Kiev Oensive (1920)

The 1920 Kiev Oensive (or Kiev Operation), sometimes considered to have started the Soviet-Polish War,[1]
was an attempt by the armed forces of the newly reemerged Poland led by Jzef Pisudski, in alliance with
the Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura, to seize the territories of modern-day Ukraine which fell under the Soviet
control after the Bolshevik Revolution.[1] The operation
led to a Soviet counteroensive resulting in the creation
of the short-lived Galician Soviet Socialist Republic, and
ended amicably with the formal Peace of Riga of 1921.[2]

was controlled by several disparate powers: Denikin's

Whites, the Red Army and pro-Soviet formations, the
Makhnovist Partisan Army claiming signicant territory,
the Kingdom of Romania in the southwest, Poland, and
various bands lacking any political ideology. The city of
Kiev had undergone numerous recent changes of government. The Ukrainian Peoples Republic was established
in 1917; a Bolshevik uprising was suppressed in January
1918. The Red Army took it in February 1918, followed
by the Army of the German Empire in March; Ukrainian
The stated goal of the operation was to create a for- forces retook the city in December. During February
mally independent Ukraine.[3] Some Ukrainians greeted 1919 the Red Army regained control; in August it was
the Polish and allied Ukrainian forces as liberators,[4] al- taken rst by Symon Petlura's men and then by Denikins
[7]
though Ukrainians fought for both sides of the conict.[5] army. The Soviets regained control in December 1919.
The campaign was conducted from April to June 1920. It At the time of the oensive, the forces of the exiled
was a major military operation of the Polish Army thanks Ukrainian leader Petlura, who formally represented the
only a small
to new alliance with the forces of the Ukrainian Peo- Ukrainian Peoples Republic, controlled
[8]
sliver
of
land
near
the
Polish
border.
Under
these cirples Republic under the exiled Ukrainian leader Symon
[9]
cumstances,
Petlura
saw
no
choice
but
to
accept
PiPetliura. It was opposed by the Soviets who claimed most
[5] sudskis oer to join the alliance with Poland despite
of the territories for the Ukrainian SSR afterwards.
territorial conicts between these two
Initially successful for the Polish and Ukrainian armies many unresolved
nations;[3] on April 21, 1920 they signed the Treaty of
which captured Kiev on May 7, 1920, the campaign was
dramatically reversed,[6] chiey by the cavalry of Semyon Warsaw. In exchange for agreeing to a border along the
Zbruch River, Petlura was promised military help in reBudyonny.[2]
gaining the Soviet-controlled territories with Kiev, where
he would again assume the authority of the Ukrainian
Peoples Republic (UNR).[10][11][12]

Prelude

For the Petluras acceptance of the Polands territorial

advances it obtained from defeating the West Ukrainian
Peoples Republic (WUNR), a Ukrainian statehood attempt in Volhynia and Eastern part of Galicia, largely
Ukrainian populated but with signicant Polish minority, Petlura was promised military help in regaining the
Soviet-controlled territories with Kiev, where he would
again assume the authority of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic. The treaty was followed by a formal alliance
signed by Petlura and Pisudski on April 24. On the same
day, Poland and UPR forces began the Kiev Operation,
aimed at securing the Ukrainian territory for the Petluras
government thus creating a buer for Poland that would
separate it from Russia.

Following the formal restoration of Ukrainian indepenPolish General Listowski (left) and exiled Ukrainian leader dence, the Ukrainian state was then supposed[3]to suborSymon Petlura (second from left) following Petluras alliance dinate its military and economy to Warsaw through
joining the Polish-led "Midzymorze" federation of Eastwith the Poles
Central European states, as Pisudski wanted Ukraine to
The government of the Ukrainian Peoples Repub- be a buer between Poland and Russia rather than seeagain dominated by Russia right at the Pollic, with mounting attacks on its territory since early ing Ukraine[13][14]
Separate provisions in the treaty guarish
border.
1919, had lost control over most of Ukraine, which
1

