Option E Leisure, Sport & Tourism

1. Leisure
Definitions

Discuss the difficulties in attempting to define leisure, recreation, tourism

and sport.
Discuss the influence of accessibility, changes in technology and affluence
upon the growth of these activities.

Leisure: any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time
Recreation: a leisure-time activity undertaken voluntarily for enjoyment. Includes
individual pursuits, organized outings and events, and non-paid sports.
Sport a physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. This activity may be
competitive.
Tourism travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Excludes
day-trippers.
Difficulty in attempting to define they overlap because participation may be
simultaneous

The growth of these activities

-

Accessibility: Infrastructural improvements opening up pleasure periphery

Changes in technology:
o Internet has facilitated research and booking operations.
o Credit card has made payments much easier between customer and tour operator.
o Wide-bodied jet planes, high speed trains and large cruise ships: widen economies
of scale and time-space convergence
Affluence
o Growing desire by wealthier population to escape pressures of urban living
o More disposable income
o More educated population are aware of cultures and environments: curiosity
o More leisure time with shorter working hours and paid leave of skilled jobs

2. Leisure at the International scale: tourism

Changes in
demand
Changes in
supply

Explain the long-term and short-term trends and patterns in

international tourism.
Explain the changes in location and development of different tourist
activities.
Explain the growth of more remote tourist destinations.

Key patterns in international tourism

-

Tourist preference shifting toward Asia-Pacific region due to their rapid economic
development: improved infrastructure, hygiene and knowledge of languages at acceptable
level, whereas underdeveloped places relatively static.
According to Plogs model, most people are of the mid-centric type: do not oppose
adventure and so like new experiences, but will not visit bizarre and remote places

Plogs Psychographic Profile

The Plog Model is similar to the Butler Life Cycle Model, but instead of focusing on the
product, it actually focuses on the people using the product; and in the case of tourism, the
tourists.
The Plog Model divides tourists into three different groups. The groups are:
Allocentrics: hardened travellers. Discover new destinations, adventurous experiences.
Independent travel, use local transport. Discover new destinations that has tourism
potential. Above average income.
Mid-centrics: Majority of travellers. Seek well-known, established destinations. Travel in
groups and on package holidays. Expect developed tourist facilities.
Psychocentrics: Same destination for most of their lives. Holiday destinations similar
to home environment. Like the familiar, may be repeat visitors.
Explain the short-term and long-term trends in international tourism
RISING DEMAND

Social
Smaller families making
tourism more affordable
Increase in leisure time
(weekends and paid
holidays)
An increase in life
expectancy allowing
more time to travel
after retirement
New forms of tourism
e.g. medical tourism or
spas.
Major sporting events
e.g. Football World cup
in South Africa
Improving linguistic
skills
Increase in world
population
Increase in computer
ownership and access
to the internet
Increased leisure time
(labour saving devices,
shorter working week,
flexible working hours)

Economic
Increase in
disposable income
Growth of new low
cost airlines
The introduction of
pensions making
travel more
affordable after
retirement
Increase in
advertising
Improvement in
tourist infrastructure
e.g. hotels
Weakening of
currency in tourist
destination making
travel cheaper
Movement away
from subsistence
farming
Wider use of credit
cards.
Increased car
ownership
Simpler booking
methods e.g.
Expedia online
Single currency in
Europe (the Euro)

Political
Removal of
visa
restrictions
Governme
nt
investment
in tourist
infrastruct
ure
Greater
political
freedom
e.g.
Chinese
citizens
Increased
stability of
area e.g
Vietnam
after the
war the of
the 1960s
and 1970s

Environmental
Creation of
new national
parks or the
protection of
certain areas.
Natural
landforms
being
designated a
UNESCO site.
Good reliable
weather
Natural
beauty e.g.
Sahara
Desert,
Himalaya
Mountains or
Great Barrier
Reef
Introduction of
ecotourism
and
sustainable
tourism

FALLING DEMAND
Social
Terrorist
attacks e.g.
Bali
bombings

Economic
Economic recession or
loss of jobs
Increased cost of travel.

Political
Political
instability e.g.
Libya

Environmental
Natural disasters e.g.
Thailand after 2004
Indian Ocean tsunami
2

2002 aimed
at tourists
Ethnic
tensions
between
locals and
overseas
visitors

Rising oil prices are add

fuel levies.
Weakening of domestic
currency making
international travel
more expensive
Credit crunch making
finance harder to
access.

