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Basics of mobile communications technologies and standards

Definitions and High Level Architectures
Marius Iordache

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Agenda

Basics of mobile communications technologies and standards

Networking





Routing
Switching
QoS
Layer2 vs Layer 3 Applications in Service Providers Networks

Radio Access Networks







2G Networks - GSM
3G Networks - UMTS Introduction
 Access, Handovers, Interworking 2G -3G
4G Basics
Wi-MAX Introduction and Basic Definitions
Wi-Fi Introduction and Basic Definitions

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Agenda

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Transmission Networks






Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Micro-Waves Ethernet
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Core Networks




Circuit Switch Networks

Packet Switch Networks
IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem (IMS)

Services Architecture, devices evolution to smartphones, VAS platforms

Network Planning and network resources management

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Basics of mobile communications technologies and standards Orange Romania

Definition of Mobile communications

Definition of standards

A communication network which doesn't depend on any physical connection between two communication
entities and have flexibility to be mobile during communication.

A definition or format that has been approved by a recognized standards organization or is accepted as a de
facto standard by the industry. Standards exist for programming languages, operating systems, data formats,
communications protocols, and electrical interfaces.
ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
The mission of the IETF is to make the Internet work better by producing high quality, relevant technical
documents that influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet
European Interoperability Framework
ETSI

High Level Architectures

Represents a general purpose architecture for a distributed system

Defines
Architecture
Models, Rules, Information, System Functioning
Key Design
Requirements
Analysis
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High Level Architectures

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Mobile Communications Evolution

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Mobile Communications Evolution

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Old Mobile Communication Technologies

1980s there were few mobile communication (1G) technologies like:

AMPS, Advance Mobile Phone Service deployed in USA
Total Access Communication Systems TACS deployed in UK
ETACS Extended TACS - deployed in UK
Nordic Mobile Technology
Each country had deployed their own set of standards for communications
operating system hardware was no compatible to the OS of other communication technologies form other
countries
Very expensive, there were no concepts of International roaming do the limitations of the systems, no
international calls were possible using these technologies
Telephonic systems were analog, the biggest challenge faced by analog systems was inability to cope with the
growing needs of telecommunication industry with cost efficiency
Challenge
evolution in this industry and need for digital technology was realized
better receptions of signals were experienced, low level of interference
transmission, switching and improved levels to meet the needs of current telecommunication industry
challenges
The first-generation cellular networks were made obsolete by the appearance of an entirely digital second
generation 2G

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GSM Networks (Global System for Mobile communications) Orange Romania

Key Concepts

New Services :

The second generation of mobile networks : the first generation of cellular telephones by switching from
analogue to digital
Standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in Europe (dual-band)
Standard uses the 1900 MHz frequency bands in USA
Multiple Access Techniques:
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), using a technique of time division of communication channels
Orange, Vodafone, Cosmote
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), using a spread spectrum technique that allows a radio signal to be
broadcast over a large frequency range.
Old Zapp

Text Messages SMS (Short Message Service)

Multimedia Messages MMS (Multimedia Message Service)
Data Rate: 9.6kbps

To improve throughput GSM standard has been extended

GPRS (General Packet Radio System) service, which allows theoretical data of 114 Kbit/s, but with throughput
closer to 40 Kbit/s in practice. The standard is referred as 2.5G.
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) referred as 2.75G
data rate of 384 Kbps
Complete ITU-T2000

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GSM Functional Architecture

MS

BTS

MS Mobile Subscriber

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS), contains the equipment for

transmitting and receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas,
and equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications
with (BSC)

The base station controller (BSC) provides, the intelligence

behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even hundreds of
BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio
channels, receives measurements from the mobile phones, and
controls handovers from BTS to BTS.

MSC Mobile-service Switching Center

HLR Home Location Register the main database of permanent

subscriber information for a mobile network

AuC Authentication Center

VLR Visitor Location Register a database to a MSC. The VLR

contains the exact location of all mobile subscribers temporary
present in MSC area.

