mobilize the impermeable thin layer of secondary sludge during filter
pressing. Such a novel copolymer is a promising green flocculant for secondary
sludge dewatering applications.
14. Synthesis, characterization, and secondary sludge dewatering performance of a
novel combined siliconaluminumironstarch flocculant
Highlights: Silicon, aluminum, and iron were grafted onto starch chains to
synthesize CSiAFS. The sludge dewatering performance of CSiAFS was
superior to PAC, PAM, and FeCl3. CSiAFS exhibited a good dewatering
efficiency over a wide range of pH (3.011.0). CSiAFS had a discontinuous
surface with channels which helped to sludge dewatering. - Abstract: Flocculation is
one of the most widely used cost-effective pretreatment method for sludge
dewatering, and a novel environmentally friendly and efficient flocculant is highly
desired in the sludge dewatering field. In this study, a novel combined

siliconaluminumferricstarch was synthesized by grafting silicon,
aluminum, and iron onto a starch backbone. The synthesized starch flocculant was
characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning
electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The
dewatering performance of secondary sludge was evaluated according to the
capillary suction time, settling volume percentage, and specific resistance to
filtration. The results indicated that the copolymer exhibited: (1) a good dewatering
efficiency over a wide pH range of 3.011.0, (2) superior sludge dewatering
performance compared to those of polyaluminum chloride (PACl), polyacrylamide
(PAM), ferric chloride, and (3) a discontinuous surface with many channels or voids
that helps to mobilize the impermeable thin layer of secondary sludge during filter
pressing. Such a novel copolymer is a promising green flocculant for secondary
sludge dewatering applications
15. %Study
on the Flocculating Properties of Amphoteric Starch Flocculant for Treating
Printing and Dyeing Wastewater
2011-01-01
,

, pH
,
;pH6.08.0
65mg/L,COD50%
%The essay makes research about treatment of Printing and dyeing wastewater by
amphoteric starch as flocculant.It compares with different flocculantsComposite
Flocculants of Poly Aluminum Chloride,Flocculant of Modified Lignin,Flocculant
of quaternized chitosan and Polyacrylamide flocculant.It finds the influence of
wastewaters pH,Flocculant concentration to Flocculation performance.The
results indicate that the flocculating property of amphoteric starch flocculant is
better than those above mentioned flocculants;When its pH is 6.0-8.0 and mass
concentration of amphoteric starch flocculant is 65 mg/L,the COD removal rate of
wastewater could be up to 50%
16. Synthesis of hydrophobic association cationic starch and its flocculation application
on containing algae water of Dianchi Lake
2008-01-01
The hydrophobic formation cationic starch (PSOAMDA) was prepared from starch
(St),octadecyl acrylate (OA),acrylamide (AM) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium
chloride (DMDAAC) by means of inverse suspension polymerization with redox
initiator.Water with algae from Dianchi Lake was tested with PSOAMDA.Results
show that when the molar ratio of St:perature is 40 with a reaction time of 3
h,the monomer conversion yield,graft percentage and cationic degree is
92.4%,63.8% and 7.3%,respectively,and M=3.26 106 g/vmol.It had been
found from the flocculation of disposed water with algae from Dianchi Lake that the
transparency and COD elimination reach to 93.5%and 70.3%,respectively,with 15
mg/L PSOAMDA and at pH 6,vs.91.3% and 69.2% obtained with the commercial
cationic polyacrylamide (PAM-C).When PSOAMDA dosage is 10-25 mg/L and the
pH of aqueous solution is 6-10,the flocculation performance is well capable of
dealing with the water with algae from Dianchi Lake.
17. Evaluation of a novel chitosan-based flocculant with high flocculation performance,
low toxicity and good floc properties.
Yang, Zhen; Li, Haijiang; Yan, Han; Wu, Hu; Yang, Hu; Wu, Qian; Li, Haibo; Li,
Aimin; Cheng, Rongshi
2014-07-15
In this work, a novel chitosan-based flocculant, carboxymethyl chitosan-graftpoly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (CMC-g-PDMC),
was designed and prepared successfully. Flocculation performance of CMC-gPDMC was systematically evaluated using kaolin suspension, humic acid (HA)
solution and kaolin-HA mixed suspension as synthetic wastewater under acidic,
neutral and alkaline conditions, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated
that CMC-g-PDMC exhibited lower optimal dosage, higher contaminant removal
efficiency, wider applicable pH range, lower effluent toxicity and better floc
properties for handling and disposal, in comparison with polyaluminum chloride.
The high flocculation performance of CMC-g-PDMC was ascribed to two structural
advantages of improved both positive charges and molecular weight. In addition,
flocs characteristics including flocs formation, breakage, regrowth and fractal
structure, were studied by an in-situ light scattering system during the flocculation
process. Detailed analysis clearly illuminated the differences and relationship

among floc size, fractal dimension and floc strength. Based on analysis of floc
properties in combination with zeta potential measurements, flocculation
mechanisms in different synthetic wastewater at various pHs were deeply discussed:
charge neutralization or patching played the key role under different conditions, and
the relationship between flocculation mechanisms and floc properties has been built.
The effective and environment-friendly flocculant bear significant application
potentials in water treatment fields. PMID:24929787
18. Flocculation of chromite ore fines suspension using polysaccharide based graft
copolymers
Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
N C Karmakar; B S Sastry; R P Singh
2002-11-01
Graft copolymers are being experimented at the laboratory scale as flocculants. All
the four graft copolymers, viz. starch--polyacrylamide, amylopectin-polyacrylamide, sodium alginate--polyacylamide and carboxymethyl cellulose-polyacrylamide performed well as flocculants on chromite ore fines suspension.
Amylopectin--polyacrylamide, in particular, performed superior to the rest of the
series from the point of view of settling velocity of flocs which is the most
important aspect in solidliquid separation.
19. Mixed Biopolymer Systems Based on Starch
OpenAIRE
Takahiro Noda; Karim, Alias A.; Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda; Amid Mehrnoush;
Sahena Ferdosh; M. Abd Elgadir; Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker
2012-01-01
A binary mixture of starchstarch or starch with other biopolymers such as
protein and non-starch polysaccharides could provide a new approach in producing
starch-based food products. In the context of food processing, a specific adjustment
in the rheological properties plays an important role in regulating production
processing and optimizing the applicability, stability, and sensory of the final food
products. This review examines various biopolymer mixtures based on starch and
the influenc...
20. A facile disposal of Bayer red mud based on selective flocculation desliming with
organic humics.
Huang, Yanfang; Han, Guihong; Liu, Jiongtian; Wang, Wenjuan
2016-01-15
Humics flocculant was applied in the disposal of Bayer red mud based on selective
flocculation desliming process. The parameters affecting selective flocculation
behavior such as flocculant dosage, slurry pH and agitation intensity were studied.
For flocculating mechanism analysis, the iron mineral and the flocs product were
characterized by -potential testing, settling experiments, optical microscope and
SEM imaging. The results show that humics exhibits a good selective flocculation
performance in the high alkaline pH range. With an optimal condition of 2% solid
density, flocculant dosage 30 mg L(-1), Na2SiO3 dosage 200 mg L(-1), slurry pH
10.0 and agitation speed 1000 rpm, the recovery of iron minerals of 86.251.31%,
the iron grade of concentrate of 61.120.10%, the separation index of 0.690.02
can be obtained in the selective flocculation. It is found that the adsorption bridging
of humics polymer dominates the selectively flocculating the iron minerals. Large
flocs or aggregates with a better settling capacity are generated because of humics
occurring. The maximum settling velocity of 38.231.51 m h(-1) is reached at pH
10. This work brings the easiness in directly recovering fine particle size of ironbearing minerals from red mud. PMID:26342150
21. A REVIEW ON BIODEGRADABLE STARCH BASED FILM

Hooman Molavi
2015-04-01
Full Text Available In recent years, biodegradable edible films have become very
important in research related to food, due to their compatibility with the
environment and their use in the food packaging industry. Various sources can be
used in the production of biopolymers as biodegradable films that include
polysaccharides, proteins and lipids. Among the various polysaccharides, starch due
to its low price and its abundance in nature is of significant importance. Several
factors affect the properties of starch films; such as the source which starch is
obtained from, as well as the ratio of constituents of the starch. Starch films have
advantages such as low thickness, flexibility and transparency though; there are
some downsides to mention, such as the poor mechanical properties and water
vapor permeability. Thus, using starch alone to produce the film will led to
restrictions on its use. To improve the mechanical properties of starch films and also
increases resistance against humidity, several methods can be used; including the
starch modifying techniques such as cross linking of starch and combining starch
with other natural polymers. Other methods such as the use of lipid in formulations
of films to increase the resistance to moisture are possible, but lipids are susceptible
to oxidation. Therefore, new approaches are based on the integration of different
biopolymers in food packaging.
22. Development of starch-based materials
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Habeych Narvaez, E.A.
2009-01-01
Starch-based materials show potential as fully degradable plastics. However, the
current applicability of these materials is limited due to their poor moisture
tolerance and mechanical properties. Starch is therefore frequently blended with
other polymers to make the material more suitable for sp
23. / %Study on
Starch/Attapulgite Adsorbent and Flocculent Composite
;
2015-01-01
(OATP)
,
/(ATP).
(FT-IR)
(SEM)/ATP,
.,
(OATP)100%,3 h,
0.003%,60,
/ATP36.78
mg/g.ATPOATP,/ATP
2.
OATP,
,
.%Graft polymerization, starch/attapulgite( ATP)
adsorbent was synthesized by grafting starch onto the silane coupling reagent
modified ATP( OATP).The preparing conditions of the starch/ATP were
investigated, and the analysis by FT/IR and SEM were conducted to characterize the
synthesized starch/ATP.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FT-IR) , scanning
e-lectron microscopy( SEM) of starch/ATP were characterized and optimized its
preparation conditions.The results show that the prepared starch/ATP gives a
maximum Cd2+ adsorption capacity of 36.78 mgg-1 under following
conditions:starch mass con-centration of 100.0%( relative to OATP mass, the same
hereinafter) , reaction time of 3 h, initiator dosage of 0.003%( weight) and reaction
temperature of 60.It was found that the Cd2+ adsorption capacity of the
Starch/ATP prepared under the above con-ditions is more than 2 folds compared
with those of the ATP and OATP.The captured ability of the composite material is
better than OATP, forming large and dense flocs, its settlement capacity is superior
to starch flocculants.
24. Development of starch-based materials
OpenAIRE
Habeych Narvaez, E.A.
2009-01-01
Starch-based materials show potential as fully degradable plastics. However, the
current applicability of these materials is limited due to their poor moisture
tolerance and mechanical properties. Starch is therefore frequently blended with
other polymers to make the material more suitable for special or severe
circumstances. By varying the components of the blend and the process conditions,
the morphology and hence the properties can be controlled. A clear understanding
over the structure fo...
25. Starch-based completely biodegradable polymer materials
2009-06-01
Full Text Available Starch is a natural polymer which possesses many unique
properties and some shortcoming simultaneously. Some synthetic polymers are
biodegradable and can be tailor-made easily. Therefore, by combining the individual
advantages of starch and synthetic polymers, starch-based completely biodegradable
polymers (SCBP are potential for applications in biomedical and environmental
fields. Therefore it received great attention and was extensively investigated. In this
paper, the structure and characteristics of starch and some synthetic degradable
polymers are briefly introduced. Then, the recent progress about the preparation of
SCBP via physical blending and chemical modification is reviewed and discussed.
At last, some examples have been presented to elucidate that SCBP are promising
materials for various applications and their development is a good solution for
reducing the consumption of petroleum resources and environmental problem.
26. Effect of starch types on properties of biodegradable polymer based on
thermoplastic starch process by injection molding technique
OpenAIRE
Yossathorn Tanetrungroj; Jutarat Prachayawarakorn
2015-01-01
In this study effects of different starch types on the properties of biodegradable
polymer based on thermoplastic starch (TPS) were investigated. Different types of
starch containing different contents of amylose and amylopectin were used, i.e.
cassava starch, mungbean starch, and arrowroot starch. The TPS polymers were
compounded and shaped using an internal mixer and an injection molding machine,
respectively. It was found that the amount of amylose and amylopectin contents on
n...
27. Development of starch based wound dressing
Sago starch is the one of the commodity crops that produce abundantly in Sarawak,
Malaysia and mainly use for food consumption. The physical and chemical
characteristics of starch such as improve strength, semi-gel form, non-toxic,
biocompatible and biodegradable will be useful to be use as the based material for
wound dressing application. Presently almost all dressings of biomaterial product
are imported that increase cost liability to the country. Development of starch based
hydrogel for wound dressing application give promising results based on the
properties of the hydrogel and also from the clinical test carried out on rabbit. Blend
of sago starch with water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl pyyrolidone (PVP),
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) produce hydrogel with good
strength and elasticity that one of the criteria for dressing. The typical property of
hydrogel that content above 80% water will keep the moisture environment for
healing process of the wound. Based on the tissue development such as fibroblast
and endothelial cells, and rate of epitheliazation from the clinical study, the healing
process taken place less than 10 days with the this hydrogel. (Author)
28. PROPERTIES AND FLOCCULATION EFFICIENCY OF CATIONIZED
BIOPOLYMERS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY IN PAPERMAKING AND IN
CONDITIONING OF PULP AND PAPER SLUDGE
Lauri Kuutti
2011-06-01
Full Text Available Safe biodegradable green alternatives with minimal
environmental and health risks have received widespread research interest. Thirty
different kinds of bio-based flocculants (modified starches, modified celluloses,
native chitosan, and lignin-based flocculant were pre-tested using a simple jar test
for the examination of the applicability of new organic flocculants in papermaking
and in conditioning of waste activated sludge from the pulp and paper industry.
Three starch-based and two cellulose-based polymers were chosen for further
flocculation and filtrations tests. Key optimization parameters for the polymer were
identified as the increasing of molecular weight and nitrogen content. The starchbased polymer had the best performance in both applications, but in neither of the
cases did it function as well as the commercial polyacrylamide-based polymers. The
importance of the molecular weight came up in the experiments. The developed
starch-based polymer was cationic and had the charge density used in industry. On
the other hand, although cationic flocculants are the most used in sludge
conditioning, also anionic and non-ionic polymers are needed, depending on the
characteristics of the sludge to be flocculated. Overall action of the tailored
polymers was also studied in order to predict their potential as papermaking
retention and dewatering aids.
29. Antimicrobial nanostructured starch based films for packaging

