Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Indonesia, 2014
Asst. Chief of Police Ivar Husby
Detective Superintendent Ivar Fahsing
Detective Superintendent Asbjrn Rachlew
22/07-2011
OSLO, NORWAY
22/07-2011
OSLO, NORWAY
22/07-2011
9 + 68
UTYA,
NORWAY
OSLO, NORWAY
22/07-2011
UTYA,
NORWAY
OSLO, NORWAY
What you have seen here today is just the beginning. This is
not the operation. It is only firecrackers compared to what
will happen..Cell two and three will activate in near future
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
CIA 1963
UK 2006
US SCIENCE 2009
SOUFAN 2010
SEMEL 2013
US CONST. 2013
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
This study empirically supports, for the first time, the hypothesis
that experienced interrogators favor Rapport-building approaches
over all other available techniques.
Semel 2013 p. 39
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
As we warned when the techniques were being introduced, not only are
they unreliable, ineffective, and they also ignore our long-term goals
and make prosecution unlikely.
Soufan 2011 s. 469
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Our values
23/07-2011
Our values
Our values
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Our values
Our values
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
10
- 1992 -
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
11
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
Security perspective
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
Historic perspective
1.
2.
3.
4.
Security perspective
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
Historic perspective
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Security perspective
Legal perspective
Victim perspective
Historic perspective
Indonesia 2014
13
PROJECTS:
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
14
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
- Physical preparations
- Case related preparations
- Mental preparations
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Presentation
Information
Empathy
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
15
Introduction
Open questions
Active listening
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Introduction
Open questions
Active listening
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Tactics / disclosure
Free
Freeaccount
account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
16
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Tactics / disclosure
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Purpose
Theme structuring
Questioning
Tactics / disclosure
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
17
The implementation
The information
New situation
Free account
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
220 hours
1271 pages
Indonesia 2014
18
From Interrogation to
Investigative Interviewing
Indonesia, 2014
Detective Superintendent Asbjrn Rachlew
Detective SuperintendentIvar Fahsing
From Interrogation to
Investigative Interviewing
Indonesia, 2014
Detective Superintendent Asbjrn Rachlew
Detective SuperintendentIvar Fahsing
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
in police investigation
Forced confession
Norway, 2011
Police
Superintendent
Rachlew (PhD)
BIRGITTE
TENGSAsbjrn06.05.95
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
19
No official training
No official methodology
Interview experts
handouts (1995/99)
You
yourlawyer
influence
andbusy
work
him
up
from
the very
The start
defense
is often
and
will
after
a while
ask
beginning.
goal
is to become
the
only one
you to getYour
to the
point.
Then you
repeat
howproviding
importanthim
it
with
andand
support
in hisbecause
difficultitsituation.
You
control
is to comfort
take it slow
use time
is mentally
hard
to
who
he is allowed
to have
with, and
that
way
talk about.
The suspect
willcontact
often agree,
andin
the
problem
prevent
he receives
psychological
fromsee
others
are oftenthat
solved
by the defense
lawyersupport
who states:
you
later.
- PHS 1998-1998
No official training
No official methodology
Interview experts
handouts (1995/99)
- No references to fundamental human rights
(Innocent until proven guilty - Article 6, no. 2)
- Not a single word about false confessions
- Nothing about the fact that the suspect could be innocent
- No information about potential danger using such techniques
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
20
Professional
ethics
GENERAL
ETHICS
Police
Ethics
GENERAL
ETHICS
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
21
POLICE INTERVIEW
an international perspective
INTERROGATION
(1960)
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
(1990)
POLICE INTERVIEW
an international perspective
INTERROGATION
(1960)
Fahsing / Rachlew
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
(1990)
Indonesia 2014
22
Interview of Suspect
23
Elimination of Innocent
STEP 1
THE DIRECT, POSITIVE CONFRONTATION
Our investigation shows that you are the one who.
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
NON-EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
STEP 2
THEME DEVELOPMENT
Joe, I can understand how this happened.
THEMES
1. SEEK ADMISSION OF LYING
ABOUT SOME INCIDENTAL
ASPEC OF THE OCCURRENCE.
Joe, there is nothing wrong with giving
her candy. Joe, what did she say?.
2. HAVE SUSPECT PLACE HIMSELF
AT SCENE OF CRIME OR IN
CONTACT WITH VICTIM.
