MM Wave Technology Part1 Iit Lecture

Introduction to
Millimeter-wave Technology
Mrinal Kanti Mandal

mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
Department of E & ECE
I.I.T. Kharagpur.
1
References
1. Advanced Millimeter-wave Technologies: Antennas, Packaging
and Circuits - Duixian Liu, Ulrich Pfeiffer, Janusz Grzyb and Brian
Gaucher, Wiley.
2. Handbook of RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Components
- Sergey M. Smolskiy Author, Leonid A. Belov and Victor N.
Kochemasov, Artech House Microwave Library.
3. Millimeter Wave Communication Systems - Kao-Cheng Huang,
Zhaocheng Wang, Wiley.
4. Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems David M.
Pozar, Wiley.
5. Millimeter Wave and Optical Dielectric Integrated Guides and
Circuits Shiban K. Koul, Wiley.
2
M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.
Band designation
Bands
Frequency range
Typical uses
1 - 2 GHz
military telemetry, GPS, mobile phones (GSM), amateur radio.
2 - 4 GHz
weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites,

microwave ovens, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN,
Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS, amateur radio.
4 - 8 GHz
8 - 12 GHz
Ku
K
Ka
12 - 18 GHz
18 - 26.5 GHz
26.5 - 40 GHz
33 - 50 GHz
V
E
50 - 75 GHz
60 - 90 GHz
75 - 110 GHz
90 - 140 GHz
110 - 170 GHz
long-distance radio telecommunications.

satellite communications, radar, terrestrial broadband, space
communications, amateur radio.
satellite communications.
radar, satellite communications, astronomical observations.
satellite communications.
satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, radio
astronomy, automotive radar.
millimetre wave radar research and other kinds of scientific research.
UHF transmissions.
satellite communications, millimeter-wave radar research, military radar
targeting and tracking applications, and some non-military applications.
SHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, microwave
devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars,
communications satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur
radio.
EHF transmissions: Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio
relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon,
3
millimetre wave scanner.
FMCW RADAR circuit

mm-wave part
Low frequency part
A mixer is used to down/up convert the carrier frequency.

4
Millimeter-wave system
A conceptual mobile phone circuit.
Millimeter wave wireless technology presents the potential to offer bandwidth

delivery comparable to that of fiber optics, but without the financial and logistic
challenges of deploying fiber.
Atmospheric attenuation
6
Rain attenuation
Attenuation increases with
frequency (mm-wave) and
rain rate.
A problem for long distance
communication (eg. satellite
links).
7
Long distance communication possible..?

Free space path loss (from Friis law):
4 r
20 log10
dB.

r is the free space distance,

is the wavelength.
Typical path loss values for r = 10 m:

2.4 GHz
30 GHz
60 GHz
300 GHz
600 GHz
60 dB
82 dB
88 dB
102 dB
108 dB
Typical path loss values for r = 1 km:

2.4 GHz
30 GHz
60 GHz
300 GHz
600 GHz
100 dB
122 dB
128 dB
142 dB
148 dB
Millimeter-wave
antenna.
Milimeter Waves Communication Systems, K.-C. Huang and Z. Wang, Wiley.

Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.
8
@M.K. Mandal
mm-wave propagation
Pros and cons:
mm-waves have high atmospheric attenuation.
Rain fade is a serious problem, humidity also has an impact on propagation.
Surfaces appear rougher so diffused reflection increases.
Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces,

causes serious fading.
Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds in

portable devices shadowing due to the human body is a problem.
mm-waves travel solely by line-of-sight, and are blocked by building walls

and attenuated by foliage (a few km) densely packed communications
networks (WPAN) through frequency reuse.
Show "optical" propagation characteristics can be reflected and focused

by small metal surfaces, diffracted by building edges.
The small wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam
width, increasing frequency reuse potential, small circuit size.
Potential applications: very high resolution radar, communication links> 10

GBPS.
Sir J.C. Boses work
The first millimetre wave communication system in the world.

In 1895, transmission and reception of 60 GHz signal, over 23 meters distance.
Pioneering work: spark transmitter, coherer, dielectric lens, polarizer, horn
antenna and cylindrical diffraction grating.
2.5 cm to 5 mm wavelength.
10
Sir J.C. Boses set up
World first millimetre-wave system.

11
Sir J.C. Boses mm-wave system
12
Sir J.C. Boses original set up
Original set up.
Different polarisers used by Bose.

Point contact detector.
Spark gap as a source.

13
Applications
14
Millimetre-wave applications
Scientific research:
Radio astronomy and remote sensing: ground-based radio astronomy is

limited to high altitude sites due to atmospheric absorption issues.
Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in

the upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen
molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure.
Outer space research.
Remote sensing satellite
Telescope: CARMA in D-array ( 1cm, 3 mm).

