Emotional intelligence has been defined as the ability to adaptively recognize, understand,manage, harness

emotions both in self and others (Mayer & Salovey 1995; Schutteet al., 1998) and touse emotion to facilitate
cognitive processing (Mayeret al., 1999). Emotional intelligence has beenconceptualized in the literature both
as a relatively enduring trait and as ability (Mayeret al., 2002; Petrides & Furnham, 2006; Schutteet al., 1998).
Self esteem of the same individual cannot beoverlooked (Carmeliet al., 2007).Self -esteem is appreciating
ones own worth, importance and having the character to beaccountable for oneself and to
act responsibly towards others (Davieset al.
, 1998). It doesnt meanseeing oneself as the greatest person in the world, it is not the same as being conceited;
but it is aboutliking one self, for the most part, as he/she is. It is an affective or emotional aspect of self and
generallyrefers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves (Podesta & Connie, 2001).The main purpose of
this study was to assess whether emotional intelligence is distinctive anduseful in understanding the relationship
with self esteem and it is essential to study the level to whichindividuals that scored high in emotional
intelligence experience greater self esteem. In spite of thecourse of interest in emotional intelligence,
researchers recognize that this notion is still in its earlystages (Davies
et al.
, 1998; Mayer
et al.
, 2002; Zeidner
et al.
, 2004). As observed by Palmer
et al.
, (2002), efforts so far have mostly concentrated on the growth of the theoretical basis of the construct of
emotional intelligence (e.g. Mayer & Salovey, 1995; Salovey &Mayer, 1993), and valid measures of emotional
intelligence (e.g. Mayer
et al.
, 2002; Schutte
et al.
,1998; Wong & Law, 2002).

Violence against women.

Author:
Bunch C; Carrillo R; Shore R
Source:
In: Women in the Third World: an encyclopedia of contemporary issues, edited by Nelly P.
Stromquist. New York, New York, Garland Publishing, 1998. 59-68. (Garland Reference
Library of Social Science Vol. 760)
Abstract:
This essay defines gender violence and empirical findings, and presents profiles of
specific acts of violence such as murder, suicide, domestic battery, rape and sexual
abuse, deprivation of nourishment and health care, female genital mutilation, mercenary
marriage, child marriage, male child preference, and eating disorders. The discussion
includes a focus on the consequences of violence, action to destroy the causes of
violence, and future challenges. Meeting the challenges requires a major shift in public
attitudes away from individual blame toward community accountability for gender-based
violence. The community must not tolerate violence from strangers or its own members.
Communities need models and ways to deal with violence that are built into community
development work. Community-based organizations and women's groups need to be
strengthened. Development actions should reinforce structures, controls, or associations
that delegitimize violence as a means of conflict resolution in the family or in the
community. Public responsibility means examining ways that institutions condone the
violence either actively or passively. Laws and policies must discourage violence and
uphold basic human rights. Gender-based violence is an abuse of human rights and is
deeply entrenched in cultural and religious traditions. The subjugation of women is
accepted without regard to human rights. Global declarations and action plans support
the principle of a universality of human rights. The mass media and education are
powerful ways to challenge societal norms. Legal and economic discrimination against
women impedes development.
- See more at: http://www.popline.org/node/277720#sthash.8zugQvtn.dpuf
Emotional Intelligence
Peter Salovey
A1
A2

A1

and John D. Mayer

Yale
University of New Hampshire

A2

University

Abstract:
This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized
to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in
others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to
motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the
adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on
intelligence, and especially social intelligence, to examine the place of emotion in
traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on
emotion-related skills is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional
intelligence. To conclude the review, the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is
discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested.

Violence against women. The hidden health

burden.
Author:
Heise LL; Pitanguy J; Germain A
Source:
Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1994. ix, 72 p. (World Bank Discussion Papers 255)
Abstract:
This volume on violence against women is directed to policymakers and focuses on
primary prevention, legal reform, health care interventions, victim recovery programs,
and reeducation programs for perpetrators. The success of any program will be
dependent on the impact on root causes and changes in social attitudes and beliefs that
support men's violence against women and the balance of power between men and
women at all levels of society. Violence against women includes rape, domestic violence,
mutilation, murder, and sexual abuse. The impact on health should place the issues
prominently in the public health context and should be seen as an obstacle to economic
and social development. Levinson in an ethnographic review of 90 societies finds 16
societies that are free of family violence, and Sanday finds some societies free of rape.
Violence against women is not inevitable. Some basic aspects of female-directed
violence are that men familiar to women victims are the perpetrators, that prevalence
spans all socioeconomic and education groups, that violence within families is as great
as assaults on the streets, that most violence causing injury originates from men, that
violence increases with time, that perpetrators are not mentally ill, that emotional abuse
is as destructive as physical abuse, and that alcohol use exacerbates violence. Research
studies on prevalence are clearly identified in a chart. A conclusion is that research has
captured the severity of violence, but consequences and effective interventions are not
as well understood. Well designed studies are needed to spur political action in specific
countries. Developing countries usually do not have prevalence data on sexual assault.
The first step in dealing with the issues is for governments to recognize violence as a
health issue. Topics of discussion in this study included problem definition, scope by type
of violence, implications for health and development, solutions, and research needs.
- See more at: http://www.popline.org/node/293368#sthash.xNf6xz87.dpuf