Introduction of
visas, tourist
tax, exit tax
Closing of
borders e.g.
Myanmar after
failed 'Saffron
Revolution'
(now open
again)

Environmental
accidents e.g. Gulf of
Mexico oil spill
Rising sea levels
possible flooding
tourist destinations e.g.
Maldives
Outbreak of disease
e.g. Swine flu
Worries about personal
carbon footprint.

Butlers tourism model

1. Exploration: A new destination, with very few
visitors. Usually adventurous travellers that have
minimal impact.
2. Involvement: If the tourists like the new
destination and the destination is happy to
receive tourists, then there may be investment in
tourist infrastructure and involvement by locals.
Tourist numbers grow slowly.
3. Development: Tourism becomes big business
with further investment and involvement by TNCs.
Holidays become more organised with package
holidays arriving.
4. Consolidation: The area becomes reliant on
tourism. Advertising and marketing attempts to maintain and increase tourism levels.
Facilities like beaches, swimming pools and golf courses may become the domain of tourists
causing some local resentment.
5. Stagnation: There is some local opposition to tourists, there is no new investment,
tourists become tired of the same destination and growth stops.
6. Rejuvenation: Tourism is relaunched through advertising, tourists arrival from new
markets increase, new transport links are opened or the tourism become more sustainable
with local involvement.
6. Decline: There is no relaunch, locals remove their support, TNCs leave and tourism begins
to decline.

3. Leisure at the international scale: Sport

International
Examine the social, cultural, economic and political factors affecting
participation and
participation and success in two major international sports.
success
Case study of a
Analyse the geographic factors that influenced the choice of venue(s).
contemporary
Examine the factors affecting the sphere of influence for participants
international sports and supporters.
event
Evaluate the short- and long-term geographic costs and benefits of
hosting such an event at both the local and national level.
Factors affecting participation and success in golf/football
-

Football is global sport because traditionally played: spread with British Empire
Large government investment by Sports Minister in England for stadiums/equipment to
develop football talent: football success is part of national identity
3

Football can be played in state-provided parks whereas golf courses are privately-owned
and expensive.
More wealthy countries do better at golf because leisure time and affluence (membership
in golf club) needed to hone talent.
Female success in golf is dominated by East-Asians as opposed to with males where its
whites: cultural norm of male-domination not ingrained with introduction of golf.

London 2012 Olympics

Locational advantages

Economic
Accessibility:
- five international
airports in
London.
- Newham located
very close to the
London.
- Good rail
network.
- Newham is
connected by the
underground,
overground,
mainline rail,
Docklands light
railway and
Eurostar.
Many of the venues
were already in
existence e.g.
Wembley, Lord's,
Wimbledon and the
O2 arena.
The government
guaranteed to cover
the cost of the
Olympics.
The UK has a
successful track
record of hosting
major sporting
events, it hosted the
European football
championships in
1996 and the
Commonwealth
Games in 2002.
London is world city,
so it is easy to
attract sponsorship
and advertising to
the venue.

Sociocultural
The Lower Lea Valley
needed regeneration:
hoped higher living
standard for deprived area
(high unemployment, low
income, poor public health)
London and the UK has a
tradition of sport. Lord's is
the home of Cricket,
Wimbledon the home of
tennis and Twickenham the
home of rugby. It also has
many other famous
sporting venues in the
capital like the O2 arena,
the Emirates and Wembley.
London championed the
idea of leaving a legacy.
They said that a poor area
would be regenerated and
venues would be left for
future use.
They had the backing of
celebrities, Lord Sebastian
Coe (former Olympic
champion) and David
Beckham.
The bid team used local
residents to show that it
had the backing of the local
population.
All venues will be used
after the Olympics. They
will either be made smaller
or dismantled and moved
to other parts of the
country.
There are a large number of
hotel rooms in and around
London.

Political
The bid
had the
support
of the
local and
national
governme
nt.
The then
mayor of
London,
Ken
Livingsto
ne, put
aside his
difference
with the
then
Prime
Minister
Tony Blair
to fully
support
the
London
bid.
The
current
Prime
Minister
(David
Cameron)
and
London
Mayor
(Boris
Johnson)
also
strongly
support
the
Olympics.