OpenAIRE
Abreu, Ana S.; M. de OLIVEIRA; Rodrigues, Rui M.; Cerqueira, M. A.; Vicente,
A.A.; Machado, A.V.; S, Arsnio Vasconcelos
2015-01-01
Montmorillonite modied with a quaternary ammonium salt C30B/starch
nanocomposite (C30B/ST-NC), silver nanoparticles/starch nanocomposite (AgNPs/ST-NC) and both silver nanoparticles/C30B/starch nanocomposites (AgNPs/C30B/ST-NC) films were produced. The nanoclay (C30B) was dispersed in a
starch solution using an ultrasonic probe. Different concentrations of Ag-NPs (0.3,
0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 mM) were synthesized directly in starch and in clay/starch solutions
via chemical reduction method. Dispers...
30. Effect of starch types on properties of biodegradable polymer based on
thermoplastic starch process by injection molding technique
Yossathorn Tanetrungroj
2015-04-01
Full Text Available In this study effects of different starch types on the properties of
biodegradable polymer based on thermoplastic starch (TPS were investigated.
Different types of starch containing different contents of amylose and amylopectin
were used, i.e. cassava starch, mungbean starch, and arrowroot starch. The TPS
polymers were compounded and shaped using an internal mixer and an injection
molding machine, respectively. It was found that the amount of amylose and
amylopectin contents on native starch influence the properties of the TPS polymer.
A high amylose starch of TPMS led to higher strength, hardness, degree of
crystallization than the high amylopectin starch of TPCS. In addition, function
group analysis by Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer, water absorption,
and biodegradation by soil burial test were also examined.
31. Ecotoxicological assessment of flocculant modified soil for lake restoration using an
integrated biotic toxicity index.
Wang, Zhibin; Zhang, Honggang; Pan, Gang
2016-06-15
Flocculant modified soils/clays are being increasingly studied as geo-engineering
materials for lake restoration and harmful algal bloom control. However, the
potential impacts of adding these materials in aquatic ecological systems remain
unclear. This study investigated the potential effects of chitosan, cationic starch,
chitosan modified soils (MS-C) and cationic starch modified soils (MS-S) on the
aquatic organisms by using a bioassay battery. The toxicity potential of these four
flocculants was quantitatively assessed using an integrated biotic toxicity index
(BTI). The test system includes four aquatic species, namely Chlorella vulgaris,
Daphnia magna, Cyprinus carpio and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, which represent
four trophic levels in the freshwater ecosystem. Results showed that median effect
concentrations (EC50) of the MS-C and MS-S were 31-124 times higher than
chitosan and cationic starch, respectively. D. magna was the most sensitive species
to the four flocculants. Histological examination of C. carpio showed that
significant pathological changes were found in gills. Different from chitosan and
cationic starch, MS-C and MS-S significantly alleviated the acute toxicities of
chitosan and cationic starch. The toxicity order of the four flocculants based on BTI
were cationic starch > chitosan > MS-S > MS-C. The results suggested
that BTI can be used as a quantitative and comparable indicator to assess biotic
toxicity for aquatic geo-engineering materials. Chitosan or cationic starch modified
soil/clay materials can be used at their optimal dosage without causing substantial
adverse effects to the bioassay battery in aquatic ecosystem. PMID:26321048
32. Starch based polyurethanes: A critical review updating recent literature.
Zia, Fatima; Zia, Khalid Mahmood; Zuber, Mohammad; Kamal, Shagufta; Aslam,
Nosheen
2015-12-10
Recent advancements in material science and technology made it obvious that use
of renewable feed stock is the need of hour. Polymer industry steadily moved to get
rid of its dependence on non-renewable resources. Starch, the second largest
occurring biomass (renewable) on this planet provides a cheap and eco-friendly way
to form huge variety of materials on blending with other biodegradable polymers.
Specific structural versatility design for individual application and tailor-made
properties have established the polyurethane (PU) as an important and popular class
of synthetic biodegradable polymers. Blending of starch with polyurethane is
relatively a developing area in PU chemistry but with lot of attraction for
researchers. Herein, various starch based polyurethane materials including blends,
grafts, copolymers, composites and nano-composites, as well as the prospects and
latest developments are discussed. Additionally, an overview of starch based

polymeric materials, including their potential applications are presented.
PMID:26428186
33. Wheat B-starch based polymeric materials
Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
Kotek, Ji; Kruli, Zdenk; rka, E.
2011-01-01
Ro. 105, . 9 (2011), s. 731. ISSN 0009-2770. [International Conference on
Polysaccharides-Glycoscience /7./. 02.11.2011-04.11.2011, Prague] R&D Projects:
GA R GA525/09/0607 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505
Keywords : biodegradable plastic * polycaprolactone * B- starch Subject RIV: JI Composite Materials
34. Suitability of sago starch as a base for dual-modification
OpenAIRE
Saowakon Wattanachant; Sharifah Kharidah Syed Muhammad; Dzulkify Mat
Hashim; Russly Abd Rahman
2002-01-01
The quality and physicochemical properties of native sago starch were studied in
order to evaluate the suitability of sago starch as a base for dual-modification,
hydroxypropylation and crosslinking. The properties of starch derivatives obtained
from dual-modification are different depending upon the kind of starch bases used
and their basic properties. Therefore, the properties of several starches including
waxy maize, waxy barley, tapioca, wheat, corn and rice and properties of their
deriva...
35. Development of Graft Copolymer Flocculant Based on Acrylamide and Acrylic
Acid for the dewatering of coal
Most coal preparation processes were carried out in water medium. The water
content of coal product has a negative impact on handling and specific energy value.
The moisture content may be attributed to the proportion of fine coal, which
presents the greatest dewatering problem. A novel polymeric flocculant has been
developed by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) with acrylic acid (AAc)

using gamma irradiation technique. The grafted copol621621ymer P(AAm/AAc)
was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of reaction parameters, such as total
absorbed dose, and monomer concentration on grafting yield were investigated. The
flocculation performance of the graft copolymer P(AAm/AAc) was investigated in
coal suspension. It was observed that the grafting ratio was one of the key factors
for the flocculating effects. The copolymers with various grafting ratios showed
different flocculating properties. It was found that as the grafting ratio increased, the
flocculating effect also increased. The flocculation performance of the grafted
copolymer was better than that of the commercial flocculant, poly-acrylamide
(Magnafloc 1011).
36. Wheat B-starch based polymeric materials
Kotek, Ji; Kruli, Zdenk; rka, E.
Prague : Czech Chemical Society, 2011 - (pkov, R.; opkov, J.;
rka, E.), s. 37-39 ISBN 978-80-86238-90-6. [International Conference on
Polysaccharides-Glycoscience /7./. Prague (CZ), 02.11.2011-04.11.2011] R&D
Projects: GA R GA525/09/0607 Institutional research plan:
CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Keywords : biodegradable plastic * polycaprolactone * Bstarch Subject RIV: JI - Composite Materials
37. Polymer based on chemically modified starch
Hork, Pavel; Kruli, Zdenk; rka, E.; Kobera, Libor
Praha : stav makromolekulrn chemie AV R, v. v. i, 2014. s. 82. ISBN
978-80-85009-81-1. [esko-slovensk konference POLYMERY 2014 /8./.
06.10.2014-09.10.2014, Te] R&D Projects: GA TA R(CZ)
TA04020853 Institutional support: RVO:61389013 Keywords : starch * chemical
modification * degree of substitution Subject RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
38. Polymers based on chemically modified starch
Hork, Pavel; Kruli, Zdenk; rka, E.; Kobera, Libor
Prague : Czech Chemical Society, 2014 - (pkov, R.; opkov, J.;

rka, E.), s. 88-90 ISBN 978-80-86238-70-8. [International Conference on
Polysaccharides-Glycoscience /10./. Prague (CZ), 22.10.2014-24.10.2014] R&D
Projects: GA TA R(CZ) TA04020853 Institutional support: RVO:61389013
Keywords : starch * chemical modification * degree of substitution Subject RIV:
CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
39. Silicon tetrachloride plasma induced grafting for starch-based composites
Ma, Yonghui C.
Non-modified virgin starch is seldom used directly in industrial applications.
Instead, it is often physically and/or chemically modified to achieve certain
enhanced properties. For many of the non-food applications, these modifications
involve changing its hydrophilicity to create hydrophobic starch. In this study, the
hydrophobic starch was produced through silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) plasma
induced graft polymerization, so that it could be used as a renewable and
biodegradable component of, or substitute for, the petrochemical-based plastics. It
was suggested that this starch graft-copolymer might be used as reinforcing
components in silicone-rubber materials for starch-based composites. To make this
starch graft-copolymer, the ethyl ether-extracted starch powders were surface
functionalized by SiCl4 plasma using a 13.56 MHz radio frequency rotating plasma
reactor and subsequently stabilized by either ethylene diamine or
dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS). The functionalized starch was then graftpolymerized with DCDMS to form polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers around the
starch granules. The presence of this PDMS layer was demonstrated by electron
spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA/XPS), Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gas chromatographymass spectroscopy (GC-MS), thermo gravimetry/differential thermal analysis
(TG/DTA), and other analyses. It was shown that the surface morphology, thermal
properties, swelling characteristic, and hydrophilicity of starch were all changed due
to the existence of this protective hydrophobic PDMS layer. Several different
procedures to carry out the functionalization and graft polymerization steps were
evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the reactions and to prevent the samples
from being hydrolyzed by the grafting byproduct HCl. Actinometry, GC-MS, and
residual gas analyzer (RGA) were used to investigate the mechanisms of the SiCl4
discharge and to optimize the plasma
40. Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose concentration on physical properties of
biodegradable cassava starch-based films
OpenAIRE
Sriburi Pensiri; Wongruong Sasitorn; Mauer Lisa J; Tongdeesoontorn Wirongrong;

Rachtanapun Pornchai
2011-01-01
Abstract Background Cassava starch, the economically important agricultural
commodity in Thailand, can readily be cast into films. However, the cassava starch
film is brittle and weak, leading to inadequate mechanical properties. The properties
of starch film can be improved by adding plasticizers and blending with the other
biopolymers. Results Cassava starch (5%w/v) based films plasticized with glycerol
(30 g/100 g starch) were characterized with respect to the effect of carboxymethyl
cellu...
41. Modification of Foamed Articles Based on Cassava Starch