2 BATTLE

Polish Kiev Offensive at its height. June 1920

Column of Polish FT-17 tanks near Lww, c. 1919

anteed the rights of the Polish and Ukrainian minorities

within both states and obliged each side not to conclude
any international agreements against each other.[3][8][15]
As the treaty legitimized the Polish control over the territory that the Ukrainians viewed as rightfully theirs, the
alliance received a dire reception from many Ukrainian
leaders, ranging from Mykhailo Hrushevsky[16] former
chairman of the Tsentralna Rada, to Yevhen Petrushevych, the leader of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic that was forced into exile after Polish-Ukrainian
War. However, such objections were brushed aside.
The initial expedition in which 65,000 Polish and 15,000
Ukrainian soldiers[17] took part started on April 24, 1920.
The military goal was to outank the Soviet forces and destroy them in a single battle. After winning the battle in
the South, the Polish General Sta planned a speedy withdrawal of the 3rd Army and strengthening of the northern
front where Pisudski expected the main battle with the
Red Army to take place. The Polish southern ank was to
be held by Polish-allied Ukrainian forces under a friendly
government in Ukraine. On May 7, Polish and Ukrainian
soldiers entered Kiev.

2
2.1

Battle
Polish advance

Soviet

oensive

successes. Early August 1920

Pilsudskis forces were divided into three armies. Arranged from north to south, they were the 3rd, 2nd and
6th, with Petliuras forces attached to the 6th army. Facing them were the Soviet 12th and 14th armies led by
Alexander Ilyich Yegorov. Pilsudski struck on April 25,
and captured Zhytomyr the following day. Within a
week, the Soviet 12th army was largely destroyed. In the
south, the Polish 6th Army and Petliuras forces pushed
the Soviet 14th army out of central Ukraine as they
quickly marched eastward through Vinnytsia.[8] The combined Polish-Ukrainian forces entered Kiev on May 7,
encountering only token resistance. On May 9 the Polish troops celebrated the capture of Kiev with the victory
parade on Kreschatyk, the citys main street. Following
this parade, however, all Polish forces were withdrawn
from the city and control was given to the Ukrainian
6th division under the control of Petluras Ukrainian
government.[18]
On April 26, in his Call to the People of Ukraine, Pisudski assured that the Polish army would only stay as
long as necessary until a legal Ukrainian government took
control over its own territory.[19] Many Ukrainians were
both anti-Polish and anti-Bolshevik,[20] and were suspicious of the Poles.[21] The Soviet propaganda also had the
eect of encouraging negative Ukrainian sentiment towards the Polish operation and Polish-Ukrainian history
in general.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

The success of the joint Polish-Ukrainian political campaign depended on the creation of a strong Ukrainian
army capable of defeating the Soviets in Ukraine. While
initially successful, the campaign ultimately failed. The
local population was tired of hostilities after several years
of war and the Ukrainian Army never exceeded two diBefore the Polish visions largely due to the ambivalent attitude of Ukrainiadvance. Central and Eastern Europe in December 1919