EIR Equipment Identification Register database contains

information on the identity of mobile equipment

Um, Abis, A Interfaces

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I Interfaces

BTS

Abis

BSC
Abis

BSC

A
MSC

C
D

VLR

PSTN /
ISDN

Radio

MSC

F
H

HLR AuC

EIR

PSTN
ISDN

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Third generation of mobile communications 3G

3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project

High transmission data rate up to 2Mbps

World compatibility
Compatibility of 3rd generation mobile services with second generation networks
Ppening the door to multimedia uses such as video transmission, video-conferencing or high-speed internet access.
Frequency bands: 2100 MHz

3G standard used in Europe is called UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)

collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations

globally applicable 3G mobile phone system specification based on evolved GSM specifications within the scope of the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
3GPP standardization encompasses Radio, Core Network and Service architecture:
1. Specifications to define the service requirements from the user point of view.
2. specifications to define an architecture to support the service requirements.
3. specifications to define an implementation of the architecture by specifying protocols in details

Key Concepts

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W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) encoding

5 MHz bands for transferring voice and data
Data Rates from 384kbps to 2Mbps

HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

third generation mobile telephony protocol, dubbed "3.5G

data rates on the order of 8 to 10 Mbps
HSDPA + up to 42Mbps dual carrier access
Starting 2005
Allows simultaneous transfer of voice and high-speed digital data.

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3G Functional Architecture

RNC

Node B

Iu

Iub

CN

Node B

Iur
Iub
Iu

UE

Uu

Node B

UE: User Equipment (MS)

Node B (BTS)

RNC - Radio Network Controller (BSC)

CN Core Network (MSC)

RNS - Radio Network Sub-system (BSS)

Iu-CS - Interface between the RNC and the Circuit

Switched Core Network (CS-CN)

Iu-Ps Interface between the RNC and the Packet

Switched Core Network

IuB Interface between RNC and NodeB

IuR Interface between RNCs in the same network

Iub

Soft handovers

Iub, Iu and Iur - carry both user data and signalling

RNC

RNS

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RAN Functional Architecture (2G & 3G)

2 / 2.5G

Um

BTS

GGSN

SGSN

Internet

Gb

BSC

BTS

Gi

Gn

Abis

PS

Iu-PS Iu-PS
CP
UP
A

HLR
MSC-S

Uu

UTRAN
3 / 3+G

MSC-S
Nc

Node B

CS

Iub
Iu-CS
CP

Node B

Iub

Mc

Mc
Nb

RNC
Iur

PSTN /
ISDN /
PLMN

Iu-CS
UP

MGW

MGW

RNC

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Multiple Access (2G & 3G)

FDMA

WCDMA

TDMA

Power
n
ue
q
e
Fr

Tim
e

Fre

Tim
e

n
ue
q
e
Fr

cy

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks
Users share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots
Used in 2G

W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)

Tim

y
nc
e
qu

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

cy

Power

Power

Radio channels are 5 MHz wide.

Supported mode of duplex: frequency division (FDD), Time Division (TDD)
Used in 3G

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access )

FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels

share the time simultaneously but each user transmits at single frequency

allows multiple users simultaneous access to a transmission system

Satellite communication

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Broadband Wireless Access WiMax (802.16)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE 802.16 standards: WiMAX is an IP-based Radio Access System configured in much the same way as a traditional
cellular network with strategically located base stations using a point to multi-point architecture
non-line of sight (NLOS) applications in bands in the sub 11 GHz frequency range and sub 6 GHz frequency range for mobile
WiMAX
IMT-2000: family of standards in the IMT band (2.4 2.6 GHz)
using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with 256 carriers at PHY level and supports fixed and nomadic
access in Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) environments

Features:

IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks.
IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets.
The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers (Data Link and Physical) of the seven-layer OSI
networking reference model.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

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Long Range, High Data Rate

Less susceptible to interference
Very viable mobile alternative to DSL and Cable
Subscriber receives wireless broadband data delivery to the home
Plug and play Installation

Applications

Fixed last-mile broadband access as a replacement or substitute for wired DSL, cable or E1 connection
Hotspot Subscriber and provider for backhaul connections
High Speed enterprise connectivity for businesses
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Rate Summary WiMax (802.16)