Joe, there isnt any doubt that you were
with (victim) last night at the scene of
crime. However, you may have been there
before it happened and that might explain
why the witnesses say they saw you
3. POINT OUT THE FUTILITY OF
RESISTANCE TO TELLING TRUTH
Joe, tell it to us now, before your partner
does and leaves you with the bag. No one
will believe you later...
4. IF NOTHING ELCE WORKS,
TRICERY AND DECEIT.
Joe, your partner has confessed.
JUVENILE OFFENDERS
STEP 3
HANDLING DENIALS
Joe, listen to what I have to say...
STEP 4
OVERCOMING OBJECTIONS
Joe, Im sure thats true, but........
STEP 5
KEEPING THE SUSPECTS ATTENTION
Joe, Im sure that you care about this...
Investigation and
7
ClinicalSTEPFact
Analysis
PRESENTING THE ALTERNATIVE QUESTION
Did you plan this, or was it a spontaneous thing?
THEMES
1. SYMPATHISE WITH THE SUSPECT
Joe, anyone could have done it.
STEP 8
BRINGING THE SUSPECT INTO
THE CONVERSATION
I was sure thats what happened....
Elimination of Innocent
Interview of Suspect
STEP 9
THE WRITTEN CONFESSION
STEP 1
THE DIRECT, POSITIVE CONFRONTATION
Our investigation shows that you are the one who.
Interview of Suspect
Elimination of Innocent
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
NON-EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
STEP 2
THEME DEVELOPMENT
EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
Joe, I can understand
how this happened.
STEP 2
STEP 1
THE DIRECT, POSITIVE CONFRONTATION
Our investigation shows that you are the one who.
THEMES
NON-EMOTIONAL SUSPECTS
THEMES
THEME DEVELOPMENT
Joe, I can understand how this happened.
THEMES
THEMES
STEP 8
BRINGING THE SUSPECT INTO
THE CONVERSATION
I was sure thats what happened....
STEP 9
THE WRITTEN CONFESSION
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
24
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
81%
51%
50%
45%
35%
34%
32%
22%
20%
19%
7%
1%
0
e
sk
in
is
g
ed
in
st ttsm jon
te
e
as
A
/r
m
N
k
er
or
i D nis
nf ring
il
k
ei
Fe alte kild rkla
fo
in
ig
kt
im
ne
i
t
ur
Kr
vi
)
t
e
at
ss
tig
ok
vi
ik
dv
r
ur
Be
t
se e (A
ss el
s
vi
t
el
m
Be tils
il
m
ke
e
f
rs
ls
Fa tefo dige
)
r
es
le
yn
en akk lyse ta
Tj
a
s
(P
e
an se
ig
l
r
iti)
e
vr
ol
m
ed h
(P )
m se
m
gi
l
rs
il
e
lo
Fe tefo
m ero
es sm (S
e
en
or
Tj
v er)
ef
r
t
dp itn
es
(v
en blo
g
Tj
ed
in
m ser
il
fi
Fe nti
e
id
il
Fe
il
fe
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
81%
51%
50%
45%
35%
34%
32%
22%
20%
19%
7%
1%
0
Fe
Fe
Tj
Be
Be
Kr
F
Tj
Fe
Tj
Fa
e
v
en
e
im eil
il
il
vi
vi
i
l
id
m
iD
ss
ss
es nes l m rige nes ske
in
en
ed
ed
a
t
t
te
te
t
til
sa
e
lte NA
ur
ur
tif
f
st
kk for
i
i
k
ise blo fors ors hr
k
k
te
n
s
ti
tig
el
yn
st
a
rin dp
se ge
m
in
d
ki sk /
r mm mm nal
g
vi
m
ld
g
r
ve
ys ige
r
t
(v
el
el
e
e
ei
ne
ls
t
er
se
fe
itn
se
n
t
(S
sm
fo
e
f
i
o
l
er
er
(P
rk
(P
(A
r
e
m
)
ol
la
dv
og oliti ta
rin as disi
ok
le
ns
)
i)
ge jon
)
at
ke
r
)
Fahsing / Rachlew
fe
il
Indonesia 2014
25
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
81%
51%
50%
45%
35%
34%
32%
22%
20%
19%
7%
1%
0
Fe
Fe
Tj
Be
Be
Kr
F
Tj
Fe
Tj
Fa
e
v
en
e
im eil
il
il
vi
vi
i
l
id
m
iD
ss
ss
es nes l m rige nes ske
in
en
ed
ed
a
t
t
te
te
t
til
sa
e
lte NA
ur
ur
tif
f
st
kk for
ik
ik
k
ise blo fors ors hr
te
n
s
yn
fe
il
POLICE INTERVIEW
an international perspective
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
INTERROGATION
(1960)
(1990)
POLICE INTERVIEW
an international perspective
INVESTIGATIVE
INTERVIEWING
INTERROGATION
POLICE INTERVIEW
The
British P.E.A.C.E.