3
ans towards the alliance. Petliura was only able to recruit Western Front, the Polish-Ukrainian units managed to
20,00030,000 additional soldiers into his army, a num- withdraw in order and relatively unscathed. Such an outber insucient to hold back the Soviet forces.
come of the operation was equally unexpected by both
However the Bolshevik army, although having suered sides. Although the Poles withdrew to their initial posome defeats, avoided total destruction. The Polish of- sitions, they remained tied down in Ukraine and lacked
fensive stopped at Kiev and only a small bridgehead was sucient strength to support the Polish Northern Front
and strengthen defenses at the Auta River during the deciestablished on the eastern bank of the Dnieper.
sive battle that was soon to take place there. On the other
hand, the Bolshevik objectives were not accomplished either and the Russian forces had to remain in Ukraine and
2.2 Soviet counterattack
got tied down with heavy ghting for the area of the city
of Lww.
The Polish-Ukrainian military thrust soon met the Red
Army counterattack. On May 24, 1920 the PolishUkrainian forces encountered the highly respected First
Cavalry Army of Semyon Budionny. Two days later, Bu- 3 Aftermath
dionnys cavalry, with two major units from the Russian
12th Army, began an assault on the Polish forces centered In the aftermath of the defeat in Ukraine, the Polish govaround Kiev. After a week of heavy ghting south of the ernment of Leopold Skulski resigned on the June 9, and
city, the Russian assault was repulsed and the front line a political crisis gripped Polish government for most of
restored. On June 3, 1920 another Russian assault began June.[27] Bolshevik and later Soviet propaganda used the
north of the city.
Kiev Oensive to portray the Polish government as im[28]
Meanwhile, Polish military intelligence was aware of perialist aggressors.
Russian preparations for a counteroensive, and Polish
commander-in-chief Jzef Pisudski ordered the commander of Polish forces on the Ukrainian Front, General
Antoni Listowski, to prepare for a strategic withdrawal.
From the perspective of sta maps in Warsaw, it was
clear that the recently created Polish Army was too weak
to withstand both the oensive in the southern, Ukrainian
sector and the spring oensive being prepared by the
Bolsheviks in Belarus and north of the Pripyat Marshes.
However, the commander of the Polish 3rd Army in the
vicinity of Kiev, General Edward Rydz-migy, was seeking a way to repulse the upcoming Russian assault rather
than withdraw, and even proposed to the General Sta
regrouping all his forces at Kiev and defending there until relieved. His plan was turned down by Pisudski, who
knew that no relief force could be prepared any time soon.
He repeated his order to withdraw the Polish 3rd and 6th
Armies from the Kiev area.

4 Controversies

The mutual accusations by both parties of the conict in

violations of the basic rules of the war conduct were rampant and full of exaggerations. Norman Davies writes that
Polish and Soviet newspapers of that time competed in
which could produce a more terrifying portrait of their
opponent.[29] Soviet propaganda claimed that Poles destroyed much of Kievs infrastructure, including the passenger and cargo railway stations, and other purely civilian objects crucial for the city functioning, such as the
electric power station, the city sewerage and water supply systems as well as monuments such as St Volodymyrs
Cathedral.[30] The Poles denied that they committed any
such acts of vandalism, claiming that the only deliberate damage they carried out during their evacuation was
blowing up Kiev bridges across the Dnieper River,[31] for
strictly military reasons.[32] The cathedral was not, in fact,
2.3 Polish retreat
destroyed.[32] According to some Ukrainian sources, incidents of more controversial destruction in the city not
Repeated attacks by the Budionnys 1st Cavalry Army warranted by military needs by the retreating Polish army
eventually broke the Polish Ukrainian front on June 5 and have also occurred.[33]
on June 10 Polish armies were retreating along the entire Accusations were made against the Soviet side as well.
front. On June 13 Kiev was evacuated and left to the So- Richard Watt writes that the Soviet advance into Ukraine
viets.
was characterized by mass killing of civilians and the
As the withdrawal was started too late, the forces of Rydz
found themselves in an extremely dicult situation. Russian Golikovs and Yakirs Groups, as well as the 1st Cavalry Army managed to capture several strategically important positions behind the Polish lines and the risk of
the Polish armies being surrounded and defeated became
high. However, mostly due to lack of reconnaissance,
poor command and conicts within the sta of the South-

burning of entire villages, especially by Budyonny's cossacks, designed to instill a sense of fear in the Ukrainian
population.[34] Norman Davies notes that on June 7
two days after breaking Polish frontline Budionnys 1st
Army destroyed the bridges in Zhytomyr, wrecked the
train station and burned various buildings; on the same
day it burned a hospital in Berdychiv, with 600 patients
and Red Cross nuns, and that such terror tactics were

common for Budionnys Cossacks.[35] According to The

Black Book of Communism, in the pacication of Ukraine
that began during the Soviet counteroensive in 1920 and
which would not end until 1922 the Soviets would take
tens of thousands of Ukrainian lives.[36]
Isaac Babel, a war correspondent embedded with the
Red Army, in his diary wrote down supposed atrocities committed by the Polish troops and their allies, as
well as the murders of the Polish POWs by the Red
Army troops and looting of the civilian population by
Budyonnys Red Cossacks.[37] Babels writings became so
known that Budionny himself protested against defamation of his troops.[29]

