COURSE MATERIAL For ME6511- DYNAMICS

Syllabus
ME6511

DYNAMICS LAB ORATORY

0032

OBJECTIVES:
i)
ii)

To supplement the principles learnt in kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery.

To understand how certain measuring devices are used for dynamic testing.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. a) Study of gear parameters.
b) Experimental study of velocity ratios of simple, compound, Epicyclic and differential gear
trains.
2. a) Kinematics of Four Bar, Slider Crank, Crank Rocker, Double crank, Double rocker,
Oscillating cylinder Mechanisms.
b) Kinematics of single and double universal joints.
3. a) Determination of Mass moment of inertia of Fly wheel and Axle system.
b) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia of axisymmetric bodies using Turn Table
apparatus.
c) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia using bifilar suspension and compound
pendulum.
4. Motorized gyroscope Study of gyroscopic effect and couple.
5. Governor - Determination of range sensitivity, effort etc., for Watts, Porter, Proell, and Hartnell
Governors.
6. Cams Cam profile drawing, Motion curves and study of jump phenomenon
7. a) Single degree of freedom Spring Mass System Determination of natural frequency and
verification of Laws of springs Damping coefficient determination.
b) Multi degree freedom suspension system Determination of influence coefficient.
8. a) Determination of torsional natural frequency of single and Double Rotor systems.Undamped and Damped Natural frequencies. b) Vibration Absorber Tuned vibration absorber.
9. Vibration of Equivalent Spring mass system undamped and damped vibration.
10. Whirling of shafts Determination of critical speeds of shafts with concentrated loads.
11. a). Balancing of rotating masses. (b) Balancing of reciprocating masses.
12. a) Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam with and without concentrated masses.
b) Forced Vibration of Cantilever beam Mode shapes and natural frequencies.
c) Determination of transmissibility ratio using vibrating table.
Students should be familiar with the use of the following device/equipments depending upon
availability.
Tachometers Contact and non contact
Dial gauge
Stroboscope
Accelerometers Vibration pickups,Displacement meters.
1

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

SL.NO

1
2

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAM

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION FREE BEAM

PAGENO

6
9

FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

13

COMPOUND PENDULUM

17

BIFILAR SUSPENSION

20

WHIRLING OF SHAFT

25

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

27

DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

31

TURN TABLE APARATUS

34

10

HARTNELL GOVERNOR

38

11

PROELL GOVERNOR

42

PORTER GOVERNOR

46

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR-WATT

50

CAM ANALYSIS

54

12
13
14

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF CANTILEVER BEAM

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION - I

EX NO: 1
Aim:

To find the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the cantilever beam.

Apparatus required:
Displacement measuring system (strain gauge) and Weights
Description:
Strain gauge is bound on the beam in the form of a bridge. One end of the beam is fixed and the
other end is hanging free for keeping the weights to find the natural frequency while applying
the load on the beam. This displacement causes strain gauge bridge to give the output in millivolts. Reading of the digital indicator will be in mm.
Formulae used:
1. Natural frequency = 1/2(g/) Hz
where ,
g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and
= deflection in m.
2. Theoretical deflection = Wl3/3EI
Where,
W= applied load in Newton,
L= length of the beam in mm
E= youngs modules of material in N/mm2,
I= moment of inertia in mm4 =bh3/12
3. Experimental stiffness = W/ N-mm and
4. Theoretical stiffness = W/ =3EI/l3 N/mm
Procedure:
1. Connect the sensors to instrument using connection cable.
2. Plug the main cord to 230v/ 50hz supply
3. Switch on the instrument
4. Keep the switch in the read position and turn the potentiometer till displays reads 0
5. Keep the switch at cal position and turn the potentiometer till display reads 5
6. Keep the switch again in read position and ensure at the display shows 0
4

7. Apply the load gradually in grams

8. Read the deflection in mm

Observation: Cantilever beam dimensions: Length=30cm, Breadth=6.5cm and Height=0.4cm

Tabulation:
Sl.
No.