Modulation

BW
1.75MHz

3.5MHz

5MHz

7MHz

10MHz

14MHz

20MHz

BPSK

0.7 Mbps

1.4 Mbps

2 Mbps

3 Mbps

4 Mbps

5.65 Mbps

8 Mbps

BPSK

1 Mbps

2.1 Mbps

3 Mbps

4.5 Mbps

6 Mbps

8.45 Mbps

12 Mbps

QPSK

1.4 Mbps

2.8 Mbps

4 Mbps

6 Mbps

8 Mbps

11.3 Mbps

16 Mbps

QPSK

2.05 Mbps

4.2 Mbps

6 Mbps

9 Mbps

12 Mbps

17 Mbps

24 Mbps

16QAM

2.75 Mbps

5.6 Mbps

8 Mbps

12 Mbps

16 Mbps

22.5 Mbps

32 Mbps

16QAM

4.15 Mbps

8.4 Mbps

12 Mbps

18 Mbps

24 Mbps

34 Mbps

48 Mbps

64QAM 2/3

5.5 Mbps

11.2 Mbps

16 Mbps

24 Mbps

32 Mbps

45 Mbps

64 Mbps

64QAM

6.2 Mbps

12.6 Mbps

18 Mbps

27 Mbps

36 Mbps

50 Mbps

72 Mbps

Fix and Mobile WiMax

Fixed
CPE

IP Core
Network

Mobile SS

IP Core
Network
Base Station

Base Station
Mobile SS

Fixed
CPE

802.16802.16-2005
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LTE Fundamentals

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Key Concepts

Increase in the use of data carried by cellular services, and this increase will only become larger in what has been termed the "data
explosion".
Increased demands for increased data transmission speeds and lower latency, further development of cellular technology have been
required.

The UMTS cellular technology upgrade has been dubbed LTE - Long Term Evolution

3G LTE will enable much higher speeds to be achieved along with much lower packet latency

Reduced cost per bit

Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience
Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
Simplified architecture, Open interfaces

Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption

LTE technologies

OFDM technology - incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be transmitted efficiently while still providing a
high degree of resilience to reflections and interference
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
multiple signals arising from the many reflections that are encountered

using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput

System Architecture Evolution

necessary to evolve the system architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved
LTE include download rates of 100Mbps, and upload rates of 50Mbps for every
LTE must be able to support at least 200 active users in every 5MHz cell. (i.e. 200 active phone calls)
latency for small IP packets has been set
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LTE Architecture
EPC

LTE contains only one Node, named eNodeB

eNodeB supports all the features

X2 Interfaces support data traffic and signaling

PDN-Gw

PDN-Gw
S1
S1

S1

EPC Evolved Packet Core corresponding to Core

Architecture in UMTS

PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway

Interconnection to others networks

All IP Network

S1

eNode B
X2
S1

eNode B


X2

S1 Interface communication between eNodeB and

Network Gateway

already defined

Advantages

X2

eNode B

E-UTRAN

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LTE Architecture View

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Transmission Networks

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Transmission Networks

Data Transmission Network - telecommunications network is a collection

Transmission Networks

of terminals, links and nodes which

connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals







Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Micro-Waves Ethernet
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
Microwave

BTS

BSC

Microwave
BSC

BTS

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Transmission Networks - PDH

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

Is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment
such as fibre optic and microwave radio systems
PDH combines multiple 2 Mb/s (E1) channels in Europe and 1.544 Mb/s (DS1) channels in the US and Japan.
The basic data transfer rate is a data stream of 2048 kbit/s. For speech transmission, this is broken down into thirty 64 kbit/s
channels plus two 64 kbit/s channels used for signalling and synchronisation. Alternatively, the entire bandwidth may be used
for non-speech purposes, for example, data transmission
E1 signal constitutes the first level of a hierarchy of signals that are each formed by successively carrying out the TDM
multiplexing of 4 lower level signals
Standard G.703
G.703 is an ITU-T standard for transmitting voice or data over digital carriers such as T1 and E1. G.703 provides
specifications for pulse code modulation (PCM)
G.703 also specifies E0 (64kbit/s)

