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I. INTRODUCTION
This work was supported in part by the European Commission within the
framework of EU Project MicroGrids, Contract No. ENK-CT-2002-00610.
J. A. Peas Lopes is with INESC Porto and FEUP Faculdade de
Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (e-mail: jpl@fe.up.pt).
C. L. Moreira is with INESC Porto and FEUP, Porto, Portugal (e-mail:
cmoreira@inescporto.pt).
A. G. Madureira is with INESC Porto and FEUP, Porto, Portugal (e-mail:
agm@inescporto.pt).
Umax
2Kr
Vfcin
qinH2
Limit
qinH2
1
1+ T s
r
2K
r
Umin
2Kr
qin H2
Irfc
2Kr
Uopt
Ir fc
1
1+ Tf s
qin O2
rH_O
1
KH2
1
KH2O
1
KO2
1+ H2 s
1+ H2Os
1 + O2 s
pH2
pH2O
RT pH2 pO2
N0 E0 +
ln
2F
pH2O
pO2
Irfc
Pe
A. Microsource Modelling
The MS models developed within the project include
photovoltaic arrays, wind generators, microturbines and a fuel-
D. Load Modelling
The dynamic behaviour of MG was evaluated considering
only three-phase balanced operation and two load types:
constant impedance loads (power dependent on frequency and
voltage) and motor loads (an induction motor with constant
mechanical torque). As it will be shown, the load
characteristics influence greatly the dynamic behaviour of the
MG, mainly in short-circuit conditions.
Controllable loads, available for load-shedding have also
been modelled, with the amount of load to be shed defined
from the amplitude of the grid frequency deviation.
IV. OPERATION AND CONTROL OF THE MICROGRID
A MG is an inverter dominated network, where the power
electronic interfaces are responsible for controlling frequency.
Also, a voltage control strategy is required; otherwise the MG
can experience voltage and/or reactive power oscillations [11].
While the MG is being operated in interconnected mode,
all inverters are operated in PQ mode. However, a sudden
disconnection of the main power supply (the upstream MV
network) would lead to the loss of the MG, since there would
be no possibility for load/generation balancing, and therefore
for frequency and voltage control. The unit that can be used to
achieve these requirements is the VSI. Using its control
capabilities by means of droop settings adjustment, a VSI can
be operated in parallel with the main grid without injecting
active or reactive power. When disconnection from the main
grid happens, the VSI output is automatically determined by
the deviation between load and generation in the MG. After
identifying the key solution for MG islanded operation, two
main control strategies are possible:
MGCC
V, I
V, I
P&Q Settings
PQ
Control
Q Set Point
Controller
VDC
VDC
AC
DC
AC
VSI
Electrical
Network
DC
P
Primer
Mover
Loads
6
50.2
Frequency (Hz)
50
49.8
49.6
20
40
60
80
100
VSI P and Q
(kW and kvar)
15
120
P
Q
10
5
0
-5
20
40
60
80
100
120
P (kW)
25
MTurb
0
20
40
60
Time (s)
80
100
120
Fig. 11. MG Frequency, VSI active and reactive power and SOFC and singleshaft microturbine active power
400
300
200
100
0
9.9
600
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10
10.1
10.2
Time (s)
10.3
10.4
10.5
400
200
0
9.9
150
Disconnection from the upstream MV network and loadfollowing in islanded operation was simulated in order to
understand the dynamic behaviour of the MG and to evaluate
the effectiveness of the developed control approaches. The
islanding of the MG was investigated for two different
situations: the scheduled islanding and the forced islanding (in
case of a fault in the MV grid). Scenarios using the single
master operation strategy with a VSI and multi master
operation were tested. Due to space limitations, only the
results for forced islanding for single master operation and for
scheduled islanding for multi master operation are presented.
SOFC
15
10
Fig. 10. SOFC model for the Matlab Simulink simulation platform
20
100
50
0
9.9
Fig. 12. VSI current and voltage and SOFC current (rms values)
IX. REFERENCES
Frequency (Hz)
50.05
[1]
50
49.95
[2]
49.9
49.85
49.8
[3]
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30
[5]
20
VSI
MTurb
SOFC
10
[6]
0
-10
[4]
10
15
20
Time (s)
25
30
35
40
[7]
[8]
L - L Voltage (V)
415
VSI
MTurb
SOFC
410
[9]
[10]
[11]
405
400
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
15
[13]
10
5
0
-5
10
15
20
Time (s)
25
30
35
40
VII. CONCLUSIONS
From the analysis performed the following main
conclusions can be drawn regarding the dynamic behaviour of
the MG, given the control strategies presented:
[12]
20
X. BIOGRAPHIES
J. A. Peas Lopes is an Associate Professor with Aggregation at the Dept. of
EE of the Faculty of Engineering of Porto University. He obtained an EE
degree (5 years course) in 1981 from University of Porto and a PhD. degree
also in EE from the same University in 1988. In 1996 he got an Aggregation
degree. In 1989 he joined the staff of INESC as a senior researcher and he is
presently co-Coordinator of the Power Systems Unit of INESC Porto and a
senior member of the IEEE.
C. L. Moreira was born in 1980, in Portugal. He received the Electrical
Engineer degree (5 years course) in 2003 from the Engineering Faculty of
Porto University (FEUP). In 2003 he joined the staff of the Power Systems
Unit of INESC Porto as a junior researcher. Currently he is with INESC Porto
and FEUP as a PhD student. His research interests focus the integration of
dispersed generation to low voltage grids.
A. G. Madureira was born in 1980 in Portugal. He received the Electrical
Engineering degree (5 years course) in 2003 from the Faculty of Engineering
of Porto University (FEUP). He joined INESC Porto in the Power Systems
Unit in 2004 as a junior researcher. He is currently with INESC and FEUP as
a MSc student. His main interests include micro-generation and the integration
of dispersed generation to low voltage grids.