Applied
mass
m (kg)

Deflection
(mm)

Theoretical
deflection
T (mm)

Experimental
Stiffness
k (N/mm)

Model Calculation:

Theoretical
Stiffness
k (N/mm)

Natural
frequency
fn (Hz)

Graph:
Draw the characteristics curves of load vs displacement, natural frequency
Draw the characteristics curves of displacement vs natural frequency

Result:
Thus the transverse vibration of fee beam carried and the natural frequency is determined

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION FREE BEAM

EX NO: 2

TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS - II

Aim:
To study the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central or offset
concentrated load or uniformly distributed load.
Apparatus Required:
Turn-on bearings,
beams,
weights.
Procedure:
1. Fix the beam into the slots of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Add the concentrated load centrally or offset, or uniformly distributed.
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.
Formulae used:
Defection at the center, T= Wl3/48EI for central concentrated load.
Defection at the load point, T= Wa2b2/3EIl for offset concentrated load.
Defection at the center, T= 5wl4/384EI for uniformly distributed load.
I = bd3/12;
b = width of the beam,
d = depth of the beam,
l = length of the beam.
Natural frequency of transverse vibrations, fn = 1/2(g/) Hz
where g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and
= deflection in m.
Graphs:
1. Deflection Vs. load (N) from this get stiffness (graph)
2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency
3. Load in N Vs. natural frequency

Observations:
Stiffness experimental, K = load/deflection =W/ = mg/ N/mm
Stiffness theoretical,

K = W/ T = 48EI/l3 for center load,

= 3EIl/a2b2 for offset load,
= 384EI/5l3 for uniformly distributed load,

Tabular column:
Sl.
No.

Mass added
m , kg

Experimental Theoretical Theoretical Experimental Theoretical

Deflection
Deflection Nat. freq.
Stiffness
Stiffness
f
,
Hz
K,
N/m
K, N/m
, m
T, m
n

Model calculation:

Result:
Thus the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central or offset
concentrated load or uniformly distributed load are studied.

10

FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

11

EX NO: 3

FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

Aim:
To determine stiffness of the given helical spring, period and frequency of undamped free
vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass system experimentally and compare it with the
theoretical values.
Apparatus required:
Weights, Thread, Ruler, Stopwatch
Description:
The setup is designed to study the free or forced vibration of a spring mass system either
damped or undamped condition. It consists of a mild steel flat firmly fixed at one end through a
trunnion and in the other end suspended by a helical spring, the trunnion has got its bearings fixed
to a side member of the frame and allows the pivotal motion of the flat and hence the vertical
motion of a mass which can be mounted at any position along the longitudinal axes of the flat. The
mass unit is also called the exciter, and its unbalanced mass can create an excitational force during
the study of forced vibration experiment. The experiment consists of two freely rotating unbalanced
discs. The magnitude of the mass of the exciter can be varied by adding extra weight, which can be
screwed at the end of the exciter.
Formula used
Stiffness, k = load/deflection N/m
Experimental natural frequency, fn(exp) =1/t Hz
Theoretical natural frequency, fn(the) = 1/2(g/) Hz

Procedure:
Determination of spring stiffness
1. Fix the top bracket at the side of the scale and Insert one end of the spring on the hook.
2. At the bottom of the spring fix the other plat form
3. Note down the reading corresponding to the plat form
4. Add the weight and observe the change in deflection
5. With this determine spring stiffness
12

Tabulation:
Sl Weight Deflection
no added m (mm)
(kg)

Stiffness Time for 10 Time period

k (N/m) oscillation
T (sec)
t (sec)

Model Calculation:

13

Experimental
natural
frequency,
fn(exp), Hz

Theoretical
natural
frequency
fn(the), Hz

Determination of natural frequency

1. Add the weight and make the spring to oscillate for 10 times
2. Note the corresponding time taken for 10 oscillations and calculate time period
3. From the time period calculate experimental natural frequency
Graph:
Load vs Deflection
Load vs Theoretical natural frequency
Load vs Experimental natural frequency

Result:
Stiffness of the spring,
i) Experimentally, K expm =
ii) Graphically =

, N/m

, N/m

The period and frequency of undamped free vibration (longitudinal vibration)of

spring mass system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical values.