Environmental
There were
large
brownfield sites
in Newham that
could be used
to construct the
Olympic Village
on.
East London is
built on a
floodplain so
the land is flat
and easy to
build on.
The East of
London should
be protected
from flooding
by the Thames
Flood Barrier.
During July and
August, London
normally has a
good climate
for participating
in and viewing
sport (not too
hot or cold, not
much rainfall).
London and
England are in
Europe, so
close to many
of the Olympics
potential
athletes and
spectators.

Problems with location?

4

London is already a developed city, so selecting London may have taken the opportunity of
other cities like Istanbul or Havana to develop.
London is one of the world's most expensive cities to visit and live. Many potential
spectators will be put off by the expense.
Some businesses had to be closed and relocated to make way for the Olympic village.
There have been questions marks, whether London's transport network can cope with the
influx of visitors.
There is the risk that the Olympics might attract a terrorist attack. In fact the day after
London won the Olympics, it experienced a major terrorist attack.

Impacts
SHORT-TERM
Sociocultural
+ Local residents will
have the opportunity
to go and watch world
class sport on their
doorstep.
+ A new school/college
has been built on the
site of the Olympic
Village. It will be the
media centre during
the games
+ Jobs will be created
selling merchandise,
tickets, food, etc at
Olympic venues
positive multiplier
effect.

During the Olympics

there will be road
closures and
increased traffic which
will make it harder for
Londoners to move
around.
London may become
a terrorist target and
at the very least there
will be increased
disruption because of
security checks.
Local residents
affected by noise,
dust and visual
pollution of years of
construction and

Economic
Hotels and
restaurants should
see a massive
increase in business
on the lead up to
and during the
Olympics and
Paralympics
Olympic
merchandise will be
sold across the
world increasing
revenue from the
games
Sponsorship and
advertising should
cover a lot of the
costs from the
games.
Existing land
owners can charge
premium rent
The cost of hotels,
restaurants,
taxis,etc. will
probably increase
during the Olympic
Games.
Some businesses
may have to close
during the Olympics
because of safety or
accessibility
problems
(impossible to make
deliveries)
inflation of land
prices for first-time
buyers (market
exclusion)

Political
+ The British
governmen
t will be in
the
spotlight at
the time
and the
Prime
Minister at
the time
will get
publicity
from
opening
the
Games.
+ There will
be an
increase in
tax
revenue
during the
games.
- The
Governme
nt will
have less
money to
spend on
roads,
schools,
hospitals,
etc. while
it pays for
the
Olympic
Games

Environmental
+ Cars will not be
allowed into the
Olympic Village so all
spectators will be
walking, cycling or
using public
transport. This
should reduce air
pollution in the area
of the Olympic
Village.

There will be an
increase in flights
arriving into the UK
which will cause an
increase in air
pollution. Also more
energy will be used
in hotel and venues.
The increased
number of spectators
and athletes will
increase waste and
litter which will have
to be dealt with.

heavy vehicle
movement.
LONG-TERM
Sociocultural
+ The venues will be
available for the
public to use decades
into the future. Things
like the velodrome,
aquatics centre and
white water centre
should develop
athletes in new
disciplines.
+ The Olympic village's
accommodation will
be converted and
used as affordable
accommodation.
+ Equipment used in the
Olympics will be given
to charities for free.
+ Local residents may
see the value of their
houses increase with
all the regeneration
taking place.

Economic
+ The infrastructure
improvements
(especially public
transport) will benefit
Londoners and
business for decades
to come.
+ The image of London
should be enhanced
making business and
individuals want to
do business in
London.
+ 12, 000 permanent
jobs alone created
(managing facilities
and transport
networks)
+ Boost for tourism
industry in East
London as higher
standards and
international
recognition/improvin
g image

Political
+ If the
games
are
successfu
l then the
governme
nt will be
seen in a
positive
light and
might
have a
better
chance of
reelection.
+ The UK
should
definitely
improve
its
standing
on the
internatio
nal
circuit.

It is estimated that
Londoners will have
an increased tax bill
for the next ten years
to pay for the
Olympics (6 billion)
Many of the jobs
created will only be
short-term (e.g.
construction), so
unemployment may
rise after the games.
Displacement but
relocation of 900
businesses (jobs),
Britains largest
church (Kingsway Intl
Christian Centre),
residents and 500
trees

There may be an
oversupply of hotel
rooms after the
games. London is in
the processing of
adding 15,000 hotel
rooms for the
Olympics.
The increased
demand for facilities
generated by the
games may create
inflation.

