Ingles 4to Año

Ingls
Cuarto Ao
Nivel de Educacin Media del Subsistema de Educacin Bsica
Hugo Rafael Chvez Fras

Comandante Supremo de la Revolucin Bolivariana
Nicols Maduro Moros

Presidente de la Repblica Bolivariana de Venezuela Coordinacin General de la Coleccin Bicentenario
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores
Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat Coordinacin Pedaggica de la Coleccin Bicentenario

Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la Repblica Bolivariana Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte
de Venezuela
Coordinacin General Logstica y de Distribucin de la
Coleccin Bicentenario
Maryann del Carmen Hanson Flores Franklin Alfredo Albarrn Snchez
Ministra del Poder Popular para la Educacin
Coordinacin Logstica
Deyanira D Jess Urbez Salazar
Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte Jhonny Jos Quintero Pez
Viceministra de Programas de Desarrollo Acadmico Yrene Lucrecia Duarte Hurtado
Trina Aracelis Manrique
Viceministra de Participacin y Apoyo Acadmico
Conrado Jess Rovero Mora
Coordinacin General de la serie Ingls

Rosa Lpez de DAmico
Coordinacin Editorial
Isabel C. Faneyth Serrano
Autoras y Autores
Rosa Lpez de DAmico
Yvemar Peraza M.
Yvonne Saulny
Manuel Adrin Arrioja
lvarez
Maigualida del Valle Pinto Iriarte Ligia
Isabel Carrillo
Directora General de Currculo Belkys Blanco
Gretel Hernndez
Josil Jose8na Murillo
Viceministro para la Articulacin de la

Educacin Bolivariana
Viceministro de Desarrollo para la Integracin de la
Educacin Bolivariana
Neysa Yrama Navarro
Directora General (E) de Educacin Media y Tcnica Asesora Curricular

Rosa Lpez de DAmico
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educacin
Jorge Enrique Gonzlez
www.me.gob.ve
Andrs Carmelo Algara
Esquina de Salas, Edi8cio Sede, parroquia Altagracia,
Ligia lvarez
Caracas, Distrito Capital
Yvemar Peraza M.
Isabel Carrillo
Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educacin, 2013
Primera edicin: Mayo 2013
Tiraje: 400.000 ejemplares
Depsito Legal: lf51620134281791
ISBN: 978-980-218-364-7
Repblica Bolivariana de Venezuela
Prohibida la reproduccin total o parcial de este material sin

autorizacin del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educacin
DISTRIBUCIN GRATUITA
Correccin de Lenguaje
Mark Gregson
Coordinacin de Arte
Gilberto Abad VIvas
Diseo Gr8co
Gilberto Abad Vivas
Diagramacin
Kelly Gerardin Caldern Labrador
Ilustracin
Braulio Gonzlez
Jos Alberto Lostal
Jos ngel Daz
Julio Csar Aguiar
Morelys Rivas Fonseca
Rafael Pacheco Rangel
Rosanna Galucci
Samuel Gonzlez
Vctor Silva
Yassamy Moreno Prez
Suministro de papel: INVEPAL
A las y los docentes

My Fourth Victory es un libro hecho con mucho amor y profesionalismo, especialmente para
nuestras y nuestros estudiantes, as como tambin para ustedes estimadas y estimados colegas.
Como docentes especialistas en la enseanza de idiomas modernos, nos ha preocupado la
enseanza del idioma ingls, en nuestros centros educativos desde hace algn tiempo. Es por esto que nos
hemos esmerado en elaborar este hermoso material para ayudarles, junto con su experiencia y su bagaje
de conocimientos, a cumplir con esta ardua tarea, como es el ensear un idioma extranjero. Es algo que
va ms all de plani8car las actividades, dar una clase, asignar una tarea, evaluar a travs de una prueba,
de reunirse con las y los representantes para conversar acerca del rendimiento estudiantil. Se trata de que
a esta persona que tendremos en nuestras manos, la ayudemos a conocer sus talentos, a desarrollar sus
habilidades, a potenciar sus conocimientos, a valorar lo suyo y a trabajar para mejorarlo y hacerlo ms
grande al pasar el tiempo. En este libro, creamos diferentes actividades y temas para lograr tales objetivos,
asumiendo que nuestras y nuestros estudiantes son cada vez ms exigentes y que podemos hacerlos
conocedores de sus deberes y derechos, merecedores de lo mejor.
Cada tema introductorio fue seleccionado con tpicos interesantes para ser desarrollados con
sencillez en una discusin sana y enriquecedora, en la cual se promueva la exposicin de opiniones con
respeto a las opiniones de los dems. La idea es que vean el idioma ingls como un medio para adquirir
conocimientos. Que podamos transmitirles el mensaje de que al hablar, entender, leer y escribir en ingls,
aumenta su nivel de comunicacin, a tal punto, que puedan estar al da con lo que ocurre a nivel mundial
y a su vez puedan transmitir lo de su entorno a personas de otros pases, pues este idioma nos abre las
puertas al mundo.
As, pues, estimadas y estimados colegas, aqu est el fruto de un gran esfuerzo para contribuir en
esta loable labor de educar y formar al ciudadano que nuestra patria necesita, los cuales sean proactivos,
comuncativos, reMexivos, que amen y de8endan la patria venezolana, para hacerlo cada vez mejor,
tomando en cuenta lo importante que es el vivir bien.
A el (la) estudiante
Querido (a) estudiante:
Bienvenido a cuarto ao! Un ao maravilloso donde vas a continuar aumentando tu nivel de

conocimiento, conversars sobre las diferentes carreras que te ofrece nuestro sistema de estudios y
de otros temas que ocurren a nivel mundial que nos afectan como habitantes de este planeta.
Este libro fue especialmente diseado para ti con mucho amor y dedicacin. Contiene temas
actuales, sencillos y sobre todo de inters para ti y para todos. Cada leccin tiene el propsito de mostrarte
la informacin de manera sencilla para que accedas a los contenidos con facilidad. Podrs notar que se
presentan varios temas con diversos tipos de ejercicios que ayudan a desarrollar y 8jar cada situacin.
El idioma ingls, como ya lo sabes, tiene varias caractersticas que debes recordar siempre para facilitar
su adquisicin: se escribe de una manera y se pronuncia de otra, la(s) palabra(s) que describe(n) va(n)
delante del sustantivo, y algunas otras que seguramente ya has ido descubriendo. Lo que debes tener
presente es que es un medio para comunicarte diferente al tuyo. Y que como tal, debes familiarizarte con
todos los aspectos aunque te parezcan extraos. Solo ten en cuenta que son diferentes.
Este ao que ya tienes conocimiento del idioma que has adquirido en primero, segundo y tercer
ao, tenemos el GLOSSARY en ingls y unas interesantes lecturas adicionales al 8nal del libro. Todo esto
para complementar tu formacin integral.
Es importante que ests enterado de todas las posibilidades que tienes cuando hablas, comprendes,
lees y escribes en ingls. Adems de estar en armona con tu entorno escolar, pues es una asignatura ms,
ests en contacto con el mundo entero: puedes recibir y dar informacin a nivel mundial. Este es el idioma
que se usa para todas las transacciones comerciales, comunicaciones en el campo aeronutico, cient8co
y en todas las carreras donde pueda tener inherencia la tecnologa actual. As pues, te invito a aprovechar
disfrutar esta edicin y, a la vez te exhorto a que te prepares cada vez mejor para que asumas tu rol en
la sociedad que tanto te necesita y espera por ti y tu aporte para hacer de esta una PATRIA GRANDE,
segura y productiva.
ndice
Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t
48
realidad.
la transformacin de la
puedan contribuir con
presentadas que
soluciones a situaciones
Analizar y buscar posibles
Connditions? ocurrieron
de modi8car pues ya
4
situaciones imposibles
oraciones acerca de
Comentar y escribir
condiciones.
situaciones probables y
ReMexionar acerca de
Who?
3
de paz
y respeto haca una cultura
fortalecer valores de amor
y la comunidad para
comunicacin en la familia
Valorar la buena
entre padres e hijos.
de conMictos comunes
Comentar y escribir acerca
anymore.
but not
2
hacer para transformarlo.

realidad y que podemos
pasado su relacin con la
experiencias y eventos del
ReMexionar acerca de
y efecto, experiencias.
a cabo en el pasado, causa
eventos que solan llevarse
Hablar y escribir acerca de
happened if I
12- It wouldnt have
if?
11- What would
10- If I
09- Who?
who
08- He is the one
07-by yourself.
hasnt / I hadnt
06- I havent / She
05- Joining
what?
04- Did you know
03- My holidays
I will
1
participle form)
would have +verb (past
+verb (past participle form),
Tercer condicional If had
Review of past participles.
Review of past tense verbs.
would+verb (base form)
If +verb (past form),
Segundo condicional:
Futuro.
REPASO DE 3er AO:
02- Ill beif I
y de informacin), respuestas.
a8rmativas. Preguntas (simples
Clusulas negativas y
will+verb (base form)
If I verb (present tense) I
condiciona:
which, where, whose, etc. Primer
Pronombres relativos: who,
Adjetivos.
posesivos, objetivos, etc.
Pronombres: reMexivos,
Prepositions: for since

Adverbs: ever, always, never, etc
contraste, resultado, propsito.
segn su funcin: adicin,
Conjunciones: Conectores:
perfecto. Por qu, porque
Presente perfecto. Pasado
Used to. Pasado simple.
Have to
Should
Who did you with?
What?
Where?I
Clusulas with if and when
Futuro going to. Will.
Presente continuo.
01- Ill be a great

UNIDAD
PROPSITOS
LECCIONES
GRAMTICA
CONTENIDOS Y PROPSITOS DE 4 AO
built by
8
Voz Activa.
Asimismo, contrastar con
alguien lleva a cabo.
para relatar hechos que
conversaciones y prrafos
Utilizar la Voz Pasiva en
by
24- willl be made
by
23- was made
22- is made by
21-,have you?
,right?
7
oracin.
con8rmacin al 8nal de la
Usar preguntas de
20-,do you?..
tiempos verbales sealados)

(Todos los cambios en los
Was made by?
Is made by?
willl be made by
has been made by
was being made by
was made by
is being made by
It is made of
is made by
estudiados.
Todos los tiempos verbales
will you? ,wont you?
...havent you?,hasnt she?
,dont you? ,do you?
,is she? ,isnt she?
,arent you? ,are you?
19-,are you?
-verbo-ing
-nombre o pronombre
Actions
6
18- We enjoy reading
-in8nitivo
mind verb-ing
makes me to (verb)
de:
escrita con verbos seguidos
forma tanto oral como
Utilizar estructuras en
to
17- He wants me
o.er to (verb)
16- She oWered to
It
5
dilogos y prrafos cortos.

Utilizar otros usos de it en
15- Its sunny.
arrepentimiento y acuerdo.
habilidad, percepcin,
expresiones que muestran
Utilizar Valorar el uso it en
(that)..
14- It seems to me
to
13- Its easy for me
What is the weather like?

It+verb to be+adjective
It+verb to be+adjective/ adverb.
It +verb+to me(that)
It+verb to be+adjective to
CONTENIDOS Y PROPSITOS DE 4 AO
Unit One: I will...
8
6. The study opportunities information in Venezuela is restricted.
5. There is no webpage information about careers in your country.
4. There are two areas of knowledge.
3. You have to study the most common career in your country.
2. You have to ask your friends for their preferences, when choosing a career.
1. When choosing a career you should follow your abilities.
ones. Support your statements.

Based on the previous paragraph, write T (True) or F (False) in the following statements. Correct the false
B. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND
Health Science
Science and Military Arts
Sea and Agro Sciences
Humanities, Letters and Arts
Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Social Science
Basic Sciences
Education Science
AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE
http://loeu.opsu.gob.ve/
programs available in Venezuela.

the National Universities Council in which they could 8nd the universities, careers and national training
working force for the development of their country. For further information they can visit the web site of
choosing a career, they are also deciding what their future job will be and how they will be part of the
opportunities locally and nationally, motivation, awareness of the occupational world, and so on. When
or based on tradition. It must be the result of a reMection about knowing themselves, the current study
working preferences. Therefore when selecting a career, students should not choose a career at random
When choosing a career, students should consider certain aspects related to their interests, abilities, and
Read the following paragraph
A. LETS EXPLORE!
The future starts today, not tomorrow.
Unit One: I will...
1. PREDICTIONS
that somebody discussed with someone else.

BE + VERB-ING is used in talking about a plan for the future
the future that somebody had in mind.
BE + GOING TO + VERB is used in talking about a plan for
about the future.
WILL + VERB is used for predictions or statements of facts
PURPOSE
EXPLANATION
3. ARRANGEMENTS
2. INTENTIONS
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES
webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.

Diego Check the webpage of PDVSA and later visit the
Alicia Where can I get that information?
PDVSA.
Diego Good point! Now, there are many working areas in
Alicia Um I am curious about oil. Id like to work at PDVSA.
Diego Yes, where do you see yourself in the future?
Alicia You mean, where will I work?
Diego Where would you like to work?
Alicia I really dont know what to study.
Read the dialogue. Practice it with a partner.
C. NOW LETS PRACTICE
Unit One: I will...
10
What does each acronym stand for?
Why do think people study short or long careers?
by the variety that you can 8nd there.
opportunities book. You will be surprised
you can 8nd them in the OPSU study
/ institutes. The list is extensive and
classi8ed in public and private universities
study many diWerent careers. They are
institutes in Venezuela where you can
There many universities and technical
CUHELAV
UNEG UNEARTE IUTB IUTET
UNESR CUC UDO -UMBV UNEFM
USB - UMC CULTCA UNA UPT
UDS UNEY UNEXPO IUAC UC
- UCLA - UNES ULA UNELLEZ LUZ
UBV UCV UNERG UPEL UNEFA
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it
F. READING AND REFLECTING
in the airport.
of rescue after an air accident.
of airplanes in an airport.
A person who controls the Mow They receive and send messages They organize special operations
Air tra>c controller
Aeronautical Station Operator
Search and Rescue O>cer
Some Technical Careers

E. VOCABULARY
3. Are you doing anything special tomorrow?
- No, Im not. Im staying home.

morning.
- Yes Im taking the vocational test tomorrow
2. Are you going to study engineering?
- No, I am not. Im going to study law.

- Yes. I am going to study chemical engineering.
- No, they wont. They will do it next week.

university entry system by the end of this week?
page.
1. Will all the students register at the OPSU national - Yes,
they will. They will register in the OPSU web
EXAMPLES
Unit One: I will...
11
http://venezuela-us.org/educacion-en-numeros/
29.6 percent.
average rate of enrollment for the region stands at
of developed countries like Finland (92 percent). The
higher education: 83 percent. This 8gure rivals that
Latin Americas second-highest rate of enrollment in
According to a report by UNESCO, Venezuela has
Ins We all have to take it!

Alberto That will be helpful. Ill take it.
tendency for a speci8c area of knowledge.
Ins It is an electronic test with items that will show your
Alberto Really? How come?
Ins It is the test that helps us to identify our abilities!
Alberto Vocational test? What test is that?
Ins Will you take the vocational test?
H. DISCUSS AND REFLECT
4. Luis is checking the web page for technical careers. Hed like __________.
3. Elvis will study _______________ because __________________________.
2. Berta is going to study _______________ because she is good at_______.
1. I am going to study _______________ at __________________________.
Complete the following statements with a career and the name of the university or institute.
G. LETS APPLY
Unit One: I will...
12
de_Venezuela
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Universidades_
private universities / institutes.

following link. You will 8nd a list of public and
Check about Venezuelans universities in the
Prediction
Intention
Arrangement
Listen to the teacher and identify the statements according to the purpose of the speaker.
J. ALL EARS
4.
4. They will study environmental engineering.
Academy.
3. He is going to study at the Venezuela Military 3.
2.
2. She will enroll in UNEARTE.
1. Im going to study Chemistry.
1.
FUTURE GOING TO
SIMPLE FUTURE
Complete the chart in your notebook. Write the statement in the required tense.
I. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND
Unit One: I will...
13
4. _______________?
4. No, they wont. They will study hospitality and tourism.
3. _______________?
3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.
2. _______________?
2. Hes going to study to be a 8re8ghter.
1. _______________?
1. Ill study in my hometown.
In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.

L. ASK ME...
Choose one of these careers and write about it. Then report to the class.
Biology
Medicine
K. LET S CREATE
Administration
Mathematics
Biochemistry
Pharmacy
Psychology
Veterinary
Architecture
Languages
Sports Science
Sociology
kroW laicoS
Nutrition
yparehT lacisyhP
Accounting
Music
Geology
Statistics
History
noitacudE lacisyhP
Journalism
Dentistry
gnireenignE liviC
Education
Management
ssenisuB lanoitanretnI
Economy
retsasiD tnemeganaM
Nursing
gnireenignE snoitacinummoceleT
noitacudE laicepS
seidutS lanoitanretnI
ecneicS lacitiloP
ecneicS retupmoC
Agriculture
English
Arts
Law
Unit One: I will...
14
f. Janitor
g. Cook
h. Tailor
i. Plumber
j. Farmer
a. Homemaker
b. Taxi driver
c. Hairdresser
d. Fisherman
e. Seamstress
Match the pictures with the jobs. Write the letter on the line given.
Proverb.
Work digni8es a persons life, or at least it should
Martin Luther King, Jr.
living, the dead, and the unborn could do it no better.
Whatever your lifes work is, do it well. A man should do his job so well that the
Read the proverbs and talk about them. Support your statements.
LETS HAVE FUN
16
2. Are you in good health?
1. What does it mean to be in good health?
Now answer these questions.
What is this reading about?

and the persons individual characteristics and behavior.
The main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment,
health science, but also through the eWorts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society.
or in8rmity. Health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and application of
sense as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or pain (as in good health or healthy). The World Health Organization (WHO) de8ned health in its broader
Health is the general condition of a persons mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury
Virgil
The greatest wealth is health
Look at the mind map.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Mens sana in corpore sano.
A sound mind in a sound body.
Unit One: I will...
17
If I want to lose weight very soon, I will start doing regular exercise .
2. What will you do if you want to lose weight very soon?
Yes. If my doctor asks me to go on a healthy diet I will change my eating habits.
1. Will you change your eating habits if your doctor asks you to go on a healthy diet?
EXAMPLES
Will + subject+ verb + complement
if + subject + verb + complement?

QUESTION
Simple Present
will-future (or Modal + verb)
if clause
main clause
Type I: condition possible to ful8ll
CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Jorge You have to reduce stress and get enough sleep at night.
Josil Like what?
Jorge It does help, but there are other elements.
have good health.
Josil So if we eat healthy food and exercise regularly we will
a positive attitude.
Jorge We need to practice exercise, eat healthy food and have
Josil What do you mean?
Jorge Lifestyle is very important to have quality of life.
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner

Unit One: I will...
18
a balance in the activities he mentions?

What elements do you need to consider if you want to have a healthy life according to Cornelius? Is there
Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Listen to music.
Indulge in cheerful conversation and amusements
Strictly avoid frightening ideas
Change surroundings and take long journeys
Fight insomnia with gentle rocking or the sound of running water
Take massage, baths, exercise, and gymnastics
Be moderate in the drinking of wine
Avoid heavy food
Live in rooms full of light
Read the following quote.

E. VOCABULARY
Unit One: I will...
19
statements.
Why do you think Voltaire refers to nutrition, exercise and patience as related to health? Support your
Voltaire
What will recruit strength? Sleep. What will alleviate incurable ills? Patience.
body but what we can digest. What medicine can produce digestion? Exercise.
Eat with moderation what agrees with your constitution. Nothing is good for the
Everyone should be his own physician. We ought to assist and not force nature.
Look at the picture. Read the following quote.