14

COMPOUND PENDULUM

15

EX NO: 4

COMPOUND PENDULUM

Aim:
To determine moment of inertia by using compound pendulum and period and radius of
gyration of the given steel bar experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus Required:
1) Steel bar

3) Stop watch and

2) Knife edge support

4) Measuring tape

Description of the setup:

The compound pendulum consists of 100 cm length and 5 mm thick steel bar. The bar is
supported by the knife edge. It is possible to change the length of suspended pendulum by
supporting the bar in different holes.
Procedure:
1) Support the steel bar in any one of the holes.
2) Note the length of suspended pendulum to measure OG.
3) Allow the bar to oscillate and determine Texp by knowing the time taken for n = 10 oscillations.
4) Repeat the experiment with different length of suspension.
Formulae used:
Time period T= t/N sec and also Experimental time period T = 2((K2+L12)/gL1)
Where K= experimental radius of gyration and K = ((gL1T2/42)-L12),
L1= distance from point of suspension to centre of gravity of rod and L= total length of the rod
Theoretical radius of gyration, Kt = L/12=0.2866L
Natural frequency fn = 1/T (Hz) and Moment of inertia Im = mk2 kg-m2

16

Tabulation:
Sl.
No.

Distance
L1 (m)

Time for 5 Time period T Natural

oscillations (sec)
frequency
t (sec)
fn (Hz)

Model Calculation:

17

Experimental radius
of gyration
(Kexp)

Result:
i) Moment of inertia of the given steel bar =

, Nms2

ii) Mean experimental radius of gyration, Kexp =

, cm

iii) Theoretical radius of gyration , Ktheo =

, cm

18

BIFILAR SUSPENSION

19

EX NO: 5

BIFILAR SUSPENSION

Aim:
To determine the radius of gyration of given bar by using bifilar suspensionand periodic time
experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.
Apparatus required:
1) Vibration lab machine

4) Stop watch and

2) Measuring tape

5) Bar

3) Weights
Description of the setup:
A uniform rectangular section bar is suspended from the pendulum support frame by two
parallel cords. Top ends of the cords pass through the two small chucks fitted at the top. Other ends
are secured in the bifilar bar. It is possible to adjust the length of the cord by loosing the chucks. The
suspension may also be used to determine the radius of gyration of any body. In this case the body
under investigations bolted to the centre. Radius of gyration of the combined bar and body is then
determined.
Procedure:
1. Select the bifilar plate
2. With the help of chuck tighten the string at the top.
3. Adjust the length of string to desired value.
4. Give a small horizontal displacement about vertical axis.
5. Start the stop watch and note down the time required for N oscillation.
6. Repeat the experiment by adding weights and also by changing the length of the strings.
7. Do the model calculation

20

Observation:
Type of suspension = bifilar suspension
Number of oscillation n=10
b =10.15 cm d = 4.5 cm

b1=21.5 cm

Tabulation:
Sl.
No.

Weight
added
m (kg)

Length of
string
L (m)

Time taken
for N osc.
T sec

Model Calculation:

21

Natural
frequency
fn (Hz)

Radius of
gyration
k (mm)

Formula used:
Time period T=t/N
Natural frequency fn = 1/T hz
Radius of gyration k =(Tb/2)(g/L) (mm)
Where,
b=distance of string from centre of gravity,
T= time period
L= length of the string, N= number of oscillations
t= time taken for N oscillations

Graph:
A graph is plotted between weights added and radius of gyration

Result:
Radius of gyration of given bar:
i ) Experimentally, Kexpm =

, cm

ii) Theoretically,

, cm

Ktheo =

The periodic time of the given bar is determined experimentally and verified with the
theoretical values.

22

WHIRLING OF SHAFT

23

EX NO: 6

WHIRLING OF SHAFT

Aim:
To determine the whirling speed for various diameter shafts experimentallyand compare it with
the theoretical values.
Apparatus Required:
1) Shaft 3 nos.
2) Digital tachometer
3) Chuck key and

4) AC voltage regulator

Description of the setup:

The apparatus is used to study the whirling phenomenon of shafts. This consists of a frame in
which the driving motor and fixing blocks are fixed. A special design is provided to clear out the
effects of bearings of motor spindle from those of testing shafts.
Procedure:
1) The shaft is to be mounted with the end condition as simply supported.
2) The speed of rotation of the shaft is gradually increased.
3) When the shaft vibrates violent in fundamental mode ( I mode ), the speed is noted down.
4) The above procedure is repeated for the remaining shafts.
Formula used:
fn =K(EgI/wl4) and N= fn X 60
Where, fn= natural frequency of vibration in Hz
g= acceleration due to gravity, (9.81m/s2), E= modules of elasticity of the shaft
I=moment of inertia of shaft in m4, w= weight /unit length in N/m
l=effective length of the shaft between supports in m. and N= speed of the shaft in RPM
K= constant (2.45)