The
governme
nt may
be
saddled
with long
term debt
paying off
the
games.

Environmental
+ The improved public
transport should
mean that cars are
removed from the
roads and use public
transport instead.
+ Areas of brownfield
land around London
have been cleared of
pollutants left over
from factories.
+ Previously covered
rivers have been
opened and cleaned.
Areas of parkland
have also been
created.
+ Infrastructural/landsc
ape regeneration:
bridges, roads,
railways to increase
accessibility,
dangerous overhead
power lines moved
underground, land
remediation of
brownfield sites from
deindustrialization
- More structures,
hotels and
accommodations will
increase the
country's carbon
footprint.
- The creation of
impermeable
surfaces may affect
the hydrological
cycle.

4. Leisure at the national/regional scale: Tourism

Case study of a
Examine the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism.
national tourist
industry
Case study of
Evaluate the strategies designed to manage and sustain the tourist
ecotourism
industry.
Tourism as a
Examine the importance of tourism as a development strategy for lowdevelopment
income countries.
strategy
Costa del Sol, Spain context
-

Initial primary attractions were climate, long coastline, and distinctive culture
Exemplary of post-1945 growth in tourism: became centre for package tours and
uncontrolled development

How Spain case study relates to Butlers Model

-

Stagnation stage: less growth because no longer fashionable (boring and

mainstream/carrying capacity reached)
Decline/rejuvenation: attractiveness declines, international operators move out can occur
but attempts to modernize and invest e.g. attempts to clean up beaches (EU Blue Flag
beaches), development of quality accommodation

Impacts
-

Sociocultural
Culture is diluted e.g. area swamped
by characterless buildings
Perceptual carrying capacity reached
due to overcommercialization: lack of
open space, limited car parking,
crowding of facilities such as bars and
beaches, noise pollution
Many new recreational, sport and
leisure facilities such as bars, discos,
golf courses, retail services and
restaurants for locals as well. Has four
times more of these facilities than
would be expected for a settlement of
its size.
Increased crime rates: drugs,
vandalism and mugging

Economic
Decline in tourism
market during world
recession because
prices were too high
and there were cheaper
upmarket hotels
elsewhere
Initially very rapid
increase in employment
(traditionally farming
and fishing) in
construction, cafes,
hotels but
unemployment when
tourism decreased (up
to 70% employed in
tourism at peak)

Environmental
Pollution of sea
and beaches
- Farmland built on
- Wildlife
frightened away
by development:
migratory birds
looking for
nesting
- Carrying capacity
reached: water
supply and
sewerage
dumping into sea
to toxic levels
-

Ecotourism case study: intro

-

Now awareness of costs of mass tourism so move towards small scale

Improved education and awareness make people confident about visiting exotic and
remote locations
Most rapidly growing subset of tourism

Costa Rica context

-

Great biological diversity (5% of worlds terrestrial species) and many national
parks/nature reserves: especially rainforest

Strategies in Costa Rica to manage and sustain tourist industry

7

Eco-lodges in tune with local environment e.g. built from wood discarded by loggers, solar
energy heats water, and bio-degradable soups
Locals employed: cooks, waiters, cleaners
Provide activities such as jungle hikes and bird watching educating with a large range
of recreational activities e.g. young single professionals prefer eco-adventure like rafting
Many lodges are actually owned by expatriates from US: leakage.
As tourism grows and is promoted, expectations of tourists have grown and so has the
luxury e.g. electricity, tourists arrive in 4x4s which use petrol and disturb wildlife

Tourism as a development strategy for low-income countries

-

Good if lack raw materials but has pristine nature, endowed with
heritage/culture/indigenous tribes: prevents marginalization through being economically
disadvantaged
Diversifies economy with service sector
Makes infrastructural improvements worthwhile
Good because is an export not subject to price fluctuations of commodities on world
market so can overcome balance of payments
Labour-intensive so alleviates unemployment and builds skill and entrepreneurship of
workforce (language, catering, entertainment)
Global shocks depress international tourist demand but domestic demand too weak to
compensate for lost international revenue: dependence
Inflation marginalizes locals: everyday goods, land
Overshoot carrying capacity: not equipped to deal with congestion, power shortage
Emergence of informal economy/black market prevents tax revenue
Economic leakage: increased foreign ownership airlines, international hotel chains, tour
operators