Model
(1960)
(1990)
an international
perspective
- 1992 -
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
Short of resources
Poor investigation
Reliance on confession
From Interrogation to
Investigative Interviewing
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
26
From Interrogation to
Investigative Interviewing
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
27
Lecture:
Memory functions
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Factors inflicting on memory
The network functions of memory
Short exercises
MINNETS
FUNKSJONER
MEMORY
PROCESS
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Time
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
28
MEMORY
PROCESS
MEMORY
PROCESS
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
12 items
George Sperling (1960)
Partial Report Paradigm
Fahsing / Rachlew
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
72
Millers Magic Number
(1956)
Indonesia 2014
29
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
18143571945
18143571945
SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
18143571945
11
UNITS
18143571945
2
3
UNITS
ENCODING
PHYSICAL FACTORS
PERSONAL FACTORS
LINKED TO SITUATIONS
LINKED TO PERSONS
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
30
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
MEMORY
SEMANTIC
SEMANTIC
MEMORY
MEMORY
EPISODIC
MEMORY
Our first and most important memory system stores motoric actions, etc.
Needs minimal rehearsal when first established You never forget how to ride a bike
It is implicit - little involvement of (higher) thought processes
LONG-TERM
MEMORY
PROCEDURAL
MEMORY
MEMORY
SEMANTIC
SEMANTIC
MEMORY
MEMORY
EPISODIC
MEMORY
MEMORY
PROCESS
ENCODING
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
Time
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
31
STORAGE
- Ebbinghaus, 1885
STORAGE
DECAY
(Forgetting)
INTERFERENCE
(Changes)
Not only is our memory very important, it is also very fragile to interference.
Research and recent practice shows that witnesess talking to each other during
the storage phase perhaps is the strongest interfering factor of all...
-Granhag , 2007
STORAGE
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
32
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
MEMORY
PROCESS
DISCUSSSION
WHAT CAN THE LEARNING FROM THIS EXERCISE
MEAN FOR YOU AS AN INTERVIEWER?
GIVE SOME EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICAL LIFE
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
33
Investigative Interviewing
Planning & preparation
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Case preparations
Physical preparations
Mental preparations
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
34
Case preparations
Lp k hoch v chun b
Case preparations
Physical preparations
Mental preparations
Physical preparations
?
Article 14 (Civil and Political rights)
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
35
Physical preparations
Case preparations
Physical preparations
Mental preparations
Mental preparations
Motivation
Flexibility
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
36
Mental preparations
You start your influence and work him up from the very beginning. Your goal is
itself
allthe
that
come
after [..].
to
become
only
one providing
him with comfort and support in his difficult
situation. You control
- Francis Bacon 1620
You
start your influence
and work
up from the
beginning.
Your goal is
Regardless
of whether
one`shimtreatment
ofvery
evidence
was
to become the only one providing him with comfort and support in his difficult
evenhanded before the stand was taken, it can become highly
situation. You control
biased afterwards.
- Nickerson 1998
Mental preparations
Primacy effect
The initial evidence leads
to an opinion, which then biases
Reinforces:
the search for subsequent evidence, as well as the
interpretation
of that
evidence
when it is found.
..when subjects
make
some commitment
to the .belief
- Baron, 1994, p. 285
suggested by the earliest evidence they receive.
- Baron, 1994
Fahsing / Rachlew
Mental preparations
Indonesia 2014
37
Decision making
Good thinking is represented by a
thorough search for an alternative
without favourizing the one
already on mind.
- Alison og Canter, 1999
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
38
COGNITIVE INFLUENCE
Brandon Mayfield (2004) - Madrid FBI
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
39
Introduction
Empathy
Information
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
40
Engage
& explain
Ethical
Interviewing
1. The prior investigation principle
I must know what Im talking about: bullshitting is unethical
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
41
Information
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
42
SHORT DEMO:
Scenario introduction
Greet and establish name preferences
Show empathy, establish roles and expectations
Give information about the case, the formalities and procedures
Any questions?