This work reports the influence of radiation, plasticizers and poly vinyl alcohol
(PVA) on the barrier properties [water vapour permeability (WVP)) and mechanical
properties (tensile strength and elongation; compression resistance and flexibility)
of foamed articles based on cassava starch. The starch foam was obtained by
thermopressing process. Poly ethylene glycol (PEG, 300) was selected as plasticizer
and water was necessary for the preparation of the foams. The foamed articles based
on cassava starch were irradiated at low doses of 2 and 5 kGy, commonly used in
food irradiation. The mechanical properties of starch foams are influenced by the
plasticizer concentration and by irradiation dose. An increase in PEG content
showed a considerable increase in elongation percentage and a decrease in the
tensile strength of the foams; also increase the permeability of the foams in water.
After irradiation, the barrier properties and mechanical properties of the foams were
improved due to chemical reactions among polymer molecules. Irradiated starch
cassava foams with poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) have good flexibility and low water
permeability. WVP can be reduced by low doses of gamma radiation
42. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel cationic konjac glucomannan-based flocculant.
Ren, Wen-jing; Zhang, Ai-qing; Qin, Si-yong; Li, Zhen-ke
2016-06-25
A novel cationic flocculant of konjac glucomannan-graft-poly-(2methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride (KGM-g-PDMC), was
successfully synthesized by using acidic ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate (CAN) as

initiator in homogeneous aqueous solution. The graft copolymer was characterized
using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, (1)H nuclear magnetic
resonance ((1)H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis.
The influences of degree of substitution (DS) of KGM, concentration of NaCl and
pH value on turbidity removal rate of the cationic flocculant were investigated. The
results demonstrated that the flocculant exhibited excellent flocculating ability in
the presence of salt and a wide range of pH (1kaolin suspension could reach more
than 90% at pH 7.0. The flocculation mechanisms were investigated by screening
effect and means of zeta potential. Holding the positive charge, the KGM-g-PDMC
could efficiently remove the negatively charged contaminants such as kaolin
suspension. PMID:27083814
43. Characteristics of cassava starch fermentation wastewater based on structural
degradation of starch granules
OpenAIRE
Juliane Mascarenhas Pereira; Ana Carolina Moura de Sena Aquino; Daiana Cardoso
de Oliveira; Gabriela Rocha; Alcia de Francisco; Pedro Luiz Manique Barreto;
Edna Regina Amante
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT: Sour cassava starch is a naturally modified starch produced by
fermentation and sun drying, achieving the property of expansion upon baking. Sour
cassava starch' bakery products can be prepared without the addition of yeast and it
is gluten free. The fermentation process associated with this product has been well
studied, but the wastewater, with high acidity and richness in other organic
compounds derived from starch degradation, requires further investigation. In this
study, the s...
44. Effects of Citric Acid on Starch-Based Barrier Coatings
OpenAIRE
Olsson, Erik
2013-01-01
With growing environmental concerns, efforts are made to replace petroleum based
products with renewable alternatives. This is particularly evident in the packaging
industry, where replacing synthetic polymers with renewable materials is of
considerable interest. Materials for food packaging need to give protection, acting
as a barrier against substances that can adversely affect the food quality such as
water and oxygen. In this work, barrier dispersion coatings based on starch were
used to ...
45. Properties of Starch Based Foams Made by Thermal Pressure Forming
J. tancl
2008-01-01
Full Text Available Packaging materials based on expanded polystyrene can be
substituted by biodegradable foam, manufactured by direct or indirect electrical
heating of a potato starch suspension in a closed mold. This paper deals with an
experimental evaluation of selected properties of potato starch and starch foam
related to this technology: density, specific heat capacity and specific electrical
conductivity of a water suspension of potato starch within the temperature range up
to 100 C, and mass fraction from 5 to 65 %. The electric conductivity and heat
capacity changes were observed during direct ohmic heating of a starch suspension
between electrodes in a closed cell (feeding voltage 100 V, frequency 50 Hz.
Specific electric conductivity increases with temperature, with the exception of the
gelatinization region at 60 to 70 C, and decreases with increasing concentration
of starch (the temperature and concentration dependencies were approximated using
the Lorentz equation. Direct ohmic heating is restricted by a significant decrease in
effective electrical conductivity above a temperature of 100 C, when evaporated
steam worsens the contact with the electrodes. Experiments show that when direct
ohmic heating is not combined with indirect contact heating, only 20 % of the water
can be evaporated from manufactured samples and the starch foam is not fully
formed. This is manifested by only a slight expansion of the heated sample. Only
the indirect contact heating from the walls of the mold, with the wall temperature
above 180 C, forms a fixed porous structure (expansion of about 300 % and a
crust, ensuring suitable mechanical and thermal insulation properties of the
manufactured product. The effective thermal conductivity of the foamed product
(sandwich plates with a porous core and a compact crust was determined by the
heated wire method, while the porosity of the foam and the thickness of the crust
were evaluated by image analysis of colored cross
46. Imidazole-based deep eutectic solvents for starch dissolution and plasticization.
Zdanowicz, Magdalena; Spychaj, Tadeusz; Mka, Honorata
2016-04-20
Potato starch and high-amylose starch were treated with imidazole-based deep
eutectic solvents (DESs) as dissolution and plasticization media. Beside imidazole
(IM) for two-component DESs preparation choline chloride (CC), glycerol (G) or
carboxylic acids (citric or malic) were used. An influence of water content in starch
(as well as an extra water in the starch/DES system) on polymer dissolution and
plasticization processes was investigated. Dissolution and gelatinization of starch in
DESs were followed via DSC and laser scanning microscopy. A rheometric
characteristics revealed an influence of starch/DES system storage time on the
plasticization process. The tendency to recrystallization of compression-moldedstarch films was evaluated using XRD technique. High dissolution and
plasticization effectiveness of CC/IM and G/IM and a low tendency to film
retrogradation of thermoplasticized starch were noted. PMID:26876869
47. BIODEGRADABILITY AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SUGAR PALM
STARCH BASED BIOPOLYMER
OpenAIRE
J. Sahari; S. M. Sapuan; Zainudin, E. S.; Maleque, M A
2014-01-01
A new Sugar Palm Starch (SPS) based biopolymer was successfully developed
using glycerol as plasticizer. The effect of glycerol concentration (viz., 15, 20, 30
and 40 by weight percent) to the mechanical properties of plasticized SPS
biopolymer was investigated. From this investigation, it was found that the 30%
glycerol concentrated biopolymer showed the highest flexural strength and impact
with the value of 0.13 MPa and 6.13 kJ/m2 respectively. Later, the above 30% gl...
48. Suitability of sago starch as a base for dual-modification
Saowakon Wattanachant
2002-07-01
Full Text Available The quality and physicochemical properties of native sago
starch were studied in order to evaluate the suitability of sago starch as a base for
dual-modification, hydroxypropylation and crosslinking. The properties of starch
derivatives obtained from dual-modification are different depending upon the kind
of starch bases used and their basic properties. Therefore, the properties of several
starches including waxy maize, waxy barley, tapioca, wheat, corn and rice and
properties of their derivatives were investigated comparatively. The data obtained
elucidates that the swelling power of a starch base is the most important factor
which influences the dual-modification. The native sago starch had higher swelling
power and bigger average granule size when compared to that of other starch bases.
Its gelatinization temperature was in the same range as that of waxy maize while its
pasting characteristic was similar to that of tapioca starch. It can be inferred that
sago starch is suitable as a starch base for hydroxypropylation and crosslinking.
49. Impact of fugitive bitumen on polymer-based flocculation of mature fine tailings
OpenAIRE
Klein, C.; Harbottle, D; Alagha, L; Xu, Z.
2013-01-01
In bitumen recovery from oil sands, a percentage of the bitumen is lost to tailings.
The effect of fugitive bitumen on fines settling and consolidation in tailings ponds
remains controversial. In the current study, the settling performance of mature fine
tailings (MFT) in response to flocculant addition was considered by studying MFT
of varying bitumen content. Bitumen content in the MFT was adjusted by controlled
removal of bitumen using a Denver flotation cell. The initial settling rate of ...
50. Multi-responsive hydrogel based on lotus root starch.
Zhu, Baodong; Ma, Dongzhuo; Wang, Jian; Zhang, Jianwei; Zhang, Shuang
2016-08-01
The lotus root starch-based hydrogel was synthesized by free radical
copolymerization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated
that the formation of target product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the
change of the starch's crystallization. The morphology and pore structure of the
hydrogel were evaluated by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
(FESEM) and Biomicroscope. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the better
thermal stability of hydrogel. Furthermore, the swelling in CaCl2 and AlCl3
solutions/temperature (25C-65C) displayed the "overshooting effect" swellingdeswelling phenomenon with prolonging the swelling time. The hydrogel can
rapidly response to various pH value as well. PMID:27177459
51. STARCH-LUBRICANT COMPOSITION FOR IMPROVED LUBRICITY AND
FLUID LOSS IN WATER-BASED DRILLING MUDS
Water-based mud systems that approach the performance of oil-based muds are an
ongoing effort. Starch-lubricant compositons were developed as environmentally
safe, non-toxic, stable dispersions in water-based drilling muds. Starch-lubricant

compositions were prepared by jet cooking mixtures of wat...
52. Characteristics of cassava starch fermentation wastewater based on structural
degradation of starch granules
Juliane Mascarenhas Pereira
2016-01-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACT: Sour cassava starch is a naturally modified starch
produced by fermentation and sun drying, achieving the property of expansion upon
baking. Sour cassava starch' bakery products can be prepared without the addition
of yeast and it is gluten free. The fermentation process associated with this product
has been well studied, but the wastewater, with high acidity and richness in other
organic compounds derived from starch degradation, requires further investigation.
In this study, the structure of solids present in this residue was studied, seeking to
future applications for new materials. The solids of the wastewater were spray dried
with maltodextrin (MD with dextrose equivalent (DE of 5 and 15 and the structure
of the powder was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. A regular structure
with a network arrangement was observed for the dried material with MD of 5 DE,
in contrast to the original and fermented starches structure, which suggests a regular
organization of this new material, to be studied in future applications.
53. Changes in morphology of starch-based prothestic thermoplastic material during
enzymatic degradation
OpenAIRE
Arajo, M. Alberta; Cunha, A.M.; Mota, M
2004-01-01
This work evaluates the structural changes of an interpenetrated starch
thermoplastic blend withstanding different enzymatic -amylase degradation periods
(up to 200 days), and establishes the relationships between the kinetics degradation
rate and the structure of the material. It characterises the different stages of the
enzymatic degradation process on starch/ethylenevinyl-alcohol blends, based on the
attack of the connected starch domains that can be accessed by the enzymatic
solution. The...
54. Stokes vector based polarization resolved second harmonic microscopy of starch
granules
OpenAIRE
Mazumder, Nirmal; Qiu, Jianjun; Foreman, Matthew R.; Romero, Carlos Macas;
Trk, Peter; Kao, Fu-Jen
2013-01-01
We report on the measurement and analysis of the polarization state of second
harmonic signals generated by starch granules, using a four-channel photon
counting based Stokes-polarimeter. Various polarization parameters, such as the
degree of polarization (DOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), the degree
of circular polarization (DOCP), and anisotropy are extracted from the 2D second
harmonic Stokes images of starch granules. The concentric shell structure of a
starch granule forms ...
55. Bio-based thermoset composites from epoxidised linseed oil and expanded starch
OpenAIRE
Supanchaiyamat, Nontipa; Hunt, Andrew J.; Peter S. Shuttleworth; DING, CHENG;
James H. Clark; Matharu, Avtar S.
2014-01-01
Bio-based thermoset composites comprising epoxidised linseed oil (ELO), a bioderived diacid crosslinker (Pripol 1009) and starch are reported. High amylose corn
starch in its native, gelatinised and retrograded forms were used in the formulation
to yield water resistant films with good thermal stability. The textural properties of
gelatinised and retrograded starches were characterised using scanning electron
microscopy and porosimetry and their thermal stability was determined using
thermog...
56. Towards efficient solid-state photoluminescence based on carbon-nanodots
and starch composites
OpenAIRE
M. Sun; Qu, S.; Hao, Z.; Ji, W.(Institut fr Physik, Universitt Mainz, Mainz,
Germany); Jing, P.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, J.; Shen, D.
2014-01-01
A new type of environmentally friendly phosphor based on carbon nanodots (CDs)
has been developed through the dispersion of CDs by integrating the CDs with
starch particles. The starch particles contain large nos. of hydroxyl groups around
the surfaces, which can effectively absorb the CDs, whose surfaces are
functionalized by lots of carboxyl and amide groups, through hydrogen bonding.