4. What leisure activity will you do

3. If Thomas gets enough sleep every night,
2. Will you exercise daily
1. If I want to be healthy,
________________________?
________________________ .
________________________ ?
________________________ .
Read the following clauses. In your notebook write the other clause to get meaningful statements.
G. LETS APPLY
Unit One: I will...
20
Listen to your teacher carefully and write the sentences in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Thomas Edison
will cure and prevent disease with nutrition.
The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but rather
Plato
and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it.
Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement
Hippocrates
too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.
If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not
advice they suggest.

Translate the following quotes into spanish. Discuss them. In your notebook, write a list of the pieces of
Buddha
mind strong and clear.
otherwise we shall not be able to keep our
To keep the body in good health is a duty,
James Leigh Hunt
The groundwork of all happiness is health.
Unit One: I will...
21
Elbert Hubbard
happiness, you have all the wealth you need, even if it is not all you want.
If you have health, you probably will be happy, and if you have health and
In your notebook, write a dialogue based on the following quote.

K. LETS CREATE
inMuenced by genetic characteristics.

and mental, developed within the human body as
Biomedical factors: all aspects of health, physical
individual has little or no control;
external to the human body and over which the
Environmental factors: all those related to health
contribute to balance, or lead to unhealthy imbalance.
Lifestyle: personal decisions that can be said to
Key determinants of an individuals health.
Unit One: I will...
22
Nursery rhyme quoted by Wayne Fields, What the River Knows, 1990.
And charge you not a shilling.
Your will theyll mend
Your mind theyll ease
If only you are willing
These six will gladly you attend
Exercise and diet.
Are sunshine, water, rest, and air
And no one can deny it
The best six doctors anywhere
of this lesson.
Read the following rhyme and practice it with your partner. Then create or 8nd a rhyme based on the topic
LETS HAVE FUN
human being. Recreational activities are often done for amusement, or pleasure.
sleeping and, where it is compulsory, education. Recreation is an essential element of
and domestic chores). It also excludes time spent on necessary activities such as eating,
Recreation is an activity of leisure (or free time, which is spent away from business, work,
In your notebook write three questions related to the following passage.
L. ASK ME...
24
What do people do on holidays?
What was the purpose of celebrating a holiday in the past?
Who designates a holiday?
What is a holiday?
of a recreational function as anything else.

duties associated with important dates on the calendar. In most modern societies, holidays serve as much
religious observances. The intention of a holiday was typically to allow individuals to tend to religious
institutions, or other groups or organizations. The concept of holidays has most often originated as
something of cultural or religious signi8cance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious
suspended or reduced. Generally holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate
A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law in which normal activities, especially business or work, are
Read the passage and answer the questions below
What do they suggest to you?
NOV. 18th
FEB. 12th
JULY 24th
SLEEP
CHRISTMAS
NATIONAL
DAY
DECEMBER 17th
RELAX
APRIL 22nd
JULY 5th
APRIL 19th
AUGUST 3rd
ENJOY
APRIL 23rd
TRAVEL
PUBLIC
HOLIDAYS
SHARE
DEC. 31st
MAY 1st
JUNE 24th
JANUARY 15th
COOL
MARCH 8th
EASTER
MARCH 19th
CARNIVAL
NICE
JAN 1st
RELIGIOUS
CELEBRATION
OCTOBER 12th
FUN
VACATION
Look at the following words.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Actions speak louder than words.
I will...
My holidays...
Lesson 3
Unit One: I will...
25
WH - WORD + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + IF CLAUSE?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH IF CLAUSE TYPE I
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Ciro If I have the chance next year, Ill go there. I love rivers.
Alex Great! You all had time to visit nice places. We went to the Capanaparo river.
Ciro How nice! We breathed pure air in Canaima.
Flor Cool! In my case I went to the Andes.
Yanire I went to Mochima National Park.
Alex Where did you go on your last vacation?
Practice the following dialogue with a partner.
Unit One: I will...
26
remember to slow down the pace to get used to the altitude.

If he wants to get to the highest station, he will have to
station in Meridas cable car?
3. What will Henry have to do if he wants to get to the highest
enjoy the famous carnival.

If I have the opportunity to decide, I will go to El Callao to
to decide?
2. Where will you go for carnival if you have the opportunity
Rmulo Gallegos novel.

fauna and the Marisela monument, the one from the famous
If you go to the Capanaparo River, you will see a very diverse
1. What will you see if you go to the Capanaparo River?
EXAMPLES
Unit One: I will...
27
3. If people want to ________the beach for carnival, they will have to plan it in advance.
2. We will participate in La Paradura del Nio if you __________ in The Andes on February 2nd.
1. If you go to La Victoria, Aragua State on February 12th, you ________(see) the parade.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate information.
G. LETS APPLY
Name some other holidays in Venezuela, when and how we celebrate them.
July 5th with military parades.

celebrate Independence Day, on
history. For example, Venezuelans
on events of signi8cance to their
territories observe holidays based
National holidays: Nations and
Activity day is April 6th

is rarely given. E.g., World Physical
strictly holidays as time oW work
organizations. But they are not
often in conjunction with international
and across multi-country regions,
Day or Arbor Day, internationally,
holidays are observed, such as Earth
Secular holidays: Several secular
ones are Easter and Christmas.

part of the liturgical year. The main
Christian holidays are de8ned as
are linked to faith and religion.
Religious holidays: Many holidays
Read the following passage about the classi8cation of holidays.

Womans day March 8th
Independence day.
April 19th,1810
(Christmas) December 25th

The Nativity scene / The Manger
Secular holiday
National holiday
Religious holiday
Now, lets learn about the diWerent holidays we celebrate in our country.
E. VOCABULARY
Unit One: I will...
28
4. Si desea acampar en nuestro hermoso pas, usted encontrar magn8cos parques nacionales.
3. Cundo tomar usted sus vacaciones?
2. Tomar usted un vuelo si tiene que viajar a Puerto Ayacucho?
1. Dnde est el aeropuerto ms grande de Venezuela?
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
normal days away from work or school.

day of rest or relaxation, as opposed to
days. In modern use, it means any special
It originally referred to special religious
notion of Holy Day.
The word holiday is derived from the
holiday Etymology:
other airports in our country.

Now it is your turn to share information about
mention but a few.
Arturo Michelena, La Chinita, Jacinto Lara, to
and national Mights such as Santiago Mario,
But we also have others that receive international
Simn Bolvar International Airport in Maiqueta.
and international airports. Our biggest one is
modern airports very often. We have national
when they go on vacation. So they use our
Some people in Venezuela like to travel by plane
Unit One: I will...
29
Anbal __________________________________________
Petrica If you go there, you will _______________________.
Anbal If I go there, what ___________________________?
Petrica Its wonderful! ______________________________.
Anbal Tourism? I didnt know anything about it.
Petrica It stands for Venezuelas International Tourism Fair!
Anbal FITVEN? What does FITVEN stand for?
Petrica Lets go to FITVEN this afternoon.
Read the following conversation and complete the missing information.
K. LETS CREATE
holiday this year?.

b. vacation. Where will you go on summer
a. a day oW. July 5th is a National Holiday.
the word holiday:
In English we can 8nd two connotations of
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Unit One: I will...
30
YADILOHWrite an acrostic poem.

LETS HAVE FUN
and the warmth of our people in one place.

One of the goals of FITVEN is bringing together an exhibit of all of the Venezuelan cultural diversity
4. ___________________________________________________________ ?
No, we wont. We will travel by bus.
3. ____________________________________________________________?
Leisure activities provide relaxation and happiness.
2. ____________________________________________________________?
Yes, it is. Recreation is very important for our health.
1. ____________________________________________________________?
L. ASK ME...
Unit Two: ...but not anymore.
32
Eleazar Lpez Contreras was.

3. ____________________________________________________________?
We lost 108,000 km of land.
2. ____________________________________________________________?
Venezuelas 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela.
1. ____________________________________________________________?
Write the questions to the following answers.
Map of Venezuela of 1890
Eleazar Lpez Contreras
Diana: Thats a pity!

the president of Colombia and we lost 108,000 km .
Isabel: Well, in 1941, President Eleazar Lpez Contreras signed a land border treaty with
Diana: Really? How is that?
Isabel: Yes. And did you know that we used to have more land than what we have now?
Diana: Wow! I didnt know that.
Isabel: Did you know that Venezuelas 8rst name was the United States of Venezuela?
Look at the picture. Read the following dialogue.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
The past remembered is a good guide for the future.
33
to describe situations in the past which dont exist now.

to talk about a habit or regular activity in the past that doesnt happen now.
Used to:
Did + subject + use to + in8nitive
didnt use to + in8nitive
used to + in8nitive
EXAMPLES
There used to be less trabc than today.
Our Mag and shield used to be diWerent.
He used to collect stamps.
Questions:
Negative:
Abrmative:
Did we use to have another constitution?

Venezuela didnt use to be the size it is now.
Venezuela used to have another name.
USED TO
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Manuel:
Yes, I know.
Daniel:
Wow, thats too many!
Manuel:
We have had 20 constitutions.
Daniel:
Really? How many constitutions have we had?
Manuel:
Yes, but there used to be others.
Daniel:
Yes, the one from 1961.

constitution?
Did you know that Venezuela used to have a diWerent
Manuel:
Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner.

December 21 1811
First Federal Constitution
Constitution of the States of Venezuela
34
Caracas used to have a trolley.
Essolene used to bring gasoline to Venezuela.
This used to be the Manzanares River in the 1900s.
E. VOCABULARY
35
Question
3.__________________________________________________________.
Negative
2.__________________________________________________________.
Abrmative
1.____________________________________________________________.
Follow the instruccions below and write three statements in your notebook.
G. LETS APPLY
What other things did Venezuela used to have besides a diWerent name?
ReMect about:
3. Venezuela separated from Great Colombia in_____________________.
2. The obcial name of Venezuela in 1864 used to be____________________.
1. The 8rst capital of the Republic of Venezuela was____________________.
ofHugo Chvez Fras, the name of the nation becameBolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
remained so until1953, year in which it retook thename of Republic of Venezuela. In the government
with the triumph of Federalism, the obcial name became that of the United States of Venezuela, and
theRepublic of Venezuela.Its 8rst capital wasValenciaand its 8rst president,Jos Antonio Pez.In1864,
and 1953. In 1830, when it is separated from GreatColombia, the countrys obcial name is identi8ed with
The United States of Venezuelawas the obcial name of theBolivarian Republic of Venezuela between1864
Read the paragraph and complete the sentences.
36
Great Satate of Falcn Zulia (Zulia and Falcn).

Great State of Bolvar (Guayana and Apure).
Great State of Los Andes (Mrida, Tachira and Trujillo).
Zamora (Barinas).
Great State of South West (Cojedes, Portuguesa and
and Yaracuy except the department of Nirgua).
Great State of Los Andes of North West (Barquisimeto
Great Carabobo State (Carabobo and Nirgua).
Blanco and Nueva Esparta.
Great Guzmn Blanco State (Bolvar, Gurico, Guzmn
Maturin).
Great Eastern State (consisted of Barcelona, Cuman an
1905
1863
Roberto:
eat now.
I dont know. I guess they used to eat the same food we
Susana:
What about what people used to eat then?
Roberto:
Yeah, I know. It didnt use to be so noisy.
Susana:
I mean, it didnt use to have so much trabc.
Roberto:
What do you mean?
Susana:
Yes. Venezuela also used to be diWerent.
Roberto:
I didnt know Venezuelas Mag used to have seven stars.
37
did not playthe piano when you were young.

youplaythe piano when you were young?
used to playthe piano.
Examples:
sentences,Simple Pastis preferred.
hand, when asking questions or making negative
of past repetition in positive sentences. On the other
used to is preferred when emphasizing these forms
past habits, past facts and past generalizations; however,
BothSimple Pastand Used to can be used to describe
Used to vs. Simple Past
and his wife ______ _____ them ______. That was the end of this story.
back in the drawer one day _____ ______ to put them in the scrapbook left some ordinary pieces of paper
wife ______ _____ throw them away. Mr. Snchez _______ them out of the garbage and _______ them
Mr. Snchez ______ ______ collect Venezuelan stamps. He _____ _____ put them in a _______, and his
Listen carefully and 8ll in the blanks.
J. ALL EARS
6. Carmen used to work in Caracas but__
f.
now Im on a diet.
5. When I lived in the city ___
e. now I eat it a lot.
4. Venezuelas Mag used to have 7 stars but ___
d. now it has a subway.
3. When I was younger, I didnt use to eat cheese but ___
c. I often used to go to the theater.
2. Caracas used to have a trolley but___
b. now it has 8.
1. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but ___
a. now she works in Maracay.
Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right. Write the letter on the line given.
38
But now I
I used to
But I might
I won't
But I can
I can't
But I might
I never
I would
If I could
But now I
I once
But I never
I always
But now
I used to
Write your own used to poem
LETS HAVE FUN
She used to work for PDVSA.

3. ___________________________________________________________?
No, she didnt. My grandmother didnt use to drive.
2. ___________________________________________________________?
Venezuela used to have eight major states.
1. ___________________________________________________________?
Write questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
4. __________________________________________________________.
3. __________________________________________________________.
2. __________________________________________________________.
1. __________________________________________________________.
have changed.
Estefana and Pablo used to go out together. But then Estefana got tired of Pablo. Describe how things
K. LET S CREATE
40
40
4. Less than 1% of the population speaks indigenous languages.
3. Arab people, in addition to Spanish, speak Italian.
2. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes three indigenous languages.

1. Venezuela is mostly bilingual.
your ideas.
According to the reading, are the following statements True (T) or False (F)? Correct the false ones. Support
Read the f
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Theres no place like home.
Providing Reasons
Adding Further Support
41
41
For this reason he named the region Veneziola.

The stilt houses reminded Amrico Vespucio of the city of Venice.
Dependencies.
In addition to the 23 states, Venezuela has 12 Federal
Stating Results
Venezuela is divided into 8 regions As a result, the Mag has 8 stars.
Expressing contrast
Although Venezuela lost part of its border, it still has a lot of land.
EXAMPLES
Providing Reasons
Adding Further Support
Stating Results
Expressing Contrast
Because, in order to, so that, since, as, for this reason, therefore.
Besides, also, moreover, in addition to.
Thus, as a result, so.
But, however, although, though, even though, in spite of.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
4. Our country _______ experienced immigration from other Latin American countries.
3. Venezuela lost some land. _______, todays map is diWerent.
2. We want to go around Venezuela; _______ we dont seem to 8nd the time.
1. I would like to see an old Venezuelan map, _______ lets go to the library.
Complete the sentences with these linking words: as a result, so, but, also.
42
4. In addition to the usual three powers, legislative, executive and judiciary, the new constitution adds
3. The state is committed to not only protect, but
2. The Constitution says that justice is important as well as
1. President Chvez changed the Constitution although
Complete the following sentences in your notebook..
G. LETS APPLY
Which areas does Venezuela have as hinterlands?

____________________________________________________________.
2. How is the word hinterland used in shipping?
____________________________________________________________.
1. How is a hinterland linked to a city?
http://www.britannica.com
the backcountry or tributary region of a port was usually called its hinterland.
hinderland, and used it to refer to the backcountry of aportor coastal settlement. By the early 20th century
(Handbook of Commercial Geography, 1888) transcribed the German wordhinterland (land in back of ), as
the ease, speed, and cost of transportation between the port and the hinterland. George G. Chisholm
serves, both for imports and for exports. The size of a hinterland can depend on geography, but also on
by a less dense population and infrastructure. In shipping usage, a ports hinterland is the area that it
nearbytownorcity. The term is also used to refer to the rural area around a city or town. It is characterized
Hinterland is a tributary region, either rural, urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a
Read the paragraph and answer the questions below.
43
ofAncient Greece.
deemed similar to that of theSpartansoldiers
during theVenezuelan War of Independence,
for the heroism shown by its inhabitants
Nueva EspartaState (New Sparta) is named
What can you do in order to save Valencia lake?
of wildlife that remains is predominately birds due to their ability to be able to My in search of cleaner water.
wildlife of Carabobo to be transformed and mutilated, adapting itself in order to survive. The vast majority
landscapes. Though a richly inhabited land, the pollution of many of its lakes and rivers has caused the
The fauna of Carabobo state mainly inhabits the tropical forests, surrounding grassland and mountainous
44
State as well as Aragua State.

Example: Carabobo State is a Central
comparison, similarly.
in the same way, likewise, as well, by
as well as, both... and, compared to,
Linking words for comparison
_________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Listen to your teacher carefully. Write the sentences in your notebook.

Dictation
J. ALL EARS
___________________________________________________________.
3. Aunque Venezuela tiene mucha tierra desocupada, la mayora de su gente vive en Caracas.
___________________________________________________________.
2. La gasolina en Venezuela es barata porque est subsidiada.
___________________________________________________________.
1. Adems de Los Roques, Venezuela tiene otras islas.
In your notebook, translate the following sentences into English.
45
Venezuela changed as a result of the expansion of the colonial system.

4. ____________________________________________________________.
In the 17th century, indigenous people lived in Venezuela as well as many Europeans.
3. ____________________________________________________________.
In addition to oil, we also export plantain.
2. ____________________________________________________________.
No, I dont. Although I live in Venezuela, I dont know my territory well.
1. ____________________________________________________________.
L. ASK ME...
a paragraph in your notebook about Venezuela.

Use the linking words: although, therefore, because, in addition to, besides, but, as a result and so, to write
K. LET S CREATE
48
____________________________________________________________.
What is the main requirement to get the job?
____________________________________________________________.
Has Renato had any experience as a waiter?
____________________________________________________________.
What position does Renato want to apply for?
____________________________________________________________.
What jobs are available at the restaurant?
Answer these questions about the interview in your notebook.
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Renato:
Interviewer:
Thank you.
soon as you do that.
Only if you have taken the course. Come back as
Do you mean youll hire me?
handling course. Then well talk again.
Well, 8rst of all you need to update your food
No, but Id be willing to.
Have you taken any courses related to it?
around here.
Yes. Ive worked at some restaurants and cafes
Have you worked as a waiter before?
position, instead.
Actually, Mr. Gonzlez, Id prefer the waiters
So, youre here to apply for the cashiers position.
Renato is having an interview about a job at a restaurant.

Read the following dialogue.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
No bees, no honey; no work, no money.
49
Renato: I made up my mind. Id like to work in something more dynamic where I can be closer to people.
Carlos: Waiter? I thought you wanted the cashiers position.
Renato: Not bad. But I have to do a food-handling course before applying for the waiter position.
Miguel: Thats true! We forgot that. How did it go?
Renato: Hi, Carlos. Hi, Miguel. Really? I had told you about the interview for the part-time job, guys.
Carlos: Hey! There you are. Where have you been? Weve been looking for you high and low!
Renato is talking to a couple of friends about the job interview he had.
Read the dialogue and practice it in groups of three.
50
A: No, I hadnt. I had only watched TV since I arrived.

everything?
B: I had changed the beds sheets. What about you? Had you done
Examples
A: What had you done when our boss arrived?

They
You
We
it
She
He
You
I
had
done it.
They
You
We
It
She
He
You
I
A>rmative form
hadnt
done it
Negative form
Had
they
you
we
it
she
he
you
I
done it.
Interrogative form
Had + past participle

Past Perfect
weeks.
A: No, she hasnt. She has only helped me at the restaurant for a couple of
Examples
she ever worked?