End to end - TDM

Abis interface
BTS

PDH/SDH

- Electrical Interfaces
- 2Mb/s (E1)
- Standard G.703

Ater Mux interface

BSC

PDH/SDH

TC2/2.5

PDH/SDH

MFS

- Electrical Interfaces
- 2Mb/s (E1)
- Standard G.703
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PDH Point View

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Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

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Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)

SDH has been standardized by ITU-T in 1988.

standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers
an international standard for high speed telecommunication over optical networks which can transport digital
signals in variable capacities
SDH (and its American variant- SONET) emerged from standard bodies somewhere around 1990.
these two standards create a revolution in the communication networks based on optical fibers , in their cost
and performance
replace the PDH system for transporting larger amounts of data
transport the data on SONET/SDH are tightly synchronized across the entire network
carry many different services in its virtual container (VC)
protocol is an extremely heavily-multiplexed structure
The basic unit of framing in SDH is a STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module, level 1)
~~ 155.52 Mbps
STM-1 frame is transmitted in 125 s, there are 8,000 frames per second on a 155.52 Mbit/s
The SDH contains the following bit rates:
1. STM1 - 155 Mbit/Sec
2. STM4 - 622 Mbit/Sec
3. STM16 - 2.5 Gbit/Sec
4. STM64 - 10 Gbit/Sec

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SDH Overview

STM-1 frame has a byte-oriented structure

9 rows and 270 columns of bytes, for a total of 2,430 bytes

The STM-1 base frame is structured :

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Length: 270 column x 9 row = 2430 bytes

Duration (Frame repetition time): 125 s i.e. 8000 frame/s
Rate (Frame capacity): 2430 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Payload = 2349bytes x 8bits x 8000frames/sec = 150.336 Mbit/s

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Wavelength-division multiplexing

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Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)

is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using
different wavelengths of light
commonly applied to an optical carrier
Frequency applied to a radio carrier
wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple directly inverse relationship, the two terms
actually describe the same concept.
WDM allow to communications company to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber
Capacity of a given link can be expanded by simply upgrading the multiplexers and de-multiplexers
Extension
CWDM - less sophisticated and thus cheaper transceiver designs
DWDM
WDM works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the
same fiber.
one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers
single fibers have been able to transmit data at speeds up to 400Gb/s
based networks can transmit data in IP, ATM, SONET /SDH, and Ethernet
WDM-based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an optical channel.

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WDM View

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Microwaves Ethernet

Ethernet microwave backhaul solutions (more efficient because it only uses bandwidth when data is transmitted)

Radio design and Ethernet Applications (Packet Networks)

cutting costs by eliminating the need for overlay networks that require different equipment for different service types
such as Circuit-Switched, Frame Relay

Geographic Limitations

Legacy TDM

wave
BTS

Copper

Carrier
Ethernet
Network

Node B

eNB

BSC

Fibre

RNC

AGW
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Networking

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Networking

Networking

ATM Networks
Frame Relay Networks
Ethernet & IP

Considering the spatial distance, networks can be as follows:

In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths

When Appeared ?

Routing
Switching
QoS
Applications in Service Providers Networks

What represents a Network?

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Local Area Networks LANs

Metropolitan Area Networks MANs
Wide Area Networks WANs

Hierarchical Model

Access
Distribution
Core (Backbone)
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LAN Ethernet

Ethernet widely-installed local area network ( LAN) technology

Ethernet was so named to describe the way that cabling, a passive medium,
could carry data everywhere throughout the network.

Specified in a standard - IEEE 802.3

Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier specification called

Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center Aloha network)

then developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel.