Effective dispersion of CDs on the surfaces of starch particles can suppress the nonradiative decay proce...
57. The composites based on plasticized starch and carbon nanotubes.
Cheng, Jing; Zheng, Pengwu; Zhao, Feng; Ma, Xiaofei
2013-08-01
In this study, the nanocomposite films based on plasticized starch and modifiedcarbon nanotubes were prepared using a simple casting method. Carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) were oxidized to prepare CNT oxide (OCNT) by Hummer's method, and
OCNTs were reduced by glucose to obtain reduced CNT (RCNT). The
thermogravimetric (TG) curves revealed that OCNTs and RCNTs contained about
15 and 8wt% oxygen-containing groups, respectively. The UV-vis spectra proved
that CNTs with the aid of the dispersant TNWDIS, OCNTs and RCNTs possessed
the good stability in water. As the fillers, CNTs, OCNTs and RCNTs were
introduced into plasticized-starch (PS) matrix to obtain the composites. They had
the obvious reinforcing effect on PS matrix. The composites containing 4wt%
RCNT had the maximum tensile strength of 19.5MPa, in contrast to 3.89MPa of PS.
Among of them, PS/CNT composites showed the best moisture resistance. And the
PS-based CNT, OCNT and RCNT composites exhibited approximate electrical
conductivities. PMID:23587994
58. Effect of starch-based biomaterials on the in vitro proliferation and viability of
osteoblast-like cells
OpenAIRE
Marques, A.P.; Cruz, H. R.; Coutinho, O P; Reis, R. L.
2005-01-01
The cytotoxicity of starch-based polymers was investigated using different
methodologies. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) was used as a control for comparison
purposes. Extracts of four different starch-based blends (corn starch and ethylene
vinyl alcohol (SEVA-C), corn starch and cellulose acetate (SCA), corn starch and
polycaprolactone (SPCL) and starch and poly-lactic acid (SPLA70) were prepared
in culture medium and their toxicity was analysed. Osteoblast-like cells (SaOs-2)
were incubated with...
59. Towards efficient solid-state photoluminescence based on carbon-nanodots
and starch composites
M. Sun; S. Qu; Z. Hao; W. Ji; P. Jing; H. Zhang; L. Zhang; J. Zhao; D. Shen
2014-01-01
A new type of environmentally friendly phosphor based on carbon nanodots (CDs)
has been developed through the dispersion of CDs by integrating the CDs with
starch particles. The starch particles contain large nos. of hydroxyl groups around
the surfaces, which can effectively absorb the CDs, whose su
60. BIODEGRADABILITY AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SUGAR PALM
STARCH BASED BIOPOLYMER
J. Sahari
2014-01-01
Full Text Available A new Sugar Palm Starch (SPS based biopolymer was
successfully developed using glycerol as plasticizer. The effect of glycerol
concentration (viz., 15, 20, 30 and 40 by weight percent to the mechanical
properties of plasticized SPS biopolymer was investigated. From this investigation,
it was found that the 30% glycerol concentrated biopolymer showed the highest
flexural strength and impact with the value of 0.13 MPa and 6.13 kJ/m2
respectively. Later, the above 30% glycerol biopolymer was undergone through
weathering and biodegradation test. The biodegradability test showed 78.09% of
tensile strength lost after 72 h of weathering testing period. Meanwhile, the weight
loss (% of the same biopolymer was 63.58% after 72 h of biodegradation test.
61. Preparation and properties of starch-based colloidal microgels

Dziechciarek, Y.; Soest, van J.J.G.; Philipse, A.P.
2002-01-01
Novel starch microgels were prepared by emulsion cross-linking and characterized
with respect to shape, volume, and mass density. Starch microgels appear to be
negatively charged (similar to-50 mV), with a particle size varying as a function of
the type of cross-linker (ca. 0.25-10 mum). Environment
62. Improving the performance of starch-based wood adhesive by using sodium dodecyl
sulfate.
Li, Zhaofeng; Wang, Jian; Cheng, Li; Gu, Zhengbiao; Hong, Yan; Kowalczyk,
Agnieszka
2014-01-01
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to improve the performance of starch-based
wood adhesive. The effects of SDS on shear strength, viscosity and storage stability
were investigated. It was shown that, although the addition of 1.5-2% (dry starch
basis) SDS resulted in a slight decrease in shear strength, the mobility and storage
stability of adhesive were significantly enhanced. Possible mechanisms regarding
specific action of SDS were discussed. It was proved, using blue value or
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, that the amylose-SDS complexes
were formed in the adhesive. The complex formation or simple adsorption of SDS
with starch molecules might hinder the aggregation of latex particles, as shown by
scanning electron microscopy images, and inhibit starch retrogradation, as observed
by DSC analysis. As a result, in the presence of SDS, the adhesive had higher
mobility and storage stability, indicating that SDS could be used to prepare starchbased wood adhesives with high performance. PMID:24274546
63. Effects of Starch-Based Anti-Caking Agents on Browning of Shredded Mozzarella
Cheese
OpenAIRE
Penn, Stephanie Ann
2003-01-01
The effects of starch-based anti-caking agents on the browning of Mozzarella
cheese were evaluated in this experiment. Six commercially available anti-caking
agent treatments were examined and color measurements indicated that the starchbased anti-caking agents produced a baked cheese with a greater degree of
browning than the samples treated with cellulose based anti-caking agents or no
treatment (control). The cellulose-based treatments and the control also had a
significantly greater mo...
64. Robust and biodegradable elastomers based on corn starch and
polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
Ceseracciu, Luca; Heredia-Guerrero, Jos Alejandro; Dante, Silvia; Athanassiou,
Athanassia; Bayer, Ilker S
2015-02-18
Designing starch-based biopolymers and biodegradable composites with durable
mechanical properties and good resistance to water is still a challenging task.
Although thermoplastic (destructured) starch has emerged as an alternative to
petroleum-based polymers, its poor dimensional stability under humid and dry
conditions extensively hinders its use as the biopolymer of choice in many
applications. Unmodified starch granules, on the other hand, suffer from
incompatibility, poor dispersion, and phase separation issues when compounded
into other thermoplastics above a concentration level of 5%. Herein, we present a
facile biodegradable elastomer preparation method by incorporating large amounts
of unmodified corn starch, exceeding 80% by volume, in acetoxypolyorganosiloxane thermosets to produce mechanically robust, hydrophobic
bioelastomers. The naturally adsorbed moisture on the surface of starch enables
autocatalytic rapid hydrolysis of polyorganosiloxane to form Si-O-Si networks.

Depending on the amount of starch granules, the mechanical properties of the
bioelastomers can be easily tuned with high elastic recovery rates. Moreover, starch
granules considerably lowered the surface friction coefficient of the
polyorganosiloxane network. Stress relaxation measurements indicated that the
bioelastomers have strain energy dissipation factors that are lower than those of
conventional rubbers, rendering them as promising green substitutes for plastic
mechanical energy dampeners. Corn starch granules also have excellent
compatibility with addition-cured polysiloxane chemistry that is used extensively in
microfabrication. Regardless of the starch concentration, all of the developed
bioelastomers have hydrophobic surfaces with lower friction coefficients and much
less water uptake capacity than those of thermoplastic starch. The bioelastomers are
biocompatible and are estimated to biodegrade in Mediterranean seawater within
three to six years. PMID:25622232
65. Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose concentration on physical properties of
biodegradable cassava starch-based films
Sriburi Pensiri
2011-02-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Cassava starch, the economically
important agricultural commodity in Thailand, can readily be cast into films.
However, the cassava starch film is brittle and weak, leading to inadequate
mechanical properties. The properties of starch film can be improved by adding
plasticizers and blending with the other biopolymers. Results Cassava starch
(5%w/v based films plasticized with glycerol (30 g/100 g starch were characterized
with respect to the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC concentrations (0, 10,
20, 30 and 40%w/w total solid and relative humidity (34 and 54%RH on the
mechanical properties of the films. Additionally, intermolecular interactions were
determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR, melting temperature
by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, and morphology by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM. Water solubility of the films was also determined. Increasing
concentration of CMC increased tensile strength, reduced elongation at break, and
decreased water solubility of the blended films. FT-IR spectra indicated
intermolecular interactions between cassava starch and CMC in blended films by
shifting of carboxyl (C = O and OH groups. DSC thermograms and SEM
micrographs confirmed homogeneity of cassava starch-CMC films. Conclusion The
addition of CMC to the cassava starch films increased tensile strength and reduced
elongation at break of the blended films. This was ascribed to the good interaction
between cassava starch and CMC. Cassava starch-CMC composite films have the
potential to replace conventional packaging, and the films developed in this work
are suggested to be suitable for low moisture food and pharmaceutical products.
66. Biodegradable polymeric materials based on B-starch

Ponyrko, Sergii; Kruli, Zdenk; Kotek, Ji
Halle (Saale) : Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 2010 - (Radusch, H.;
Fiedler, L.). s. 91 ISBN 978-3-86829-282-4. [International Scientific Conference on
Polymeric Materials /14./. 15.09.2010-17.09.2010, Halle (Saale)] R&D Projects:
GA R GA525/09/0607 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z40500505
Keywords : starch -derived polymers * biodegradability * B- starch Subject RIV:
GM - Food Processing
67. Enzymatic degradation of starch based thermoplastic compounds used in protheses
OpenAIRE
Arajo, M. Alberta; A.M. Cunha; Mota, M.
2003-01-01
The present work presents the degradation behaviour of blends of corn starch with
poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol) copolymer(SEVA-C). The characterization included
long term degradation trials on simulated physiological solution with -amylase up
to 200 days, and the degradation solutions were analysed by several techniques.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and colorimetric methods were
used to monitor the liberation of carbohydrate as a consequence of starch hydrolysis
...
68. Apparent viscosity by irradiation dose-effect relationship for starch-based materials
There are analysed and presented, in terms of dose-effect relationship, the
experimental results on the investigation of the rheological behaviour of gelatinized
suspensions of irradiated starch and starch-based materials, as well as the variation
with the dose value of the apparent viscosity and the shear stress. Irradiation has
been performed using a linear accelerator, with the following parameters: electron
mean energy, 6 MeV; mean bean current, 10 A ; pulse period, 3.5 s and
repetition rate, 100 Hz. The main experimental parameters were: irradiation dose in
the range of 0-25 kGy; dose rate 1.5-2.0 kGy/min and dose uniformity less than 10
%. Doses were checked by standard procedures for electron beam dosimetry. Some
starch-based materials were ground and sieved to obtain similar particle sizes,
necessary to eliminate the influence of particle size on the apparent viscosity
variation with the dose. The rheoviscometric measurements have been carried out
using a rotationally viscometer on gelatinised suspensions of starch-based materials,
into equivalent starch concentration and alkalinised suspensions for pepper. For the
considered materials the variation of apparent viscosity by irradiation dose is
described by exponential equations and the apparent viscosity decreases with the
dose. These equations fit very well the experimental data for starch and starch-based
materials, the correlation coefficient values being, r 0.93 for all cases of doseeffect relationships for starch suspensions. The coefficients of these equations could
also be obtained by analyzing the data from viscometric measurements and they
strongly depend on the shear rate values, Dr. The starches and starch-based
materials obviously present the same rheological behaviour under irradiation and
this fact should be attributed to starch degradation and depolymerization due to the
ionising radiation action and confirms one of this study main assumption. This
property should be used to
69. Microbial Flocculant for Nature Soda
Qin, Peiyong; Zhang, Tong; Chen, Cuixian
2004-03-31
Microbial flocculant for nature soda has been studied. Lactobacillus TRJ21, which
was able to produce an excellent biopolymer flocculant for nature soda, was
obtained in our lab. The microbial flocculant was mainly produced when the
bacteria laid in stationary growth phase. Fructose or glucose, as carbon sources,
were more favorable for the bacterial growth and flocculant production. The
bacteria was able to use ammonium sulfate or Urea as nitrogen to produce
flocculant, but was not able to use peptone effectively. High C/N ratio was more
favorable to Lactobacillus TRJ21 growth and flocculant production than low C/N
ratio. The biopolymer flocculant was mainly composed of polysaccharide and
protein with a molecular weight 1.38x106 by gel permeation chromatography. It
was able to be easily purified from the culture medium by acetone. Protein in the
flocculant was tested for the flocculating activity ingredient by heating the
flocculant.
70. Evaluation of a new coprocessed compound based on lactose and maize starch for
tablet formulation
OpenAIRE
Hauschild, Karsten; Picker, Katharina M.
2004-01-01
The development of new direct compression excipients should include a
comprehensive and rapid determination of deformation properties. The aim of this
study was to characterize StarLac, a new coprocessed compound for direct