Observation:
Youngs modulus, E (for steel) = 2.06 x 1011 , N / m2
Youngs modulus, E (for copper) = 1.23 x 1011 ,
N / m2Length of the shaft, L = ,m Shaft 1 (steel) Shaft 2 (copper) Shaft 3(steel)
m1 = 0.0584 kg m2 = 0.16496 kg m3 = 0.16051 kg d1 = 0.0031 m d2 = 0.00484 m
d3 = 0.00511 ml1 = m l2 = m l3 = m

24

Model Calculation:

Result :
Thus the whirling speed for various diameter shafts are determined experimentally and
verified with the theoretical values.

BALANCING ROTATING MASSES

25

EX NO: 7

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

Aim:
To balance the given rotor system dynamically with the aid o the force polygon and the
couple polygon.
Apparatus required:
rotor system,
26

weights,
steel rule, etc.
Procedure:
1. Fix the unbalanced masses as per the given conditions: radius, angular position and plane of
masses.
2. Find out thee balancing masses and angular positions using force polygon, and couple
polygon
3. Fix the balancing masses (calculated masses) at the respective radii and angular position.
4. Run the system at certain speeds and check that the balancing is done effectively.
5. If the rotor system rotates smoothly, without considerable vibrations, means the system is
dynamically balanced.

Tabulations:
Sl.
No.

Planes
of mass

1
2
3
4

A
B
C
D

Mass
m, kg

Radius C.Force / 2
r, m mr, kg-m

Distance from Couple / 2

Ref. Plane
mrl, kg-m2
l,
m

Model Calculation:
27

28

Result:
Thus the given rotor system has been dynamically balanced with the aid of force polygon
and couple polygon.

29

EX NO: 8

DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

Aim:
To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.
Apparatus required:
Gyroscope,
tachometer, or stroboscope,
variable voltage transformer,
rotating disc with a light reflecting sticker for stroboscope speed measurement
Procedure:
1. The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage
transformer.
2. The speed of the (N) disc is measured using a tachometer or a stroboscope.
3. A weight /mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc.
4. This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly (rotating disc, rotor and
weight platform with weight) is standing to move in a perpendicular plane to that of plane of
rotating of disc. This is called gyroscopic motion.
5. The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement ( =60) is noted.

Formula used:
Mass moment of inertia of the disc, I = md2 /8, kg-m2,
m-mass of the disc and d-dia of the disc.
Angular velocity of the disc, = 2N / 60, rad/s,
N-speed of disc in rpm
Angular velocity of precession, p = ( / t) x (/180) rad/s
Reactive gyroscopic couple, Cr=I..p Nm and
Active gyroscopic couple, Ca=W x L,
W-weight added = mg, N
and L-distance between centers of weight to center plane of disc.

30

Tabulation:
Sl
no

Speed of
disc,
N, rpm

Weight
added
m, kg

Time taken for

60 precision
t,
sec

Model Calculation:

31

Active couple
Ca=W x L
Nm

Reactive couple
Cr=I..p
Nm

Graph:
1. Active couple Vs. Reactive couple
2. Weight added Vs. Reactive couple

Result:
Thus the active and reactive gyroscopic couples are determined and compared.

32

EX NO : 9

TURN TABLE APARATUS

Aim:
To determine angular velocity , angular acceleration, mass moment of inertia and centrifugal
force of reciprocating masses
Apparatus required:
Turn table,
masses,
steel rule
Definitions:
velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, angular acceleration, centrifugal force and mass
moment of inertia.
Procedure:
1. Fix the mass to the sliding arm and measure the initial radius R1
2. Make the turn table to rotate at (30-40 rpm) low speeds and measure the final radial position
of the mass, R2 and the time taken by the mass to travel from initial radial position to final
position, t in seconds.
3. Repeat the steps for different amounts of masses.
Formulae used:
Initial velocity, V1=2R1N / 60, m/s
Final velocity, V2= 2R2N / 60 m/s
Linear acceleration, a= (V2 - V1) / t, m/s2
Normal acceleration, an= V22/R2 m/s2
Tangential acceleration, at = (a2-an2), m/s2
Angular acceleration , = at / R2 rad/s2
Angular velocity ,= 2N / 60, rad/s
Centrifugal force, F = mV22 /R2, N
Mass moment of inertia, Im = m R22 kg-m2

33

Im,

Model Calculations:

34
F,

secTime taken
NCentrifugal force

t,

rad/s2Angular acceleration

rad/sAngular velocity

V2, m/sFinal velocity

V1, m/sInitial velocity

N, rpmSpeed

R2, mFinal radius

kg-m2Mass Moment of Inertia

kgMass

R1, mInitial radius

m,

Sl. No.