Gambia context
-

One of worlds poorest country with highest population growth rate in West Africa
Huge foreign debt issue due to over-dependence on peanut production

Impact of tourism on Gambia

-

Constitutes 12% of Gambian GNP

4/5 hotels are foreign owned, and locals (rarely management positions) earn as little as
little as 1 per day and are laid off for the five-month wet season.
Sex tourism and child begging
Phenomenon of bumsters. These are unemployed young men who hang around beaches,
latching onto tourists and trying to sell them drinks, trinkets or anything else, or to arrange
trips, in the hope of a tip; lifestyle also attracts children away from school

5. Leisure at the national/regional scale: Sport

Case study of a
- Explain the hierarchy of a league and the location of its teams.
national sports
- Examine the relationship between team location and the residence of
league
its supporters.
Why residence of supporters is spreading out
-

Transport advancements: space-time convergence, viewing sporting events is a huge

leisure activity
Technological advancement: television (Sky televised and popularized BPL), social media
Successful teams have wider sphere of influence: global

English Premier League

8

most watched league in the world, watched by half a billion in 202 countries. It is also the
world's richest league generating about $3 billion in income during the 2009/10 season.
The Barclay's Premier League is the only level one league in England so it is top of the
hierarchy in terms of football leagues.
The Barclays Premier League is often considered to be the number one league in the world
as well, because of its viewing figures, average attendances and income generation.

6. Leisure at a local scale: tourism

Tourism
For one named city or large town:
management in
- describe the distribution and location of primary and secondary
urban areas
tourist resources
- discuss the strategies designed to manage tourist demands,
maximize capacity and minimize conflicts between local residents
and visitors, and avoid environmental damage.
Tourism
management in
rural areas

Examine the concept of carrying capacities in a rural tourist area.

Discuss strategies designed to maximize capacity and minimize conflicts
between local residents and visitors, and avoid environmental damage

Distinguish between primary and secondary tourist resources

-

Primary are pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is not built specifically
for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people and
cultural/heritage sites.
Secondary includes accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.

Venice context
-

Located in North-east Italy in the middle of the Venice Lagoon: known as Queen of the
Adriatic.
Total population of only 60, 000, which is steadily declining and 10% of population in
1930s.

Describe the distribution and location of primary and secondary tourist resources
in Venice, Italy
Rialto Bridge, St. Marks Square and St. Marks Basilica; luxury hotels Hotel Canal Grande and
restaurants; located in centre and coast, both densely distributed among each other
Venice problems
-

Out-migration of residents due to exceeding perceptual carrying capacity, homes lost to

tourist developments
Overcrowding (congested footpaths/canals resembling spaghetti junction), tourist intrusion
in churches (major primary attraction but Italy deeply religious), inflation of land and
everyday goods
Conflict of interest between Venetians employed in tourist industry and those who arent
Conflict of interest between locals and visitors, latter of which feel as though they have the
right to de-stress, explore and enjoy Venice

Management strategies in Venice (see essay)

-

Government build more low-cost, affordable housing for locals

Subsiding local services like post offices and doctor surgeries to ensure they remain open
and not pressured under increasing rent and decreasing population
Unauthorized coach tours denied entry to main coach terminal
Ban on day trippers, so must have a hotel reservation to enter: can also increase income
since those staying spend significantly more e.g. food and accommodation
9

Charge tax of 5 Euros a day: extra income, but minimal impact on tourist numbers
Limit advertising
Drinking fountains: tourists leave millions of plastic bottles annually
One-way system for certain bridges and walkways in busiest periods
Areas of St. Mark Square blocked off to reduce litter, also increased patrol: addresses
pigeon problem too where tourist feed/waste attracts pigeons which are a pest, carry
disease, and damage/disfigure ancient buildings with excrement
Conclude exemplary of saying loved to death.