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
43
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
FORENSIC
INVESTIGATION
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
SHORT EXERCISE
Divide into groups by count to 1, 2, 3
No. 1 Think about a person you know which is unknown to the
interviewer. Be sincere and do not confabulate.
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
44
First
Firstfree
free account
Account
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
What..
When..
Why..
How..
TED
5WH
Interruptions:
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
45
Active listening:
Listening:
This is the problem with dealing with someone who is actually a
good listener. They dont jump in on your sentences, saving you
from actually finishing them, or talk over you, allowing what you do
manage to get out to be lost or altered in transit. Instead, they wait,
so you have to keep going.
Sarah Dessen, Just Listen
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
46
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
47
Easy to handle
Training of personnel
Automatic and secure logging of events
Preferably with the use of video
No rehearsal everything has to be documented
No manipulation (e.g. camera angels)
Compatible data format
Any pitfalls?
Training and motivation
Transformation of the information
System changes
New standards
Archives
Costs
The future
Higher professionalism
Better infrastructure
Better technology
New standards and systems
Lower costs
Voice to text
No text?
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
48
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
The four main features (or instructions) of the cognitive interview technique:
1. Reinstate the context: Witnesses are encouraged to put themselves back
at the scene (e.g. how they felt, what they were thinking, etc.)
2. Report everything: Witnesses are encouraged to recall all the details they
can remember, even if they believe them to be trivial
3. Recall in a different order: Witnesses are told to try and remember the
event from the end to the beginning, rather than from the beginning to the
end. Alternatively, they may be asked to recall from some specific point (e.g.
the middle)
4. Recall from a changed perspective: Witnesses are asked to imagine the
event from somebody elses perspective, and see the event as this other
person would have seen it
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
1. Explain the aims of the interview
Report everything
Interviewee-compatible questioning
OK to say 'don't know
OK to say 'don't understand
Activate and probe an image
Open and appropriate closed questions
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
49
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
SHORT DEMO:
Scenario introduction
Greet and establish name preferences
Show empathy, establish roles and expectations
Give information about the case, the formalities and procedures
Any questions?
-Recording, report
-Your full free account first
-Context reinstatement (physically and mentally)
-Report everything, all details, etc.
-Transfer of control
-I will take notes and listen, my questions later
-Focused retrieval and concentrate hard
-Take pauses, etc.
-Any questions?
Instructions
-When you are ready please think back, focus onwhen you can
visualise please start to tell
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
50
Free account
Open question
Tell me, explain, describe
(T.E.D)
Probing questions
Closed/leading
questions
Milne, B. (2006)
Clarification / challenge
Questions
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Dynamics:
Start with your notes from free account
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
51
Questions
Clarification / challenge
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
Dynamics:
What..
When..
Why..
How..
Questions
Clarification / challenge
Tell..
Explain..
Describe..
Who..
Dynamics:
What..
When..
Why..
How..
Clarification / challenge
Questions
Fahsing / Rachlew
Closed
Leading
Alternative
Negative
Passive
Long
Series - questions
Indonesia 2014
52
Clarification / challenge
Introduce topic
Next topic
Next topic
New topic
Summarise
Open question
Listening
Listening
Explore
Explore
Listening
Clarification / challenge
Why summarise ?
Prevent misunderstandings
Collect more evidence
Show that you are listening
Prepare disclousure of evidence (strategy)
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
53
Question techniques
Probe
Challenge
Interview strategy
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
`INTERVIEW STRATEGY`
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Clarification / challenge
`INTERVIEW STRATEGY`
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
54
Kjemisk
Lab.dok
Tekniske
Avtrykk
Kjemisk
Phone
Technical
Asbjrn Rachlew
Etterforsker
Kjemisk
Lab.dok
Tekniske
Avtrykk
Kjemisk
Phone
Technical
Fahsing / Rachlew
Maliks
Vitne
dok
Jonas
W.
Morten
Vitne
dokR. J. Hansen
Interview
Maliks
Vitne
dok
Jonas
W.
Morten
Vitne
dokR. J. Hansen
Inteveiw
Covert
Spaning
Spaning
Register
Analylse
Lukket
Tactical
Dette er bare en prve. Jeg skal ikke skrive noe
Som helst som gir mening. Kun fylle ut denne
Siden slik at det ser ut som tekst.