Tabulation:

35

Result:
Thus the angular velocity, angular acceleration, centrifugal force and mass moment of inertia
were determined and tabulated.

HARTNELL GOVERNOR

36

EX NO: 10

HARTNELL GOVERNOR

Aim :
To determine the characteristic curves of the Hartnell governor.
Apparatus Required:
1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor
2. Hartnell arm setup

3. Sleeve weights
4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley arrangement.
Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle is driven by
motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing. The optional governor mechanisms can be
mounted on spindle. Digital speed is controlled by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with
sensor to determine the speed. A graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical
direction. Sleeve displacement is to be noted on the scale provided. The centre sleeve of the Porter
and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to which weights may be added. The Hartnell
governor provides means of varying spring rate and initial compression level and mass of rotating
weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to be operated as a stable or unstable governor. DC
motor with drive: HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation. Separate linkages for
governor arrangements ( Porter, Proell and Hartnell )are provided using same motor and base.
Procedure:
1. The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and spring, where
applicable, and inserted into the drive unit.
2. The following simple procedure may then be followed.
3 .The control unit is switched on and the speed control knob is slowly turned to increase the
governor speed until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with some divisions on the
graduated scale.
4.. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded.
5. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements and readings
are recorded at each stage throughout the range of sleeve movement possible.
6. The radius of rotation for corresponding sleeve displacement is measured using the formula.

37

Tabular column:

Model Calculation:

38

Precautions:
1) Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady.
2) See that at higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor.
3) While closing the test bring the pointer to zero position and then switch off the motor.
Observation:
Mass of each ball, m = , kgf
Initial radius of rotation, ro =
,m
Formulae:
Controlling Force, F = m2 r , N
Where, m = mass of each ball , kgf
= angular velocity = ( 2N ) / 60 , rps
where, N = speed , rpm
r = radius of rotation ,m = ro + X ( a / b ) ,
m where, ro = initial radius of rotation ,m
X = sleeve displacement ,m a = ,m b = ,m
Graphs:
(i)

Displacement vs Speed

(ii)

(ii) Radius of rotation vs Controlling force

Result:
Thus the characteristic curves of the Hartnell governor are determined.

PROELL GOVERNOR

39

Exp. No. : 11

PROELL GOVERNOR

Aim :
To determine the characteristic curves of the proell governor.

40

Apparatus Required:
1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor
2. Proell arm setup

3. Sleeve weights
4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle is
driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is controlled
by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A graduated scale
is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to be noted on the
scale provided. The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to
which weights may be added.
The Hartnell governor provides means of varying spring rate and initial compression level
and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to be operated as a stable or
unstable governor.
DC motor with drive: HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation. Separate
linkages for governor arrangements ( Porter, Proell and Hartnell )are provided using same motor
and base.

Observation:
Mass of each ball, m =
Mass added =

, kgf
,g

Tabulation:

41

Model Calculation:

Procedure:
1. The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and spring,
where applicable, and inserted into the drive unit.
2. The following simple procedure may then be followed.

42

3. The control unit is switched on and the speed control knob is slowly turned to increase
the governor speed until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with some
divisions on the graduated scale.
4. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded.
5. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements and
readings are recorded at each stage throughout the range of sleeve movement possible.
6. The radius of rotation for corresponding sleeve displacement is measured directly by
switching off the electronic control unit.
Precautions:
1) Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady. 2) See that at
higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor. 3) While
closing the test bring the pointer to zero position and then switch off the motor.
Formulae:
Controlling Force, F = m2 r , N
Where,
m = mass of each ball , kgf
= angular velocity = ( 2N ) / 60 , rps
N = speed , rpm
r = radius of rotation ,m
Graphs:
(i)

Displacement vs Speed

(ii)

(ii) Radius of rotation vs Controlling force

Result:
Thus the characteristic curves of the proell governor are determined.

