Anatomy & Physiology

Lecture #5

Nervous System
Senses Organs

Text Book : Kenneth S. Saladin and Robin K.
McFarland. EssenBals of Anatomy &
Physiology. McGraw-Hill InternaBonal
ediBon.

Runita RizkiyanB Putri, MSc

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Human Brain

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Meninges
Connec*ve *ssue membranes and lies between nervous *ssue
and brain.

Dura mater
Inside cranium
Forms sac around brain
Arachnoid mater
Cover the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
Most delicate layer
Innermost layer of the meninges
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Meninges

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Gray and White MaSer

Gray MaSer
In brain, most on surface
Gray maDer deep in the brain called
Nuclei
White MaSer
Composed of tracts
Connect one region of CNS to another

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Ventricles
Ventricles
Fluid-lled cavi*es in the center of the brain

Ventricles inside Brain caviBes:
Lateral ventricle
Single third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Fills ventricles, canals, and subarachnoid space
Produced by ltra*on of blood plasma
Circulates from lateral ventricles to the third con*nue to
fourth and spinal cord
Reabsorbed into bloodstream
pH *ghtly maintained
FuncBon
Provide buoyancy for brain
Cushion brain to protect it
Rinses metabolic waste
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Brainstem
Elongated pillar of nervous *ssue
Extend from foramen magnum to cerebrum
Lest dispensable for survival
Smallest part of the brain

Consist of:
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Diencephalon
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Diencephalon
Thalamus
Roles in memory, emo*on,
motor control, and sensa*on
Process incoming sensory
informa*on
Gateway to Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Lies beneath Thalamus
Maintain homeostasis (blood
regula*on, heart rate, and
temperature)

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Cerebellum
Second largest part of the brain
Have 2 hemisphere (right and
leZ)
Connected by narrow bridge
Important role in motor
coordina*on
Important for planning tasks
Evaluates various forms of
sensory input

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Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain

Cerebral cortex
Surface layer of gray maDer
Elaborate folding *ssue,
enables cranium to hold much
more cortex area
Less complicated animals have
smoother cerebrum

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Cerebrum
Have 5 cerebral lobes in each hemisphere:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula

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Cerebrum
Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia)
Gray maDer buried in white
maDer
Involved in motor control
Limbic System
Consist of Amygdala and
Hippocampus
Both part of temporal lobe

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Brain Anatomy

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Brain FuncBons
MulBregional
Not localized to specic region
Involve many regions
No simple one-to-one rela*onship
Divided by funcBons
Special senses
General senses
Cogni*on
Motor Control
Languange

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Special Senses
Employ sense organs limited to the head
Special senses and region receiving input

vision, posterior occipital lobe

hearing, superior temporal lobe and insula
equilibrium, cerebellum
taste, parts of insula and lower parietal lobe
smell, medial temporal and inferior frontal lobes

Special senses
Primary sensory areas
Sensory associa*on area

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Somatosensory Senses
Distributed over en*re body
Include : touch, itch, pain,
cold, pressure, and
movement
Postcentral gyrus
Where signals for general
senses arrive
Ver*cal fold of parietal
lobe posterior to central
sulcus
Like upside down sensory
map of the body
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CogniBon

Mental processes
Account for 75% of brain *ssue
Lesions producing a variety of defects
Memory
Non localized func*on
Memory consolidaBon happens in hippocampus, amygdala,
and cerebellum
Memory for motor skills happen in basal nuclei
Memory for faces and voices happen in frontal lobe
Memory for language happen in temporal and occipital lobe
Memory for odors and tastes happen in frontal lobe
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Motor Control
SomaBc motor division
Controlling skeletal muscles
Under voluntary control
Motor associaBon area
In frontal lobe
Where decision to move
muscle originates
Pracentral gyrus

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Language
Include reading, listening, understanding words, wri*ng, and
speaking
Involves mul*ple areas of cerebrum
Cerebral control is very complex

