 Objectives:

Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the
use of a medium in which the communication information is understood by both sender and receiver.

 The two basic types of communication are:

1. Verbal communication: takes the form of speech and/or writing.

- Spoken communication:
Ex: meeting, discussion, interview, talking on phone, etc
- Written communication:
Ex: letters, reports, newsletters, e-mail, etc
2. Nonverbal communication: takes the form of sending and receiving the wordless
message.
Ex: gesture, body language, facial expression, eye contact, etc

 Communication process:

Communication process describes the phases through which message are transmitted from
sender to receiver and from receiver to sender in form of feedback or reaction.
There are two phases:
- Transmission phase: when the message is sent from sender to receiver.
- Feedback phase: when receiver gives feedback or reaction to sender.
Communication Network: are the systems of sending message from sender to receiver.
1. Vertical! Communication: From Bottom to Top
Ex: Office needs to discuss with his manager about his working.
2. Horizontal communication: From side to side: it takes place when people at the same
hierarchies want to share or exchange ideas or opinions.
Ex: worker to worker.
3. Cross-lined communication: when people from different hierarchies and
establishments communication.
Ex: school Director of University X invites teachers from University Y to
share experience about training tools. At the same time, School Director
of University X also ask for agreement from school Director of
University Y.
Content of your communication:
The sender should have clear objective when communicating.
Facilitate the understanding of your message:

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- Plan, organize, and structure your communication (Introduction, body, and
conciusion).
- Kiss: Keep it simple and shout
- Avoid using too many jargons or too long and complex sentences,
- Make sure that the information is not too long and not short (lack of
information)
- Make sure that the receiver understands what you are saying:
You spend more time on complicated points and use more than one way to
explain,

You can ask you listeners if they see your points,

You can repeat or debrief what have been said at the end of talk.
Choose the appropriate form of communication:
- Verbal and nonverbal communication: depend on the message you want to
convery.
- Oral or written communication: think of the most effective medium.
Be flexible:
- Make sure that the words and attitude used fits with the receiver status or
position.
- Choose appropriate time for your talk.
Develop your speaking skills:
- Do not speak too fast or too slow,
- Be careful with the volume of your voice (do not shout, and do not murmur).
Use nonverbal communication to improve your oral communication:
- Keep eye-contact to the whole audience,
- Smile to the audience,
- Be careful with your posture:
- Sit or stand erectly,
- If you sit, do not sit with cross legs,
- Avoid putting your hand (s) in your pocket, cross your arms or put your
hands behind you back.
- Dress appropriately,
- Avoid moving too much, because it can make the audience feel dizzy or
bored,
- Be polite.

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