B: I have worked in some hotels since I turned 16. What about Tina? Has
A: Where have you worked?
They
You
We
it
She
He
You
They
You
We
have
havent
Have
they
you
we
has
it
She
He
hasnt
Has
it
she
he
have
You
havent
Have
you
I
done it.
A>rmative form
done it.
Negative form
Have / Has + past participle
Present Perfect
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
done it?
Interrogative form
51
4. He _________ (think) about taking a cooking course the following month.

the interview.
3. Mr. Gonzlez wanted to hire him that day, but he __________ (not/take) the course when he had
2. He _______________ (study) there since Mr. Gonzlez ____________ (interview) him.
1. Renato _____________ (8nish) his food handler course already.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense.
G. LETS APPLY

Hotel Venetur Alba Caracas in Distrito Capital.
Hotel Venetur Margarita in Nueva Esparta.
Hotel Venetur Puerto La Cruz in Anzotegui.
Hotel Venetur Maracaibo in Zulia
management and operational training. CCTR oWer their courses in the following State-run hotels:
room service, marketing and sales, information management, entertainment and recreation, personnel
the country, through hands-on courses, in both operational and administrative areas, such as: cuisine,
the tourism system with the necessary improvements to achieve high quality services outside and inside
the skills and practical knowledge of the workers of the tourism and hospitality industry. They provide
CCTR are training centers created by the Bolivarian Government of Venezuela aimed at strengthening
Centros de Capacitacin Turstica Regionales (CCTR)
Read the following text and answer the question.
Chef
Some part hospitality time jobs
E. VOCABULARY
F&B Supervisor
Housekeeper
Sales assistant
52
(Retrieved from: http://www.caterer.com/careers-advice/life-at-work)

Its asafe bet
Great atmosphere
Explain:
work, but also the work you do during those hours.
It involves a great deal of variety,not only in terms of the hours you
Not9-5
asenior position managing people and projects.
and colleagues, and show initiative, very soon youll8nd yourself in
If you work hard, acquire your quali8cations, get on with customers
You can take on early responsibility
could you get that sort of variety?
jobs, reservations manager to concierge and beyond.Where else
In the space of a few years, you may move between receptionist
Theres no need to get stuck
culture and new people.
can very easily be the key to discovering new countries, new
here are readily transferable, meaning that a career in hospitality
Every country has a hospitality industry, and the skills you learn
It opens a doorto the world
it more enjoyable for your customers.
drink, or an experience and theres always new ways of making
Hospitality is creative. You are creating a product be that food,
Its creative
Your business is all about people. Its about making people happy.
You make peoplesday
Reasons why hospitality jobs are great
what the last two refer to.
Here are some of the reasons why a career in hospitality is great. Read the six ones that are given and say
53
Chef
Sales Assistant
F&B manager
Housekeeper
Listen to the order in the description of these jobs and number them.
J. ALL EARS
___________________________________________________________.
4. Qu hace un camarero?
___________________________________________________________.
3. l ha contratado tres personas a medio tiempo.
___________________________________________________________.
2. Reina haba decidido optar por el cargo de Gerente de Mercadeo y Ventas.
___________________________________________________________.
1. Dnde has trabajado?
In your notebook, translate the following statements into English.
country, too.
two of the worlds major rivers, are in our blessed
and coastal reefs. The Amazon and the Orinoco,
that encompass mountains, rain forests, savanna
countries, featuring 25 diWerent eco-systems
Venezuela is one of South Americas most diverse
54
5. ___________________? I like the marketing and sales area.
4. ___________________? Because he hadnt taken the food-handling course.

3. ___________________? No, she has never worked.
2. ___________________? Hed like to apply for the cashiers position.
1. ___________________? Yes. I have taken some hospitality training courses.
Write questions to the following answers in your notebook.
L. ASK ME...
star hotel.
In pairs, write your own conversation in your notebook. You are in a job interview for a F&B position at a 5
K. LETS CREATE
computer on the night before.
This morning, I discovered that I had left my
An action that happened before a time in the past
Past perfect:
I have been to Japan twice.
time)
An action that happened before now (unspeci8ed
I have lived in this city for six months.
the present:
An action that started in the past and continues to
Present perfect:
Unit Three: Who?
56
http://whatafy.com/conMicts-between-parents-and-children.html
violence with violence.

respect the rules. Today, physical punishment causes the exact opposite eWect and children respond to
prohibition. In the past, punishing children with physical punishment for fear leads them to know and
inMuenced by the methods of education such as shouting, physical punishment, humiliation, shame and
more sensitive than the previous generations were as they are capable of more, but they are negatively
ConMicts between parents and children can have diWerent side eWects and the children of today are much
of the parents hands.
their children do not oWer the parental control that they need. When children have the control they get out
methods of punishment based on fear, domination and guilt do not work. Parents who allow too much to
ConMicts between parents and children are dibcult to control. Many parents recognize that the old
But today things have changed. Nowadays, communication can help us to solve conMicts.
years ago children who are now parents were mastered, controlled and manipulated by a punitive force.
Problems between parents and children education begins at home and all the family can solve them. Some
Who?
By yourself
Lesson 7
Unit Three: Who?
MOTHER Thank you very much, Mr. Rondn. I am really worried about him.
him. He needs help. Let me talk to him.
COUNSELOR First of all, it is necessary to speak to him. Dont either scold or punish
day. He isnt getting enough sleep, either.
changed his behavior. He is at the computer until late at night every
MOTHER I dont know what to do. I have scolded and punished him but he hasnt
doing his homework.
He has gotten bad grades during this term. He is neither studying nor
COUNSELOR Yes, Mrs. Mijares. We have to talk about your sons school performance.
MOTHER Good morning, Mr. Rondn. I have an appointment with you today.
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with a partner.
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
6. What kind of eWects can physical punishment have?

5. What are the methods of punishment mentioned in the text?
4. Is there any diWerence between childrens control today and yesterday?
3. Who can solve such problems?
2. Where must these problems be solved?
1. Where do problems of parents and children begin?
Answer the following questions related to the text above.
57
Unit Three: Who?
58
5. This is Roberto and Christians house.
This is their house.
4. The house is Carlos and Miriams.
This house is theirs.
3. Loida is doing her homework.
She is doing it.
2. Rodolfo looks at Betty with love.
He looks at her with love
1. Juan gave the pen to Paola.
He gave it to her.
RALUGNIS
LARULP
EXAMPLES
THEY
THEM
THEIRS
THEMSELVES
YOU
YOU
YOURS
YOURSELVES
WE
US
OURS
OURSELVES
IT
IT
ITS( UNUSUAL)
ITSELF
SHE
HER
HER
HERSELF
HE
HIM
HIS
HIMSELF
YOU
YOU
YOURS
YOURSELF
ME
MINE
MYSELF
PERSONAL
OBJECT
POSSESSIVE
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Unit Three: Who?
59
is helping.
family, including the dog,
to a new house. All the
The Moras are moving
shift.
a schedule showing each
why the parents are writing
help with the chores. Thats
The children dont want to
household.
going to help with the
work, so all of us are
My mother has too much
lose concentration.
homework in order not to
when we are doing our
We have to turn oW the TV
E. VOCABULARY
9. Whose pencil is this?
Its mine.
8. This is her dictionary.
This is hers.
7. Give the piece of paper to Pedro and me.
Give it to us.
before leaving home.

mirror before leaving home.
6. Emilia and I look at ourselves in the mirror We look at ourselves in the
Unit Three: Who?
60
These clothes are my mothers
Manuel feeds and walks the dog.
Pedro folds clean clothes.
Mildred sets and clears the table at dinner time.
Mara always helps her parents in the housework.
Substitute the underlined words for the corresponding pronouns.
G. LETS APPLY
What can you do to improve family life?
What speci8c tasks do you do?
Do you help at home?
and putting away the dishes, feeding and walking family pets, etc.
Going to the grocery store, folding and putting away clean clothes, setting and clearing the table, washing
home:
in order to have it run well, it is necessary that all its members help. You can help in the following tasks at
Helping out at home is a way of contributing to improve our family union. Our home is like a team, and
Read the following paragraph.
the yard
Rake the leaves in
Water the plants
Set the table
Clear the table
Chores
Unit Three: Who?

Add three more of your own.
4. Los problemas de mis hermanos y hermanas son mos tambin.
3. La comunicacin familiar es realmente importante para nosotros.
2. Despus de estudiar y hacer mis tareas tengo un poco de diversin.
1. Usualmente ayudo a mis padres en los quehaceres del hogar.
weekend / once a month)

Does your family eat together? When? (every day/on the
communicate with each other.
sacred ritual and in this way, parents and children will
talk and enjoy the conversation. This must become a
turn oW the TV and enjoy the meal. If schedule permits,
conversation and sharing. While eating, it is advisable to
less heavy if it is shared. Eating together sets the stage for
If one of the members has a problem, this problem will be
Communication among family members is really important.
Having lunch
61
Unit Three: Who?
62
3. No, its not yours. Its mine.

of our tasks.
2. Going to the grocery store, taking out the garbage, and setting and clearing the table are some
1. Yes, communication among family members is really important.
L. ASK ME...
parents are trying to convince them that they wont lose friends but will make new ones.
aged 15 and 16 respectively, who dont want to move, because they think they will lose their friends. Their
to move out next week. Mr. Pea got a new job in another city. Ramn and Blanca are brother and sister,
With your teacher, write a dialogue in your notebook about the following situation: The Peas are going
K. LETS CREATE
Communicate ____________.
Listen to ____________and try to understand what they mean.
Dont _______the other person while he / she is speaking.
Put _____aside.
Try to_______.
attention to these suggestions:
To avoid that a ______gets worse when people are too ____to listen to one another, its necessary to pay
you hear.
Write these sentences in your notebooks. Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks with the word(s)
J. ALL EARS
Unit Three: Who?
64
Solving problems in a community will make its people get along well.
Problems never begin at home.
To solve a problem we have to identify why they exist.
A 8rst step to solve problems is to identify how they are solved.
Problems dont have solutions.

T
Circle true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones

lead to community coexistence.

plan for improvement. These are the actions which will
they exist and then identify possible solutions and a
problems means to think carefully about reasons why
ones who will face the problem. Analyzing community
come from an organized group of people. They are the
these problems aWect a community, solutions have to
their solution has to come from home too. But when
troubles. Dibculties sometimes begin at home and
want to 8nd a good solution, it is necessary to analyze
Having problems is part of the community. If you
A Problem is something which is dibcult to deal with.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
A trouble shared is a trouble halved.
Who?
He is the one who...?

Lesson 8
Unit Three: Who?
Mother Oh! Im very sorry. I didnt know anything. I will talk to him right away.
have to talk to him because he is the person that is disturbing the community.
Neighbor Yes, its your sons music. When he returns from school he plays it too loud. You
Mother From my house?
Neighbor But the music comes from your house.
Mother Really? Fortunately, they havent bothered me because Im always out.
Neighbor We have loud neighbors.
Mother Yes? Well, you know, I work all day. What is happening?
Neighbor Oh, Yes! We are having some trouble in the community!
Mother Do you want to talk to me?
Read the following dialogue. Then practice it with your partner.
65
Unit Three: Who?
66
reasonable volume level.

When playing music, I use a
elderly on the bus.

He gives her seat to the
on the sidewalk.
He doesnt park his motorcycle
The following actions lead to a better community coexistence.

E. VOCABULARY
Were these chairs the ones which / that I brought for the meeting?
That is the house whose residents play music with loud bass.
She is the mother who / that works all day.
EXAMPLES
Whose is used to indicate possession

That is used for people, animals and things
Who is used for people
Which is used for animals or things

Relative pronouns
RELATIVE CLAUSES give additional information by using relative pronouns

RELATIVE CLAUSES
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Unit Three: Who?
67
Whats your opinion about this reading?

Whats important about them?
Are conMicts necessary?
John Lyons http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Freire.html
Adapted from: (pages 50-51) Paulo Freires Educational Theory. Analyst:
how to 8ght politically with tactics adequate to our strategic dreams.
to know how to want, to learn how to want, which implies learning
world. Desire is fundamental, but it is not enough. It is also necessary
readers with the impression that wanting is enough to change the
None of this is easily accomplished, and I would not like to leave
experience. Trying to escape conMict, we preserve the status quo.
ignore even the most common aspects of our vital and social
conMict. ConMict is part of our conscience. Denying conMict, we
There cannot be life or human existence without struggle and
5. Those were the colors _________ we used to paint the classrooms last year.
4. Are these the people ________ are going to be responsible for applying the project?
3. Thats the leading group __________works for our community.
2. Thats the teacher ___________started the Conversation Group Match in fourth year.
1. This is the girl ____________speaks English very well.
Fill in the blanks with who / whose / which.
G. LETS APPLY
Whats your opinion about the topic of this text?
it is convenient that adults give their children good examples.

Sometimes, the youth of today think that if adults misbehave, then they have the right to imitate them, so
home.
The teacher in school is his / her second teacher. Mom and Dad are primary 8gures in the childrens life at
Education begins and ends at home. A childs 8rst teachers and guidance-counselors are his / her parents.
Read the following text and think about it.
Unit Three: Who?
68

3. Esta es la comunidad que da el ejemplo de buen comportamiento.
2. Aquellos son los jvenes que protegen a los animales en este lugar..
1. Aquellas son las personas que saben convivir en su comunidad.
Unit Three: Who?
69
oWers to spend more time with him.

bass at home while hes absent. He talks to him to make him understand that his behavior is not correct. He
works all day long. His neighbors are complaining about his son because the boy plays music with loud
In your notebook, write your own conversation based on the following situation: Pedro is a widower who
K. LETS CREATE

Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Unit Three: Who?
70
c. Whats the message of the poem?

b. Translate the poem.
a. Find a sentence with a relative pronoun.
I cultivate a white rose.

I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
the heart with which I live,
And for the cruel person who tears out
who gives me his hand frankly.
For the sincere friend
In July as in January
I cultivate a white rose
By Jose Marti
I Cultivate a White Rose
Read and enjoy the following poem.
LETS HAVE FUN
Add three more on your own.

3. Yes, this parrot is the one which sings songs.
2. She is the one who gave her seat to that old woman.
1. No, hes not the one that makes too much noise.
L. ASK ME...
Unit Three: Who?
72
4
She can go to the movies with her friend.
The mother says that she can go to the movies any day.
The girl is old enough to go to the movies by herself.
The girl asks her mother if she can go to the movies by herself.
Read the following sentences and select T for True and F for False. Correct the false ones. Use your notebook.
Mother:
Tina:
Mother:
Tina:
Dont push it, my dear. Today is Thursday and you have a math test tomorrow morning.
Really? Thats great! Then, if I 8nish my homework, can we go today after class?
No, dear. I will be busy. But I think you are old enough to go to the movies by yourselves.
Can you take William and me to the movies on Saturday?

A. LETS EXPLORE!
No man is an island.
Who?
Who...?
Lesson 9
Unit Three: Who?
73
Interrogative sentence: What can you do, if you want to improve your English?
Negative sentence: If I dont go to the game, I will have to wait for one year.
Declarative sentence: If you pass the subject, we will go to the baseball game.
Conditional sentences can be declarative, negative and interrogative.
It is used when a situation is real or when it can be possible.
If + present tense + will / can / may / must + verb
The if- clause and the main clause
A conditional sentence type 1 has two clauses:
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
your studies are your priorities.

Father I am already proud of you. I just want you to be aware that your family and
Teenage boy I see, dad. Ill do my best. Youll be proud of me.
and pass the test and 8nish your work here, well go to the game.
Father I am worried because your grades are very low this term. So, if you work hard
Teenage boy Why are you concerned? I know I will pass the test.
Father Maybe, if you pass your English test and 8nish all your work at home.
Teenage boy Dad, are we going to go to the baseball game next week?
Read the following dialogue in pairs. Practice it with a partner.
Unit Three: Who?
74
Tidy / Neat
SatisRed
Messy
Worried / Concerned
E. VOCABULARY
Will you come back tomorrow if he is busy now?

If it rains, we must wear our raincoats and boots and take our umbrellas.
If you practice a lot, you may become a member of the team.
If Leo doesnt call you, you can call him.
If I have money, Ill visit my grandparents next week.
EXAMPLES
Proud
Unit Three: Who?
75
Mother: Thanks for asking and considering my opinion.

Girl: Really? I didnt know that. I will 8nd out a little bit more before making a decision.
there are some other things.
donate organs, if you want to. Besides, some academies dont accept people with tattoos. And
dangerous for your health. Tattoos can cause problems in your future: you will never be able to
Mother: A tattoo? This is a very important decision. You have to consider that it will be permanent and
Girl: Nothing really. If I get a tattoo, will you get mad at me?
Mother: Im worried. What happened?
Girl: Mom, I want to talk about a very important thing.
If we respect our friends, we will be respected too.
If you have positive relationships with your parents, you will be successful.
If she works hard, she will pass the English test.
In your notebook, change the following sentences into the negative form.
G. LETS APPLY
What kind of relationships are you in, good or bad?
will 8nd bullying, pressure, lack of con8dence, and abuse.
good relationship, you will have respect, care, support and trust. If you are in a negative relationship, you
Some relationships are good and positive; others, unfortunately, are negative or dibcult. If you have a
You have a mother and a father, brothers and sisters, neighbors, teachers, classmates and many others.
If you think about relationships in your life, you will realize that you dont just have a boyfriend / girlfriend.
Read the following text and think about it.
Unit Three: Who?
76
Listen to your teacher and write the sentences in your notebook.

Dictation
J. ALL EARS
4. Arranged neatly and in order. _______
3. Thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen. _______
2. Feeling pleased and satis8ed about something that you own or have done. _______
1. Pleased because you have achieved something. _______
a) tidy - b) satisRed - c) worried - d ) proud
Match the de8nition with the appropriate word. Write the letter of the word on the line given.
Unit Three: Who?

Add two more of your own.
3. If parents and children communicate, they will have good relationships.
2. No, parents should not abuse their adolescent children.
1. Teenagers ask their parent if they can get home late.
L. ASK ME...
b. Write four sentences on your own: two with zero conditional and two with conditional type 1.
3. If I want to learn about technology I will read more research papers.
2. You will be respected if you show respect for the people here.
1. Shell be grounded for a month if she gets bad grades this term.
a. Change the following sentences to zero conditional.
In your notebook,
K. LETS CREATE
77
As well as if a promontory were.
It tolls for thee.
Europe is the less.
For whom the bell tolls,
If a clod be washed away by the sea,
Therefore, send not to know
A part of the main.
For I am involved in mankind.
Each is a piece of the continent,
Each mans death diminishes me,
Entire of itself.
Or of thine friends were.
No man is an island,
As well as if a manner of thine own
John Donne
For Whom The Bell Tolls
Read and enjoy the following poem.
LETS HAVE FUN
Unit Four: Conditions...?
80
2. Why is it important to know about the melting polar Ice-caps?
1. What consequences of climate change do you know?
Answer the following questions:
Growth.
diversity; e) Melting Polar Ice-Caps and Rising Sea Levels; f ) Oceanic Dead Zones; g) Explosive Population
Earth and consequently society is facing: a) Climate Change; b) Deforestation; c) Pollution; d) Loss of
see and feel the eWects so close to us. These are some of the biggest environmental threats that Mother
getting increasingly dibcult to ignore the damage we are doing to the environment, especially when we
eWects on the planet. There are serious environmental issues we are facing. Ignorance may be bliss, but its
perspective. This is reMected in a growing environmental movement that is concerned about humankinds
aWects everything. The human perspective regarding the Earth is widely viewed from a globally integrated
planet is home to millions of species of life, including humans. It means that the damage they cause
Planet Earth is our home, and people are damaging it, ignoring the consequences of their actions. The
Look at the pictures. Describe them.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.
Conditions...?
If I...
Lesson 10
81
might
Simple past form +
could
+ verb (base form)
would
If clause
Main clause
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE II
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Lina
resources.
If we knew about this issue, we would be more careful on how to use our
Csar
The sea level gets higher and impacts the coastal area.
Lina
How does it impact us in Venezuela?
Csar
Besides, ice is melting worldwide.
Lina
Yes, precipitation increased across the globe, on average.
Csar
Now I know why we had such heavy rains.
Lina
Yes, I did. I was surprised to know about that phenomenon.
Csar
Did you watch the news about global warming?
Read the following dialog and practice it.