Order of battle

The following is the Order of Battle of Polish and Bolshevik forces taking part in the struggles in Ukraine, as
of April 25, 1920. It should be noted that the command structure of both sides changed during the operation. Also, the Russian forces were joined by Budennyis
1st Cavalry Army in the latter part of the operation, while
a large part of the Polish forces was withdrawn by then to
Belarus.
Among Polish Airforce was the 7th Kociuszko
Squadron.

5.1

Poland / Ukrainian Peoples Republic

5.2

Soviet Russia / Soviet Ukraine

See also
Battle of Kiev (1941)
Battle of Kiev (1943)

Notes
1. ^ The outcome of the Polish and Bolshevik operations in Ukraine is sometimes disputed. Neither
the Poles nor the Russians forced their opponent to
ght a major battle or outanked his forces and destroyed them, which was the main military goal of
operations for both sides. However, the Kiev oensive was a severe blow to Jzef Pisudski's plans for
a Midzymorze federation.[38] As such, the operation may be viewed as a defeat for Pisudski, as well
as for Petliura.

REFERENCES

8 References
[1] Encyclopdia Britannica, Russo-Polish War in
Encyclopdia Britannica
[This war was a] military conict between Soviet Russia
and Poland, which sought to seize Ukraine []Although
there had been hostilities between the two countries
during 1919, the conict began when the Polish head
of state Jzef Pilsudski formed an alliance with the
Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlura (April 21,
1920) and their combined forces began to overrun
Ukraine, occupying Kiev on May 7.
[2] Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 534. ISBN 08020-0830-5.
[3] Although the [UNR] was unable to contribute real
strength to the Polish oensive, it could oer a certain
camouage for the naked aggression involved. Warsaw
had no diculty in convincing the powerless Petliura to
sign a treaty of alliance. In it he abandoned his claim
of all territories [...] demanded by Pilsudski. In exchange the Poles recognized the sovereignty of the UNR
on all territories which it claimed, including those within
the Polish frontiers of 1772 in other words, much of
the area Poland demanded from Soviet Russia. Petlura
also pledged not to conclude any international agreements
against Poland and guaranteed full cultural rights to the
Polish residents in Ukraine. Supplementary military and
economic agreements subbordinate the Ukrainian army
and economy to the control of Warsaw.
Richard K Debo, Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 19181921, pp. 210211,
McGill-Queens Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7735-0828-7.
[4] Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 935. ISBN 0-19-820171-0.
[5] Peter Abbot."Ukrainian Armies 191455", Chapter
"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 191721", Osprey,
2004, ISBN 1-84176-668-2
[6] Roshwald, Aviel (2001). Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall
of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia,
19141923. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-24229-0. See:
Treaty of Riga.
[7] Institute of Contemporary Jewry (1988). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: The Jews and the European Crisis,
19141921. Jonathan Frankel, Peter Y. Medding, Universiah ha-Ivrit bi-Yerushalayim Makhon le-Yahadut zemanenu, Ezra Mendelsohn. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0-19-505113-1.
[8] Watt, Richard (1979). Bitter Glory: Poland and its Fate
19181939. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 109,
119. ISBN 0-671-22625-8.
[9] The death was staring right into their eyes. And not only
to the people to the entire just born Ukrainian statehood.
Therefore, the Supreme Ataman Petlura had no choice but
to accept the alliance oered by Pilsudsky or he would
have had capitulated to the Bolsheviks, as Volodymyr Vinnychenko or Mykhailo Hrushevsky have done at that time
or in a year or two.

