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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT

Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

PREDICTION OF THE CRACK PROPAGATION


IN DCB COMPOSITE SPECIMENS
THROUGH FIBER BRIDGING MODELING
Mr.J.Arul Samraj1,Mr.S.Veeriachandran2,Dr.P.Ravindran3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College-Tirunelveli1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College-Tirunelveli2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Francis Xavier Engineering College-Tirunelveli3
Abstract :Study on delamination in composite material is used to express the fracture behavior of the
composite material. The double cantilever beam is a specimen type applied in fracture mechanics to
measure the mode-I fracture properties of composites. In this paper the Finite Element Analysis of DCB
specimen with artificially introduced cracks of different lengths and different thickness using the concept
of fiber bridging modeling is analyzed. The specimens consist of three layers, five layers and seven layers
unidirectional Glass/Epoxy composites. Analytical expression for the strain energy release rate (G) of the
DCB specimen is derived. Finite Element Analysis has also been carried out on the specimen and the load
displacement results for the specified crack or delamination length are obtained. The equation in terms of
the displacement (CMOD) is derived for the specimens for obtaining strain energy release rate (G).
Keywords: Fiber/epoxy composite, cohesive zone, fiber bridging, ANSYS
of applications and needs. The technology has been
1. Introduction
explored extensively for aerospace applications,
A composite material is a macroscopic
which require high strength and stiffness to weight
combination of two or more distinct materials,
ratio materials.
having a recognizable interface between them.
Preventing failure of composite material
Composites are used not only for their structural
systems has been an important issue in engineering
properties, but also for electrical, thermal, and
design. The two types of physical failures that
environmental applications. Modern composite
occur in laminated composite structure and interact
materials are usually optimized to achieve a
in complex manner are intra laminar and
particular balance of properties for a given range
interlaminar failures. Intra laminar failure is
of applications. Given the vast range of
manifest in micro-mechanical components of the
materials that may be considered as composites
lamina such as fiber breakage, matrix cracking, and
and the broad range of uses for which
debonding of the fiber- matrix interface.
composite materials may be designed, it is
Interlaminar failure such as delamination
difficult to agree upon a single, simple, and
refers to debonding of adjacent lamina. The
useful definition. However, as a common practical
possibility that intra laminar and interlaminar
definition,
composite
materials
may
be
failure occur in structural components is considered
restricted
to
emphasize
those
materials
a design limit, and establishes restrictions on the
that contain a continuous matrix
constituent
usage of full potential of composites. Delamination
that binds together and provides form to an
is one of the most commonly observed failure
array of a stronger, stiffer reinforcement
modes in laminated composites whose existence
constituent.
significantly reduces the stiffness and strength of
Composite
structures
have
been
the structure. The most popular method of
applications including the aerospace, marine, and
determining delamination toughness in composites
civil industries. The ability of these materials to be
is the test of double cantilever beam (DCB)
designed to suit the specific needs for different
specimens. It is well known that the crack faces in
structures makes them highly desirable.
unidirectional composites with a crack propagated
Improvement
in
design,
materials
and
parallel to fibers are joined by more or less
manufacturing technology enhance the application
extensive fiber crossover bridging. Such bridging
of composite structures. The suitability of a
increases crack growth resistance (G).
particular composite material depends on the nature

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

In this paper we analyze the Finite Element


Analysis of DCB specimen with artificially
introduced cracks of different lengths and different
thickness and fiber orientation angles using the
concept of fiber bridging modeling. And estimation
of energy release rate (G) for mode I fracture.

extends is shown for fiber bridging in the plot of


toughness against crack extension, which is termed
a crack resistance curve. Note that the steady state
toughness corresponds to a constant wake structure
of a certain number of bridging fibers in a zone

2. Literature Review
Tamuzs V, Tarasovs S, and Vilks U. have
investigated the peculiarities of R curve obtained on
traditional DCB loaded by wedged force, the
influence of specimen geometry on R curves and
proposes a scheme of measurements and
calculations to predict the resistance of crack
propagation in specimens of different thickness. H.
Sun, S. Rajendran And D. Q. Song were calculate
the delamination fracture toughness or critical strain
energy release rate (Gc) values for mid-plane,
delamination in double cantilever beam (DCB) and
single leg bending (SLB) specimens made of woven
fabric carbon-epoxy composite with unidirectional
layup by finite element analysis, and experiment.
Andras Szekrenyes, Jozse Uj, have investigates the
interlaminar fracture and fiber- bridging in doublecantilever-beam specimens from the theoretical and
experimental methods. Kyongchan Song, Carlos G.
Davila, Cheryl A. Rose, were discussed Turons
methodology for selecting analysis parameters for
the simulation of delamination propagation using
relatively coarse meshes is reviewed and used to
determine analysis parameters for use with the
Abaqus/Standard cohesive element.