82
Compact Muorescent light bulb
Fossil fuels
derivative of methane and ethane.

the thermal infrared range.
and Muorine, produced as a volatile
absorbs and emits radiation within contains carbon, chlorine, hydrogen than 50,000 km of land area.
It is a gas in an atmosphere that It is an organic compound that It is an ice mass that covers less
Ice-cap
Greenhouse gasses
CFC - ChloroMuorocarbon
E. VOCABULARY
Might diversity loss decrease If people stopped throwing trash in the sea?
3. Yes. If people stopped throwing trash in the sea, diversity loss might decrease.
When could the teacher explain about global warming to the class?
2. The teacher could explain about global warming this week to the class if she had time.
What would you do if you knew about climate change?

1. If we knew about climate change, we would make a campaign about it.
EXAMPLES
83
emissions.
4. If you drove less, you ______ _______ (crate) fewer
possibilities of breathing clean oxygen.
3. If we _______ (plant) more trees, we might have better
watching it?
2. Would you ________ (turn oW ) the TV if you were not
compact Muorescent light bulbs, they would save energy.
1. If people _______ (replace) regular light bulbs with
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in parenthesis.
G. LETS APPLY
Now that you know about global warming, please 8nd out about its eWects.
climate system.
Climate Change. The 8nal objective of the Convention is to prevent dangerous human interference of the
fossil fuels and deforestation. Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of
of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are almost 95% certain that it is primarily caused by
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans. Warming
Look at the picture. Read the passage and discuss it with your partners.
84
b. List recommendations to avoid the eWects of the environmental threats.
a. Based on the readings, debate the topics in small groups.
conference
http://www.globalissues.org/article/801/cop18-doha-climateDoha 2012. 18th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference
nations will pick up the burden of addressing emission rises.
emissions. But ignoring that makes it easier to hope these emerging
and other emerging nations despite the historical inequality of those
accept. It is easier, therefore, to stall and keep blaming China, India
for something that seems to be a problem in the future is hard to
or more (even when their economies were doing well) paying now
Furthermore, as the West has generally shown in the past decade
most responsible for the crises are bailed out by ordinary citizens).
and imaginary), or economic crises (where banks and other elites
to push through, such as wars based on geopolitical threats (real
more focused and limited interests of elites, however, are easier
on tackling climate change seems to be futile. By comparison,
As the past two decades have shown, trying to get global agreement
Read the passage, discuss with your partner
85
Indian Proverb
been caught will we realise we cannot eat money.
Only when the last tree has died and the last river been poisoned and the last 8sh
Mahatma Gandhi
Earth provides enough to satisfy every mans needs, but not every mans greed.
Discuss the meaning of the following proverbs. Then write your own reMection
K. LETS CREATE
4.
3.
2.
1.
notebook.
Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones. Remember to use your
J. ALL EARS
86
Modern technology owes ecology an apology.

Green revolution a best solution to arrest pollution.
Read and discuss the following sayings. Practice them. Then, write one of your own.
LETS HAVE FUN
5. El objetivo de la convencin es prevenir la contaminacin del planeta.

4. Si. El aumento de los gases causa incremento en la temperatura.
3. En la convencin del cambio climtico las naciones toman decisiones.
2. Si, estamos sufriendo el aumento de la temperatura en el planeta.
1. Muchas personas estn preocupadas por los daos al ambiente.
In your notebook translate the following answers in English. Then write the questions.
L. ASK ME...
88
Were you aware of this situation?
Taken from Water Policy Reform Program, 1999

millions of children each year.
safe water, and three billion lack sanitation; eighty per cent of infectious diseases are waterborne, killing
and agriculture. Ecosystems are being destroyed, sometimes permanently. Over one billion people lack
underground has deteriorated, due to the pollution by waste and contaminants from cities, industry
will double. The costs of water infrastructure have risen dramatically. The quality of water in rivers and
of the worlds population, are already facing water shortages, while by year 2020 the worlds population
in many places water availability is falling into crisis levels. More than eighty countries, with forty percent
Water is essential for all dimensions of life. Over the past few decades, the use of water has increased, and
Read the following passage.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.
Conditions...?
What would...if...?
Lesson 11
89
might
form) +
If had +verb (past participle
form)
have + verb (past participle
could
would
If clause
Main clause
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE III
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Antonio So wed better start taking care of it as we do with our plan

Yanire Of course, it is a serious concern.
Antonio So, it is something to worry about, because we live in it
aWected by human beings wrong doings.
Yanire Well, the crisis is not just with water, our planet Earth has been
Antonio But I watch TV and I havent seen anything about tha
Yanire How come? It has been on TV.
Antonio I didnt know that there was a global water crisis.
Read and practice the following dialogue
4. The quality of water in river has got better.

3. Millions of children die because of poor sanitation.
2. The world water crisis just started.
1. Water is an essential element for human survival.
Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements.
90
What would have happened in the world if we hadnt had sanitation service?
int/topics/sanitation/en/
wastewater, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.
(Adapted from WHO) http://www.who. include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic
agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems
collection and wastewater disposal.
can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical
through services such as garbage
service, we would have been openly exposed to risks that
maintenance of hygienic conditions,
If we hadnt had the appropriate care with the sanitation
urine and feces. It also refers to the
as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater.
services for the safe disposal of human
prevention of human contact with the risks of wastes as well
It refers to the provision of facilities and
These are systems that protect human health, through
SANITATION
E. VOCABULARY
Might sanitation have been improved if people had had better living conditions?
3. Yes. If people had had better living conditions, sanitation might have been improved.
What could governments have done to prevent water pollution?

industries waste disposals long ago.
2. Governments worldwide could have prevented water pollution if they had controlled
What would you have done if you had known about the water crisis before?
1. If we had known about the water crisis, we would have made a campaign at school.
EXAMPLES
91
service in your neighborhood?

What does the article say about drinking water and sanitation facilities in our planet? Do you have this
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml
Taken from United Nations report (2015)
- ,.+

.
developing regions as a whole. The greatest progress was achieved in Eastern and Southern Asia.
&

%'
())*+'
,*(*
source of drinking water and, at the current pace, 605 million people will still lack coverage in 2015.
!
"#$% "

basic sanitation.
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and
Target 7.C: (Millennium Development Goals)
Read the following facts.
92
Write two conclusions. Report to the class.

Water for the 21st Century - (1999)
Serageldin - Chairman of the World Commission on
them for irrigation, drinking and industrial water
the health and livelihood of people who depend upon
poisoning the surrounding ecosystems, thus threatening
being seriously depleted and polluted, degrading and
More than one-half of the worlds major rivers are
water, which serves most of lifes needs).
Freshwater is only 2.5%. Out of it just 1.3% is surface
of. (There is so much salt water that you cant drink.
We are surrounded by things you cannot make use
1. Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink.
Discuss the following two ideas.
atmosphere.
Less than 0.3% of all freshwater _____(be) in rivers, lakes, and the
and 98.8% of that water is _______(locate) in ice and groundwater.
Only 2.5% of the Earths water is _________ (consider) freshwater,
bodies, and 0.001% in the air and precipitation.
Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water
1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and in the ice caps of
On Earth, 96.5% of the planets water is _______ (8nd) in oceans,
Water ________ (cover) 71% of the Earths surface.
Complete with the appropriate verb form.
G. LETS APPLY
4.
3.
2.
1.
Listen to your teacher carefully and mark T (true) or F (false). Correct the false ones.
J. ALL EARS
b. List recommendations to have a rational use of water.

a. Based on the readings debate the topics in small groups.
93
94
(These two people are absolutely contrasting).

They are like water and 8re/ They are like devil and holy water.
It is raining heavily.
It is raining cats and dogs.
Translate these sayings. Can you 8nd a similar one in your own language?
LETS HAVE FUN
(To be in a dibcult position).

To be in troubled waters.
(To have few chances to succeed).

To have water up to the throat.
(He still has a lot to learn about life).

He is wet behind the ears.
(Something that is very obvious).

To discover warm water.
else).
a place you are not feeling comfortable).
(Family is more important than anyone or anything (In
In
deep
water.
Blood is thicker than water.
Translate the proverbs and its meanings. Then write a question to each one.
L. ASK ME...
What can we do?

Water is too precious to be wasted (41)
Write a short dialog based on the video suggested below.
K. LETS CREATE
96
4
Recycling is a way to cut down pollution.
Natural resources are limited.
There is not much waste.
The world population is getting smaller
statements.
Please write (T) for true or (F) false to the following statements. Correct the false ones. Support your
Do you recycle?
Are you familiar with the term recycling?
http://www.earthsfriends.com/why-recycling-important
Adapted from
around the world.
targets for recycling are also being set by governments
phenomenon. In view of this serious situation, necessary
to slow down since we havent been able to eradicate this
to take drastic measures to cut down on pollution levels
The danger of global climate change has forced people
harm the planet today, but future generations as well.
signi8cantly reduce additional waste that will not only
natural resources limited, but recycling eWorts can
recycle and reuse whenever possible. Not only are
earth are limited so we must do our best to conserve,
his or her lifetime. The natural resources on our planet
human being adds signi8cant waste to the planet over
The world population is growing, and currently each
Look at the pictures and read the passage.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
I make green look good because I recycle, reduce & reuse.
97
will be ful8lled.
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition
all the material I have at home.
Example: If I knew about recycling, I would recycle
(= would + In8nitive)
if + Simple Past, main clause with Conditional I
because it refers to the past.

It is impossible that the condition will be ful8lled
would have recycled all the material I had at home.
Example: If I had had known about recycling, I
Past Participle)
if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have +
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE 2
IF CONDITIONAL TYPE 3
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
have been in better conditions.

Alex If everybody had participated in recycling activities and programs, our planet would
Luisy I understand, so recycling could be done at home but also industries could do it.
Aless If we wanted we could recycle materials made of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles.
Lina No, it isnt. Anybody can recycle.
Luisy But it is something very complex.
potentially useful materials
Aless Well, it is a process to change materials into new products to prevent waste of
Lina Recycling is to reduce trash?
Luisy What is recycling?
Read and practice the following dialogue.
98
past
Past Perfect
past
Past Perfect
more
Conditional III
If Ann had studied
If I had had them, Conditional III
Condition refers to:
passed the test.

she would have
handed them out.
I would have
Main Clause
IF Clause
Conditional Sentences Type III (impossible)

past
Simple Past
consequence in the
past
Simple Past
If I saw her,
time,
If I had a lot of
IF Clause
Conditional II
I would greet her.
Conditional I
I would help him.

Main Clause
Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)
present facts
Simple Present
If I get a good grade, Simple Present

Modal Auxiliary
improbable action
should+ InRnitive
math this term,

Imperative
Should Henry pass
Future I
Present Perfect
new job,
If Laura has got a
I will help him.
Imperative
I will call her
Modal Auxiliary
Progressive
Present
rest,
If Felix is taking a
Imperative
Future I
Modal Auxiliary
future action
Simple Present
If they want paper Imperative

Future I
IF Clause
Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)

EXAMPLES
Exceptions for Conditional Sentences
we can call her.

call her.
Future I
action going on now
we can help him

help him
Modal Auxiliary
8nished action
I am happy.
him now.
you cannot talk to
now
dont talk to him
now.
I wont talk to him
they can get it.
get it.
they will get it.
Main Clause
99
reuse wrapping paper.

of Styrofoam.
utensils.
wrapping paper - or maybe even
in cardboard or paper board instead such as paper plates, cups, and for reusable gift bags instead of
4. Buy products that are packaged 5. Try to avoid disposable items, 6. When wrapping presents, opt
possible.
as many goods in one bag as
forget it, insist on paper, and pack products in bulk.
bag to purchase groceries. If you packaging you purchase by buying
1. Bring your own reusable cloth 2. Try to reduce the amount of
instead.
newsletters, etc, e-mailed to you,
such as bills, 8nancial statements,
that are normally mailed to you
3. Have any paper statements
Ways to reduce the amount of trash we create

Uncultivated land
use, wear, or decay

Gradual loss or decrease by
The word WASTE

E. VOCABULARY
often used in plural.

Garbage, rubbish, excrement
100
Mans Treasure.
One Mans Waste Can be Another
the earth were nothing.
We are just mankindwithout
Be Green
Love green
Live green
Read the poem. Talk about it.
4 If I had known that so many tress were being cut I

3 I would have bought just recycle products if I
2 If I had known about the damage caused by plastic bags, I
1 They are ecologists, so if they sent you a present, they
In your notebook, complete the sentences using If conditional II or III, according to the situation.
G. LETS APPLY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU94rL6M-Cs
1000 creative ideas to recycle plastic bottles
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_XUJwINdLw
method (1456)
How To Recycle HDPE Plastic (High Density Polyethylene) - a simple
There are many things we can recycle. Look at the following videos:
Write your own conversation
K. LETS CREATE
Listen to your teacher carefully. And write the dictation in your notebook.
Dictation
J. ALL EARS
What do you think about the story of things?
What did you know about the story of things?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgAU6ZdK4hU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHIO0in4vtg
The origin of stuW (913) Part 2 & 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgZY78uwvxk
The origin of stuW (735) Part 1
Watch the following videos and write your impressions.
101
102
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MF9xu1UbFw
You can listen to the whole version in the following link:
The world that we created.
Is this what were all living for today
So it seems in the end
Against the law
Is this the world we invaded
What did we do it for
Is this the world we created
& Brian May. What do you think it is about?
The following stanza belongs to the song Is this the world we created...? It was written by Freddie Mercury
LETS HAVE FUN
,6
.
3 4.1

5
.
1

(**2 .
/ 0 .

.&

.
In your notebooks, write questions to the following answers. Then translate them into Spanish.
L. ASK ME...
Unit Five: It...
104
4. Skills are not important to practice a sport.
3. There are no disciplines in gymnastics.
2. Gymnasts do Mic-Mac.
1. Children begin to practice gymnastics at the age of 2
for False. Correct the false ones. Support your answers.

Read the following sentences about the previous paragraph and write in your notebooks T for True or F
gob.ve
For more information check http.//www.mindeporte.
was the only Venezuelan gymnast in this event.
Games in London 2012, Jessica Lopez, from Venezuela,
interesting history since the 1960s. In the last Olympic
Mic-Mac, and so on. In our country gymnastics has had an
wonderful exercises for example: cartwheel, round oW,
In artistic gymnastics its easy for a gymnast to do
gymnastics, trampoline, aerobics, and acrobatics.
such as: artistic gymnastics (men & women), rhythmic
years. There are diWerent disciplines within this sport
4 or 5 years old and practice it for about ten or more
gymnastics is a sport that girls begin when they are
competitive sports begin at early ages. For instance,
sport for recreational or competitive purposes. Many
evaluate what kind of skills you possess. You can practice
When you decide to practice a sport you have to
Read the following passage

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Step by step, one goes a long way.
Unit Five: It...
105
4. No, it`s not easy for him to play table tennis.

3. Is it easy for a fencer to play table tennis?
2. It`s not easy for me to practice gymnastics. It`s dibcult.
1. Is it easy for you to practice gymnastics?
EXAMPLES
NO, IT IS NOT EASY FOR ME TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS.
NO+ IT+VERB TO BE+ NOT+ADJECTIVE+FOR+PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO
IS IT EASY FOR YOU TO PRACTICE GYMNASTICS?

VERB TO BE+ IT+ FOR+ PRONOUN/NOUN+TO+?
IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR +PRONOUN / NOUN+ TO+

USE OF IT IN IMPERSONAL STATEMENTS
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Games in 2012. She is from ________________.

, _____________________ and ___________________. Jessica participated in ____________ Olympic
________________________. Some exercises in artistic gymnastics are: ___________________________
____________________, ________________________, ________________, _________________ and
Jessica Lpez practices _______________. Gymnastics is divided in diWerent disciplines such as:
Complete the following paragraph.
Unit Five: It...
106
Angel Aponte - Karateka
Paralympic runner
Oscar Monterola -
Daniela Larreal - Cyclist
Alejandra Bentez - Fencer
Leidys Brito - Archer
Dalia Contreras - Taekwondoist
Andreina Pinto - Swimmer
Fabiola Ramos - Table tennis player
E. VOCABULARY
Paralympic athletes
107
Unit Five: It...

Valeria Ha, ha, ha! For me too.
archery.
Juan Jos Ha, ha, ha. Its easy for me to swim, but its dibcult for me to practice
me to play volleyball.
Valeria Well, Its easy for me to train gymnastics every day, but it`s dibcult for
Juan Jos Really? You are a talented girl.
next month.
Valeria I practice gymnastics. Im training hard because I have a competition
Juan Jos Yes, I love swimming. And you?
Valeria Do you practice a sport?
4. - ______ easy for Dalia to practice taekwon do, but it`s ______________for her to swim.
3. - It`s easy for a _______________ to use a sword, but it`s ______________ for her to practice archery.
2. - It`s ______for a swimmer to train every day.
1. Its _______for Jessica to take a 4 hour gymnastics training a day.
G. LETS APPLY
4. Would you like to become an Olympic athlete?
3. Are you interested in practicing a sport that includes trainings six days a week?
2. Do you think that practicing a competitive sport is easy?
1. Is it easy to practice an Olympic or a Paralympic sport?
when representing his/her country is unique!
to do their trainings but its dibcult for their friends to understand it. But the satisfaction the athlete feels
holidays you are training in the morning and in the afternoon. Its normal for high performance athletes
cycling, and so on. To practice a sport you need skills and dedication. Sometimes when friends are having
gymnastics (rhythmic and artistic), archery, swimming, fencing, table tennis, tae kwon do, boxing, athletics,
to get to international level competitions or even the Olympic or Paralympic Games. Some sports are:
popular than others; they could be practiced for recreational purposes or competitive ones if you want
In our country there are several sports that athletes are practicing in all states. Some sports are more
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Unit Five: It...
108
3.
Cyclist _____
Archer___
Taekwondoist___
Fencing_____
Cycling ____
Wrestling_____
Swimmer ____
Player ____
Judoka _____
Listen to your teacher and the select the appropriate option.

J. ALL EARS
b. a short paragraph about the athletes who participated in the Olympics.

a. questions with what, when, where.
Read the information above again and then, in your notebook, write:
Beijing 2008
won a gold medal at the Paralympic Games.
She is so far the only Venezuelan, in any sport, to have
blind.
competed in judo events for the visually impaired and
in the Paralympic Games and win a Gold medal! She
Naomi Soazo is the 8rst Venezuelan woman to compete
109
Unit Five: It...

1
Gold
Rubn Limardo
2012 London
Fencing
Mens pe
Bronze Dalia Contreras
2008 Beijing
Taekwondo
Women 49 kg
Bronze Israel Jose Rubio
2004 Athens
Weightlifting
Mens featherweight
Bronze Adriana Carmona
2004 Athens
Taekwondo
Women +67 kg
Bronze Rafael Vidal
1984 Los Angeles
Swimming
Mens 200m butterMy
Bronze Omar Catari
1984 Los Angeles
Boxing
Mens featherweight
Bronze Marcelino Bolivar
1984 Los Angeles
Boxing
Mens light Myweight
Silver
Bernardo Piango
1980 Moscow
Boxing
Mens bantamweight
Silver
Pedro Gamarro
1976 Montreal
Boxing
Mens welterweight
Gold
Francisco Rodriguez 1968 Mexico City
Boxing
Mens light Myweight
Bronze Enrico Forcella
1960 Rome
Shooting
prone
Mens 50 metre riMe
Bronze Arnoldo Devonish
1952 Helsinki
Athletics
Mens triple jump
Medal
Name
Games
Sport
Event
Write about any of these athletes.

K. LETS CREATE
competition winning Venezuelas 8rst ever fencing medal.
in the Olympic Games. He competed in the individual pe
Rubn Limardo in 2012 won Venezuelas second gold medal
Unit Five: It...
110
do in the alphabet soup. Good luck.

Find the following sports: fencing, cycling, football, swimming, gymnastics, table tennis, archery, tae kwon
LETS HAVE FUN
4. _______________?
4. He won a Gold medal.
3. _______________?
3. Fencing.
2. _______________?
2. Judo.
1. _______________?
1. Noemi Soazo.