Oleksa Pidlutskyi, Postati XX stolittia, (Figures of the

20th century), Kiev, 2004, ISBN 966-8290-01-1, LCCN
2004-440333. Chapter Jzef Pisudski: The Chief who
Created Himself a State reprinted in Zerkalo Nedeli (the
Mirror Weekly), Kiev, February 39, 2001, in Russian and
in Ukrainian.
[10] O. Halecki. A history of Poland. Dorset House Publishing
Co Inc. 1992. p. 286.
[11] S. G. Payne. Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949. Cambridge
University Press. 2011. p. 55.
[12] N. Davies. Gods Playground, A History of Poland. Vol
2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford University Press. 2005. p.
379.
[13] The newly found Polish state cared much more about the
expansion of its borders to the east and south-east (between the seas) that about helping the agonizing state of
which Petlura was a de facto dictator. (A Belated Idealist. Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), May 2228, 2004.
Available online :in Russian and in Ukrainian.)
Pisudski is quoted to have said: After the Polish independence we will see about Polands size. (ibid)
[14] One month before his death Pilsudski told his aide: My
life is lost. I failed to create the free from the Russians
Ukraine
<(Russian)(Ukrainian) Oleksa Pidlutskyi, Postati XX
stolittia, (Figures of the 20th century), Kiev, 2004,
ISBN 966-8290-01-1, LCCN 2004-440333. Chapter
Jzef Pisudski: The Chief who Created Himself a State
reprinted in Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), Kiev,
February 39, 2001, in Russian and in Ukrainian.
[15] Kubijovic, V. (1963). Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 766.
[16] Prof. Ruslan Pyrig, "Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Bolsheviks: the price of political compromise", Zerkalo Nedeli,
September 30 October 6, 2006, available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
[17] Subtelny, Orest, Orest (2000). Twentieth Century
Ukraine: The Ukrainian Revolution: Petluras alliance
with Poland. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University
of Toronto Press. p. 375. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
[18] Kutrzeba, T. (1937). Wyprawa kijowska 1920 roku. Warsaw: Gebethner i Wol.
[19] (Polish), Wodzimierz Bczkowski, Wodzimierz
Bczkowski Czy prometeizm jest kcj i fantazj?,
Orodek Myli Politycznej (quoting full text of odezwa
Jzefa Pisudskiego do mieszkacw Ukrainy). Last
Retrieved October 25, 2006.
[20] Ronald Grigor Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the
USSR, and the Successor States, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 0-19-508105-6, Google Print, p.106
[21] THE REBIRTH OF POLAND. University of Kansas, lecture notes by professor Anna M. Cienciala, 2004. Last
accessed on June 2, 2006.

[22] Edith Rogovin Frankel, Jonathan Frankel, Baruch KneiPaz, Revolution in Russia: Reassessments of 1917, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-40585-8,
Google Print, p.244
[23] Opaska, Janusz, $O with th eagle!, Karta (46/2005)
[24] (Polish) Katarzyna Pisarska, UKRAISKIE POLITYCZNE ZMAGANIA O NIEPODLEGO W LATACH 1917 1920, The Polish Forum of Young Diplomats
[25] (Polish) Robert Potocki, Idea Restytucji Ukraiskiej
Republiki Ludowej, Monograe Instytutu Europy
rodkowo-Wschodniej, t. 1. Lublin, Instytut Europy
rodkowo-Wschodniej, 1999.
[26] (Polish) Wodzimierz Bczkowski Sprawa ukraiska,
April 9, 2005, Orodek Myli Politycznej
[27] Davies, White Eagle..., p.127 and p.160
[28] Janusz Szczepaski, KONTROWERSJE WOK
BITWY WARSZAWSKIEJ 1920 ROKU (Controversies
surrounding the Battle of Warsaw in 1920). Mwi
Wieki, online version. (Polish)
[29] Davies, White Eagle..., Polish edition, p.243-244
[30] .. (1958).
. Moscow. pp. 6465.
. . 3. Moscow. 1961.
pp. 266269.
. (1931).