Covert
Spaning
Spaning
Register
Analylse
Lukket
Tactical
Dette er bare en prve. Jeg skal ikke skrive noe
Som helst som gir mening. Kun fylle ut denne
Siden slik at det ser ut som tekst.
Indonesia 2014
55
Clarification / challenge
Summary
free account
TheFirst
Cognitive
Interview
SHORT DEMO:
Scenario introduction
Greet and establish name preferences
Show empathy, establish roles and expectations
Give information about the case, the formalities and procedures
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
56
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Closure
Clarification
/ challenge
Summarise
Read through
Adjustments
Confirmation
Information
Positive ending
Clarification / challenge
Closure
Evaluation
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
57
Evaluation
Clarification
/ challenge
Feedback
Konkret
erfaring
Experience
Refleksjon
Reflection
Ny plan
New
plan
Evalutation
Vurdering
(Kolb 1984)
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
58
Construct:
What are the prioritized
investigative
hypotheses?
What new actions and
data is needed falsify
and very them?
What are the main lines
of enquiry?
Constructing
Collecting
Checking
Connecting
Considering
Connect:
Organise and synthesize
the data. Identify and
refine competing
explanations of the
available data. Which are
strongest and most
likely? Which are weakest
or least likely?
Fahsing / Rachlew
Consider:
What is known vs. 5WH
What is not know vs. 5WH
What are all the possible
explanations of the data?
Indonesia 2014
59
60
Fashing, I.A. & Rachlew, A. (2009). Investigative interviewing in the Nordic region. I:
T. Williamson, B. Milne og S. P. Savag (red.). International Developments in
Investigative Interviewing. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
Fisher, R.P. and Geiselman, R.E. (1992). Memory Enchancing Techniques for Investigative
Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas
Granhag, P.A. (2001). Vittnespsykologi. Studentlitteratur, Lund
Gudjonsson, G.H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogations and Confession. A handbook. Wiley:
Chichester
Hargie, E.W (1997). The Handbook of Communication skills, 2nd edition, Routledge, London
Home Office. (1995) Code C of the Codes of Practice regarding the Police and Criminal Evidence
Act 1984. London: Home office
Inbau, F.E., Reid, J.E. og Buckley, J.P. (1986). Criminal Interrogation and Confessions, 3rd ed.
Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD
Kassin, S.M. (1997). The psychology of confession evidence. American Psychologist, 52
(3), 221 - 233
Leo, R.A. (1994) Police Interrogation and Social Control. Social & Legal Studies. (SAGE, London,
Thousand Oaks and New Delhi), Vol. 3, 93-120.
McGurk, B.J., Carr, M.J. & McGurk, D. (1993). Investigative interviewing courses for police
officers: an evaluation. Police Research Series, 4, London: Home Office Police Department.
Memon, A., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (1998). Psychology and Law. Truthfulness, Accuracy and
Credibility McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014
61
Ncf (1998) National Crime Faculty. National Police Training, A Practical Guide to Investigative
Interviewing, 2nd edition
Pearse, J.J. (2006). The interrogation of terrorist suspects: the banality of torture. In Tom
Williamson (ed.), Investigative Interviewing. Rights, research, regulation. Willan
Publishing.
Rachlew, A. (1999). Norwegian police officers perception of Investigative Interviewingimplications for training. Upublisert masteroppgave, Universitetet i Liverpool
Sear, L. / Williamson T. (1999). British and American Interrogation Strategies. Interviewing and
Deception. In Canter, D.V. & Alison, L. (Eds.). Vol. I. Aldershot: Dartmouth
Shepherd.E. (1991). Ethical Interviewing. In Erik Shepherd (ed.), Criminological and Legal
Psychology, 18, 46-56
Vrij, A. (2000). Detecting Lies and Deceit. The Psychology of Lying and the Implications for
Professional Practice. Wiley: Chichester
Williamson, T. (1994). Reflections on Current Police Practice. In D. Morgan & G. Stephenson (eds)
Suspicion & Silence: The Right to Silence in Criminal Investigations. Blackstone: London
--------------The Innocence Project the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Created by Barry C. Scheck
and Peter J. Neufeld in 1992. http://innocenceproject.org/about/
-------------Rt 2003-1690. Karmysaken. Norsk Retstidende
Rt-2003-1389. Fritz Moen saken. Norsk Retstidende
Fahsing / Rachlew
Indonesia 2014