compression based on lactose and maize starch. For this purpose, the effects of the
base materials (maize starch and spraydried lactose) were considered and the
influence of the spray-drying process was investigated. This was performed by
comparing the physical mixture of ...
71. An Overview of Starch-Based Plastic Blends from Reactive Extrusion
OpenAIRE
Kalambur, Sathya; Rizvi, Syed S. H.
2006-01-01
Abstract The North American market for biodegradable plastics in 2005 was
estimated to be around 60 million pounds (27 kt). Starch-based polymer blends
were expected to account for 30 million pounds (14 kt) with significantly lower
growth rates than other biodegradable polymers such as polyesters. The main hurdle
in the growth of starch-based products is the thermodynamic immiscibility and nonwetting of st...
72. Flocculation of copper(II) and tetracycline from water using a novel pH- and
temperature-responsive flocculants.
Yang, Zhen; Jia, Shuying; Zhuo, Ning; Yang, Weiben; Wang, Yuping
2015-12-01
Insufficient research is available on flocculation of combined pollutants of heavy
metals and antibiotics, which widely exist in livestock wastewaters. Aiming at
solving difficulties in flocculation of this sort of combined pollution, a novel pHand temperature-responsive biomass-based flocculant, carboxymethyl chitosangraft-poly(N-isoproyl acrylamide-co-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (denoted
as CND) with two responsive switches [lower critical solution temperature (LCST)
and isoelectric point (IEP)], was designed and synthesized. Its flocculation
performance at different temperatures and pHs was evaluated using copper(II) and
tetracycline (TC) as model contaminants. CND exhibited high efficiency for
coremoval of both contaminants, whereas two commercial flocculants
(polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide) did not. Especially, flocculation
performance of the dual-responsive flocculant under conditions of
temperature>LCST and IEP(contaminants)<phflocculation mechanism via pH
monitoring, zeta potential measurements, floc properties analyses and spectral
characterization indicated that, pairwise interactions among CND, copper(II) and
TC were present in bridging flocculation, including charge attraction, coordination
and hydrophobic effect. Based on these pairwise interactions, copper(II) and TC

exerted "aid" roles to each other's removal with the existence of CND, and
preferable flocculation performance was thus achieved. PMID:26162528</ph
73. Effects of urea on freeze-thaw stability of starch-based wood adhesive.
Wang, Zhenjiong; Gu, Zhengbiao; Li, Zhaofeng; Hong, Yan; Cheng, Li
2013-06-01
Urea was used to improve the freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of a renewable starchbased wood adhesive (SWA). The improved stability was supported by the
enhanced viscosity stability and bonding performance stability after repeated F/T
cycling. The results of dynamic time sweep experiments, differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) showed that the
improved stability can be due to the ability of urea to inhibit the retrogradation of
starch molecules in the starch-based wood adhesive system. Urea can be used as an
effective additive for improving storage properties of starch-based wood adhesive in
low temperature environment. Approximately 15% (w/w) urea was the determined
optimal dosage. PMID:23618285
74. Preparation and characterization of slow-release fertilizer encapsulated by starchbased superabsorbent polymer.
Qiao, Dongling; Liu, Hongsheng; Yu, Long; Bao, Xianyang; Simon, George P;
Petinakis, Eustathios; Chen, Ling
2016-08-20
To enhance the effectiveness of fertilizers, a novel double-coated slow-release
fertilizer was developed using ethyl cellulose (EC) as inner coating and starch-based
superabsorbent polymer (starch-SAP) as outer coating. For starch-SAPs synthesized
by a twin-roll mixer using starches from three botanical origins, a reduced grid size
and an increased fractal gel size on nano-scale (i.e., increased stretch of 3D
network) contributed to increasing the water absorbing capacity with a reduced
absorbing rate and thus improving the slow-release property of fertilizer. The
fertilizer particles coated with starch-SAP displayed well slow-release behaviors. In
soil, compared to urea particles without and with EC coating, the particles further
coated with starch-SAP showed reduced nitrogen release rate, and in particular,
those with potato starch-SAP coating exhibited a steady release behavior for a
period longer than 96h. Therefore, this work has demonstrated the potential of this
new slow-release fertilizer system for improving the effectiveness of fertilizers.

PMID:27178919
75. Amylose Rich Starch as an Aqueous Based Pharmaceutical Coating Material Review
H. Dureja
2011-01-01
Full Text Available Until about 1950, sugar was the first choice as coating agent for
pharmaceutical preparations. As the tablets coating technique was changed from
sugar coating to film coating, a number of polymers like Methyl Cellulose (MC,
Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC and Ethyl Cellulose (EC become the
main coating materials in place of sugar. As for as aqueous coating materials are
concerned, Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (Sod. CMC, Polyvinyl Acetate (PA,
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP, Sodium Alginate, Poly Ethyl Glycol and HPMC etc.
are used either alone or in combination. Starch, especially amylose rich starch is
known to have good film forming property. Therefore amylose rich starch is now-adays used as aqueous based coating materials for pharmaceutical coating. It is
successfully used for coating in combination with sorbitol and glycerol as
plasticizer. A nine months study on prepared films justifies the stability of amylose
rich starch. Both the dispersion and solution of amylose rich starch are used for
coating purpose. The amylose rich starch composition for this is 70% amylose and
30% amylopectin. Aging problems are overcome by proper type and proper
concentration of plasticizer. The coating with amylose rich starch provides safety,
economic and ecological benefits.
76. Thermal Behavior of Tacca leontopetaloides Starch-Based Biopolymer
Nurul Shuhada Mohd Makhtar
2013-01-01
Full Text Available Starch is used whenever there is a need for natural elastic
properties combined with low cost of production. However, the hydrophilic
properties in structural starch will decrease the thermal performance of formulated
starch polymer. Therefore, the effect of glycerol, palm olein, and crude palm oil
(CPO, as plasticizers, on the thermal behavior of Tacca leontopetaloides starch
incorporated with natural rubber in biopolymer production was investigated in this
paper. Four different formulations were performed and represented by TPE1, TPE2,
TPE3, and TPE4. The compositions were produced by using two-roll mill
compounding. The sheets obtained were cut into small sizes prior to thermal testing.
The addition of glycerol shows higher enthalpy of diffusion in which made the
material easily can be degraded, leaving to an amount of 6.6% of residue. Blending
of CPO with starch (TPE3 had a higher thermal resistance towards high temperature
up to 310C and the thermal behavior of TPE2 only gave a moderate performance
compared with other TPEs.
77. In vitro assessment of the enzymatic degradation of several starch based
biomaterials
OpenAIRE
Azevedo, Helena S.; Gama, F. M.; Reis, R. L.
2003-01-01
The susceptibility of starch-based biomaterials to enzymatic degradation by
amylolytic enzymes (glucoamylase and -amylase) was investigated by means of
incubating the materials with a buffer solution, containing enzymes at different
concentrations and combinations, at 37 C for 6 weeks. Two polymeric blends of
corn starch with poly(ethylene-vinyl alcohol) copolymer and poly(caprolactone), designated by SEVA-C and SPCL, respectively, were studied. The
material degradation was ch...
78. Sensory evaluation of aromatic foods packed in developed starch based films using
fuzzy logic
OpenAIRE
Tanima Chowdhury; Madhusweta Das
2015-01-01
The last two decades have seen attempts to replace non biodegradable, synthetic
food packaging films with alternatives made from biopolymers. The objective of the
present work was to evaluate sensory quality of tea leaf and culinary tastemaker
powder when sealed in pouches based on starch films.Films were developed from
corn starch and a functional polysaccharide (FP) from amylose (AM),
methylcellulose (MC), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), using a casting
technique. Pouches were stor...
79. The Electrical Behaviour of Starch-based Polymer Electrolytes
A.S.A; Khiar; A.Muda; A.K.Arof
2007-01-01
1 Results Starch is a well-known,versatile,and inexpensive agricultural material
used for a variety of industrial applications.In addition to being a major food item,it
is currently used industrially as coatings and sizing in paper,textiles and carpets,as
binders and adhesives,as absorbants,and as encapsulants[1].Starch is composed of
repeating 1,4--D glucopyranosyl units: amylose and amylopectin[2].Due to its
good mechanical properties,film forming ability as well as electrical
conductivity[3],it offe...
80. Stokes vector based polarization resolved second harmonic microscopy of starch
granules.
Mazumder, Nirmal; Qiu, Jianjun; Foreman, Matthew R; Romero, Carlos Macas;
Trk, Peter; Kao, Fu-Jen
2013-04-01
We report on the measurement and analysis of the polarization state of second
harmonic signals generated by starch granules, using a four-channel photon
counting based Stokes-polarimeter. Various polarization parameters, such as the
degree of polarization (DOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), the degree
of circular polarization (DOCP), and anisotropy are extracted from the 2D second
harmonic Stokes images of starch granules. The concentric shell structure of a
starch granule forms a natural photonic crystal structure. By integration over all the
solid angle, it will allow very similar SHG quantum efficiency regardless of the
angle or the states of incident polarization. Given type I phase matching and the
concentric shell structure of a starch granule, one can easily infer the polarization
states of the input beam from the resulting SH micrograph. PMID:23577289
81. The surface defects of some composites based on starch