An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair
wires. Ethernet is also used in wireless

Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a CSMA/CD
protocol

Fast-Ethernet 100BASE-T

Gigabit Ethernet And 19Gigabit-Ethernet

Data Packet transmission on Ethernet Links Ethernet Frame

A data packet on the wire is called a frame and consists of binary data

Based on MAC Source and MAC Destination

Ethernet frames may optionally contain a IEEE 802.1Q tag to identify VLANs

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VLAN - virtual local area network

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Virtual LAN or VLAN

a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the
same broadcast domain
VLAN membership can be configured through software instead of physically
VLANs are created to provide the segmentation services traditionally provided by routers in LAN
configurations
Protocol Standard VLANs is IEEE 802.1Q
Reffered as switching
VLANs are broadcast domains defined within switches to allow control of broadcast, multicast, unicast, and
unknown unicast within a Layer 2 device
VLANs have a variety of configurable parameters, including name, type, and state
LANs are defined on a switch in an internal database known as the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
database
VLANs are created by number, and there are two ranges of usable VLAN numbers (normal range 11000
and extended range 10254096)
Offer Virtualization
IEEE 802.1Q header contains a 4-byte tag header
2-byte tag protocol identifier (TPID)
2-byte tag control information (TCI)
Twelve-bit VLAN identifier (VID)-Uniquely identifies the VLAN to which the frame belongs
Range 1000 - 4096

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Ethernet Structure

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Network Example - VLANs

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Physical Ethernet
interface
Match
VLAN: 10

Match
VLAN: 20

Match
VLAN: 50
Match
VLAN: 100

Match
VLAN: 10

Match
VLAN: 20

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Routing

What is Routing ?

How Routing is achieved

The process of moving a packet of data from one network to another

network based on the destination IP address
devices that perform this routing function are referred to as routers
Routers maintain a list of routes to as a routing table
Based on IP (Internet Protocol) - IP was the connectionless datagram
service in the original Transmission Control Program
Hosts or devices have IP adresses
IP is considered to be a Layer 3 Protocol
Today IP Protocol version 4 and version 6
IPv4 defines an IP address usin 32 bits
IPv6 defines an IP address using 128 bits

Know the destination address

Identify the sources it can learn from
Discover possible routes
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information

Route Learning

Static
Dynamic
RIP, EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS, BGP
Connected

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IP

IP is the principal communications protocol used for relaying packets across an internetwork using the
Internet Protocol Suite.

Class

First octet in
binary

Range of
first octet

Network
ID

Host ID

Number of
networks

Number of
addresses

0XXXXXXX

0 - 127

b.c.d

27 = 128

224 = 16777216

10XXXXXX

128 - 191

a.b

c.d

214 = 16384

216 = 65536

110XXXXX

192 - 223

a.b.c

221 = 2097152

28 = 256

OSI Open Systems Interconnection

Private IP Space

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 -> 16.777.216 addresses

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 -> 1.048.576 addresses

192.168.0.0 -192.168.255.255 -> 65.636 addresses

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Basic Functioning
10.1.1.1
MAC A

ARP 10.1.1.1
Saying
10.1.1.3 is MAC C

10.1.1.3
MAC C

10.1.1.2
MAC B

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MPLS - Multi-Protocol Label Switching

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What is MPLS ?

A way of improving the forwarding speed of routers

MPLS is the generation of a short fixed-length label that acts as a shorthand representation of an IP packet's header
MPLS is:
As a code for an address: house, street, city
IP packets have an DA address to which packet to be routed
Traditional Routing is made Hop by Hop
When MPLS enabled, the forwarding decision is made using labels
MPLS is more complex Algorithm

A forwarding scheme designed to speed up IP packet forwarding (RFC 3031)

Idea: use a fixed length label in the packet header to decide packet forwarding

Label carried in an MPLS header between the link layer header and network layer header

Support any network layer protocol and link layer protocol

Used in ISP networks

MPLS is based on another protocols to learn and distribute labels:

IGP
TDL (Tag Switching)
LDP Label Distribution Protocol

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IP/MPLS Network

4G eNB

Fixed
Wireless

MSC
GigE Router

4G G/W

2G/3G

ETH

ISP

STM4

T1/E1

Router
4G eNB

IP/MPLS

2G/3G

ETH
T1/E1

Router
4G eNB

STM1

4G G/W

GigE

2G/3G

ETH

Ethernet
VLANs

MSC

T1/E1

Router
Management

Switch

Router

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QoS Quality of Service

Key Concepts

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Allow the transport of traffic with special requirements