L. ASK ME...
Unit Five: It...
112
__________________________________________________________
2. Is mathematics just a subject?
__________________________________________________________
1. Why is mathematics important?
Based on the previous reading, answer the following questions.
a survival skill to understand the issues that we face in daily life.

without mathematics, none of these areas would exist. We all have to know that we need mathematics as
telecommunications, aeronautics or medicine is much more obvious to them. But many are unaware that
seems to them that mathematics is only for mathematicians. The importance of computers, biotechnology,
is what they were taught at school and do not have any idea of its true depth. Some people say that it
end of this chain, though its importance is not always appreciated. Many people think that mathematics
on engineering, which depends on science, which 8nally depends on mathematics. Mathematics is at the
Mathematics is vital for any modern country. Economic success depends on technology, which depends
Read the following passage.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Great minds think alike.
It...
It seems to me...
Lesson 14
113
Unit Five: It...

4. It seems to me that these mathematics problems are longer.
3. It seems to me that there is a mistake.
2. It seems to me that they are correct.
1. It seems to me that mathematics is simple.
EXAMPLES
IT+SEEMS + TO+ ME (THAT)
Use of it as a subject
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Paola Oh, my God. It seems to me that it is very dibcult to learn.

Pedro Yes, It seems to me that this subject is easy to learn.
Paola Congratulations! Do you think math is easy?
Pedro I am taking some extra classes.
that they are very demanding.
Paola Really? What are you doing to join them? It seems to me
Pedro I want to register in the mathematics society.
Read the dialog. Practice it with a partner.
Unit Five: It...
114
4. __________________________ that mathematics is boring.

3. It appears to me that the exercises are _______________________.
2. ________________________________ that you are right.
1. It seems to me that _______________ is _____________________.
Fill in the blanks with the missing words to complete the following statements.
G. LETS APPLY
__________________________________________________
Does mathematics seem to be complicated to you?
__________________________________________________
Does an equation seem to be confusing to you?
__________________________________________________
Does logarithms seem to be dibcult you?
because it seems to you that it is dibcult, but if you practice it frequently you will realize that its not.
numbers, real numbers, equations, probability, and so on. Sometimes you have to practice it several times,
In Venezuela according to the national curriculum, mathematics is focused on: logarithms, complex
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. ReMect about it.
Physics
BIOTECHNOLOGY
E. VOCABULARY
AERONAUTICS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
115
Unit Five: It...

In your notebook, write a paragraph about it. Support your ideas.
Mathematics is everywhere, in every single thing.
Read the following statement.
mathematics teachers but among the general public as well.

immensely popular in Brazil and abroad, not only among
Tahan. Since its 8rst publication in 1938, the book has been
de Mello e Souza, published under the pen name Malba
and curious word problems by Brazilian writer Jlio Csar
The Man Who Counted is a book on recreational mathematics
Valentina Uhm Ok. Ill give it a try.

be easy for you. Ill help you.
Marialaura Maybe you think it is hard, but if you practice daily, itll
Valentina Oh, my God! It seems so confusing to me!
Marialaura Well, not for me! I really enjoy it.
Valentina Wow. It seems to me that it is dibcult.
Marialaura Three: the preliminary, intermediate and the 8nal.
Valentina Really? How many exercises do you have to do?
Marialaura Yes, the preliminary exercise was last week.
Valentina Are you participating in the mathematics society?
Read the following dialog.
Unit Five: It...
116
In your notebook, write a short dialog using the vocabulary of the lesson. Then practice it with a partner.
K. LETS CREATE
Albert Einstein
I can assure you mine are still greater
Do not worry about your dibculties in mathematics.

Dictation
J. ALL EARS
Unit Five: It...
In y
L. ASK ME...
117
Unit Five: It...
118
http://www.google.co.ve/
[Repeat]
Sorry seems to be the hardest word.
Oh, it seems to me that
Why cant we talk it over?
Its sad, so sad.
And its getting more and more absurd.
Its a sad, sad situation.
Its sad, so sad.
by Elton John
SORRY SEEMS TO BE
Read the song and talk about it.
LETS HAVE FUN
Unit Five: It...
120
5. When is the rainy season in Venezuela?

4. When is the dry season in Venezuela?
3. How many seasons are there in Venezuela?
2. Whats the weather like in Venezuela?
1. Is Venezuela located in the North of South America?
According to the reading, answer the following questions in your notebook.
mixed ethnic heritage.

The majority of the population is of mestizo, or
of Venezuela come from a variety of heritages.
into over one thousand parishes. The people
into 335 municipalities; these are subdivided
dependencies. Venezuela is further subdivided
into 23 states, a capital district, and the federal
crude oil producers. Our country is divided
and consistently ranks among the top ten world
largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world,
April to September. Venezuela has some of the
October to March and a rainy season from
only two seasons, a dry season that runs from
in the east. The climate is warm and rainy. With
coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta
in the south, extensive plains and Caribbean
in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest
with habitat ranging from the Andes Mountains
considered a country with high biodiversity,
Venezuela is located in South America. It is
Read the following information.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
We will be known by the tracks we leave.
121
Unit Five: It...

IT+IS SUNNY / RAINY / CLOUDY / WINDY
IT+VERB TO BE+ ADJECTIVE
WHAT IS THE WEATHER LIKE?
WHAT+ VERB TO BE+ THE+ WEATHER+ LIKE?
IT+VERB TO BE + ADJECTIVE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Now, write a postcard from any other special place in the country.
in Venezuela. I will never forget it.
is considered one of the most important _____________parks. For me it was the most exciting experience
in Falcn state. It is located on the way to Peninsula de Paraguana. These hills are of sweet and soft sand. It
This is a postcard of ________________ in Venezuela. Its one of the most beautiful __________ in Venezuela
Dear________________.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words to complete the postcard.
Unit Five: It...
122
Cloudy
Freezing
Windy
Sunny
E. VOCABULARY
2. Its ______________ in La Colonia Tovar.
4. It`s _____________ in the Dunes.
1. It s _______________ in Los Roques Archipelago. 3. It`s ________________ in Los Andes.
According to the pictures select: sunny, cloudy, windy and freezing.

EXAMPLES
123
Unit Five: It...
4. Is it windy in Los Medanos?

3. Is it cloudy in Morrocoy?
2. Is it cold in the plains?
1. Is it sunny in Los Roques?
notebooks. Correct the false ones.

According to the previous paragraph, answer the following questions by writing (T) True or (F) False in your
G. LETS APPLY
________________________________________________________.
Whats the weather like in Colonia Tovar?
________________________________________________________.
Whats the weather like in los Andes?
________________________________________________________.
How many types of climate can we 8nd in Venezuela?
various types of weather and beautiful landscapes that do not exist elsewhere.
the mountains to spend a fresh and cool day visit La Colonia Tovar. We have a country where you can enjoy
horseback riding you can visit the plains and enjoy an unforgettable experience. If you also want to go to
visit the beautiful beaches of Morrocoy National Park. If you are planning to have contact with nature and
the mountain range called the Andes. If you want to spend a sunny weekend, you can go to the coast and
Venezuela is a place where you can 8nd diWerent climates. If you want to enjoy cold weather, you can visit
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Unit Five: It...
124
5. Where / cable car / is / the / longest /? __________________________
4. is /Venezuela/ located/ Where ?________________________________
3. Venezuela /in/ it / March / in /Does / rain /? ______________________
2. Los Roques/ is / freezing/ ? _________________________
1. Margarita/sunny/ is / place /a? ________________________________
In your notebook, unscramble the words to write questions. Then answer the questions.
http://www.telefericoenmerida.com/
Nevada National Park.

of Pico Espejo within the Sierra
car runs from Merida to the top
cable car of the world. Our cable
In Merida we have the longest
Gabriel I agree with you. Its one of the most beautiful places in the world.
So8a Yes. We are lucky because all Venezuela is fantastic.
Gabriel Fantastic! The beaches are wonderful there.
Sofa La Gran Sabana? That place is amazing! We are going to Margarita.
Gabriel We are planning to go to La Gran Sabana. And you?
Sofa Where are you going on vacation?
Unit Five: It...
125
Write a paragraph according to a place that you frequently visit in our country.
Write a short conversation about this wonderful place, it is a Tepuy.

K. LETS CREATE
Primary industries are _____________________, 8shing and construction.

Nueva Esparta ____________La Asuncion and ____________ located in a beautiful place in the island.
oW the northeastern coast of the ________________, in the Caribbean Sea. The _________________ of
Margarita Island ___________ the largest island in Nueva Esparta________________. It`s ________________
Listen to your teacher and 8ll in the blanks.
J. ALL EARS
Unit Five: It...
126
In pairs, write the names of the states and their capitals, in competition time. Do it in your notebook.
LETS HAVE FUN
Its sunny.
4. _______________________________________________________
Yes, I know San Fernando de Apure.
3. _______________________________________________________
My favorite place in my country is La Gran Sabana.
2. _______________________________________________________
Yes, it is.
1. _______________________________________________________
L. ASK ME...
128
deserve it. I suggest
La madre: I hope so. We all
a couple of places.
Perhaps we can visit
they have to oWer.

travel agency and see what
Weve decided to go to a
able to aWord a trip like that?

Do you really think well be
Cool!
Some minutes later

Do you have any ideas?
this year.
to you about our vacation
Mom, dad, we want to talk
expensive.
Wow! That sounds great but
let mom and I talk for a while.

Oh, I see. Listen; why dont you
and jungle.
the desert, mountain, beach
Well, you promised us a trip to
raise your salary.

when your boss oWered to
Oh, youre right. I planned that
Listen and read the following dialogue.

A. LETS EXPLORE!
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
She oWered to...

Lesson 16
Unit Six: Actions...
129
able to resist
Mom Wow, guys. You have already _________me. And I think your dad wont be
Raquel And the landscapes are also unique in both!
as the cold
Jos And the weather is pretty diWerent in both cities. Well enjoy the heat as well
can visit there.
Raquel Yes! They_________ us some brochures of many interesting places that we
Jos Well, they ____________us to go to a couple of places: Mrida and Coro.
_______?
Mom Oh, nice! Dad and I havent had the time to go there. What did they
VENETUR Travel Agency.
Raquel Mom, Jos and I ________ you some information about packages at a
Raquel and Jos got information at a travel agency. Theyre telling their parents about it.
get/ persuade / oWer / show / convince
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verbs on the list and practice in pairs.
Raquel Great!
Jos Ok. Moreover, they never tell us lies. Now we can be sure that well travel on vacation.
Raquel Youre right. Lets go to the travel agency.
Jos Maybe we can help them 8nd information about trip oWers.
Raquel I think they had already decided where to go but made us believe they hadnt.
Jos If they said that, we can take it for granted.
Raquel Im so happy that we talked to them!
Raquel and Jos had a conversation after talking to their parents.
Organize the exchanges and then practice it. The 8rst one was done for you.
130
*Both forms are correct.
promise
They promised us a great vacation.
tell
They never tell us lies.
get
We got them the information about the trips.
show
A nice girl showed me the brochures.
verb + indir obj + dir obj

help
My brother helped me pack.*
make
Our parents made us decide at once.
verb + object + to - verb

tell
Mom told us to talk to our father about our decision.*
help
My brother helped me to pack *
persuade
They persuaded us to go on that Might.
verb + object + to-verb

promise
Dad promised to buy the tickets soon.
plan
His family planned to stay for a month.
seek
Travellers seek to obtain a discount.
decide
Raquel and Jos decided to go to Coro and Mrida.
oWer
His boss oWered to increase his salary.
want
She wanted to buy a round trip ticket.
verb + to-verb
Verbs
Observe the diWerent ways to express actions.
Examples
131
5. (The hotel manager / make / my dad / sign a form)

4. (She / oWer / watch our house)
3. (He / tell / them / the secret)
2. (My friend / persuade / me / drive there)
1. (They / want / buy some souvenirs)
In your notebook, write sentences in the past tense using the words given.
F. LETS APPLY
What do you think is the main attraction that Merida oWers to tourists?
(Adapted from: http://gosouthamerica.about.com)
plenty of cultural activities.
and wars of independence have taken a heavy toll on the city, but it cultivates a pleasant, quiet grace with
glacier lakes, and moors, or highland moors reaching from about 3300 m to the snowline. Earthquakes
of scenery from lush rainforest, abundant waterfalls to mountain peaks permanently covered with snow,
region is popular with climbers, backpackers, wildlife lovers, birders, and sightseers who enjoy the variety
Bompland Peak, form part of the Sierra Nevada National Park, where there are also 12 state parks. The
world. Its mountains, including the snow-capped peaks of Bolvar Peak, Humboldt Peak, Espejo Peak and
university, the University of the Andes founded in 1785 and the longest and highest cable car in the
Founded as Santiago de los Caballeros de Mrida in 1560, Mrida is the home of Venezuelas second oldest
Mrida city, in the state of Mrida, lies in the midst of two of Venezuelas Andean mountain chains.
Read this information about Mrida.
Unit Five: It...
132
are black beans, shrimp, sausage, onion, and garlic.

have to oWer (about 900). Among the strangest ones
Record holder for the number of ice creams they
Heladera Coromoto in Mrida is a Guinness World
3. Be ready to talk about it in class.

2. Why is it important?
1. De8ne tourism.
Get information about this.
What is MINTUR doing about tourism in Venezuela?
(Retrieved from:http://venezuela-us.org/tourism)
the well-being of the population.
the endogenous development of the country and promote
tourist destination through mechanisms that contribute to
position Venezuela nationally and internationally as a
With this Ministry, the Bolivarian government seeks to
tourist industry and promote tourism in Venezuela.
created in 2005 to facilitate the development of a national
The Ministry of Peoples Power for Tourism (MINTUR) was
Tourism Policy
Read this information. Discuss it with your partners.
G. DISCUSS AND REFLECT
133
Unit Five: It...
of cultures that great places own.

Then well get that marvelous exchange
and its people with respect and honor.
Show them the greatness of your town
honesty diligence, ebciency and respect.
Remember: treat tourists with courtesy,
4. It is one of the most religious centers in the country.

3. It is a World Heritage Site because of its colorful houses.
2. Its cathedral was the 8rst one built in the country.
1. Coro was founded in 1726.
Listen to the information and answer true (T) or false (F) in your notebook.
I. ALL EARS
4. El Ministro prometi aumentar el nmero de turistas este ao.

3. Puedes ayudarme a buscar informacin sobre sitios tursticos?
2. Mi mam nos hizo decidir a dnde ir.
1. La agencia de viajes nos ofreci un tour excelente.
H. ACTIVATING YOUR MIND
Unit Five: It...
134
5. ____________________? He oWered to feed my dog while Im abroad.
4. ____________________? Were planning to go there next August.
3. ____________________? I got it at a Venetur agency.
2. ____________________? I think those landscapes are unique.
1. ____________________? My niece bought me the tickets.
What, How.
In your notebook, write information questions to the following answers. Use Where, Who, When,
K. ASK ME...
Write the conversation that Raquel and Jos had at the travel agency.
J. LETS CREATE
136
____________________________________________________________
4. Whats your opinion about it?
____________________________________________________________
3. What did Riders friends agree to do?
____________________________________________________________
2. What do you think about it?
____________________________________________________________
1. Why did Rider refuse the invitation?
Answer the following questions about the dialog in your notebook.
you so much. Youre the best friends ever.

Rider: Fantastic! Were going to work on the roof. Thank
Friends: Cool!
too? It would be fun. Right, guys?
Alcibiades: Hey, I have an idea. Would you mind If we helped
help on Saturdays. You know, volunteer work.
Rider: Yes, they are. The thing is that we promised to
your house.
Alcibiades: But I thought the government was building
wants me to help him build the house.
Rider: Gee, Id loved to join you, but I cant. My father
on Saturday. Why dont you join us?
Alcibiades: Hey, Rider, were planning to go some fun place
Read the following conversation. Then answer the questions.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Home is where the heart is.
Actions...
He wants me to...
Lesson 17
137
5. Riders father wanted him to help build the house.

4. Riders mom asked his friends to eat.
3. Alcibiades begged her to forget about the lunch.
2. Rider asked his friend to get him a hammer.
1. Riders friend invited him to go some fun place.
Examples
encourage
command
beg
ask
allow
advise
order
oblige
invite
instruct
force
forbid
warn
want
tell
remind
persuade
permit
Verb + object + to + in8nitive

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Rider: OK. Well have more to eat then.

stubborn she is.
Alcibiades: I ______ (tell) her, but she _______ (insist). Let me remind you how
Rider: Oh, she shouldnt bother. My mom is making sancocho.
you, and she _______ (oWer) to _______(bring) us lunch.
Alcibiades: Ok. By the way, I _______ (tell) my sister that we were coming to help
_______ (ask) my father to_________ (tell) you what to do.
Rider: Oh, yes. Get me a hammer, please. I think I left it in the driveway. And
Alcibiades: Sure. Do you ________ (want) me to ________ (get) you anything else?
(get) the tools in the backyard?
Rider: Oh! There you are. Its OK. Weve just started. Would you mind _________
Alcibiades: Good morning. Sorry for being late. How can we help?
verbs in parentheses.
Riders friends have arrived to help him build his house. Complete the dialog with the correct form of the
138
Adapted from: http://venezuelanalysis.com/news/6956

people deserve, said Interior and Justice Minister at a handover ceremony in the Western Tchira State.
Thanks to socialism and the [Bolivarian] Revolution, these families will sleep under a digni8ed roof as our
family income.
across Venezuela yesterday. Families pay for the houses through government subsidized loans based on
Aprils housing body report came as the Venezuelan government handed over 2,351 new houses to families
goal of 350,000 new homes.
constructed since the Great Housing Mission (GMVV) began in 2011, 53% of the combined 2011 2012
Housing minister Ricardo Molina con8rmed that with the new 8gures, 188,851 houses have been
report from the governments housing body.
construction program, equating to 21% of the 2012 aim of 200,000 new houses, according to the latest
41,863 houses have been built so far this year as part of the Venezuelan governments mass house
Mrida, 27thApril 2012 (Venezuelanalysis.com)
ByEWAN ROBERTSON
Venezuelas Housing Mission on Track for 2012 Construction Target
Read the text below. Then answer the questions.
What parts can you add?

What are these parts of the house?
139
Retrieved: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com BBC Learning English 2008

look to me encourage encouraged look for
Jack ................................................................................ ... ... ... ... a new job.
8. Come on, its about time you looked for a new job, you know!
reminded visited has enabled him visit to
Buying a car .... ... ... ... ... her any time.
7. Hes just bought a car, so I can visit her any time
drove warn not to warned drive him
He .... ... ... ... ... too fast.
6. Dont drive too fast. The police are cracking down on speeding.
started me advised advise start he to
... ... ... ... ... saving up for my retirement.
5. Well, if I were you Id start saving up for my retirement.
warned their reminded to invited friends all
They ... ... ... ... ... attend the reception.
4. Wed be glad if you could all be with us at the reception
invited persuaded commanded have them to lunch.
He ... ... ... ... ... with them on Friday.
3. Would you like to have lunch with us on Sunday?
he asked begged her ordered open to
... ... ... ... ... the window.
2. Its really cold in here. Would you mind closing the window?
to warned she me ordered reminded go
... ... ... ... ............................................................... to the dry cleaners.
1. Remember you have to pick your sweater up from the dry cleaners.
For each sentence, there are 2 words that you do not need to use.
Read the 8rst sentence. Then rearrange the words and phrases in the box to complete the second sentence.
G. LETS APPLY
3. How would you compare this policy to those in other countries?

2. Whats your opinion about the housing projects in Venezuela?
2. What does a digni8ed roof mean?
1. How does the government expect the families to pay for their houses?
er the questions
140
5. We showed them __________________________________________ (use)
4. I asked her ________________________________________________(call)
3. Nobody wanted to go to the conference but our boss______________(force)
2. Marta didnt feel too good but we persuaded ____________________(come)
1. Please tell _____________________________________________ (smoke)
Complete the sentences with your own ideas and the verbs in parentheses.
present times in which we live.

to describe the former communist era and the
The house was created by Daniel Czapiewski
The Upside-Down House, in Szymbark (Poland).
4. What do you think about this policy?