Coserea, R. M.; Pop, F.; Dimonie, D.; Duncianu, C.; Kelnar, Ivan; Zaharia, C.
Santiago de Chile : University of Chile, 2009. s. 168. ISBN 978-956-332-062-6.
[International Conference on Frontiers of Polymers and Advanced Materials /10./.
28.09.2009-02.10.2009, Santiago de Chile] Institutional research plan:
CEZ:AV0Z40500505 Keywords : composites * starch * surface defects Subject
RIV: CD - Macromolecular Chemistry
82. Sodium Bentonite-Based Fire Retardant Coatings Containing Starch
Sodium bentonite (SB) gel and foam coatings were tested for their ability to
suppress the rate of heat increase at the surface of commercial lap siding. Starch
was added to some treatments to determine whether it stabilized the coating and
prevented vertical slumping. A commercial fire protection ge...
83. Assessment of starch-based wood adhesive quality by confocal Raman microscopic
detection of reaction homogeneity.
Wang, Panjun; Cheng, Li; Gu, Zhengbiao; Li, Zhaofeng; Hong, Yan
2015-10-20
Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) was used to detect the reaction homogeneity
of vinyl acetate grafted on starch granules and help to assess the quality of high
solid content starch-based wood adhesive (HSSWA). Primarily, four experimental
starch samples were investigated, and by analysis of band area ratio
(carbonyl/carbohydrate) of each granule, information about reaction homogeneity
was collected. The results showed that reaction extent and homogeneity were
inconsistent for samples with different G values, and the distribution of ester groups
on blend samples was much less uniform than grafted starch samples with the same
G value, confirming that CRM was useful for determining the homogeneity of
chemical modification. Afterwards, the technique was applied to research HSSWA
prepared by two-stage seeded polymerization and traditional process. The
distribution of ester groups was more uniform among starch granules prepared by
former method, resulted in adhesive with much better performance, indicating that
uniformity of polymerization was an important factor related to properties of starchbased wood adhesive. PMID:26256162
84. Gamma irradiation effect on mechanical and barrier properties of foamed articles
based on cassava starch
Naime, Natalia; Ponce, Patricia; Lugao, Ademar B., E-mail: nnaime@usp.b
[Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Sao Paulo, SP
(Brazil)
2009-07-01
With the increasing environmental concern, replacing the traditional nonbiodegradable synthetic materials for biodegradable products is the challenge for
many researchers and companies. Starch is considered one of the most promising
natural polymers for packaging application because of its renewability,
biodegradability and low cost. However, there are some limitations in developing
starch-based products due to its poor mechanical properties and high moisture
sensitivity. These properties can change when subjected to any process of
sterilization, especially by gamma radiation. This work aims to study the
mechanical and barrier properties of cassava starch in front of gamma radiation, for
cobalt-60 ({sup 60}C0), when subjected to doses of 3 kGy, 6 kGy, 12 kGy and 25
kGy for the development of packaging, and then it compares the results to those of
conventional packaging, as the expanded polystyrene (styrofoam) and paper cards.
The starch foams (packaging) were obtained by thermopressing process. After
baking, the foams were conditioned for one month at 23 deg C and 60% relative
humidity (RH) before mechanical and barrier testing. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 300)
was selected as plasticizer. The packaging in which the cassava starch was subjected
to irradiation had higher resistance to compression and higher flexibility compared
to that in which the starch had not been irradiated. The expanded polystyrene and
paper card packages are less resistant to compression than the cassava starch
packages. The styrofoam is more flexible than the paper cards, which in turn is
more flexible than packages of starch. After irradiation, the barrier properties of the
foams were improved. (author)
85. Gamma irradiation effect on mechanical and barrier properties of foamed articles
based on cassava starch
With the increasing environmental concern, replacing the traditional nonbiodegradable synthetic materials for biodegradable products is the challenge for
many researchers and companies. Starch is considered one of the most promising
natural polymers for packaging application because of its renewability,
biodegradability and low cost. However, there are some limitations in developing
starch-based products due to its poor mechanical properties and high moisture
sensitivity. These properties can change when subjected to any process of
sterilization, especially by gamma radiation. This work aims to study the
mechanical and barrier properties of cassava starch in front of gamma radiation, for
cobalt-60 (60C0), when subjected to doses of 3 kGy, 6 kGy, 12 kGy and 25 kGy for
the development of packaging, and then it compares the results to those of
conventional packaging, as the expanded polystyrene (styrofoam) and paper cards.
The starch foams (packaging) were obtained by thermopressing process. After
baking, the foams were conditioned for one month at 23 deg C and 60% relative
humidity (RH) before mechanical and barrier testing. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 300)
was selected as plasticizer. The packaging in which the cassava starch was subjected
to irradiation had higher resistance to compression and higher flexibility compared
to that in which the starch had not been irradiated. The expanded polystyrene and
paper card packages are less resistant to compression than the cassava starch
packages. The styrofoam is more flexible than the paper cards, which in turn is
more flexible than packages of starch. After irradiation, the barrier properties of the
foams were improved. (author)
86. Screening of flocculant-producing microorganisms and flocculating activity
CHENG Jin-ping; ZHANG Lan-ying; WANG Wen-hua; YANG Yi-chen; ZHENG
Min; JU Su-wei
2004-01-01
A strain saccharomycete STSM-1 with high flocculanting activity was isolated from
activated sludge with conventional methods. The high production rate and the low
cost STSM-1 medium was obtained by selecting different kinds of media, carbon
source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt ion. The best flocculant- producing
conditions were found by changing medium initial pH, culture temperature and
ventilation flow. The best flocculating effect was obtained by changing positive ion
types, density and concentration of flocculant.
87. Influence of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose addition and homogenization conditions
on properties and ageing of corn starch based films.
Jimnez, Alberto; Fabra, Mara Jos; Talens, Pau; Chiralt, Amparo
2012-06-20
Edible films based on corn starch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and
their mixtures were prepared by using two different procedures to homogenize the
film forming dispersions (rotor-stator and rotor-stator plus microfluidizer). The
influence of both HPMC-starch ratio and the homogenization method on the
structural, optical, tensile and barrier properties of the films was analysed. The
ageing of the films was also studied by characterizing them after 5 weeks' storage.
Starch re-crystallization in newly prepared and stored films was analysed by means
of X-ray diffraction. HPMC-corn starch films showed phase separation of polymers,
which was enhanced when microfluidization was applied to the film forming
dispersion. Nevertheless, HPMC addition inhibited starch re-crystallization during
storage, giving rise to more flexible films at the end of the period. Water barrier
properties of starch films were hardly affected by the addition of HPMC, although
oxygen permeability increased due to its poorer oxygen barrier properties.
PMID:24750773
88. One-step green synthesis of non-hazardous dicarboxyl cellulose flocculant and its
flocculation activity evaluation
Zhu, Hangcheng; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Xiaogang; Liu, Hongyi [The Key Laboratory
of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,
Hangzhou 310018 (China); Shao, Lan [Technique Center, Hangzhou Xinhua Group
Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310011 (China); Zhang, Xiumei [The Key Laboratory of
Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of
Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,
Hangzhou 310018 (China); Yao, Juming, E-mail: yaoj@zstu.edu.cn [The Key
Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of
Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech
University, Hangzhou 310018 (China)
2015-10-15
The waste management of used flocculants is a thorny issue in the field of
wastewater treatment. To natural cellulose based flocculants, utilization of
hazardous cellulose solvent and simplification of synthetic procedure are the two
urgent problems needing to be further improved. In this work, a series of natural
dicarboxyl cellulose flocculants (DCCs) were one-step synthesized via Schiff-base
route. The cellulose solvent (NaOH/Urea solution) was utilized during the synthesis
process. The full-biodegradable flocculants avoid causing secondary pollution to
environment. The chemical structure and solution property of the DCC products
were characterized by FT-IR, {sup 1}H NMR, {sup 13}C NMR, TGA, FESEM,
charge density and -potential. Kaolin suspension and effluent from paper mill
were selected to evaluate the flocculation activity of the DCCs. Their flocculation
performance was compared with that of commercial cationic polyacrylamide and
poly aluminium chloride flocculants. The positive results showed that the
NaOH/Urea solvent effectively promoted the dialdehyde cellulose (DAC)
conversion to DCC in the one-step synthesis reaction. The DCCs with the
carboxylate content more than 1 mmol/g exhibited steady flocculation performance
to kaolin suspension in the broad pH range from 4 to 10. Its flocculation capacity to
the effluent from paper mill also showed excellent.
flocculation activity evaluation
were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA, FESEM, charge density
and -potential. Kaolin suspension and effluent from paper mill were selected to
evaluate the flocculation activity of the DCCs. Their flocculation performance was
compared with that of commercial cationic polyacrylamide and poly aluminium
chloride flocculants. The positive results showed that the NaOH/Urea solvent
effectively promoted the dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) conversion to DCC in the onestep synthesis reaction. The DCCs with the carboxylate content more than 1 mmol/g
exhibited steady flocculation performance to kaolin suspension in the broad pH
range from 4 to 10. Its flocculation capacity to the effluent from paper mill also
showed excellent
flocculation activity evaluation.
Zhu, Hangcheng; Zhang, Yong; Yang, Xiaogang; Liu, Hongyi; Shao, Lan; Zhang,
Xiumei; Yao, Juming
2015-10-15

were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, TGA, FESEM, charge
density and -potential. Kaolin suspension and effluent from paper mill were
selected to evaluate the flocculation activity of the DCCs. Their flocculation
performance was compared with that of commercial cationic polyacrylamide and
poly aluminium chloride flocculants. The positive results showed that the
NaOH/Urea solvent effectively promoted the dialdehyde cellulose (DAC)
conversion to DCC in the one-step synthesis reaction. The DCCs with the
carboxylate content more than 1 mmol/g exhibited steady flocculation performance
to kaolin suspension in the broad pH range from 4 to 10. Its flocculation capacity to
the effluent from paper mill also showed excellent. PMID:25897798
91. Mechanical properties of green composites based on thermoplastic starch
Fornes, F.; Snchez-Ncher, L.; Fenollar, O.; Boronat, T.; Garcia-Sanoguera, D.
2010-06-01
The present work is focused on study of "green composites" elaborated from
thermoplastic starch (TPS) as polymer matrix and a fiber from natural origin (rush)
as reinforced fiber. The effect of the fiber content has been studied by means of the
mechanical properties. The composite resulting presents a lack of interaction
between matrix and fiber that represents a performance decrease. However the
biodegradability behavior of the resulting composite raise this composite as useful
an industrial level.
92. Fibre Flocculation in Papermaking
Kerekes, R. J.
1998-11-01
Pulp fibres flocculate into aggregates which paper a characteristic non-uniformity

on a scale of several millimetres. This non-uniformity, visible in transmitted light,
diminishes the physical and optical properties of paper. Consequently, minimization
of fibre flocculation has been an objective of papermaking ever since the process
was invented. It was established over 50 years ago that mechanical rather than
colloidal forces governed fibre flocculation in the shear flows used in papermaking.
However, the process by which individual flocs form and the conditions required for
their creation have only recently been investigated in detail. This paper will review
recent research on this topic at the University of British Columbia. The paper will
focus on the formation and properties of coherent flocs, the importance of the
Crowding Number in defining the level of interfibre contact necessary for floc
creation, the role of hydrodynamic and inter-fibre forces in producing flocs, and the
structure and strength of fibre flocs.
93. Magnetic flocculation and filtration
Yiacoumi, Sotira; Chin, Ching-Ju; Yin, Tung-Yu [Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta,
GA (United States). School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Tsouris, C.,
DePaoli, D.W.; Chattin, M.R.; Spurrier, M. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United
States)
1996-10-01
A model is available in predicting flocculation frequencies between particles of
various properties under the influence of a magnetic field. This model provides a
basic understanding of fundamental phenomena, such as particle-particle and
particle-collector interactions, occurring in HGMF (high gradient magnetic field),
and will be extended to describe experimental data of particle flocculation and
filtration and predict the performance of high- gradient magnetic filters. It is also
expected that this model will eventually lead to a tool for design and optimization of
magnetic filters for environmental, metallurgical, biochemical, and other
applications.
94. Thermal Characterization of Modified Tacca Leontopetaloides Starch and Natural
Rubber Based Thermoplastic Elastomer
The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of Tacca leontopetaloides starch
as bio-based thermoplastic elastomers, TPEs. Starch based polymer had been
recognized to have highly potential in replace existing source of conventional
elastomeric polymer. The modification process of blending starch with natural
rubber, plasticizers, additives, and filler contribute to the enhancement and

improvement for the properties of starch in order to produce biopolymers by
approaching the properties of TPEs. Thermal properties of starch based
thermoplastic was studied to evaluate the decomposition and degradation of the
samples by using Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA while the properties of
endothermic reactions of the samples were thermally analyzed via Differential
Scanning Calorimetry, DSC. From the analysis, it was found that the thermal
properties of samples were revealed by recognizing GM-2 (green materials, GM)
has high thermal resistance towards high temperature up to 480.06 degree Celsius
with higher amount of residue which is 4.97 mg compared to other samples. This
indicates GM-2 comprises of superior combination of ratio between natural rubbers
and glycerol (plasticizer) in purpose of approaching the properties of Thermoplastic
Elastomers, TPEs. (author)
95. Development of Spectrophotometry Method For Iodide Determination Based on I2Starch Complex Formation with Hypochlorite as oxidator
OpenAIRE
Qurrata Ayun; Hermin Sulistyarti; Atikah Atikah
2015-01-01
Iodine is one of the most important elements for human body. Both, the overage and
the deficiency supply of iodine give negative impact for human health. In this
research, a simple and inexpensive spectrophotometric method is developed is
based on starch-iodine complex formation, where iodide was oxidized with
hypochlorite to form iodine, which then reacted with starch to form a blue starchiodine complex. In this research, the common analytical parameters were optimized
regarding to sensitiv...
96. Physicochemical properties and responses in microcirculation of native tapioca
starch-based plasma expander.
Chatpun, Surapong; Meesane, Jirut; Rujirojindakul, Pairaya
2016-02-01
Plasma expanders (PEs) such as hydroxyethyl strach are widely used for volume
replacement. The plantation and production of tapioca in Thailand is abundant
which may provide a new source for PEs starch with novel properties. This work
investigated the properties and circulatory effects of native tapioca starch-based PE
(TPE). Various formulations of mixture between native tapioca starch and 0.9%
sodium chloride solution were prepared and characterized in order to obtain the
proper physicochemical and rheological properties. About 1% concentration by
weight per volume of TPE was compared with 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in
0.9% sodium chloride (HES130/0.4) using an acute hemodilution by 40% of blood
volume in an animal protocol. TPE had higher turbidity and viscosity but lower
colloid osmotic pressure compared with HES 130/0.4. The in vivo study
demonstrated that Golden Syrian hamsters hemodiluted with TPE maintained a
mean arterial blood pressure and no significant difference compared to HES
130/0.4. The arterial vasodilation and functional capillary density in the animals
hemodiluted with TPE had higher values than in the animals hemodiluted with HES
130/0.4. Although the in vivo study reported positive results using this native
tapioca starch-based PE, the product needs work to improve some of its
physiochemical properties. PMID:25892486
97. Strategies to improve the mechanical properties of starch-based materials:
plasticization and natural fibers reinforcement
A. Lopez-Gil
2014-01-01
Full Text Available Biodegradable polymers are starting to be introduced as raw
materials in the food-packaging market. Nevertheless, their price is very high.
Starch, a fully biodegradable and bioderived polymer is a very interesting
alternative due to its very low price. However, the use of starch as the polymer
matrix for the production of rigid food packaging, such as trays, is limited due to its
poor mechanical properties, high hidrophilicity and high density. This work presents
two strategies to overcome the poor mechanical properties of starch. First, the
plasticization of starch with several amounts of glycerol to produce thermoplastic
starch (TPS and second, the production of biocomposites by reinforcing TPS with
promising fibers, such as barley straw and grape waste. The mechanical properties
obtained are compared with the values predicted by models used in the field of
composites; law of mixtures, Kerner-Nielsen and Halpin-Tsai. To evaluate if the
materials developed are suitable for the production of food-packaging trays, the
TPS-based materials with better mechanical properties were compared with
commercial grades of oil-based polymers, polypropylene (PP and polyethyleneterphthalate (PET, and a biodegradable polymer, polylactic acid (PLA.
98. Persistence of oral coatings of CMC and starch-based custard desserts
Wijk, de R.A.; Kapper, C.; Borsboom, P.; Prinz, J.F.