PORTER GOVERNOR

43

Exp. No. : 12

PORTER GOVERNOR

Aim :
To determine the characteristic curves of the porter governor.
Apparatus Required:

44

1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor

2. Porter arm setup

3. Sleeve weights
4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor
spindle is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is controlled
by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A
graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is
to be noted on the scale provided.
The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to which
weights may be added. The Hartnell governor provides means of varying spring rate and
initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to
be operated as a stable or unstable governor.
DC motor with drive: HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation. Separate
linkages for governor arrangements ( Porter, Proell and Hartnell )are provided using same
motor and base.

Observation:
Mass of each ball, m =
Mass added
=

, kgf
,g

Tabulation:

45

Model Calculation:

Procedure:
1. The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and spring,
where applicable, and inserted into the drive unit.
2. The following simple procedure may then be followed.

46

3. The control unit is switched on and the speed control knob is slowly turned to increase
the governor speed until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with some
divisions on the graduated scale.
4. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded.
5. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements and
readings are recorded at each stage throughout the range of sleeve movement possible.
6. The radius of rotation for corresponding sleeve displacement is measured directly by
switching off the electronic control unit.
Precautions:
1) Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady. 2) See that at
higher speed the load on the sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the governor. 3) While
closing the test bring the pointer to zero position and then switch off the motor.
Formulae:
Controlling Force, F = m2 r , N
Where, m = mass of each ball , kgf
= angular velocity = ( 2N ) / 60 , rps
where,
N = speed , rpm
r = radius of rotation , m
Graphs:
(i)

Displacement vs Speed

(ii)

(ii) Radius of rotation vs Controlling force

Result:
Thus the characteristic curves of the porter governor are determined.

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR-WATT

47

Exp. No. : 13

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR-WATT

Aim :
To determine the characteristic curves of the watt governor.
Apparatus Required:
48

1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor

2. Porter arm setup

3. Sleeve weights
4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor
spindle is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is controlled
by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A
graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is
to be noted on the scale provided.

Procedure:
1. The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights and spring,
where applicable, and inserted into the drive unit.
2. The following simple procedure may then be followed.
3. The control unit is switched on and the speed control knob is slowly turned to increase
the governor speed until the centre sleeve rises off the lower stop and aligns with some
divisions on the graduated scale.
4. The sleeve position and speed are then recorded.
5. The governor speed is then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements and
readings are recorded at each stage throughout the range of sleeve movement possible.
6. The radius of rotation for corresponding sleeve displacement is measured directly by
switching off the electronic control unit.

Tabulation:

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Model Calculation:

Formulae:
Controlling Force, F = m2 r , N
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Where,
m = mass of each ball , kgf
= angular velocity = ( 2N ) / 60 , rps
where,
N = speed , rpm
r = radius of rotation ,m
Graphs:
(i)

Displacement vs Speed

(ii)

(ii) Radius of rotation vs Controlling force

Result:
Thus the characteristic curves of the watt governor are determined.

CAM ANALYSIS

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Tabulation:

Exp. No. : 14

CAM ANALYSIS
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Aim :
To draw the profile of the circular arc cam with flat face follower using the given apparatus.
Description :
The machine is a motorized unit consisting of a cam shaft driven by a AC/DC motor. The
shaft runs in a ball bearing. At the free end of the cam shaft a cam can be easily mounted. The
follower is properly guided in gun metal bushes. A graduated circular protractor is fitted co-axial
with the shaft and a dial gauge can be fitted to note the follower displacement for the angle of cam
rotation. A spring is used to provide controlling force to the follower system. Weights on the
follower rod can be adjusted as per the requirements.
The arrangement of speed regulation is provided. The machine is particularly very useful for
testing the cam performance for jump phenomenon during operation. This machine clearly shows
the effect of change of forces on jump action of cam follower during operation. It is used for testing
various cam follower pairs, i.e., (a) Circular arc cam with flat follower, (b) An eccentric cam with
flat follower, (c) Sharp edged cam with flat follower.
The unit is provided with the push rod in the two bush bearings. Should the unit be
disassembled, for any, reason while assembling following precautions should be taken: (a) The
horizontality of the upper and lower glands should be checked by a spirit level. (b) The supporting
pillars should be properly tightened with the lock nuts provided.
Jump phenomenon:
The jump phenomenon occurs in case of cam operating under the action of compression
spring load. This is a transient coefficient that occurs only with high speed, highly flexible cam
follower systems. With jump, cam and the follower separate owing to excessively unbalanced forces
exceeding the spring force during the period of negative acceleration. This is undesirable since the
fundamental function of the cam follower system, the constraint and control of follower motion are
not maintained. Also related are the short life of the cam flank surface, high noise, vibrations and
poor action. Jump and crossover shock: A cam follower retained against the cam with a
compression retaining spring will under certain conditions, jump or bounce out of contact with the
cam. This condition is most likely to occur with low values of damping and with high speed cams of