Key language centers
Wernicke area
Angular gyrus
Broca area

Aphasia : language impairment
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Cerebral LateralizaBon
Categorical hemisphere
Usually but not always, leZ hemisphere
Specialized for spoken and wriDen language
Specialized for sequen*al reasoning
Analyze informa*on in a linear way
RepresentaBonal hemisphere
Usually, but not always, right hemisphere
Perceives informa*on in more integrated way
Seat of imagina*on and insight
Func*on in musical and ar*s*c skill
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Cerebral LateralizaBon

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Cranial Nerves
CN I : Olfactory nerves
CN II : Op*c nerves
CN III : Oculomotor nerves
CN IV : Trochlear nerve
CN V : Trigeminal nerve
CN VI : Abducens nerve
CN VII : Facial Nerve
CN VIII : Ves*bulocochlear
nerve
CN IX : Glossopharyngeal
nerve
CN X : Vagus nerve

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Autonomic Nervous System

Motor nervous system

Control glands, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Carries out ac*on without conscious control
Not required for visceral eectors to func*on

Fight or
Flight

Rest or
Digest

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Visceral Reexes
Regulates primi*ve func*ons

Component of visceral reex:
1. Receptors
2. Aerent neurons leading to CNS
3. Interneurons within CNS
4. Eerent neurons carrying signals away from CNS
5. Eectors

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Sub-Division of ANS
Sympathe*c
Division

Parasympathe*c
Division

Called ight or
ght reac*on
Ac*ve in stressful
situa*on

Called rest or
digest reac*on
Responsible for
ac*vi*es when
body at rest

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Sub-Division of ANS

Parasympathe*c
Division

Sympathe*c
Division

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Receptors and SensaBons

Sensory receptors : any structure specialized to detect
s*mulus

Sense organ : it can be as complex as the eye, or as simple as
dendrite wrapped in connec*ve *ssue

SensaBons : subjec*ve awareness of s*mulus, produced by
sensory signals to the brain

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Types of Sensory
InformaBon
Intensity of
S*mulus

Dura*on of
S*mulus

Sensory
Transduc*on

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Senses
General
Senses

Special
Senses
Limited to the head
Receptors
innervated by
cranial nerves
Include taste, smell,
hearing, vision

Distribute over much

or all of body
In skin, muscle,
tendons, joins
Include touch,
pressure, pain,
temperature
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The General Senses:

Simple Nerve Endings
1. Free nerve endings
Bare dendrites with no connec*ve *ssue, especially
abundant in skin and mucous membranes
2. TacBle discs
Receptors for light touch, employed for detec*ng textures,
edges and shapes
3. Hair receptors
Dendrites that coil around hair folicle, respond to
movement of hair.

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The General Senses:

Simple Nerve Endings
4. TacBle corpuscles
Receptors for light touch and texture, found at boundary
between dermis and epidermis. Concentrated in sensi*ve
hairless areas (nger*ps, palms, eyelids, lips)
5. Lamellar corpuscles
Sensi*ve to deep pressure, stretch, *ckle, and vibra*on.

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The General Senses: Pain

Caused by *ssue injury
Makes us aware of injuries, if unaware can become
infected and grow worse
Pain types:
SomaBc pain : pain from skin, muscles and join
Visceral pain : pain from internal organ
Referred pain : pain felt in apart of the body other than its
actual source

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The General Senses: Pain

Phantom pain
Sensa*on of pain coming from amputated limb
Brain nor perceiving distal limb absent
Spinal gaBng mechanism
Absence or minimal pain aZer severe injury
Pain blocked, secreted by spinal and brainstem neuron,
stop pain signals in cord or brainstem, do not reach
conscious level of brain

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Poster PresentaBon
Make 3 groups
Smell and taste
Hear
Vision
A2 poster
Including : anatomy and physiology of the organ
Presenta*on 15 minutes

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