3. Fiber Bridging
Fiber bridging is where the debonding has
taken places but not all the fibers in the crack wake
have fractured and some bridge the faces of the
crack. As the crack opens under the action of
applied stress, some of the stress will be transferred
to the fibers which will deform elastically. The
stresses in the bridging fibers are viewed as crack
closure tractions which reduce the stress at the
crack tip. There is a corresponding reduction in the
stress intensity factor at the crack tip and hence
crack propagation is hindered.
Figure 1: Fiber bridging
The interesting feature of this toughening
mechanism is that it is occurring in the crack wake
and not at the damage, or process, zone at the crack
tip. The damage zone remains approximately
constant in size as the crack grows therefore the
contribution to the toughness from toughening
mechanism which take place in this zone is also
constant. In contrast as crack extends, it region
increases in size and hence the contribution from
wake toughening mechanisms increases until a
steady state toughness value is reached. This
increases resistance to crack growth as the crack

All Rights Reserved 2016 IJORAT

called the bridging zone. It is possible in small


specimens or in components of composites with
large bridging zones, for failure to occur before the
steady state situation is reached.

4. Energy Release Rate


Energy release rate is defined as energy
release per unit increase in area during crack
growth. It is denoted by the symbol G. The most
common approach to delamination analysis is the
calculation of the strain energy release rate, SERR,
based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM.
This method is limited to brittle matrices; for
tough matrices, another method like elastic-plastic
fracture mechanics may be employed, i.e., Jintegral. G is a measure of how tough the material
is in resisting delamination and can be calculated
from the load-deflection curve. The most common
criterion for mode-I fracture toughness for metals is
the critical stress intensity factor, K, and this value
can be related to the corresponding energy based
criterion G. The two criteria are not independent,
but are related through the elastic constants.

4.1 Energy release rate in double cantilever


beam specimens
The geometry of a DCB specimen is shown in
fig. 2 where h is the thickness of the specimen,
which was varied,
is an initial notch, a is the
length of a propagated crack, d is the crack
opening under the applied wedge forces P, and
is the crack opening at the tip of the initial notch.

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

is equal to p 3EI . The full opening of the DCB


equals the doubled deflection,

d=

(5)

and the compliance c is


(6)

c=
using Esq., (4) and (6)
Figure 2: The geometry of a DCB specimen

(7)
The energy release rate in a DCB specimen is

Combining the Esq. (7) and (5), we get


(8)

(1)
Where b is the width of the specimen, a is the
crack length,
is the potential energy
accumulated in the system, P is the force by which
both sides of the specimen are loaded. The
potential energy of a linearly elastic system is equal
to
(2)
Where
and
are the stress and strain,
v is the volume, p(u) is the force applied, which is a
function of displacement. The first term is an
energy stored in the linear elastic body and the
second one is the work produced by applied
external force. The displacement u is a full opening
of DCB specimen at point where p is applied. The
first term is also expressed through the force acting
on the system,

(3)
From the Esq., (1) and (3)
u

+ p
or
(4)

Where c = u/p is the compliance of the system. The


G value obtained can be functions of the specimen
shape, not only of the characteristics of the
material. G depends on the compliance
c = u/p
which is measured experimentally or calculated
theoretically by using some bridging law.
Neglecting the bridging effect, the deflection of
an ideal cantilever beam, with crack length a and
bending stiffness EI = Eb /12, under a load p

All Rights Reserved 2016 IJORAT

(9)
(10)
G value calculated directly from finite element
analysis with the formulas (7) (10), we can
conclude, that formula (9) performs better.

5. Finite element techniques


5.1. Cohesive zone Model (CZM)
The fracture mechanics based approach
can be used for sharp crack of linear elastic
materials to study the problems. As to the energy
based criterion (strain energy release rate, SERR),
the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) is
powerful tool to compute SERR by using finite
element analysis (FEA). Some applications of
VCCT to study the crack growth can be found.
However, in reality, neither the idealized sharp
crack nor the linear elastic material does exist. This
is particular true for composite materials and
adhesively bonded joints. Therefore, recently,
using of cohesive zone model (CZM) is increasing.
The idea of CZM is straightforward. It is a natural
extension of BD model, which was proposed for
perfect
plastic
materials.
However,
the
implementation of CZM with FEA varies. There
are two major classes: continuum cohesive zone
model (CCZM) and discrete cohesive zone model
(DCZM).
Fracture or delamination along an interface
between phases plays a major role in limiting the
toughness and the ductility of the multi-phase
materials, such as matrix- matrix composites and
laminated composite structure. This has motivated
considerable research on the failure of the
interfaces. Interface delamination can be modeled
by traditional fracture mechanics methods such as
the nodal release technique. Alternatively, you can
use techniques that directly introduce fracture
mechanism by adopting softening relationships
between tractions and the separations, which in