3. Who builds the houses of the people in your neighborhood?
2. What are the advantages of this type of policy?
1. What do you think with their own eWort means?
Now answer these questions.
reported Tuesday.
other areas included in the new resolution, state-run Radio Rebelde
Housing Institute for people who are the owners of land, homes or
The granting of the permits was recently approved by the National
initiative approved last year.
to people to build homes with their own eWort on the island, an
HAVANA The Cuban government in April began granting licenses
Cuba Allowing Some to Build Their Own Homes
Read the following news
141
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
grammar and vocabulary practiced in this lesson.

The friends are commenting on what they did that Saturday. Write your own conversation using the
K. LETS CREATE
I promise you(that)I will becareful. (right)

I promise that I will be careful. (right)
I promise to be careful. (right)
I promiseyouto be careful. (wrong)
Adapted from: Grammar Challenge bbclearningenglish.com BBC Learning English 2008

7. Ellies mom advised / warned / encouraged her not to forget to clean under the bed.
6. Ellies mom reminded / begged / instructed her to tidy her room.
5. Ellies mom advised / trained / ordered her to go upstairs and do her homework.
4. Ellies mom forbade / forced / allowed her to go to the party.
3. She forced / begged / persuaded her mother to let her go to the party.
2. Ellie encouraged / begged / asked her mom to let her go to the party.
1. Ellies friend invited / instructed / obliged her to go to the party.
Listen to your teacher and choose the most suitable verb to complete the sentences.
142
Its not right to write Wright Rite, please try to write Wright right!
There was a writer called Wright; he taught his son to write Wright right:
Read the tongue twister.
LETS HAVE FUN
I warned him not to drivetoo quickly because of the bad weather.

4. _____________________________________________________
Toms wanted me to helphim prepare his presentation.
3. _____________________________________________________
My colleague askedme to send a fax to the customer.
2. _____________________________________________________
My boss told me to dothe reports before Friday.
1. _____________________________________________________
Write questions to underlined words of the following answers.
144
Amaleki: Im kidding. I have to return it next week.

Yannireth: That would be a wrong thing to do. Thats stealing.
Amaleki: It was due last week, but Im going to keep it.
Yannireth: When do you have to return it? I want to borrow it, too.
Amaleki: I didnt. I borrowed it from the library.
Yannireth: I enjoy reading about that. Where did you buy it?
Amaleki: Yes. Its by Noam Chomsky. Hegemony or Survival.
Yannireth: Hey, that seems to be an interesting book.
Read the following dialog and practice it.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Being honest never hurts anyone; being a liar hurts only you.
Actions...
He is the one who..?

Lesson 18
145
Meaning change
Verb+gerund / in8nitive
No meaning change
Verb+gerund/in8nitive
Stop, remember, continue
She stopped smoking.

She stopped to smoke.
Start, like, love, hate
I started talking / to talk.
Verb+in8nitive
Decide, promise, hope, want
I decided to study harder.
Verb+gerund
Avoid, dislike, enjoy, 8nish
I enjoy helping my friends.
Verb+to / ing
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
those who cannot aWord a lawyer. She hopes6_________________ (be) useful for her country in that way.
(do) after university. Shes thinking of4__________________ (open) an obce and5_______________ (help)
like 2_________________ (work) for the government. Shes sure about what she wants 3_____________
Alicia is studying law at university. She enjoys1____________ (solve) peoples problems, and would probably
Complete the text with the in8nitive (with or without to) or gerund (-ing) form of the verbs in brackets.
5. Yannireth thinks stealing is wrong. ______

4. Amaliki stole the book. ______
3. Amaleki bought the book. ______
2. The author of the book is Noam Chomsky. ______
1. Yannireth likes the book that Amaleki is reading.______
Correct the false ones.
Are the following sentences true or false? In your notebook, write T for true or F for false in the blank.
146
excellent police obcer.

guys Sebastin has decidedto study at Universidad de la Seguridad, where he hopesto learn how to be an
very dibcult ones. I have over a hundred stories. Its so good to read when the honest cop catches the bad
is the library, where he spends most of the day. I love predicting the solution to the cases, especially the
Sebastin likesto read detective stories and wantsto be a police obcer. His favorite room in the house
his interests? Support your opinion.
Read the paragraph below. How would you compare Sebastians interests and yours? What do you think of
What does the last symbol represent?
Values:
147
Read the text below. What are the social-cultural values of our society?
Retrieved: http://signi8canceofvalues.com/types/index.html
goal is peace.
justify violence, intolerance, and lies while claiming that their true
the means. With this as a pretext, terrorists and arbitrary leaders
may pose is when they promote the idea that the end justi8es
Another example of the dilemmas that social-cultural values
dishonesty, irresponsibility, or crime.
ful8llment, then the society is indirectly fostering anti-values like
For example, if work isnt valued socially as a means of personal
and at times they contradict one another, or pose a dilemma.
personal values. They constitute a complex mix of diWerent values,
change with time, and either coincide or not with our family or
Social-cultural values are the prevailing values of our society, which
Social-cultural values
11. Has the secretary 8nished
walking on the beach in the afternoon.
10. Most students hope
typing the report yet?
9. Andrs is looking forward to
to watch the football game on TV tonight.
8. Would you like
to go to Sharons house next Saturday?
7. My roommate is thinking of
collecting ideas for his new novel.
6. Angela and I continued
to graduate from university with a good degree.
5. The baby hates
to talk for several hours.
4. I love
applying for a position in a computer company.
3. Whenever I wash my car, it starts...
hearing from her brother who went to England.
2. Dan has already begun
to rain.
1. I want
taking a bath and cries a lot.

A
Match the sentence pairs. You may have more than one choice.
148
__________, together with our own individual ones, according to our experiences.
relate with other _________. __________ are ___________ a blend of _______ ________ and __________
These __________ considered essential principles on ________ we build our _________ and guide us to
Personal values
Listen and complete the paragraph in your notebook.
J. ALL EARS
Adapted from: http://kuzeyhazirliksa.yeditepe.edu.tr/B%20web/in8nitive%20or%20gerund.htm

How many cachapas can you ____________ at one meal?
We can continue _______________ the questions after the lunch break.
B: Well, I want _________ an accountant. So I have to_________ math a lot.
A: What job would you like _________________ after you leave school?
B: Oh, no. I only know how to make arepas.
A: Do you like ______________?
some peaceful time by the sea.
Weve decided __________________ to Margaritafor a relaxing holiday. We really need _________________
cook/become/have/eat/study/go/answer/do
or gerund (-ing).
Complete each sentence with a verb from the list, using the verb with an in8nitive (to + verb or without to)
peace/
president-thanks-venezuelan-mediation-to-promoteSource: http://venezuela-us.org/2012/09/05/colombiandark period of nearly half a century of violence.
Santos said that and end is approaching in the countrys
in his country. During a speech to the Colombian people,
its willingness to help at any time with the peace process
government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela for
Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos thanked the
Venezuelan values.
149
_______________________________________________________________
5) I enjoywritingpicture postcards.
_______________________________________________________________
4) Hed liketo Myan airplane.
_______________________________________________________________
3) Peter gave upsmoking.
_______________________________________________________________
2) Theyve got some workto do.
_______________________________________________________________
1) We decidedto buya new car.

L. ASK ME...
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
There is another type of value, spiritual values. In your notebook, write a paragraph about them.
K. LETS CREATE
among others.
dishonesty, anger, frivolity, greed, hate, hypocrisy,
have to stay away from. These are, for example,
Contrary to values, there are anti-values that we
Unit Seven: ...,right?
152
shops, local sweets

proud of it. There are restaurants,
Oh, yes. All Caraqueos are really
to have a delicious dessert!

No, dear. Im not. Were going
few years ago to make it more

This cable car was restored a
Its amazing, mommy, isnt it?
about the sweets, are you?

Way to go! Youre not kidding
Repano cable car.

No, honey. It s our Waraira
in Waraira Repano mountain.

mountain. Theres plenty of fun
ight up ther
op of the
Come on. Lets take a ride!

Youre surprised, arent you?
saucer! Thats a Mying saucer

Wow! Look, mommy. A Mying
A cable car? Where does it go?
No way!
Listen and read the following conversation.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Theres no time like the present.
153

d. Ice skating is probably dibcult for some people.
c. There is a restaurant inside the Hotel Humboldt.
b. The starting point is in Mariprez.
a. There is room enough for ten people in each car.
True
Check the sentences True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.
False
Waraira Repano Cable Car
Its something you wont regret!

So, what are you waiting for? Get to know all the natural beauty that our Waraira Repano is keeping for you.
balance at the 470-square-meter ice skating rink. A great experience!
the top, visit the famous Humboldt Hotel, have a delicious meal at the local restaurant or defy your own
people of all ages. You can enjoy the beautiful view of the city and the Caribbean while walking along
top in a cosy, 8-passenger car. Sit back and relax. Once there, there are lots of fun activities waiting for
The main station is located in Mariprez, at the end of the Boyac Avenue. Its a 20-minute journey to the
take a ride on the Waraira Repano cable car.
But hey, you are probably wondering how to get there, arent you? Well, in case you are, here is a good tip:
magni8cent Waraira Repano. The view from the top of this fabulous mountain is just unbelievable!
If you happen to visit Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, there is one attraction you cant miss, our
Read the text.
154
They wont be there tomorrow, will they?

Negative statement, WILL+ SUBJECT +?
Hell be at work today, wont he?

Abrmative statement, WONT + SUBJECT +?
TAG QUESTIONS WITH WILL
She wasnt here yesterday, was she?

Youre not kidding, are you?
They were coming with us, werent they?

Thats a Mying saucer, isnt it?
EXAMPLES (simple present, past and future)

Negative statement, BE + SUBJECT +?
Abrmative statement, BE + NOT + SUBJECT + ?
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
NEGATIVE FORM
We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.

TAG QUESTIONS WITH BE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Pedro: No, its not. Lets leave tomorrow morning.

Luis: Sounds good. But its not sunny today, is it?
for a change? We can camp at La Silla.
Pedro: Not this time. How about hiking in the Waraira Repano
Luis: Youre asking me to go 8shing again, arent you?
Pedro: Hi, buddy. Its me, Luis. Any plans for the weekend?
Luis: Hello?
Pedro loves adventure. Today, hes inviting his friend, Luis, to go hiking.
Read and listen to the conversation.
155
of advice for hikers?

c. Think of non-natural causes of forest 8res. Any piece
b. How do they happen?
a. When do forest 8res occur most frequently?
result in serious forest damage.
the Waraira Repano paths, to avoid accidental 8res that could
we must pay attention to all safety measures displayed along
Even though forest 8res are mostly natural, inevitable events,
uncontrollable and spreads very quickly though the area.
start when heat waves dry out the plants; the 8re becomes
during the hottest periods of the year. Normally, forest 8res
wild, forested habitats, like our Waraira Repano, especially
A forest Rre is a destructive phenomenon that occurs in
Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.
d. Our_____________ journey covers 3.5 kilometers.

c. Wow, learning to skate on the _________________ was hard, wasnt it?
b. Looking at the city from the _________________ is really delightful.
a. The ______________, built in 1956, is an exotic piece of architecture.
cable car
mountain top
Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

E. VOCABULARY
ice skating rink
Humboldt Hotel
156
above Caracas.
year to experience the 1.100-meter ascent
attractions. Thousands of tourists come every
car system is one of the citys most popular
facilities was accomplished. Today, our cablethe restoration and modernization of all these
until the administration of Hugo Chvez that
was closed because of deterioration. It wasnt
Jimnez. It worked until the late 70s, when it
in 1955, during the rule of Marcos Prez
The Waraira Repano cable car was built
and what all of them have in common.

explaining what each institution is responsible for,
In your notebook, write a short paragraph
Student B: No, it isnt.
is it?
Student A: Its not an international institution,
as in the example:
corresponding institution. Use tag questions
2. Try to 8gure out the name of their
carefully.
1. Get in pairs and look at the images
d. Theyre not going on that expedition, _______________

c. We wont be staying at a hotel in Galipn, _______________
b. Forest 8res are not that common in cold countries, _______________
a. She was a famous mountain hiker, _______________
Complete with the correct tag question.
G. LETS APPLY
157
I am coming next, arent I?

Watch out for the following tag question:
clauses are always separated by a coma (,).
question will be negative, and vice versa. These
If the 8rst clause is abrmative, then the tag
Tag questions depend on their previous clause:
Student B: No, theyre probably not.

Student A: Prices at Waraira Inn arent cheap, are they?
Follow the example:
b. Get in pairs. In your notebook, write tag questions and answers using the information above.
Sauna
Outdoor activities
Relax and fun
Ideal weekends for couples
Light food
Beautiful natural views
Live shows
Gourmet meals
Low costs
Waraira Inn
Repano Hostel
a. Look at the chart below. Check the information in the correct space.
Look at the chart below. Then, listen to two radio commercials about hotels in Waraira Repano Mountain.
J. ALL EARS
d. ________________________________________________, wont he?

c. _________________________________________________, are you?
b. ______________________________________________, were they?
a. _________________________________________________, isnt she?
Create a possible statement for each tag question.
158
J
Hiking
Cablecar
Mountain
Forest
Adventure
Find the words in the word search puzzle

LETS HAVE FUN
d. They arent at the coWee shop.____________?

c. It is called Waraira Repano now, ___________?
b. You are at the ice rink, __________?
a. It isnt located at the beginning of the La Costa mountain range,________?.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
excellent idea: Going to Waraira Repano!

You and your best friend want to do something diWerent and fun next Saturday. You come up with an
idea to begin your text.
Repano Mountain that you learned during the unit. Include as many tag questions as you can. Here is an
Get in pairs. In your notebook, write a conversation using the information and vocabulary about Waraira
G. LETS APPLY
160
Music players!
Computers!
Cars!
Can you think of some others?

the past: mobiles, calculators...
bigger and less functional in
Hahaha All machines were
smart phone II!

is Venezuelan. Its a ZTE
Yes, Mr. Guevara. My mobile
No, we dont.
those things anymore, do we?
So, we dont need to import
technologies in our country?

were producing some of those
this, dont you? But did you know
Wow! You guys know a lot about
conditioners, TVs, stoves

machines, refrigerators, air
household appliances: washing
Good. Were also producing
Way to go!
Yes!
back then, did they?

People didnt have mobiles
interesting topic: Technology.

OK. Lets start today with an
there is today.
wasnt as much technology as
When I was your age, there
Thats the spirit! You know?
were this size!

They say the 8rst mobiles
Only a few people had them.

exclusive, expensive devices.
in the 80s, but were very
Youre right, Juan. They appeared

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Nobody can do everything, but everyone can do something.
161
Ana:
Well, thats good news!
Juan: Not at all. National products are always cheaper.

Ana: Wow. But I bet they cost a lot, dont they?
my laptop Im all equipped!
Juan: Oh yes. And Im fan number one. Look: my cell phone,
here.
the way, I didnt know we were producing computers
Ana: Ill say! He knows a lot about everything, doesnt he? By
Juan: I really enjoyed Mr. Guevaras class today.
The class just 8nished. Manuel and Ana are leaving the classroom. They are still talking about local technology
Read and listen to the following conversation.
d. In the past, technological devices were more practical.
c. Venezuela manufactures several electronic products.
b. The teacher had a mobile phone when he was a teen.
a. The students are in touch with technology.
True
False
Read again and check True or False. Find supporting evidence in the text.
162
4. Communications changed dramatically when the __________ showed up.

3. The __________ at moms was broken, so I went to the Laundromat.
2. We redesigned our kitchen, and bought a brand new __________.
1. Theres too much noise at home. Ill take my __________ and work at school.
washing machine
stove
mobile
laptop

E. VOCABULARY
They didnt come yesterday, did they?

You dont work at MAP, do you?
It rained all night, didnt it?

She knows a lot about this, doesnt she?
EXAMPLES (simple present, past )

Negative statement, DO + SUBJECT +?
Abrmative statement, DO + NOT + SUBJECT +?
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
NEGATIVE FORM
We use tag questions when we need to con8rm information.

TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY DO
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
163
We wont have classes on May 1st ,
wont you?
Natalia works for Orinokia,
does it?
Youll buy a new car this year,
will we?
Juan and Ana came early in the morning,
doesnt she?
Your computer doesnt work,
didnt they?
Column A
Column B
Match each clause in Column A with one in Column B to make tag questions.
G. LETS APPLY
to buy it, instead of one made in Venezuela.

2. Group work. Think of one expensive, imported product. Discuss the reasons why people prefer
1. How does local manufacture protect our economy?
factories will need active workers to maintain production levels.
of demand for those goods, then the production will increase, and that helps to protect local jobs, because
ted ones. For that reason, many people will prefer to buy them. Here comes the key factor: If there is a lot
Local manufacture is a central issue in our countrys economy. National products are cheaper than imporRead the following passage and answer the questions in your notebook.
164
through Infocentros spread all over our national territory.

technological platform to provide broadcasting services
thanks to our Simn Bolvar Satellite, which serves as the
areas of the country. This is now possible in Venezuela
and is designed especially for people who live in remote
attend to school. The system is also called e-learning,
and chat-rooms. In other words, students dont need to
instruction via internet by using video-conferences
Tele-education refers to a system in which students receive
Minister: Young lady: that future youre talking about is now.

Juan: Wow! So, in the future we will enjoy the bene8ts of tele-education, wont we?
Minister: No. We are providing access to internet through our Simn Bolvar satellite.
Ana: You mean 8ber-optic cable, dont you, Minister?
Minister: Absolutely. All our language labs are well equipped with cutting-edge technology.
Juan: Minister, the lab has an internet connection, doesnt it?
Juan and Ana are in the event.
The Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation is at a Bolivarian School, opening a new English Lab.
Read and listen to the following conversation.
165

You worked in a hospital, didnt you?
construct the rest. Look:
And then the auxiliary shows. Now you know how to
You didnt work in a hospital,
8rst clause looks in negative form:
there is one simple solution: Just ask yourself how the
construct the second clause of this tag question. But
Since there is no auxiliary, you might wonder how to
simple past
a>rmative statement
You worked in a hospital,
What is the verb tense?
Is it abrmative or negative?
Look carefully at the 8rst clause.
tricky. Here are some tips to help you out:
Sometimes the construction of a tag question can be
Venezuelans eat three meals a day.
According to the National Institute of Statistics, 75% of
Commerce Minister included in his working group.
Surgical equipment and medical supplies are areas that the
not to invest any money in urban projects.
The committee of 8nance and economic development decided
PetroVictoria is the name of a Russian-Venezuelan joint venture.
Its Friday evening. We are watching The Weeks Progress Review.
True
Look at the chart below. Then, check the statements True or False.
J. ALL EARS
d. __________________________________________________, do you?
c. _______________________________________________, didnt they?
b. _________________________________________________, will you?
a. _______________________________________________, doesnt he?
Create a possible statement for each Tag Question.
False
166
An appliance for cooking food.

A
A portable computer.
Something national or regional.
The result of manufacture.
Complete the crossword puzzle. There are some letters to help out.
LETS HAVE FUN
e. The technicians worked hard to make all the appliances we needed.

d. People buy these cell phones because they are good and inexpensive.
c. They are all about telecommunications.
b. Orinoquia is a China Venezuela joint venture.
a. The CANTV was nationalized in 2007.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following sentences.
L. ASK ME...
illustrate the contrast between Venezuela before and Venezuela after the Bolivarian Revolution.
progress in your country have changed your personal life. If possible, include a couple of examples to
In your notebook, write a short text explaining in what way technological development and general
K. LETS CREATE
168
havent you?
about dancing since forever,
Luca, youve been crazy
explains it.
you guys since kindergarten
Maybe going to school with
to take it up again.
much lately, though. Id love
Yeah, I do. I havent painted
us both 8gured out.

