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http://sysadminj.blogspot.in/2012/01/hardware-interview-questions.html
1. Explain what is DMA?
DMA (direct memory acesses) it is used to transfer the data from the memory to I/O devices or vice
versa without the intervention of processor.
2. What is aliasing?
When considering the reconstruction of a signal, we are familiar with the idea of the Nyquist rate. This
concept allows us to find the sampling rate that will provide for perfect reconstruction of our signal. If
we sample at too low of a rate (below the Nyquist rate), then problems will arise that will make
perfect reconstruction impossible - this problem is known as aliasing. Aliasing occurs when there is
an overlap in the shifted, periodic copies of our original signal's FT, i.e. spectrum
3. What are the types of memory management?
Memory Management is a crucial role in every operating system. Memory management is there are
many types such as 1. Storage memory Management 2. I/O Memory Management etc...
4. What is the difference between web service and web application?
Web services can be implemented at any client or server place to make data secure because even
programmer cannot find that data while web services are used on server side. Web services use soap
protocol while web application http protocol, 80% coding of banking is done by using web services.
5. How virus does affect computer?
Due to Malicious site visit, download of MP3, Games, Downloading Screen Savers, through network,
through Floppy, and many more.
6. What are the basic functions of an operating system?
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various applications
programs for various uses. Operating system acts as resource allocator and manager. Since there are
many possibly conflicting requests for resources the operating system must decide which requests are
allocated resources to operating the computer system efficiently and fairly? Also operating system is
control program which controls the user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices.
7. Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions
executed by them?
Processor:--A processor is the part a computer system that executes instructions .It is also called a
CPU.
Assembler: -- An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them
into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some
people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.
Compiler: --- A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular
programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor
uses. Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line
at a time using an editor. The file that is created contains what are called the source statements. The
programmer then runs the appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains
the source statements.
Loader:--In a computer operating system, a loader is a component that locates a given program (which can be an application
or, in some cases, part of the operating system itself) in offline storage (such as a hard disk), loads it into main storage (in a
personal computer, it's called random access memory), and gives that program control of the compute.
Linker: -- Linker performs the linking of libraries with the object code to make the object code into an executable machine code.
Because 8085 processor has 8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Review). Similarly 8086 processor has 16 bit
ALU.
40. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor?
The processor made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th
generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32 bits.
41. Define HCMOS?
High-density n- type Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon field effect transistor.
42. What does microprocessor speed depend on?
The processing speed depends on DATA BUS WIDTH.
43. Is the address bus unidirectional?
The address bus is unidirectional because the address information is always given by the Micro
Processor to address a memory location of an input / output devices.
44. Is the data bus is Bi-directional?
The data bus is Bi-directional because the same bus is used for transfer of data between Micro
Processor and memory or input / output devices in both the direction.
45. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor?
It has limitations on the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point operations.
46. What is the difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?
In Microprocessor more op-codes, few bit handling instructions. But in Microcontroller: fewer opcodes, more bit handling Instructions, and also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor,
memory, & input / output signal lines on a single chip.
47. What is meant by LATCH?
Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a temporary storage device controlled by a timing signal, which can
store 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in output devices such as LED,
to hold the data for display.
48. Why does microprocessor contain ROM chips?
Microprocessor contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data.
49. What is TCP/IP?
Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used
to connect hosts on the Internet.TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP.
TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de facto
standard for transmitting data over networks. Even network operating systems that have their own
protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP.
50. How does the browser know to go to a certain IP address when you enter a domain like
google.com?
It searches through local DNS cache, if nothing is there; it queries the ISPs DNS server.
51. What are * and? When using them for wildcards in Windows? * Any characters,
arbitrary among?
Single character.
52. How many logical drives is it possible to fit onto a physical disk?
Maximum of 24 logical drives. The extended partition can only have 23 logical drives.
53. Whats the maximum hard drive size for FAT16-based Windows system?
2GB
54. What are the speed and device maximum specs for Firewire?
IEEE 1394 (Firewire) supports the maximum of 63 connected devices with speeds up to 400 Mbps.
55. Whats the difference between L1 and L2 cache?
Level 1 cache is internal to the chip, L2 is external. L1 (level 1) cache - L1 cache stores information for
use by the processor. L1 cache is extremely quick but also expensive. Most processors have an L1
cache divided into space for data and space for instructions. L2 (level 2) cache - L2 cache is the next
step down from L1 cache. Most processors today have L2 cache, which increases cache performance.
Most desktop processors have an L2 Cache of about 256KB, but some high-end processors can have
as much as 2MB.
56. Name the processor lines of two major manufacturers?
High-end: Intel - Pentium (II, III, 4), AMD - Athlon. Low-end: Intel - Celeron, AMD - Duron. 64-bit:
Intel - Itanium 2, AMD - Opteron.
57. Where does CPU Enhanced mode originate from?
80386 was the first 32-bit processor, and since the company had to backward-support the 8086. All
the modern Intel-based processors run in the Enhanced mode, capable of switching between Real
mode (just like the real 8086) and protected mode, which is the current mode of operation.
58. Where does the Real mode on the CPU come from?
The original 8086, which only had 1 MB of memory. This megabyte is split into low memory for IRQ
tables, application memory and high memory.
59. How do you clear CMOS password?
Since CMOS is a special chip with its own battery, the best way to clear out a CMOS chip is to
disconnect it from its power supply.
60. What are the basic expansion card types?
ISA and PCI, ISA can be used only on XT, AT and ATX boards. The industry now considers ISA
obsolete. According to me Ext2 file system is like windows fat16 type file system. Little information in
fat16. It is the linux partition type. And vfat is related to windows file system. When we list the hard
drive in the linux if there is already a windows o/s then it shows them Vfat.
61. Which transistor is used in each cell of EPROM?
Floating gate Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of EPROM.
62. What difference between original & chipset motherboard?
Chipset: A chip set is a group of integrated circuits (microchips) that can be used together to serve a
single function and are therefore manufactured and sold as a unit. The most common chipset
reference is the input/output control chips of a motherboard.
Motherboard: The "heart" of your PC -- it handles system resources (IRQ lines, DMA channels, I/O
locations), as well as core components like the CPU, and all system memory. It accepts expansion
devices such as sound and network cards, and modems.