Examine the concept of carrying capacity

-

Carrying capacity: the maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can

satisfy at one time.
Environmental carrying capacity the maximum number before the local environment
becomes damaged
Perceptual carrying capacity the maximum number before a specific group of visitors
considers the level of impact, such as noise, to be excessive. E.g. young mountain bikers
are more crowd-tolerant than elderly walkers.
Difficult to determine: we learn to cope
When thresholds are exceeded, may be permanent effect not only on physical components
like soil but also human like culture.
Creating a specific carrying capacity may give a false impression of security.

Machu Picchu context

-

Is a honey pot site in Peru, visited for remarkable biodiversity and pristine character
ruins of Inca city
Consists of sanctuary between Andean and Amazonian ecosystems
Government promotes cultural tourism because seen as important strategy for
development and locals escaping poverty: unregulated growth due to open access

Management strategies in Machu Pichu

-

System for collection of solid waste and removal by train to landfill sites near Cuzco,
stricter rules for waste disposal imposed
$20/person entrance ticket and Inca Trail generates $10 million a year to protect
important that is for non-residents
Fee for hiking Inca Trail tripled to $50
Number of people on the trail limited to 500: previously up to 1000 daily
All tourists required to trek with registered companies which help ensure hikers keep to
trail conservation rules like no steel tipped walking sticks
Redistribution away from Machu Picchu and Inca Trial being promoted: Tribes Travel
Company advertises nearby Choquequirao trail by pointing out pressure and providing
alternative to trying to see sunrise with 1000 other people

Management strategies in rural areas (general)

-

Improved signage to prevent littering, leaving gates open, trampling and ignoring
footpaths awareness of need for being sensitive to locals, or indicating punishment for
actions: more feasible than constant patrolling over vast space of rural areas
Ban cars with park and ride schemes: narrow roads in rural areas prone to congestion

7. Leisure at the local scale: sport and recreation

The leisure
Explain the relationship between urban settlements and recreational and
hierarchy
sports facilities in terms of frequency, size, range and catchment area.
Intra-urban spatial
Examine the distribution and location of recreational and sports facilities
patterns
in urban areas and relate the patterns to accessibility, land value and
the physical and socio-economic characteristics of each urban zone
10

Urban regeneration

(from the central business district to the ruralurban fringe).

Discuss the role of sport and recreation in regeneration strategies of
urban areas.

Intra-urban patterns
-

From the CBD to rural-urban fringe, the distribution of facilities becomes sparser.
This is because there is a wider range and frequency of facilities higher up the settlement
hierarchy.
- Culture more varied in CBD so wider range of interests
- Land value is higher and competing land use so facilities that dont require much space
- More economically well-off can afford more services e.g. golf
- More accessible so wider sphere of influence/catchment area
Also the nature of those in urban-rural fridge require more space like country parks, garden
centres and nature reserves.

Explain the relationship between urban settlements and recreational/sport

facilities (can merge with points from intra-urban patterns)
-

Population size increases from villages, small country town, town, city and capital city
Approaches more threshold populations (minimum number of people for a service to be
provided): worth providing facilities with specialist functions
Larger and varied demand
Greater resources, especially monetary
Overall increase in frequency, size (e.g. Olympic size), range (alternate definition is the
maximum distance someone will travel)

Examples of facilities: small, medium, large

-

Pubs, community hall, playground

Tennis courts, swimming pool, golf courses, cinema, bowling alley
Stadium, national sports centre, theme park, Olympic-sized swimming pool

The role of sport and recreation in regeneration strategies of urban areas

-

See Lower Lea Valley Case Study

Provision of parks and open space are good for de-stressing: prevents social tension and
high crime rates/drug use because alternative recreation and public health
Sport and recreational facilities can also act as tourist attractions e.g. Singapore

8. Sustainable
tourism

Define sustainable tourism.

Examine the extent to which it might be successfully implemented in
different environments.

Sustainable tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods
and culture of local people
Sustainable tourism includes
-

Using natural, cultural and social resources sustainably

Reducing overconsumption and waste
Maintaining biodiversity
Involving local communities e.g. training
See Machu Pichu and Venice and Costa Rica case studies

Sustainable tourism measures in coastal environments

-

Banning of plastic bags

Promote sustainable diving: quotas on divers
11

Stop trade in coral, turtle shells

Sustainable tourism measures in national parks

-

Enforce ban against poaching with fines or jail terms

Only allow small-scale ecotourism: see case study
Leave only footprints, take only pictures

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