Unbelievable! You have
our spare time.

we? Something to do in
We need a hobby dont
Its so boring.
Im tired of watching TV.
photography.
What Im totally into is
Girls, Im disappointed.
like skateboarding!
OK. Our turn. I know: You
the net?
How about searching in
liked painting, havent you?

the search. Gaby, youve always
Thanks, Gaby. Now, lets start
do we do?
Youre right, but what
Youre a genius, Manuel!

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Leisure and pleasure with measure in all directions.
169
Luca: Manuel, we havent told you youre a genius, have we?

have fun!
courses open, and a bunch more. Ladies, set out to
cool! There are painting, dancing and photography
Manuel: Here it is. Look, this is the closest Arts Centre. Oh,
types cultural activities to the people.
Luca: There are plenty of them in the city. They oWer all
Gaby: Of course, the Arts Centre!
have you?
Manuel: Dear Gaby, you havent heard about the Arts Center,
together?
totally diWerent activities. What can we do to stay
Gaby: So, we have decided what to do. But, hey! Theyre
Manuel, Gaby and Luca are searching for a place to carry out their favorite pastimes.
Read and listen to the conversation.

all your life
from time to time
e.
Luca, youve been crazy about dancing since forever, havent you?
well.

You dont understand us.
You like our 8gures.
d.
Unbelievable! You have us both 8gured out.

c.
really enjoy
school days
bed time
fun
Something to do in our spare time.
7

a.
am really tired of
What Im totally into is photography.

b.
dull
Im tired of watching TV. Its so boring.
170
d.
c.
b.
a.
camera.
_____________ is my passion. I can spend hours waiting for a good image to capture with my
landing over a 4-wheel board.
Some people recognize _____________ as the street surf. It consists of jumping, doing tricks and
an image.
For me, _____________ is more than putting color on the canvas. Its expressing myself through
interaction. Moving your body to the music is also good exercise. Try it!
When I started _____________ professionally, I discovered a non-verbal way of emotional
painting
skateboarding
dancing
photography

E. VOCABULARY
You had never been here, had you?
We had seen that before, hadnt we?
They havent arrived yet, have they?
It has rained a lot lately, hasnt it?
EXAMPLES (present perfect and past perfect)

PRONOUN?
PRONOUN?
Negative statement, + HAVE + SUBJECT
Abrmative statement, HAVENT + SUBJECT
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
NEGATIVE FORM
We usually use tag questions when we want to con8rm information.

TAG QUESTIONS WITH THE AUXILIARY HAVE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
171
d. We havent 8nished packing, _______________

c. Youd eaten by the time he arrived, _______________
b. Shes been a great tour-guide, _______________
a. Theyve had a good time here in Morrocoy, _______________
accordingly.
Complete with the correct tag question. In your notebook, write them in the negative/abrmative from
G. LETS APPLY
classmates.
c. Think of the activities you would like to participate in, and discuss your reasons with your
b. Why are sport and cultural activities important for people?
a. What does the expression there is no excuse for more boring weekends, watching TV mean?
to enjoy.
weekends, watching TV. We have a beautiful country, full of interesting places to visit and fun activities
all of this healthy recreation is also more aWordable to people now. So, there is no excuse for more boring
spaces, public bathrooms, trash cans, coWee shops and, of course, areperas. And if that werent enough,
Our most popular touristic spots are way more attractive, since they are provided with proper children
variety of choices that Venezuelans have now.
of all ages, sport and social sessions every weekend, among others, are just a few examples of the huge
conducting. A great display of arts centers around our country, holiday outdoor activities open to people
indefatigable work that our Sports, Culture, Environment and Tourism Ministries have been successfully
Leisure time activities in Venezuela are becoming more and more diverse, thanks to the intense,
Read the following text and answer the questions in your notebook.
172
d. ______________________________________________, havent they?
c. _________________________________________________, have we?
b. ______________________________________________, had you?
a. ________________________________________________, hasnt he?
Create a possible statement for each tag question.
Find examples of both cases on exercise G.

hours.
He has been here for two
He is a good teacher.
hours.
Hes been here for two
Hes a good teacher.

s
times.
I had eaten there many
Margarita.
I would like to go to
Id eaten there many times.
Id like to go to Margarita.
d
contexts. Watch out for d and s. They can be tricky!

English contractions are very frequent in informal
Morrocoy, Falcn State
Sierra Nevada, Mrida State
Las Aguas de Moiss, Sucre State
173
He can do something to change that situation.

Manuel is bored of watching TV.
To be bored is a state of the mind:
That situation might not change.
Some TV shows are really boring.
To be boring is a condition:
There is a big diWerence between boring and bored.
d.
c.
b.
a.
not available.
Saturdays at 2:00
Wednesdays at 3:00
Photography courses are

in the morning.
for advanced students.
for beginners.
Mondays at 4:30.
a bulletin board
The only painting course available is

Mondays at 2:00.
Fridays at 5:00.
There are dancing classes on

the information desk
a poster on the wall
They get the information from
Its Saturday morning. Luca, Manuel and Gaby are in the Arts Center.
Listen to the conversation and circle the correct option.
J. ALL EARS
174
CERTIRAEON
________________
MOSRITU
_____________
TESKADARBOING
________________
SELEIUR
_____________
Get in pairs. Unscramble the letters in order to discover the word. Do it faster than your partner and win!
LETS HAVE FUN
c. In your town, people have helped the tourists a lot.
b. National parks facilities are no longer privatized.
a. Venezuelas touristic potential has increased since the last decade.
In your notebook, write tag questions to the following answers.
L. ASK ME...
Student B: Yes, I have. / No, I havent.

Student A: Youve been there recently, havent you?
Try to guess your partners secret. Take turns asking tag questions as in the example:
Get in pairs. In your notebooks, write the name of a secret touristic destination, or a cultural/sport activity.
K. LETS CREATE
Unit Eight: ...built by...
176
impact?
3. What are the strategies used in your community to reduce levels of pollution and environmental
2. Which strategies are put into practice to reduce levels of pollution in Venezuela?
1. How many strategies against global warming are mentioned in the previous text?
After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:
Correo del Orinoco, March 1st, 2013)

being organized by the community councils. School and community working together.(Adapted from
pollution and environmental impact. Thats why, in some community centers, some of these activities are
the population, stabilizing the supply of services, meeting the demand for power and reducing levels of
use of energy and natural resources. This change is being generated by raising the consciousness of
Revolucin Energtica to change their behavior and habits to bring about a more ebcient and rational
Another strategy consists of incentives that are oWered to Venezuelans by a program called Misin
each neighborhood is one of the strategies that are put into practice to 8ght global warming.
and also some new strategies are carried out related to the neighborhood. For instance, planting trees in
In Venezuela many schools are repaired at the end of the school year. Their yards and gardens are renewed
A. LETS EXPLORE!
Together we are stronger.
177
Are our parents repairing our school now?
Is our school being repaired by our parents now?

Question
Our parents arent repairing our school now
Our school isnt being repaired by our parents now.
Negative form
Our parents are repairing our school now.
Our school is being repaired by our parents now.
A>rmative sentence
verb+ by + object
subject + be+ being+past participle of main
subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Do our parents repair our school every year?
Is our school repaired every year by our parents?

Question
Our parents dont repair our school every year.
parents.
Our school isnt repaired every year by our
Negative form
Our parents repair our school every year.
Our school is repaired by our parents every year.
A>rmative sentence
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
subject+ main verb+ direct object

ACTIVE VOICE
object
subject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by +
PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
land ______ reforested regularly. CO2 emissions ______ _______ reduced by the program these days.
Misin rbol ______ promoted throughout the country since 2006. So far, more than 34,000 hectares of
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb to be.
178
5. _________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
1._________________________________________________________
In your notebook, write 5 sentences about what is being done in your community.
G. LETS APPLY
ReMect about these questions: What is being done in your community? Are you participating in any activity?
week. This event is an important step towards the building of a better life for our community.
A new project is being implemented by our community now: a radio station is being inaugurated this
Read the paragraph and answer the questions about it.
now.
FILVEN is organized every year by the Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Cultura. FITVEN is being organized
Guided visits to the Polvorn river are being organized by the biology teacher.
New Venezuelan 8lms are being shown in the Casa de la Cultura.
E. VOCABULARY
179
what is performing the action.

It is not necessary to mention who or
focus is on the action of the sentence.
The passive voice is used when the
Juana Great! Lets go!

being performed by the high school theater group.
Ramn Lo que dej la tempestad by Csar Rengifo. And it is
Juana Of course! What play is being performed?
like to go?
Ramn Because a play is being performed there. Would you
Juana Why are people gathered in the square?
Listen to the following dialogue and after discussing about popular theater, practice it with a partner.
180
both forms: regular or irregular).

Show-Showed - Showed / Shown (it can take
There are some exceptions, for example:
Take-took-taken
There are others that take a diWerent form, e.g.
Lose- lost- lost /hear- heard- heard
and past participle, e.g.,
Some irregular verbs have the same form in past
past participle e.g. clean-cleaned-cleaned.
All regular verbs have the same form in past and
3.- _____roofs ________________________________________

2.- The walls _________________________________________
1. - Some activities _________________ to take care of our school.
Listen to the paragraph. Then, 8ll in the blanks with the appropriate information.
J. ALL EARS
5. Cell phones with digital TV capabilities are being sold by Movilnet.

4. National and international TV channels are provided by digital TV.
3. Digital TV receivers are being produced by Movilnet.
2. The game on channel 4 is being watched by the students using their android cell phones.
1. The new android phone is produced by Orinoquia.
In your notebook, change these sentences into active voice.
181
5. Catia TV is programmed by a community group.

4. No, they arent. Community radio stations arent being operated in our community yet.
3. El Caracazo is directed by Romn Chalbaud.
2. Libertador Morales, el justiciero is produced by La Villa del cine.
1. Yes, it is. A Romn Chalbauds 8lm is being exhibited in our community.
Write questions to the following answers
L. ASK ME...
Milagros Yes, theyre very _______. Theyre only 20 Bs.

Carmela Tickets are ________sold right now.
Milagros Miranda Regresa ____ _____ exhibited at La Cinemateca Nacional.
Carmela Which movie ______ _______ _______(perform)?
Milagros Lets see a movie!
Nacional. Use the passive voice.
Write your own conversation out of this situation: Carmela and Milagros are in front of La Cinemateca
K. LETS CREATE
182
For your father or your name?

How do you want to be remembered?
For your passion or your faith?
How do you want to be remembered?...
For your beauty or your blood?...
For your anger or your love?
For your body or your mind...
For your honor or your pride?
How do you want to be remembered? BBOSS
visit this site: ww.michellehenry.fr/passif.htm#song
Read an extract of the song: How do you want to be remembered? To read and listen to the whole song,
LETS HAVE FUN
184
4. What was destroyed in 2010?

3. Where is El Valle de Mocotes located? What happened there in 2005?
2. Name some adverse events occurred in the country or in your state.
1. What is the de8nition of an adverse event?
After reading the paragraph above, answer the following questions:
in your community?
Do you remember any adverse event that occurred
destroyed by wild8res during 2010.
Nacional Henry Pittier and the Waraira Repano were
great extensions of national forests such as Parque
the El Nio phenomenon and climatic change,
Due to extreme droughts that were caused by
of Mucuches and San Francisco rivers.
de Mocotes, Estado Mrida, was Zooded by the rise
aWected by some of these events. In 2005, El Valle
During the last twenty years, Venezuela was
are Moods, earthquakes, tsunamis, 8res, or droughts.
neighbors and friends. Some serious adverse events
the Earth that can aWect the lives of our families,
An adverse event is de8ned as a natural process of
Natural disasters

A. LETS EXPLORE!
Every cloud has a silver lining
185
land?
Were tsunamis destroying great extensions of
by tsunamis?
Were great extensions of land being destroyed
Question
land.
Tsunamis werent destroying great extensions of
by tsunamis.
Great extensions of land werent being destroyed
Negative form
land.
Tsunamis were destroying great extensions of
by tsunamis.
Great extensions of land were being destroyed
A>rmative sentence
verb+ by + object
subject + be+ being + past participle of main
subject+ be +main verb-ing+ direct object.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Did the earthquake aWect the oldest buildings?
earthquake?
Were the oldest buildings aWected by the
Question
The earthquake didnt aWect some areas.
Some areas werent aWected by the earthquake.

Negative form
that occurred in La Guaira in 1799.

were reported by Alexander von Humboldt.
Alexander Von Humboldt reported heavy rains Heavy rains that occurred in La Guaira in 1799
A>rmative sentence
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
subject+ main verb+ direct object
+ object
subject + be+ past participle of main verb+ by
ACTIVE VOICE
PAST PASSIVE VOICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
3. La Fortaleza de Fuente de Jacom ___ ________ (destroy) by a tsunami in the Cuman area in 1530.
2. Unprecedented rains occurred in 2010 ____ ______ (cause) by La Nia.
1. Cariaco ___ _______ (aWect) by an intense earthquake in 1997.
Fill in the blanks with to be in the past tense and the correct form of the verb.
186
What kind of damage was caused by the seismic storm registered by FUNVISIS?
(Taken from FUNVISIS site)
great alarm were caused by this last event.
4.4 Richter scale event. And 8nally, the last event on September 12th in Falcn State. Material damage and
4th, a 5.4 Richter scale earthquake in Miranda State. The second event was recorded in Carabobo State, a
On April 5th, 2009 according to FUNVISIS, a seismic storm was registered. The 8rst event occurred on May
Read the following paragraph and answer the question.
included in our schools in 2011.

Education for prevention was
years ago
trained in seismic events two
Children in our school were
community
by our families, school and
Our risk map was designed
E. VOCABULARY
2009.
nation in 2009.
Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales y tecnolgicos in y tecnolgicos was passed by the Venezuelan
Venezuelan nation passed the Ley de Gestin The Ley de Gestin Integral de Riesgos socio-naturales
Vivienda Venezuela in 2011.
2011 by the Bolivarian Government.
The Bolivarian Government created La Gran Misin La Gran Misin Vivienda Venezuela was created in
ACTIVE VOICE
MORE EXAMPLES
PASSIVE VOICE
187
Mom Fortunately, our house was not damaged!

Esteban What happened with our house?
Mom Terrible! Some houses were destroyed completely.
Esteban What was it like?
Mom Of course, I have.
Esteban Mom, have you experienced an earthquake?
Listen to the following dialogue and afterwards discuss its content.
4. An important bridge was__________________________.

3. Some buildings were____________________ afterwards.
2. Many structures were____________________________.
west of Caracas.
1. The epicenter of the 1967 Caracas earthquake was __________ near the coast about 30 miles
raze - rebuild
Complete the following sentences in passive voice, using the correct form of these verbs: locate damage
G. LETS APPLY
188
the earthquake.
Cranes ___________ _________by rescue workers to search through the debris for survivors or victims of
Listen and complete the following sentence.
J. ALL EARS
4. A high percentage of homes were simply swept away to the ocean by the tragedy.
3. The neighborhood of Los Corales was buried under 3 meters of mud.
2. Thousands of homes were destroyed by the mudslides.
1. Thousands of people were killed by the 1999 Vargas Tragedy.
Change these sentences into active voice.
S0013795203001704
h t t p : / / w w w. s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m / s c i e n c e / a r t i c l e / p i i /
Taken from
buildings collapsed.
in the downtown area, but also three rather modern
essentially restricted to one-century-old dwellings
the most aWected places. The damage in Cariaco was
town of Cariaco and the capital city, Cuman were
During the July 9th, 1997 Cariaco earthquake, the small
189
5. Death and destruction are caused by natural disasters.

4. Climate is the regular pattern of weather conditions.
3. A tsunami was caused by an earthquake in the sea.
2. The earths surface was shaken by a quake in Venezuela.
1. A dry area was covered by a Mood in 1900.
L. ASK ME...
some years ago, an earthquake, a tsunami, a Zood, happened, occurred.

Write a brief paragraph in passive voice in your notebook. Use some the following words or expressions:
K. LETS CREATE
event, at the time.

A great extension of land was destroyed by a seismic
An earthquake was felt near the country yesterday.
Some years ago, this area was aWected by a tsunami.
tense
Some time expressions used in passive voice in past
190
an earthquake
a drought
a tsunami
a wild8re
a Mood
a storm
Enjoy your performance!
announcer commenting on breaking news / a newsMash, interviewing the victim (s)and the witness (es).
In small groups, search for information about one of the events below and do a role play the situation is an
LETS HAVE FUN
192
3. Are MDGs one of Venezuela international agreements?
2. Is Venezuela represented in the United Nations?
1. What do INE, MDG and UN stand for?
Answer the following questions.
be achieved by our country before 2015.

Economic and Social Council of the UN, and announced that the UN Millennium Development Goals will
2012, The president of National Institute of Statistics (INE by its Spanish initials), Elias Eljuri, addressed the
be the ensured. And, 8nally, eighth goal: a global partnership for development will be established. In July
AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis will be reduced and reversed. Seventh, environmental sustainability will
reduced by one third (1/3). Fifth, maternal health will be improved reducing maternal mortality. Sixth,
will be promoted by raising womens education and political power. Fourth, infant mortality will be
will be achieved by securing enrolment and completion. Third, gender equality and woman empowerment
eradicated. This will be achieved 8rst by improving peoples income. Second, universal primary education
countries in the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. By 2015, poverty and hunger will be
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international goals that were established by 193
Read the following text.
A. LETS EXPLORE!
With my resources and your resources everybody will bene8t.
193
solidarity.
darity is required.
We will not achieve MDGs individually, we require The MDGs will not be achieved individually, soliWill Venezuela achieve the MDGs?
Will the MDGs be achieved Venezuela?
Education will promote gender equality.
Gender equality will be promoted by education.
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
EXAMPLES
Goals before 2015

ved in our country before 2015.
Our country will achieve the UN Millennium The UN Millennium Development Goals will be achiesubject + will + verb + direct object
subject + will + be + past participle + direct object

Future tense
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS
Dates
Percentages
Fill in the following chart with the information from the text.
Initials
194
What programs are currently being used to achieve them?

Which ones are being carried out by our government?
Answer the following questions in your notebook.
tuberculosis, partnership for development, AIDS, environmental sustainability.

Nouns: education, income, maternal mortality, health, gender equality, malaria,
Verbs: Increase, promote, ensure, establish, reduce, achieve, reverse.
Use the following words to write the eight MDGs (you may repeat words). Use your notebook.
environment, infant mortality

Match the following words with the images below: education, maternal health, hunger, gender, solidarity,
E. VOCABULARY
195
What activities will be held at the end of the year?
The school will be decorated with images related to these events by 5th year students.
presented by 8rst, second and third year students. A musical concert will be performed by 4th year students.
Advances in social policies and MDGs in our country will be discussed in a students forum. A play will be
reMection and solidarity.
These activities will be oriented to increase students and community participation and to promote
To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July, four activities will be organized.
3. Our community will be invited to participate in all these activities by the organizing team.
2. A play will be shown by 8rst, second and third year students.
organized by the students.
1. To celebrate the end of the school year and the important dates in July four activities will be
Change the following sentences into active voice.
G. LETS APPLY
196
The play wont be performed today.

act it out.
They will write a script for the play. They wont
The teacher will not review the script today.
The contraction of will not is wont, e.g.,
The negative form of will is will not.
Listen to your teacher and write the dictation in your notebook.

Dictation
J. ALL EARS
3. Seremos informados de los avances del pas por el SIBCI.