15
Telecommunications:
Highly directional, "pencil-beam" close

proximity to one another without causing
interference.
point-to-point communications, intersatellite links,

and point-to-multipoint communications.
a replacement for or supplement to fibre optics.
38.6 - 40.0 GHz band for licensed high-speed

microwave data links (data throughputs up to
2.5 Gb/s).
The 71-76, 81-86 and 9295 GHz bands are also

used
for
point-to-point
high-bandwidth
communication links.
Current research for 10 Gb/s links in the W band.
The upcoming Wi-Fi standard IEEE 802.11ad will

run on the 60 GHz (data transfer rates of up to 7
Gb/s).
Kepler Mission
(Ka - downlink)
Secure data-link.
16
Passive imaging:
Effective radio metric temperature TE = Ts + Tsc
Surface brightness temp Ts = Physical temperature T0 emissivity
Scattered radiometric temp Tsc = reflectivity radiometric temperature TILLU
17
Effect of 1 km fog (visibility 50 m) on blackbody radiation.
18
300
Tb (K)
250
200
Transmission windows
for radiometer
measurement:
150
30 50 GHz
100
Clear
70 100 GHz
Cloudy
130 150 GHz.
50
50
100
150
200
Frequency (GHz)
Calculated brightness temp of the atmosphere for T0 = 293 K, water 0.1 gm/m3
Cloudy - water 10 gm/m3.
19
Weapon system:
Nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial
System (ADS) emits a beam of radiation with a
wavelength of 3 mm.
Fire control radar.
Security screening:
Clothing and other organic materials are translucent in
some mm-wave frequencies airport security scanner.
ADS mounted vehicle.
In development: millimeter wave scanner that can search

as far as 50 meters to scan a large number of people
without their awareness.
Medicine:
Low intensity (usually 10 mW/cm2 or less) radiation (40 70 GHz) for the treatment of many types of diseases
mm-wave imaging.
20
Collision avoidance radar.
21
Example cloud RADAR

Frequency
Cloud radar
FMCW
Avg. power
Antenna size
35 GHz
10 - 100 W
13m
95 GHz
0.1 15 W
0.3 2 m
95 GHz
0.1 1 W
Separate antennas
~1 m
22
Other issues
23
Guiding structures at mm-wave frequencies

Type of wave guiding structures at mm-wave frequencies:
1.
Hollow metal waveguides.
2.
Planar transmission lines.
3.
Quasiplanar transmission lines.
4.
Dielectric integrated guides.
5.
H- and groove-guide structures.
Circular and rectangular

waveguides
0r
0r
Microstrip
CPW
24
Substrate parameters
25
Phase and Group Velocity

The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the
wave propagates.
vp =
where = k 2 k c2
= 2 g .
The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall shape of
the waves' amplitudes (envelope of the wave) propagates.
Group velocity can be thought of as the signal velocity (ven) of the waveform
(in non-absorptive medium)
vg = d d .
Group delay:
Group delay is a measure of the time delay of the amplitude envelopes of
the various sinusoidal components of a signal through a device under test.
d
d S 21
d =
.
d
d
D (nS)
Freq (GHz)
26
Slow and Fast Waves

Slow wave : Vp <c (speed of light in free space)
Non-radiating, radiates only at discontinuities.
Examples: helixes, dielectric slabs or rods, corrugated
conductors.
Top view
At fixed f, g Vp
L (mm)
Electrical length = L.
Fast wave : Vp >c
Radiates continuously along its length. Examples: leaky wave antennas ( the
beam angle controls the beamwidth).
At fixed f, g Vp
27
Skin depth
The skin effect is due to opposing eddy
currents induced by the changing magnetic field
resulting from the alternating current.
Current density inside metal:
Skin depth: the depth below the surface of the
conductor at which the current density has fallen to
1/e ( 0.37) of JS.
AC current distribution.
For lower ,
cu |50 Hz = 8.5 mm, cu |10 kHz = 660 m, cu |10 GHz =
0.66 m, cu |100 GHz = 0.21 m.
General expression:
Opposite eddy currents.
28
Boundary conditions
Dielectric interface:
No charge or surface current density
Et1
r1
Et2
r2
Et1
r1
PEC interface (electric wall):

Non zero charge and surface current density
Magnetic wall interface:

Tangential magnetic field is zero.
29
Challenges
30
Challenges
Simulation performance of the simulators above 60 GHz.
Design consideration of losses, single mode operation.
Physical realization materials, fabrication challenges etc.
System integration and packaging deal with RF as well as mm-wave.
Testing.
N5247A PNA-X, 67 GHz VNA
N9040B UXA signal analyzer, 3 Hz 50

GHz.
31
Challenges
Circuit:
Small size: fabrication, loss, power handling
Choose a proper architecture (homodyne, super heterodyne, six port etc)
Minimization of mm-wave components (e.g. single VCO)
Minimization of interconnects (lossy, phase shift)
Antenna:
Efficiency
Filtering function
High gain antenna
On-chip and off-chip antennas
32
Challenges
RF Electronics:
Loss increases system noise figure
Close to antenna
Cost effective (e.g. fully integrated system in Silicon)
Packaging:
Multi-chip modules (MCM)
Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)
Microwave chip on flex (MCOF)
Printed circuit board (PCB)
Bonding: Flip chip mount
33
Challenges
Antenna
Cavity
All Si based low cost package, 60 GHz transceiver.