19181921.
Russian translation
from Polish. Moscow. pp. 152153.
Likely original: Przybylski, Adam (1930). Wojna polska,
19181921. (in Polish). Warszawa: Wojskowy Instytut
Naukowo-Wydawniczy. LCCN 55053688.
above sources cited by ,
(Mikhail Meltyukhov) (2001).
-
.
-
19181939 . (Soviet-Polish Wars. Politico-Military
stando of 19181939). Moscow: (Veche). ISBN
5-699-07637-9.
[31] Fording the Dnipro. The past, present and future of
Kyivs bridges. The Ukrainian observer, issue 193.
[32] editors note to The War with Poland, Postal Telegram
No.2886-a from The Military writings of Leon Trotsky, Volume 3: 1920
[33] Among the destroyed objects were the mansion of the
General-Governor of Kiev at Institutskaya street (Druh,
Olha; Dmytro Malakov (2004). Osobnyaki Kyieva. Kyi.
p. 124. ISBN 966-7161-60-9.) and the monument to
Taras Shevchenko recently elected on the former location
of the monument to Olga of Kiev ,
" " (The time to erect
monuments...), , 33 (76), September 39, 2001
[34] Having burst through the front, Budyonnys cavalry would
devastate the enemies rear burning, killing and looting
as they went. These Red cavalrymen inspired an almost
numbing sense of fear in their opponents [...] the very

10

names Budyonny and Cossack terried the Ukrainian population, and they moved into a state of neutrality or even
hostility toward Petliura and the Poles..."
from Richard Watt, 1979. Bitter Glory: Poland and its
fate 19181939. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN
0-671-22625-8
[35] Davies, White Eagle..., Polish edition, p.123-124
[36] Courtois, Stephane; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis;
Paczkowki, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, JeanLouis (1999). The Black Book of Communism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN
0-674-07608-7
[37] Babel, ibid
[38] Harold Henry Fisher (1971). Famine in Soviet Russia
1919 1923: The Operation of the American Relief Administration: The Operations of the American Relief Administration. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8369-5650-4.

Further reading
Lech Wyszczelski (1999). Kijw 1920. Warsaw:
Bellona. ISBN 83-11-08963-9.
Norman Davies (2003). White Eagle, Red Star:
The Polish-Soviet War, 191920. London: Pimlico.
ISBN 0-7126-0694-7.
Jzef Pisudski (19371991). Pisma zbiorowe
(Collected Works). Warsaw: Krajowa Agencja
Wydawnicza (reprint). ISBN 83-03-03059-0.
Mikhail Tukhachevski (1989). Lectures at Military Academy in Moscow, February 710, 1923 in:
Pochd za Wis. d: Wydawnictwo dzkie.
ISBN 83-218-0777-1.
Subtelny, Orest, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN
0-8020-8390-0.
Janusz Cisek (1990). Ssiedzi wobec wojny 1920
roku. Wybr dokumentw. (Neighbours Attitude Towards the War of 1920. A collection of documents,
English summary). London: Polish Cultural Foundation Ltd. ISBN 0-85065-212-X.
Isaac Babel (2002). Red Cavalry. New York: W.W.
Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32423-0.
Korzeniewski, Bogusaw;, THE RAID ON KIEV
IN POLISH PRESS PROPAGANDA, Humanistic
Review (01/2006)