2009-01-01
Food coatings that remain after swallowing starch-based or CMC-based custard
desserts were investigated for 19 subjects. Foods were orally processed for 5 s using
a pre-defined protocol, after which the food was swallowed. The remaining food
coating was assessed sensorially as well as instrumentally
99. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MODIFIED STARCH-BASED
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS EINFORCED WITH PULP FIBER
Lingfang Ji; Shucai Li
2004-01-01
Native com starch and hydroxypropyl starch (HPS)based plastic films were
prepared using the short pulp fiber as reinforcement and the glycerol as the
plasticizer. The results of tensile test showed that the tensile strength and the
elongation at break increased with the pulp contents. With the glycerol contents,the
elongation at break increased considerably, but the tensile strength decreased. The
water uptake of the films decreased with the pulp contents and hydroxypropylation,
but increased with the glycerol contents. So it is concluded that the films was
reinforced by pulp fiber and hydroxypropylation.
100.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MODIFIED STARCHBASED BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS REINFORCED WITH PULP FIBER
LingfangJi; ShucaiLi
2004-01-01
Native corn starch and hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) based plastic films were
prepared using the short pulp fiber as reinforcement and the glycerol as the
plasticizer. The results of tensile test showed that the tensile strength and the
elongation at break increased with the pulp contents. With the glycerol contents, the
elongation at break increased considerably, but the tensile strength decreased. The
water uptake of the films decreased with the pulp contents and hydroxypropylation,
but increased with the glycerol contents. So it is concluded that the films was
reinforced by pulp fiber and hydroxypropylation.
101.
Effects of montmorillonite addition on the performance of starch-based
wood adhesive.
Li, Zhaofeng; Wang, Jian; Li, Caiming; Gu, Zhengbiao; Cheng, Li; Hong, Yan
2015-01-22
Effects of montmorillonite (MMT) addition on the performance of corn starchbased wood adhesive were investigated. It was found that MMT addition could
enhance the shear strength of the starch-based wood adhesive. The shear strength of
the adhesive with 5% (w/w, dry starch basis) MMT reached 10.6 MPa in the dry
state, which was almost twice that of the same adhesive without MMT. Addition of
5% MMT also produced an approximately 1.2-fold increase in the shear strength in
the wet state. Although this addition caused an increase in the viscosity, the
resulting adhesive retained both good mobility and viscosity stability during
storage. MMT also enhanced the shear-thinning and solid-like behaviors of the
adhesive, compared with the adhesive without MMT. Finally, MMT addition
improved the thermal stability of the adhesive. In conclusion, addition of MMT to
starch-based wood adhesives can improve their overall performance, enhancing
their value as alternatives for traditional petrochemical-based wood adhesives.
PMID:25439910
102.
NMR study of starch based polymer gel electrolytes: Humidity effects

In this work, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to study
the effect of water absorption in polymer gel electrolytes formed by amylopectin
rich starch, plasticized with glycerol and containing lithium perchlorate. The
position of the 7Li spin-lattice relaxation rate maximum is shifted progressively
towards lower temperatures with increasing hydration, reflecting an increase of the
lithium mobility. The mechanism responsible for the spin-lattice relaxation of the
7Li nuclei in the gel electrolytes are the fluctuations of the quadrupolar interaction
due to the lithium motions. The 7Li relaxation results of the gel electrolyte hydrated
with 2.2 water per complex unit suggest that the lithium ions are almost decoupled
from the polymer chain and coordinate, hence preferring the water molecules
103.
Recovery of Bacillus sphaericus spores by flocculation/sedimentation and
flotation
OpenAIRE
Christine Lamenha Luna; Carlos Edison Lopes; Giulio Massarani
2005-01-01
The aim of this work was use flocculation/sedimentation and flotation for recovery
of spores of the Bacillus sphaericus. Microorganism was produced batchwise using
culture medium based skimmed milk, corn steep liquor and mineral salts. The best
results of flocculation were obtained using CaCl2.2H2O, FeCl3.6H2O, Al2(SO4)3
and tannin as flocculating agents, with optimal flocculation concentrations of 1,500,
3,000, 2,000 and 1,700ppm, respectively. Flocculent suspensions were characterized
based...
104.
The enzymatic determination of starch in food, feed and raw materials of the
starch industry
Brunt, K.; Sanders, P.; Rozema, T.
1998-01-01
An enzymatic starch determination which can be used for the analysis of starch in a
very broad range of different samples is evaluated, ranging from starch in plants,
feed and food to industrial applications as starch in starch. The method is based on a
complete enzymatic conversion of the starch in
105.
Physical Cross-Linking Starch-Based Zwitterionic Hydrogel Exhibiting
Excellent Biocompatibility, Protein Resistance, and Biodegradability.
Ye, Lei; Zhang, Yabin; Wang, Qiangsong; Zhou, Xin; Yang, Boguang; Ji, Feng;
Dong, Dianyu; Gao, Lina; Cui, Yuanlu; Yao, Fanglian
2016-06-22
In this work, a novel starch-based zwitterionic copolymer, starch-graftpoly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (ST-g-PSBMA), was synthesized via Atom Transfer
Radical Polymerization. Starch, which formed the main chain, can be degraded
completely in vivo, and the pendent segments of PSBMA endowed the copolymer
with excellent protein resistance properties. This ST-g-PSBMA copolymer could
self-assemble into a physical hydrogel in normal saline, and studies of the formation
mechanism indicated that the generation of the physical hydrogel was driven by
electrostatic interactions between PSBMA segments. The obtained hydrogels were
subjected to detailed analysis by scanning electron microscopy, swelling ratio,
protein resistance, and rheology tests. Toxicity and hemolysis analysis demonstrated
that the ST-g-PSBMA hydrogels possess excellent biocompatibility and
hemocompatibility. Moreover, the cytokine secretion assays (IL-6, TNF-, and
NO) confirmed that ST-g-PSBMA hydrogels had low potential to trigger the
activation of macrophages and were suitable for in vivo biomedical applications. On
the basis of these in vitro results, the ST-g-PSBMA hydrogels were implanted in SD
rats. The tissue responses to hydrogel implantation and the hydrogel degradation in
vivo were determined by histological analysis (Hematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson,
and Masson's Trichrome stains). The results presented in this study demonstrate that
the physical cross-linking, starch-based zwitterionic hydrogels possess excellent
protein resistance, low macrophage-activation properties, and good
biocompatibility, and they are a promising candidate for an in vivo biomedical
application platform. PMID:27249052
106.
Flocculation Dynamics of cohesive sediment
OpenAIRE
Maggi, F.
2005-01-01
Cohesive sediment suspended in natural waters is subject not only to transport and
deposition processes but also to reactions of flocculation, \\textit{i.e.} aggregation
of fine particles, and breakup of aggregates. Although aggregation and breakup
occur at small and very small length scales compared to transport and deposition,
flocculation can effectively have an impact on the large scale as well. Some
phenomena that are correlated to (or find roots in) flocculation reactions are, for
instan...
107.
clay
Performance of polymeric films based thermoplastic starch and organophilic

The aim of this work was the development and investigation of the properties of flat
films of LDPE/corn thermoplastic starch (TPS). A bentonite clay (Argel) was
organophilized and characterized by XRD. This clay (1%) in both pristine and
organophilic forms was added to the matrix (LDPE) and to LDPE/TPS systems with
TPS contents varying from 5-20% w/w. The films manufactured (LDPE,
LDPE/Clay, LDPE/TPS, LDPE/TPS/Clay) were characterized. Results indicate that
water vapor permeability is dependent and increases with TPS content which was
attributed to the higher affinity of water by TPS. TPS and Clay addition to LDPE
led to significant changes in film properties with respect to the neat LDPE. In
general,tensile and perforation forces increased with clay and TPS contents; the
strength of thermo sealed films lowered with natural clay addition and increased
with TPS and organoclay incorporation and, in general, dynamic friction coefficient
decrease with organoclay and TPS addition. Best overall properties were obtained
for the systems containing the organoclay and optimal properties were achieved for
the 5%TPS10 LDPE1% ANO system. (author)
108.
A novel magnetic fluid based on starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles
functionalized with homing peptide
Preparation and characterization in vitro and in vivo of a novel magnetic fluid based
on starch-coated magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with homing peptide is
reported in this paper. Precursory magnetic fluids stabilized with starch were
prepared, in a polymeric starch matrix, by controlled chemical coprecipitation of
magnetite phase from aqueous solutions. The average hydrodynamic diameter of
starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SIONs) was 46 nm. As a homing peptide,
A54 is the most effective peptide specific to the human hepatocellular carcinoma
cell line BEL-7402. Final magnetic fluids were obtained through chemical coupling
of homing peptide labeled with 5-carboxyl-fluorescein (FAM-A54) and SIONs.
Magnetic measurements showed the saturation magnetization value of SIONs
amounted to 45 emu/g and the FAM-A54-coupled SIONs showed a good magnetic
response in magnetic field. The results of experiments in vitro and in vivo showed
that SIONs were endowed with specific affinity to corresponding tumor cells after
coupling with FAM-A54 and the FAM-A54-coupled SIONs could be accumulated
in the tumor tissue with more efficiency than individual magnetic targeting or
biomolecular targeting. This novel magnetic fluid with dual function has great
potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics of human tumor such as drug
targeting, magnetic hyperthermia, and magnetic resonance imaging.
109.
Starch poisoning
Cooking starch poisoning; Laundry starch poisoning ... Cooking and laundry starch
are both made from vegetable products, most commonly: Corn Potatoes Rice Wheat
Both are usually considered nonpoisonous (nontoxic), but ...
110.
Flocculation of heavy petroleum fractions