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quite flexible follower trains. Crossover shock occurs in a positive drive cam mechanism when
contact moves from one side of the cam to the other. Clearance and backlash are taken up
Tabulation:
Forward Dwell Return stroke Dwell stroke Angle in degree Follower lift in mm
Follower lift =

,mm Circular arc cam with flat face follower during the crossover and impact

occurs. Crossover takes place on the rise or return motion when the acceleration changes sign and
when the velocity is at its peak. The effects can be reduced by preloading the system to remove
backlash, by designing for low peak velocity and by using rigid follower train.
Roth Bart states that jump will not occur in high speed systems if at least two full cycles of
vibration occur during the positive acceleration time-interval of the motion. If a smaller number of
cycles exist during this period, then, he states, the system should be investigated mathematically to
determine if jump exists. This condition can be expressed by the equation : [Bl K] / 360 2 where
Bliss the angle through which the cam rotates during positive acceleration period. This figure can
probably be reduced slightly for appreciable amounts of damping.
Spring ko loses compression when jump begins and is carried motion with the mass. The resulting
motion now gets rather complicated because the mass, too, must be redistributed. Probably a good
first approximation could be obtained by concentrating a portion of the mass at the bottom of spring
and treating the motion a sa system of two degrees of freedom. It must be noted, through that the
system will vibrate at a new frequency after jump begins and then analysis of the motion using the
old frequency is not a true description of the motion.
Spring Ko loses its compression whenever X exceeds by the amount of Ko was initially compressed
during assembly. Thus to set up a criteria for jump, it is necessary to calculate the pre-compression
of K. To observe the phenomenon of jump(use of a stroboscope is necessary). The speed of cam
rotation and stroboscope frequency of neon lamp are gradually and simultaneously increased and at
the time of jump to occur the follower is seen to loose contact with cam.

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The jump speed thus can be obtained from the stroboscope. When jump occurs the follower
pounds on the cam surface giving a good thumping sound. Upward inertia force = Downward
retaining force[W/g] 2r = W + S This is the equilibrium of force equation when jump will just
start. W = weight of follower assembly = angular velocity = [2N] / 60 rad/secS = spring force
(kg) = stiffness of spring x compression length = distance according to the geometry of cam = l /
(2) where l is lift of the follower.
To study the effect of follower assembly weight on the jump speed when the spring force is
kept constant, keep the initial spring compression at a certain level and observe jump speed for
different follower weights by adding them successively and plot the graph of follower weights vs
jump speed.2 = [(W + S) / (Wr) ]g Therefore , = sqrt[ (g/r)(1 + (s/W) )]This relation shows that
as the follower weight increases the jump speed goes on decreasing.
Procedure
Rotate the cam shaft with the help of the hand through some angle and note down the angle
of cam rotation indicated on the protractor and the corresponding follower displacement indicated in
the dial gauge. Continue the experiment.
Displacement, velocity and acceleration diagrams of the flat face follower
Calculation
Profile of the circular arc cam different angles of cam rotation and draw the graph X vs .
The X vs plot can be used to find out velocity and acceleration of the follower system.
The exact profile of the cam can be obtained by taking observations X vs ,
where
X = displacement of the follower from reference initial position and
= angle of cam rotation with reference from axis of symmetry chosen.

Observation :
Base circle radius or minimum radius of the cam,
r1 =
mm
r2 =
mm.

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Result:
Thus the profile of the circular arc cam with flat face follower has been drawn.

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