EXTERNAL LINKS

10 External links
(Russian)/(Ukrainian) Figures of the 20th century.
Jzef Pisudski: the Chief who Created a State
for Himself, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly),
Feb. 39, 2001, available online in Russian and in
Ukrainian.
(Russian) Dramas of Ukrainian-Polish Brotherhood (documentary lm), a review in Zerkalo
Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), March 1319, 1999, available online (in Russian).
,
(Mikhail
Meltyukhov) (2001). - .
- 1918
1939 . (Soviet-Polish Wars. Politico-Military
stando of 19181939) (in Russian). Moscow:
(Veche). ISBN 5-699-07637-9..
Kiev is in the Hands of the Polish Gentry! The Military writing of Leon Trotsky Volume 3: 1920 The
War with Poland
Postal Telegram No. 2886-a The Military writing
of Leon Trotsky Volume 3: 1920 The War with
Poland
Coordinates: 5027N 3031E / 50.450N 30.517E

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Kiev Oensive (1920) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Offensive_(1920)?oldid=744258953 Contributors: Leandrod, Llywrch, Ahoerstemeier, Shantavira, Phil Boswell, Altenmann, Halibutt, Lysy, Everyking, Mboverload, Matthead, Jm butler, Piotrus, Mzajac,
Balcer, Sam Hocevar, Loopy, Irpen, AlexPU, Rich Farmbrough, Polylerus, Pearle, Logologist, Ghirlandajo, Jacob Haller, Graham87,
Deltabeignet, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Koavf, Gryndor, Lordkinbote, Ligulem, Valip, Ev, Garyvdm, Volunteer Marek, Wavelength,
RussBot, Kirill Lokshin, Alex Bakharev, Akhristov, Manxruler, Molobo, Grakm fr, Tony1, DeadEyeArrow, Ktoto, Errabee, JLaTondre,
Curpsbot-unicodify, Cromag, Appleseed, That Guy, From That Show!, SmackBot, Selfworm, Alsandro, Rst20xx, Colonies Chris, Hongooi,
Homestarmy, DDima, Ohconfucius, Hemmingsen, Illythr, Volker89, Eugen Ivan, Waggers, Andrwsc, Nehrams2020, Umedard, Cydebot,
Apiquinamir, Poeticbent, Khatru2, Kozuch, Thijs!bot, Faustian, Reichenbach, JPG-GR, The Anomebot2, MetsBot, Novickas, Kevinsam,
CommonsDelinker, Aleksandr Grigoryev, STBotD, M0RD00R, Logan, Nihil novi, Unbuttered Parsnip, XPTO, Niceguyedc, A.h. king,
Wally Tharg, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Amirobot, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, Omnipaedista, Anotherclown, Hedviberit, Dinamikbot, AirRuritania, Jamietw, Loserjay10, RjwilmsiBot, John of Reading, Dimitaru, H3llBot, AManWithNoPlan, Artemis Dread, Now Look
What You've Made Me Do, Molestash, Frietjes, Helpful Pixie Bot, Brovary, Josvebot, Monkbot, Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 28

11.2

Images

File:Breguet_14_Kiew.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Breguet_14_Kiew.jpg License: Public

domain Contributors: Picture published in Polska lotnicza album, Warsaw, 1937
Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_RSFSR_1918.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_the_Russian_SFSR_
%281918-1920%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sergey Chekhonin
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_SSR_(1927-1937).svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_
Ukrainian_SSR_%281929-1937%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Guilherme Paula
File:Flag_of_the_Ukranian_State.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Ukranian_State.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alex Tora
File:PBW_August_1920.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/PBW_August_1920.png License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:PBW_December_1919.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/PBW_December_1919.png License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:PBW_June_1920.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/PBW_June_1920.png License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/POL_Marynarka_Wojenna.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poznaniak
File:POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/POL_Wojska_Lotnicze.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poznaniak
File:POL_Wojska_Ldowe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/POL_Wojska_L%C4%85dowe.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Poznaniak
File:Petlyura_Lisowski.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Petlyura_Lisowski.jpg
Lihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petlyura_Lisowski.jpg Original artist:
Uncense:
Public domain Contributors:
known<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Polish_FT-17_tanks_near_Lww.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Polish_FT-17_tanks_near_
Lw%C3%B3w.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This is photograph Q 92227 from the collections of the Imperial War Museums.
Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0