El Mohamed, S.; Hardouin, F.; Gasparoux, H.
1988-01-01
Evolution of heavy petroleum products emulsions, close to flocculation, is observed
using viscometry. Thresholds for flocculation are determined. A study in terms of
fractals is carried out by light scattering on solutions and picture analysis on the
aggregates involved in the precipitates.
111.
Effective harvesting of the microalgae Chlorella protothecoides via
bioflocculation with cationic starch
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Letelier Gordo, Carlos Octavio; Holdt, Susan Lvstad; De Francisci, Davide;
2014-01-01
In the present work, the flocculation efficiency of cationic starch (Greenfloc 120)
was tested on the fresh water microalga Chlorella protothecoides under different
conditions (pH and flocculant concentrations). Different concentrations of
Greenfloc 120 (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40mgL-1) were screened...
112.
Preparation of a Novel Coal Gangue-Polyacrylamide Hybrid Flocculant and
Its Flocculation Performance
Xiangao Quan; Huiyun Wang
2014-01-01
A novel flocculant based on hybrid coal gangue-polyacrylamide (HCGPAM) has
been prepared by using modified coal gangue and polyacrylamide. Factors related to
the preparation such as reaction time, temperature, concentration of the polymer
monomer and ratio of initiators are investigated. The product is characterized by
infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction
(XRD), aswell as viscometry. The flocculating tests on oilfield drilling wastewater
show that the removal efficiency is 85.5% and the light transmittance is 53.6%. The
results indicate that the coal gangue could be used for the preparation of inorganicorganic hybrid flocculant and the removal efficiency is much higher than that of
commercial polyacrylamide (PAM) or PAM/ coal gangue blend.
113.
Different characteristic effects of ageing on starch-based films plasticised by
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and by glycerol.
Zhang, Binjia; Xie, Fengwei; Zhang, Tianlong; Chen, Ling; Li, Xiaoxi; Truss,
Rowan W; Halley, Peter J; Shamshina, Julia L; McNally, Tony; Rogers, Robin D
2016-08-01
The focus of this study was on the effects of plasticisers (the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium acetate, or [Emim][OAc]; and glycerol) on the changes of
starch structure on multiple length scales, and the variation in properties of
plasticised starch-based films, during ageing. The films were prepared by a simple
melt compression moulding process, followed by storage at different relative
humidity (RH) environments. Compared with glycerol, [Emim][OAc] could result
in greater homogeneity in [Emim][OAc]-plasticised starch-based films (no gel-like
aggregates and less molecular order (crystallites) on the nano-scale). Besides, much
weaker starch-starch interactions but stronger starch-[Emim][OAc] interactions at
the molecular level led to reduced strength and stiffness but increased flexibility of
the films. More importantly, [Emim][OAc] (especially at high content) was revealed
to more effectively maintain the plasticised state during ageing than glycerol: the
densification (especially in the amorphous regions) was suppressed; and the
structural characteristics especially on the nano-scale were stabilised (especially at a
high RH), presumably due to the suppressed starch molecular interactions by
[Emim][OAc] as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Such behaviour contributed to
stabilised mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the crystallinity and thermal stability
of starch-based films with both plasticisers were much less affected by ageing and
moisture uptake during storage (42 days), but mostly depended on the plasticiser
type and content. As starch is a typical semi-crystalline bio-polymer containing
abundant hydroxyl groups and strong hydrogen bonding, the findings here could
also be significant in creating materials from other similar biopolymers with tailored
sensitivity and properties to the environment. PMID:27112852
114.
Progress in the production of bioethanol on starch-based feedstocks
OpenAIRE
Dragia Savi; Maja Vukainovi; Svetlana Nikoli; Jelena Pejin; Marica
Rakin; Sinia Markov; Duanka Pejin; Ljiljana Mojovi; Olgica Gruji
2009-01-01
Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as sugar, starch, or
lignocellulosic materials, is one of the alternative energy resources, which is both
renewable and environmentally friendly. Although, the priority in global future
ethanol production is put on lignocellulosic processing, which is considered as one
of the most promising second-generation biofuel technologies, the utilizetion of
lignocellulosic material for fuel ethanol is still under improvement. Sugar- based
(molasses, sug...
115.
Surface modification tailors the characteristics of biomimetic coatings
nucleated on starch-based polymers
OpenAIRE
de Oliveira, A. L.; Elvira, C.; Vsquez, Blanca; J. San Romn; Reis, R. L.
1999-01-01
This work describes the influence of surface pretreatments over the nucleation and
growth of an apatite layer, formed by a biomimetic process, on which a bioactive
glass is used as a precursor of the calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) formation on the
materials surface. SEVA-C, a corn starch-based biodegradable blend, was used as
substrate. The surfaces were pretreated during various periods by: (i) physical
methods, namely ultraviolet radiation (u.v.), and over exposure to ethylene oxide
sterilization...
116.
New starch-based thermoplastic hydrogels for use as bone cements or drugdelivery carriers
OpenAIRE
C.S. Pereira; Vsquez, Blanca; A.M. Cunha; Reis, R.L.; San Romn, J.
1998-01-01
The development of new biodegradable hydrogels, based on corn starch/cellulose
acetate blends, produced by free-radical polymerization with methyl methacrylate
monomer (MMA) and/or an acrylic acid monomer (AA), is reported. The
polymerization was initiated by a redox system consisting of a benzoyl peroxide and
4-dimethlyaminobenzyl alcohol at low temperature. These hydrogels may constitute
an alternative to the materials currently used as bone cements or drug-delivery
carriers. Swelling studi...
117.
Progress in the production of bioethanol on starch-based feedstocks

Dragia Savi
2009-10-01
Full Text Available Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as sugar,
starch, or lignocellulosic materials, is one of the alternative energy resources, which
is both renewable and environmentally friendly. Although, the priority in global
future ethanol production is put on lignocellulosic processing, which is considered
as one of the most promising second-generation biofuel technologies, the utilizetion
of lignocellulosic material for fuel ethanol is still under improvement. Sugar- based
(molasses, sugar cane, sugar beet and starch-based (corn, wheat, triticale, potato,
rice, etc. feedstock are still currently predominant at the industrial level and they
are, so far, economically favorable compared to lingocelluloses. Currently, approx.
80 % of total world ethanol production is obtained from the fermentation of simple
sugars by yeast. In Serbia, one of the most suitable and available agricultural raw
material for the industrial ethanol production are cereals such as corn, wheat and
triticale. In addition, surpluses of this feedstock are being produced in our country
constantly. In this paper, a brief review of the state of the art in bioethanol
production and biomass availability is given, pointing out the progress possibilities
on starch-based production. The progress possibilities are discussed in the domain
of feedstock choice and pretreatment, optimization of fermentation, process
integration and utilization of the process byproducts.
118.
Removal of both cationic and anionic contaminants by amphoteric starch.

Peng, Huanlong; Zhong, Songxiong; Lin, Qintie; Yao, Xiaosheng; Liang, Zhuoying;
Yang, Muqun; Yin, Guangcai; Liu, Qianjun; He, Hongfei
2016-03-15
A novel amphoteric starch incorporating quaternary ammonium and phosphate
groups was applied to investigate the efficiency and mechanism of cationic and
anionic contaminant treatment. Its flocculation abilities for kaolin suspension and
copper-containing wastewater were evaluated by turbidity reduction and copper
removal efficiency, respectively. And the kinetics of formation, breakage and
subsequent re-formation of aggregates were monitored using a Photometric
Dispersion Analyzer (PDA) and characterized by flocculation index (FI). The
results showed that amphoteric starch possessed the advantages of being lowerdosages-consuming and being stronger in shear resistance than cationic starch, and
exhibited a good flocculation efficiency over a wide pH range from 3.0 to 11.0.
PMID:26794754
119.
Highly porous and interconnected starch-based scaffolds: Production,
characterization and surface modification
A convenient and straightforward process for preparation of highly porous and
interconnected fiber mesh scaffolds with 50 wt.% content of starch is described. The
proposed methodology avoids some of the previous encountered problems
associated with the processing of starch-based materials such as thermal
degradation, starch entrapment in the material bulk and inability to control/minimise
the thickness of the fibers obtained by melt spinning, or low porosity and lack of
interconnectivity for the scaffolds obtained by extrusion or injection moulding with
blowing agent. Topographical characterisation of the obtained fibers revealed rough
surface commonly related with increased cell attachment and growth. The in vitro
tests with osteoblast cell line confirmed this trend and we observed higher cell
number with increasing of the culture time. These results were also associated with
protein adsorption from a complex solution where predominant adsorption of
vitronectin over fibronectin was detected. Finally, a model modification by plasma
was also carried out in order to confirm the versatility of these scaffolds by the
possibility to further upgrade them via surface functionalisation. The in vitro tests
confirmed that osteoblast-like cells proliferate faster on the modified scaffolds,
which allows shortening the time needed for culturing prior to implantation.
120.
Thermal behavior of water in the selected starch- and cellulose-based
polymeric hydrogels.
Faroongsarng, Damrongsak; Sukonrat, Patchara
2008-03-20
In a polymer-water matrix, freezable water is depressed due to either porosity
confinement or interaction. The aim of the study was to examine water
crystallization/melting depression by sub-ambient differential scanning calorimetry.
The selected starch- and cellulose-based polymers including pre-gelatinized starch
(PS), sodium alginate, sodium starch glycolate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose
(HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and croscarmellose sodium were
employed. The pre-treated with ambient humidity (85-100% relative humidity, at
30.0+/-0.2 degrees C for 10 days) and with excess water (hydrogels) samples were
subjected to between 25 and -150 degrees C cooling-heating cycle at 5.00 degrees
C/min rate. The volume fractions of hydrogels were measured by light scattering
technique. It was observed that all polymers but PS and HPMC with ambient
humidity presented freezable water in two distinct fractions namely bound water
where crystallizing/melting temperature was depressed and bulk water. The water
transition in samples with various contents exhibited the pattern as a polymer
solution, thus rather than confinement, the depression was due to interaction. The
volume fraction-melting temperature data derived from endotherms of hydrogels

were successfully fitted to Flory's model (r(2): 0.934-0.999). The Flory's interaction
parameters (chi(1)) were found to vary between 0.520 and 0.847. In addition, the
smaller the value of chi(1), the larger melting was depressed, i.e., stronger affinity
for water. PMID:18061379
Smart flocculant with temperature and pH response derived from starch

Yu Wang,a Yuling Shi,*ab Mengyao Xu,a Liang Wu,a Xin Jia,a Tingting Wei,a
Shufen Zhangc and Xuhong Guo*ab
Show Affiliations
RSC Adv., 2016,6, 44383-44391
DOI: 10.1039/C6RA04060H
Received 14 Feb 2016, Accepted 26 Apr 2016
First published online 27 Apr 2016
Abstract
Temperature and pH responsive starches (TPRS) were prepared by etherification of starch
with varying degrees of substitution with butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and 2,4bis(dimethylamino)-6-chloro-[1,3,5]-triazine (BDAT). Their structure was confirmed by
FTIR spectroscopy and their substitution degrees by both BGE and BDAT were determined
by means of 1H NMR and elemental analysis. TPRS were demonstrated to be effective
flocculants for anionic dye Avitera Red SE with the maximum color removal of 100% and a
saturated flocculation capacity of 882 mg g1. Adjustments in the temperature and pH
induced phase transitions that facilitated easy regeneration and subsequent separation of the
flocculant from the dye contaminant. The obtained starch flocculants with temperature and
pH dual response can be readily recycled from the solution, and then reused many times
while retaining high flocculation capacity, promising significant potential in real dye
recovery from wastewater.

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Potential use of rice starch in coagulationflocculation

process of agro-industrial wastewater: Treatment

Chee Yang Teha,

Joon Ching Juanb

Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash

Received 14 September 2013, Revised 30 May 2014, Accepted 12 July

Palm oil mill effluent (POME);

Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes An

Universit de Franche-Comt, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR

Water Res. 2016 Jul 1;98:128-37. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.009. Epub 2016

Preparation of dual-function starch-based flocculants

Dual-functionality; Flocculation and antibacterial mechanisms; Inhibition of Escherichia

Influence of starch on microalgal biomass recovery,

GEMMA Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of

High rate algal pond;

Flocculation/sterilization dual-function starch-based water treatment agents

Potential use of rice starch in coagulationflocculation

Corn starch-based treatment improves rainwater

First received 13 March 2015.

Accepted in revised form 19 June 2015.

IWA Publishing 2015

PRE-FLOCCULATION OF PRECIPITATED CALCIUM

Recent developments of metal oxide semiconductors as photocatalysts

Chee Yang Teh,

Samuel Hong Shen Chan,

Joon Ching Juan

Investigation into photocatalytic decolorization of CI Reactive Black 5

The photocatalytic decolorisation of CI Reactive Black 5 using titanium dioxide

Chee Yang Teh,

Fiona Chai Foong Low,

Joon Ching Juan,

Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation

fundamentals of ultrasound technology and the state of the art developments in

Chee Yang Teh,

Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay,

Optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment using unmodified

addition of unmodified rice starch to alum also resulted in 33.8% reduction of

Chee Yang Teh,

Joon Ching Juan

Chee Yang Teh,

Joon Ching Juan

The Potential Use of Natural Coagulants and Flocculants in the

Chemical Engineering Transactions

Chee Yang Teh,

Optimized growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 using response

This study presents optimization of growth parameters (temperature, pH,

Chee Yang Teh,

Jacqueline Xiao Wen Hay,

Facile sonochemical synthesis of N,Cl-codoped TiO2: Synthesis effects,

Chee Yang Teh,

Joon Ching Juan

1. Polymeric flocculant based on cassava starch grafted

were evaluated in terms of transmittance, removal of organic contaminant and solid

micro-flotation. Furthermore, the interaction of corn starch with pyrite was

characterized by several approaches including scanning electron microscope (SEM),

prepared successfully.The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA

13. Synthesis, characterization, and secondary sludge dewatering performance of a

desired in the sludge dewatering field. In this study, a novel combined

process. Detailed analysis clearly illuminated the differences and relationship

21. A REVIEW ON BIODEGRADABLE STARCH BASED FILM

29. Antimicrobial nanostructured starch based films for packaging

latest developments are discussed. Additionally, an overview of starch based

developed by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) with acrylic acid (AAc)

Prague : Czech Chemical Society, 2014 - (pkov, R.; opkov, J.;