Defined by the ITU in 1994
Starting from Telephony needs

An ISP Network must assure :

Throughput
Dropped packets
Latency, Delay
Jitter
Out-of-Order Delivery

From Best Effort to an ordered delivery scenario

Assuring Qos:

Best Effort
Efficient sharing of bandwidth
Relative importance depends on traffic type (audio/video, file transfer, interactive)
Challenge: Provide adequate performance

Techniques

Identify and explain QoS strategy

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QoS Techniques

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FIFO

Traffic packets placed on outbound link to egress device in FIFO order

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QoS Techniques

Priority

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All packets in a higher priority queue are served FIRST

Rest of traffic

Served as required

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QoS Techniques

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Weighted Fair Queuing

Different scheduling priorities to statistically multiplexed data

Based on the weight of the packet

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QoS Techniques

How to prioritizing the traffic:

Voice
Video
Data

Do not affect the traffic profile

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1920 lines Vertical x 1080 lines Horizontal

16:9
1080 x 1920 lines =
2,073,600 pixels per frame
x 3 colors per pixel
x 1 Byte (8 bits) per color
x 30 frames per second
= 1,492,992,000 bps

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Services Architecture

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Romania
Services Architecture, devices evolution to smart-phones, VAS Orange
platforms

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Core Network

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Core Network

Key Concepts

Main Activities:

Circuit Switching CS
Packet Switching PS

Functions:

Central part of a telecom network that provides various services to customers

Provides path to exchange Information
High capacity communication facilities
Defined as providing communication any-to-any according the network requirements

Transport
Signaling

Sub-System Architecture

MSC, MGW, VLR, HKR, AUC

STP Signaling Transfer Point
OSS Operation Sub System
NMC(S) Network Management Center (Service)
CDRC Call Detail Record Collector

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Core Networks CS Distributed Architecture

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Signalling SS7 set up phones calls

Signalling System No. 7 - defined as an international standard -> exchange of control information associated with
the establishment of call.

One channel (either analog and almost always digital) is used only for sending the signaling information

Physical layer E1, Layer 2, Layer 3

Message Transfer Part MTP L1L2&L3 Protocol

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Core Networks CS SS7

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MTP1 represents the physical layer. The layer is responsible for the connection of SS7 Signaling Points into the
transmission network over which they communicate with each other.

MTP2 provides error detection and sequence checking, and retransmits unacknowledged messages. MTP2 uses
packets called signal units to transmit SS7 messages.

MTP3 provides routing functionality to transport signaling messages through the SS7 network. Each network
element in the SS7 network has a unique address, the Point Code (PC )

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Core Networks PS Distributed Architecture

Key Concepts:

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Communication network based on transmitting data ito packets

Core Network PS
Mobile clients should keep the connection active and IP address
IP routing limit this feature
Mobile clients connected IP need a Gateway
Mobile Data Networks use Tunneling

Applications Supported in Mobile Networks:

X.25.
Internet Protocol (IP).
IPv4
IPv6 supported
IPv4v6 Dual stack

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Core Networks CN-PS (2G/3G )

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

assures connection between PS Network
and fixed PDN (Package Data Network)
Functiile acestuia sunt:

Packet switching
Session Management
Charge

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node)

assures connection betweeen d Core PS
and RAN:

Packet Switching
Session Management
Mobility Manaegement
Charge

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Network Planning

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Network Planning and network resources management

The Goal is:

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The Network Interfaces and components (MSC, SGSN, BSC, RNC, BTS, Node B) should
not be 100% used

Concepts

Network Architecture
Services
Traffic Forecast based on market evolution:
Clients number
Traffic profile
History on a specific cell

Simulations

Traffic estimators

Software Tools

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Software application

NMS - Access Network: BSS

NMS: Transport Network IP/ETh

NMS: Transmission Network SDH/WDM

NMS - Access Network: RNS

Baza de date inventar: loactii / clienti

NMS: Transport Network ATM

NMS: Transmission Network MW

NMS: Core Network - CS

NMS: Transport Network FR

NMS: Core Network - PS

Software

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Summary

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Thank you!

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