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

turn introduce a critical fracture energy that is also


the energy required to break apart the interface
surfaces. This technique is called the cohesive zone
model. The interface surfaces of the materials can
be represented by a special set of interface
elements or contact elements, and a cohesive zone
model can be used to characterize the constitutive
behavior of the interface. The cohesive zone model
consists of a constitutive relation between the
traction T acting on the interface and the
corresponding
interfacial
separation

(displacement jump across the interface). The


definitions of traction and separation depend on the
element and the material
model.

5.3. Modeling and Meshing

Figure 4: Representation of Element

The model is meshed with two elements which


are PLANE 182 and INTER 202. The PLANE182
element is used to mesh the areas around the
cohesive zone where INTER 202 is used to mesh
the interface elements.

Figure 3: Representation of cohesive zone


1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

Mode I for normal data (input on TBDATA


command as C1, C2, C5 and C6).
max = maximum normal contact stress (input
on TBDATA command as C1 using
TB,CZM).
= contact gap at the completion of
debonding (input on TBDATA command as
C2 using TB,CZM)
= damping coefficient (input on TBDATA
command as C5 using TB, CZM).
Input on TBDATA command as C6 using
TB,CZM) to 1

5.2 Material properties


The
specimens
investigated
were
unidirectional epoxy/glass fiber sheets of thickness
of 3.96, 6.58 and 9.15 mm corresponding to 3, 5
and 7 layers respectively. The initial crack was
25 mm. Width of the cracked specimen was b =
11.1 mm. The length of the specimen was
80
mm for 3 and 5 layer samples, and 200 mm for 7
layer ones. The material characterized by the
following elastic constants: modulus in the fiber
direction
= 135Gpa, transverse modulus
=
= 9Gpa, shear modulus
=
= 5.2Gpa,
and
= 1.9Gpa. Poisson ratio
=
= 0.34,
and

Figure 5: Representation of Element


5.4. Boundary condition and Loading condition
The meshed model is fixed for all degrees of
freedom at right end. And the load is applied at the
top and bottom of the left end element. The applied
load values has been taken from the reference [1]

Figure 6: Meshed model with loading condition

6. Results and Discussion


The Energy Release Rate (G) of the unidirectional
DCB composite specimen is obtained by using the
equation (9) through FEA (ANSYS) results

= 0.46.

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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

increased. And also when the thickness of the


specimen is increased, load requirement for the
crack mouth opening is increased due to the
resistance offered by the material.

Figure 7: Deformed shape of DCB specimen


The numerical analysis on delamination of DCB
specimen of Epoxy/glass fiber unidirectional
composite has been carried out by using the finite
element software ANSYS.
The specimen is taken in three different
thickness and length. Cohesive zone is modeled in
the specimen ahead of artificially introduced crack
to simulate the fiber bridging. The considered
geometrical dimensions of the specimen are as
follows
1.

3 layer, 3.93 mm thick, 11.1mm width


and 80 mm length specimen.
2. 5 layer, 6.58 mm thick, 11.1mm width and
80 mm length specimen.
3. 7 layer, 9.15 mm thick, 11.1mm width
and 200mm length specimen
The displacement at the crack mouth is
obtained from the result. Then the displacement is
converted into Energy release rate (G) by using the
derived equation (9).

Figure 8: Load Vs CMOD


. Fig.8. shows that when the applied load is
increased, the crack mouth opening displacement is
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Figure 9: Load Vs Energy release rate


Fig.9. shows that when applied load is
increased, energy release rate is increased initially
and then reached a constant value at a point of load.
And also when thickness of the material increased,
load requirement for the energy release is increased
due to the resistance offered by the material.
The results obtained for geometry1, 2 and
3 are tabulated.
Table.1. Results for geometry 1

SNo

Load(N)

CMOD(mm)

G (J/m)

10

0.32973

6.18

20

0.66964

24.97

30

1.0217

56.83

40

1.38851

102.32

50

1.77374

162.21

60

2.1826

237.53

70

2.6235

329.80

80

3.1099

441.39

90

3.6692

576.64

10

100

4.3685

745.46

11

110

5.5682

995.10

12

111

5.8407

1039.78

13

111.5

6.0685

1073.05

14

112

40.815

3846.25

15

113

41.213

3917.37

16
17

114
115

41.855
42.162

4004.72
4071.41
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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

Table.2. Results for geometry 2


SNo

Load (N)

CMOD (mm)

8.