2. Las ventanas sern instaladas en los salones por la comunidad.
1. El liceo ser ampliado durante las vacaciones.
Translate the following sentences into English.
science and technology.

social development, culture, communications,
food, education, housing, social security, labor,
providing assistance in areas such as health,
bene8t all Venezuelans specially the poor by
missions. They include programs created to
The MGDs will be achieved through the social
197
2. Then we will march majestically towards that great prosperity for which South America is destined.
1. Poverty and hunger will be eradicated from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by 2019.
Read the following sentences and write as many questions as you can. Use yes/no and Wh-questions.
L. ASK ME...
What happens after they write the sentences

next four years. And remember, dont set limits to your dreams.
In your notebook, write four sentences about the goals that will be achieved by your community in the
K. LETS CREATE
b. Select the rhyming words.

a. Talk about the message of the song.
Then,
That gives me the power to keep up the 8ght
No longer can I resist your guiding light
I can no longer run
I can no longer hide
Love, thy will be done
By Prince Rogers Nelson Marta Marrero
www.songs.net/m/songs/View/52043
Read a fragment of the following song. Afterwards, visit this site to read the whole song:
LETS HAVE FUN
pro8t-seeking enterprise or concern.

engaged in commerce, manufacturing, or a service;
business (n) a person, partnership, or corporation
worry.
responsibility or dibcult task that causes a lot of
burden (n) a heavy load that is dibcult to carry; a
bunch (n.) a lot of something.
separate parcels.
bulk (n) not divided into parts, not packed in
buddy (n) informal way to address a friend.
cross from one side to the other.
railway, river, etc. so that people or vehicles can
bridge (n) a structure that is built over a road,
lungs
breath (n) air taking in to and breathed out of the
to somebody else.
borrow (v) to take and use something that belongs
or states
border (n) the obcial line separating two countries
bliss (n) perfect happiness.
responsible for something bad.
blaming (v) to consider or say that somebody is
languages extremely well.
bilingual: (adj) someone who is able to speak two
ones best manners
behavior (n) the way of behaving. To try to show
Junior level.
beginner (adj.) someone new at doing something.
be interested in something in an active way.
be into (v.) to enjoy an activity that you practice. To
average rate (n) a moderate value.
equipment such as arrows and a bow.
archery (n) sport practiced that uses special
approve (v) to authorize.
especially about decisions, plans, etc.
announce (v) to tell people something obcially,
to pass in an enjoyable way
amusement (n) something that causes ones time
contract made with someone.
agreement (n) an arrangement, a promise or a
adverse (adj) negative and unpleasant.
written statement to somebody.
addressing (n) the act of directing a remark or
achieve (v) to succeed in reaching a particular goal.
from a study of its sales, purchases, overhead, etc
position and operating results of a business house
accounting (n) art of analyzing the 8nancial
Glosario
being used once or for a short time.

disposable (adj) intended to be thrown away after
or plants.
disease (n) an illness of the body in humans, animals
disappointed (adj.) frustrated or disillusioned.
device (n) a machine or tool used for a speci8c task.
so that it becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.
development (n) the gradual growth of something
develop (v) to grow, increase or become larger.
etc.
design (v) to decide how something will look, work,
book, machine, etc.
parts of something that is made, such as a building,
design (n) the general arrangement of the diWerent
deplete (v) to reduce the amount of something.
surface to the bottom.
deep (adj). Having a large distance from the top or
has a particular quality.
deem (v) to consider that someone or something
fact of somebody dying or being killed.
death (n) the end of life, the state of being dead, the
unpleasant may happen.
might be hurt, killed or damaged or that something
danger (n) the chance that a person or something
which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable.
damage (n) a physical harm caused to something
cyclist (n) a person who rides a bicycle.
cycling (n) the sport or activity of riding a bicycle.
technology.
available. Modern and sophisticated piece of
cutting-edge technology: the latest technology
showing an event in the media.
coverage (n) the act or amount of reporting on or
couple (n) a pair. Two people or things together.
cosy (adj) warm and comfortable.
do something.
commit (v) to make someone agree or promise to
comfy mattress: comfortable situation.
closest (adj.) the nearest in space or time.
of a particular place.
climate (n) the regular pattern of weather conditions
choose (v) select.
choice (n) selection.
plan.
carry out (n) to conduct or perform a project or
normally used for painting.
canvas (n.) a piece of cotton-made heavy fabric
away.
garbage (n) waste material that you are throwing
further (adj) additional, more
frightening (adj) to be afraid or fearful.
frighten (v) to 8ll with fear.
not salty or of the sea.
freshwater (adj) living in or containing fresh water,
with trees.
forest (n) a large area of land that is thickly covered
come from outer space.
(unidenti8ed Mying objects), and theyre said to
Zying saucer (n) theyre also usually called UFOS
Zow (v) to move along in a stream; to circulate.
that is usually dry.
Zood (n) a large amount of water covering an area
that are produced when something burns.
Rre (n) the Mames, light and heat, and often smoke,
with precision.
Rgure out (v.) to decipher someone or something
a sport that needs swords and a special out8t.
fencer (n) an athlete who practices fencing which is
do what has been promised.
knowledge; trust that somebody or something will
faith (n) strong belief. Trust in somebodys ability or
something or somebody.
facing (v) To have or turn the face or front towards
important.
event (n) a thing that happens, especially something
completely.
eradicate (v) to destroy or get rid of something
in which people, animals, and plants live.
environment; connected with the natural condition
environmental (adj) of or relating to the natural
in which people, animal and plants live.
live, work, etc / natural world such as water, air, land
environment (n) the conditions in which people
happens or is de8nite.
ensure (insure) (v) to make sure that something
member of a group
enrollment (n) to make somebody obcially a
something as necessary. Subciently.
enough (pron) (adv) as much or as many of
commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Easter (n) an annual Christian festival in
the earths surface.
earthquake (noun) a sudden, violent shaking of
earth (n) the world, the planet we live on.
become dry.
dry (adj) (v) without liquid in or on it, not wet. To
no rain.
draught (n) a long period of time when is little or
writing for the media.

journalism (n) the work or profession of producing
partners.
joint venture (n) a business shared by two or more
argument.
issue (n) an important topic for discussion or
project.
invest (v) to devote money or eWort in a plan or
who has died.
inherit (v) to receive a property left by someone
someone
indulge (v) to yield too much to the desires of
increasingly (adv) more and more.
money, from business, etc.
a country, etc. earns from work, from investing
income (n) the money that a person, a region,
something/somebody better than before.
improve (v) to become better than before, to make
obcially decided start to happen or be used.
implement (v) to make something that has been
women.
humankind (n) refers to everybody, men and
human frame (n) human body.
exercise.
hike (v) to walk along sloping 8elds, for pleasure or
heavy (adj) weighing a lot, dibcult to lift or move.
healthy (adj) having good health.
health (n) the condition of a persons body or mind.
capacity.
develop physical strength and agility or mental
gymnastics (n) practice or training in exercises that
guy (n) an informal way to address young people.
without being certain about it.
guess (v) to say or decide what you think is true,
growth (n) the process of development, increasing.
the part on which something stands or rests.
groundwork (n) the bottom or base of anything;
and wells.
has seeped down: the source of water in springs
the ground, consisting largely of surface water that
groundwater (n) the water beneath the surface of
size or quantity.
great (adj) very large, much bigger than average in
gourmet (adj): 8nest quality food.
sells.
goods (n) products or services that a given company
goal (n) something that you hope to achieve.
the earths atmosphere.
global warming (n) the increase in temperature of
genius: (adj.) someone with extreme intelligence.
together, in one place to form a group.
gather (v) to come together, or bring people
action of people walking.

path (n) a way or track that is built or is made by the
pastime (n) a hobby.
business.
partnership (n) the state of being a partner in
use in the open air.
outdoor (adj) that occurs, exists or is intended for
underground.
animals, plants or minerals. Petroleum found in rock
with water and usually burn easily, obtained from
oil (n) any of various thick liquids that do not mix
nutriment, or sustenance.
nourishment (n) something that nourishes; food,
neighborhood (n) an area where people live.
be done, a necessity.
lacking or necessary, or which require something to
needs (n) circumstances in which something is
something, not far away.
nearby (adv) a short distance from somebody or
that reasons, thinks, feels, wills, perceives, judges.
mind (n) the element, part, substance, or process
calculated before or after the birth of Christ.
millennium (n) a period of 1000 years, especially as
liquid through heating.
melting (v) to melt, to become or make something
meal (n) another word for food.
art of managing business or money.
management (n) skill in dealing with a person; the
low cost(adj) cheap, not expensive.
live (adj) with people present.
group.
constitute the mode of living of an individual or
standards, economic level, etc., that together
lifestyle (n) the habits, attitudes, tastes, moral
lifestyle.
lifestyle (adj) pertaining to or catering to a certain
etc.
duty, when one can rest; enjoy hobbies or sports,
leisure (n) time free from the demands of work or
lead (v) to go before or with to show the way.
automatic machines.
wash and dry their clothes using coin-operated
laundromat (n) a commercial facility where people
country.
look across a large area of land, especially in the
landscape (n) everything you can see when you
buried under layers of earth
landRll (n) an area of land where waste material is
enough of something that is needed.
lack (n) a state of being without or not having
or education.
skills that a person has acquired through experience
sewage (n) refuse liquids or waste matter usually

set out (v) get ready for some activity.
something or someone by looking carefully.
search (v) to look for, to investigate. To try to 8nd
sewing.
seamstress (n) a woman whose occupation is
articles, or other material.
scrap-book (n) a book in which you save pictures,
running water (n) tap water.
with excitement, emotion.
rocking (adj) to be moved or swayed powerfully
higher level or position.
rise (v) to come or go upward, to reach a high or
especially to increase their wealth.
an organization or a person has and can use,
resource (n) a supply of something that a country,
something from a dangerous or harmful situation.
violence, danger, or evil. To save somebody or
rescue (v) (n) to free or deliver from con8nement,
or condition.
remain (v) to continue to be in a particular situation
relish (v) to enjoy or get pleasure from something.
name on an obcial list.
register (v) to record something or somebodys
contains such a list.
register (n) list of names, items, etc, a book that
redesign (v) make a new design.
member of a group, organization, or the like.
recruit (v) (n) to raise (a force) by enlistment. A new
them in a computer, etc.
events by writing them down, 8lming them, storing
record (v) to keep a permanent account of facts or
so that it can be looked at and used in the future.
record (n) written account of something that is kept
again.
rebuild (v) to build or put something together
something happens.
rate (n) a measurement of the speed at which
raise (v) to lift or move something to a higher level.
etc. dirty; the state of being dirty.
pollution (n) the process of making air, water, soil,
pure.
pollute (v) to make something dirty or no longer
taking poison.
poisoning (n) an action or instance of giving or
taken into the body or absorbed.
poison (n) a substance causing death or harm if
water pipes.
plumber (n) a man whose job is to 8t and repair
cooking Caribbean foods.
plantain (n) a type of banana used as a vegetable in
work, task or duty.
teen (n) the short form for teenager, an adolescent.

target (n) a goal to be reached.
take up (v) to adopt the practice of an activity.
others, especially for men.
tailor (n) a person who makes outer garments for
weapons, similar to karate
tae kwon do (n) a Korean system of 8ghting without
some problem, issue, etc.
tackling (v) to tackle. To deal with (a person) on
net and also a ball and a racket.
table tennis (n) sport practiced using a table with a
swimmer (n) athlete who practices swimming
survival (v) to continue to live or exist.
somebody especially from a distance.
survey (v) to look carefully at all of something or
orally or in writing.
an investigation. The information can be obtained
survey (n) a formal inspection aimed at supporting
surroundings (n) the place and conditions of life.
surgical (adj) related to surgery; medicinal operation.
surface (n) the outside or top layer of something.
large quantities.
something that they need or want, especially in
supply (v) to provide somebody or something with
or available to be used provisions.
supply (n) an amount of something that is provided
at which they discuss important matters.
between the leaders of two or more governments
especially the top of a mountain/ an obcial meeting
more governments. The highest point of something
summit (n) a meeting between the heads of two or
styrofoam (n) polystyrene.
particular purpose.
strategy (n) a plan that is intended to achieve a
rain, and often thunder and lightning.
storm (n) a very bad weather with strong winds and
use.
store (v) to collect and keep something for future
on to raise it above the ground or water.
stilt (n) one of the set of posts that a house is built
of facts, views, problems, etc.
statement (n) a thing that is stated; a formal account
stand for (v) support or defend
trees, etc grow.
soil (n) the upper layer of earth in which plants,
sharply raised or lower places
smooth (adj): having an even surface without
show up (v): to appear in a sudden way.
shortage (n) a de8ciency in quantity.
especially in a ship.
shipping (n) the business of carrying goods,
shilling (n) amount of money equal to 12 pennies
carried oW by sewers.
packing something.
wrapping (n) a material used for covering or
a ceremony for this.
o a god, by saying prayers, singing with others, etc;
worship (v) the practice of showing respect for God
willing (adj) disposed or consenting; inclined.
wildRre (n) a 8re that is out of control.
widely (adv) to a large extent or degree.
and healthy and prosperous.
well-being (n) a contented state of being happy
well (adv) in a good, right or satisfactory way.
mass; amount a thing weighs.
weight (n) the amount or quantity of heaviness or
and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc.
particular place and time, such as the temperature,
weather (n) the condition of the atmosphere at a
disease spread by water.
waterborne (adj) of goods carried by water, of
moderate or gentle heat.
warmth (n) the quality or state of being warm;
of becoming warm or warmer.
warming (n) the process of making something, or
been done or been known before.
unprecedented (adj) that has never happened,
ground.
underground (adv) (adj) under the surface of the
unborn (adj) not yet born; yet to come; future.
unbelievable (adj.) very dibcult to believe.
earthquake.
wave in the sea caused, for example, by an
tsunami (n) (from Japanese) an extremely large
tricky (adj) that involves tricks or dibculties.
two or more countries.
treaty (n) an obcial written agreement between
trash (n) objects of poor quality, garbage.
something.
throughout (prep) in or into every part of
or among the individual members or parts of.
through (prep) from one to the other of; between
food and air are taken into the body.
throat (n) a passage in the neck through which
course; menace.
retaliation for, or conditionally upon, some action or
determination to inMict punishment, injury, etc., in
threat (n) a declaration of an intention or
surface or side to the opposite; not thin.
thicker (n) having a relatively great extent from one
consequently.
therefore (adv) a consequence of; as a result;
to share, why are we who have everything still so greedy?

food, clothes, medicine, shelter and love and aWection. If a child on the street who has nothing, is willing
streets. And this is what one child told us: I wish I was rich and if I were, I would give all the street children
Two days ago here in Brazil, we were shocked when we spent some time with some children living on the
go on for two days.
plenty of food, water and shelter - we have watches, bicycles, computers and television sets. The list could
afraid to share, we are afraid to let go of some of our wealth. In Canada, we live the privileged life, with
and yet northern countries will not share with the needy. Even when we have more than enough, we are
In my country, we make so much waste, we buy and throw away, buy and throw away, buy and throw away,
goal. In my anger, I am not blind, and in my fear, I am not afraid to tell the world how I feel.
only a child yet I know we are all in this together and should act as one single world towards one single
strong and we all share the same air, water and soil - borders and governments will never change that. Im
child. Im only a child yet I know we are all part of a family, 8ve billion strong, in fact, 30 million species
really you are mothers and fathers, brothers and sister, aunts and uncles - and all of you are somebodys
Here, you may be delegates of your governments, business people, organisers, reporters or politicians - but
that once grew where there is now desert. If you dont know how to 8x it, please stop breaking it!
dead stream. You dont know how to bring back an animal now extinct. And you cant bring back forests
You dont know how to 8x the holes in our ozone layer. You dont know how to bring salmon back up a
but I want you to realise, neither do you!
as if we have all the time we want and all the solutions. Im only a child and I dont have all the solutions,
worry about these little things when you were my age? All this is happening before our eyes and yet we act
full of birds and butterMies, but now I wonder if they will even exist for my children to see. Did you have to
vanishing forever. In my life, I have dreamt of seeing the great herds of wild animals, jungles and rainforests
ago we found the 8sh full of cancers. And now we hear about animals and plants going extinct every day se I dont know what chemicals are in it. I used to go 8shing in Vancouver with my dad until just a few years
I am afraid to go out in the sun now because of the holes in the ozone. I am afraid to breathe the air becauleft to go. We cannot aWord to be not heard.
unheard. I am here to speak for the countless animals dying across this planet because they have nowhere
generations to come. I am here to speak on behalf of the starving children around the world whose cries go
Losing my future is not like losing an election or a few points on the stock market. I am here to speak for all
you must change your ways. Coming here today, I have no hidden agenda. I am 8ghting for my future.
Michelle Quigg and me. We raised all the money ourselves to come six thousand miles to tell you adults
of twelve and thirteen-year-olds from Canada trying to make a diWerence: Vanessa Suttie, Morgan Geisler,
Hello, Im Severn Suzuki speaking for E.C.O. - The Environmental Childrens Organisation. We are a group
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992.
Severn Suzukis speech
love us. I challenge you, please make your actions reMect your words. Thank you for listening.
You are what you do, not what you say. Well, what you do makes me cry at night. You grown ups say you
But I dont think you can say that to us anymore. Are we even on your list of priorities? My father always says
going to be alright, were doing the best we can and its not the end of the world.
kind of world we will grow up in. Parents should be able to comfort their children by saying everythings
attending these conferences, who youre doing this for - we are your own children. You are deciding what
not be greedy. Then why do you go out and do the things you tell us not to do? Do not forget why youre
others, to work things out, to respect others, to clean up our mess, not to hurt other creatures to share At school, even in kindergarten, you teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us: not to 8ght with
would be!
war was spent on ending poverty and 8nding environmental answers, what a wonderful place this earth
a victim of war in the Middle East or a beggar in India. Im only a child yet I know if all the money spent on
born, that I could be one of those children living in the Favellas of Rio; I could be a child starving in Somalia;
I cant stop thinking that these children are my age, that it makes a tremendous diWerence where you are

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Ingls

Hugo Rafael Chvez Fras

Nicols Maduro Moros

Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat Coordinacin Pedaggica de la Coleccin Bicentenario

Conrado Jess Rovero Mora

Coordinacin General de la serie Ingls

Viceministro para la Articulacin de la

Neysa Yrama Navarro

Directora General (E) de Educacin Media y Tcnica Asesora Curricular

Prohibida la reproduccin total o parcial de este material sin

Suministro de papel: INVEPAL

A las y los docentes

Querido (a) estudiante:

Bienvenido a cuarto ao! Un ao maravilloso donde vas a continuar aumentando tu nivel de

Lesson 6 - I haven t / She hasn t / I hadn t

hacer para transformarlo.

Prepositions: for since

01- Ill be a great

tiempos verbales sealados)

18- We enjoy reading

16- She oWered to

dilogos y prrafos cortos.

15- Its sunny.

What is the weather like?

Unit One: I will...

ones. Support your statements.

Science and Military Arts

Sea and Agro Sciences

Humanities, Letters and Arts

Engineering, Architecture and Technology

programs available in Venezuela.

Unit One: I will...

that somebody discussed with someone else.

D. GRAMMAR EMPHASIS: FUTURE TENSES

webpage of the OPSU study opportunities book.

Unit One: I will...

Aeronautical Station Operator

Search and Rescue O>cer

Some Technical Careers

3. Are you doing anything special tomorrow?

- No, Im not. Im staying home.

2. Are you going to study engineering?

- No, I am not. Im going to study law.

- No, they wont. They will do it next week.

Unit One: I will...

Ins We all have to take it!

Unit One: I will...

private universities / institutes.

4. They will study environmental engineering.

2. She will enroll in UNEARTE.

1. Im going to study Chemistry.

Unit One: I will...

4. No, they wont. They will study hospitality and tourism.

3. Yes. She is going to choose accounting.

2. Hes going to study to be a 8re8ghter.

1. Ill study in my hometown.

In your notebook, write questions to the following answers.

Unit One: I will...

What is this reading about?

Look at the mind map.

Unit One: I will...

if + subject + verb + complement?

will-future (or Modal + verb)

Read the dialogue and practice it with a partner

did not playthe piano when you were young.