34
Material properties
35
Dielectric properties at mm-wave and terahertz

Terahertz gap
(100 GHz to 10 THz)
Various popular material characterization techniques at different frequencies.
36
Material properties
Frequency variation of substrate parameters:
Quartz substrate
Rt/duroid 6010
S21 (dB)
Rt/duroid 5880
-2
-4
1
21
41
Frequency (GHz)
61
S21 of a 20 mm long microstrip line on a 35NQ

substrate.
37
Materials properties
Material
loss tangent
Fused quartz (100 GHz) 3.8

Z-cut quartz (100 GHz) 4.4
0.00008
0.00005
most commonly used,

low cost
Anisotropic, not
commonly used
Excellent stability,
fabrication difficulty
RT-Duroid (100 GHz)

Rexolite (100 GHz)
2.2
2.55
0.0009
0.003
Cu-clad substrates are

available
Teflon (PTFE) (100 GHz) 2.07

Polyethylene (100 GHz) 2.3
0.0002
0.0003
Flexible nonplanar
polymers
TPX (100 GHz)

2.07
Polypropylene (100 GHz) 2.26
0.0006
0.0007
Alumina (10 GHz)
9.6-9.9
0.0001
Sapphire (100 GHz)
9.3-11.7
0.0004
Flexible nonplanar
polymers
Boron nitrides, Magnesium titanate etc

Castable dielectrics: Paraffin wax, Stycast resign 35 DA etc
Ferrite ( tan = 10-20): Lithium-zinc ferrite, Nickel-zinc ferrite.
38
Material properties
Material
Semi-insulating Si
loss tangent
12
0.001
11.7
0.013
= 107 -109 -cm

(10 GHz)
16
0.016
= 7.8x107 -cm
(140 GHz)
12.9
0.005
= 2x103 -105 -cm

(10 GHz)
= 8x103 -cm
(140 GHz)
Semi-insulating GaAs
Used for monolithic

circuit (both active and
passive)
39
Dielectric properties at mm-wave and terahertz
Dielectric properties of Alumina.
40
Calculation of and
Complex propagation constant: = + j =j 1 j
2 z
Power flow along a lossy line (without reflection): P ( z ) = Po e
Leakage constant:
| S11 |2 + | S 21 |2 =
e 2 L
Phase constant by length difference method:
=
L .
Microstrip lines and slotlines K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl and P. Bhartia (Artech House).
Microwave Engineering D.M. Pozar, Wiley.
Department of E & ECE, I.I.T. Kharagpur.
41
@M.K. Mandal
Thank you
?
mkmandal@ece.iitkgp.ernet.in
mkmandal@ieee.org
Ph. +91-3222-283550 (o)
Department of E. & E.C.E.
I.I.T. Kharagpur, 721302.

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Introduction to

Mrinal Kanti Mandal

military telemetry, GPS, mobile phones (GSM), amateur radio.

weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites,

110 - 170 GHz

long-distance radio telecommunications.

FMCW RADAR circuit

Low frequency part

A mixer is used to down/up convert the carrier frequency.

A conceptual mobile phone circuit.

Millimeter wave wireless technology presents the potential to offer bandwidth

M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.

Long distance communication possible..?

r is the free space distance,

Typical path loss values for r = 10 m:

Typical path loss values for r = 1 km:

Milimeter Waves Communication Systems, K.-C. Huang and Z. Wang, Wiley.

mm-waves have high atmospheric attenuation.

Rain fade is a serious problem, humidity also has an impact on propagation.

Surfaces appear rougher so diffused reflection increases.

Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces,

Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds in

mm-waves travel solely by line-of-sight, and are blocked by building walls

Show "optical" propagation characteristics can be reflected and focused

Potential applications: very high resolution radar, communication links> 10

Sir J.C. Boses work

The first millimetre wave communication system in the world.

Sir J.C. Boses set up

World first millimetre-wave system.

Sir J.C. Boses mm-wave system

Sir J.C. Boses original set up

Original set up.

Different polarisers used by Bose.

Point contact detector.

Spark gap as a source.

Radio astronomy and remote sensing: ground-based radio astronomy is

Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in

Outer space research.

Remote sensing satellite

Telescope: CARMA in D-array ( 1cm, 3 mm).

Highly directional, "pencil-beam" close

point-to-point communications, intersatellite links,

a replacement for or supplement to fibre optics.

38.6 - 40.0 GHz band for licensed high-speed

The 71-76, 81-86 and 9295 GHz bands are also

Current research for 10 Gb/s links in the W band.

The upcoming Wi-Fi standard IEEE 802.11ad will

M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.

M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.

Effect of 1 km fog (visibility 50 m) on blackbody radiation.

M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.

130 150 GHz.

ADS mounted vehicle.

In development: millimeter wave scanner that can search

Collision avoidance radar.

Example cloud RADAR

M. K. Mandal, Department of E & ECE, IIT Kharagpur.

Guiding structures at mm-wave frequencies

Hollow metal waveguides.

Planar transmission lines.

Quasiplanar transmission lines.

Dielectric integrated guides.

H- and groove-guide structures.