Future Work

G (J/m)

10

0.11

1.74

20

0.21

6.99

30

0.33

15.84

40

0.44

28.37

50

0.56

44.67

60

0.67

64.87

0.80

89.08

80

0.92

117.45

90

1.06

150.17

10

100

1.19

187.45

11

110

1.34

229.54

12

120

1.49

276.77

13

130

1.65

329.56

14

140

1.82

388.46

15

150

2.00

454.25

16

160

2.20

528.03

17

170

2.43

611.59

18

180

2.71

708.24

19

190

3.05

825.45

20

200

3.66

996.19

21

210

4.15

1156.62

22

211

15.51

2803.91

23

212

15.74

2849.35

24

213

15.69

2862.13

25

214

15.79

2891.43

26

215

15.88

2920.81

SNo

Load
(N)

CMOD
(mm)

G (J/m)

10

0.13

1.45

20

0.27

5.81

30

0.40

13.11

40

0.54

23.38

50

0.68

36.65

60

0.82

52.94

70

0.96

72.30

80

1.10

94.75

90

1.24

120.33

10

100

1.39

149.07

11

110

1.53

181.02

12

120

1.68

216.20

13

130

1.83

254.66

14

140

1.99

296.44

15

150

2.14

341.58

16

160

2.30

390.13

17

170

2.45

442.15

18

180

2.61

497.67

19

190

2.77

556.75

20

200

2.94

619.46

21

210

3.11

685.82

22

220

3.27

755.91

23

230

4.72

1023.54

24

232

6.50

1281.97

25

234

6.59

1308.10

26

236

6.63

1321.30

In phase II, It is proposed to carry out,


1.
2.
Table.3. Results for geometry 3

Theoretical determination of G.
Experimental determination of
diagram and hence evaluation of G

P-

7. Conclusion
The
crack
propagation
analysis
on
unidirectional DCB Epoxy-glass fiber composite
material is numerically done by using ANSYS
software. The CMOD value of the material for
varying loading condition is obtained. The energy
release rate of the material with different thickness
is obtained by using the theoretical formula
derived.
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9 . Nomenclature
DCB

Double cantilever beam

SERR

Strain energy release rate

VCCT

Virtual crack closure


technique
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International Journal of Research in Advanced Technology IJORAT


Vol 1, Issue 9, NOVEMBER 2016

CZM

Cohesive zone model

SIF

Stress intensity factor


Length of a propagated crack

Proceedings Of 2nd Asian ANSYS User


Conference, Nov 11-13, 1998, Singapore, pp 18.

4.

K. R. Pradeep, B. Nageswara Rao, S. M.


Sivakumar and K. Balasubramanium, Interface
Fracture Assessment on Sandwich DCB
Specimens,
Reinforced
Plastics
and
Composites, Vol. 29, No 13/2010, Pp 19631977.

5.

Kyongchan Song, Carlos G. Davila, Cheryl A.


Rose, Guidelines and Parameter Selection for
the Simulation of Progressive Delamination,
Abaqus Users Conference, 2008, Pp 1-15.

6.

Bent F. Sorensen, E. Kristofer Gamstedt,


Rasmus C. Ostergaard, and Stergios Goutianos,
micromechanical model of cross over fiber
bridging prediction of mixed mode bridging
laws, Mechanics Of Material 40 (2008) pp220234.

Initial crack length


d

Crack mouth opening


displacement

Applied wedge forces

Energy release rate

Potential energy
Stress
Strain

Volume

P (u)

Force applied

Width of a specimen

Thickness of a specimen

Strain energy

Compliance

EI

Bending stiffness
Fiber direction modulus
&

Transverse modulus
Shear modulus
Poisson ratio

References

1.

Tamuzs V, Tarasovs S, and Vilks U.


Progressive delamination and fiber bridging
modeling in double cantilever beam composite
specimen. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 68
(2001), pp513525.

2.

Andras Szekrenyes, Jozse Uj, advanced


Beam model for fiber-bridging in unidirectional
composite double cantilever beam specimens,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics 72 (2005),
pp2686-2702.

3.

H. Sun, S. Rajendran and D. Q. Song, Finite


Element Analysis on Delamination Fracture
Toughness
of
Composite
Specimens,

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