C I TAT I O N
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research.
Browne, Angela; Finkelhor, David
Psychological Bulletin, Vol 99(1), Jan 1986, 66-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/00332909.99.1.66
A BST RAC T
1.
Reviews studies that have tried to empirically confirm the effects of child sexual
abuse cited in the clinical literature. In regard to initial effects, empirical studies have
indicated reactionsin at least some portion of the victim populationof fear, anxiety,
depression, anger and hostility, aggression, and sexually inappropriate behavior.

Frequently reported long-term effects include depression and self-destructive behavior,

anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a
tendency toward revictimization, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment. The kinds
of abuse that appear to be most damaging are experiences involving father figures,
genital contact, and force. The effects of duration and frequency of abuse, age at onset,
the child's reporting of the offense, parental reaction, and institutional response are also
considered. The controversy over the impact of child sexual abuse is discussed. (49 ref)
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Women's self-esteem: a community study of women who report and do not report
childhood sexual abuse.
1.
2.
3.

S Romans,
J Martin and
P Mullen
+Author Affiliations
1. Department of Psychological Medicine, Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New
Zealand.
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determinants of self-esteem have been little studied in non-clinic
samples. It has been suggested recently that child sexual abuse (CSA) may be a major
determinant of low self-esteem in adulthood.
METHOD The psychosocial circumstances associated with low self-esteem in two
random samples of women, one reporting CSA, the other not, were compared, with
particular emphasis on characteristics of family of origin. A two-phase (postal-theninterview) random community study assessed self-esteem and related variables.
RESULTS Psychosocial variables predicting low self-esteem were the same in the two
groups. They included being a follower or a loner, having an overcontrolling mother,
being poorly qualified, giving a history of depressive disorder and displaying current
psychiatric disorder. In addition, the subject's CSA status led to low self-esteem but only
when it was of the most intrusive type. The CSA women had substantially lower mean
total self-esteem score. However, not all aspects of self-esteem were diminished equally;
12/30 items differed between the two groups, and two of the five generated self-esteem
factors, which we named Pessimism and Fatalism, which differed between the control
group and the whole CSA group. There were no differences for Likeability and
Determination.
CONCLUSIONS Predictors of low self-esteem for women include childhood
temperament, a poor relationship with the mother, low qualification attainment,
psychiatric morbidity, both previous and current, and, only when it is the most intrusive,
CSA.

Romans, S., Judy Martin, and Paul Mullen. "Women's self-esteem: a community study of
women who report and do not report childhood sexual abuse." The British Journal of
Psychiatry 169.6 (1996): 696-704.

Violence against Women (VAW)

Violence against women (VAW) appears as one of the countrys pervasive social
problems. According to the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted by
the National Statistics Office, one in five Filipino women age 15-49 has experienced
physical violence since age 15. It is indeed alarming that despite efforts to address the
concern, VAW persists.
VAW is deemed to be closely linked with the unequal power relationship between women
and men otherwise known as gender-based violence.Societal norms and traditions
dictate people to think men are the leaders, pursuers, providers, and take on dominant
roles in society while women are nurturers, mens companions and supporters, and take
on subordinate roles in society. This perception leads to men gaining more power over
women. With power comes the need to control to retain that power. And VAW is a form of
mens expression of controlling women to retain power.
Women are also put to blame as the cause of their own misery. In the home, some
women are accused of being naggers or neglectful of their duties as wife that is why
they are beaten by their spouses. Rape is sometimes attributed to a raped womans
flirtatious ways. A woman filing for sexual harassment, in some instances is blamed for
being malicious by interpreting her employers appreciation of her good looks.
These are just some of the realities that contribute to the vulnerability of Filipino women
to VAW. An even greater problem is the lack of concrete information to show the extent
of VAW in the country as many cases of violence against women often go unreported due
to women victims culture of silence. Many of the victims are ashamed to relate their
experiences while others tend to dismiss their ordeal as a result of their lack of faith in
the countrys justice system caused by frustrations over the lack of results in filing
complaints.

Several government mechanisms have already been put in place to address VAW. Nongovernment organizations also take part in this crusade. It is uncertain when this trend
will totally diminish in the Philippine setting, but as long as current efforts to fight VAW
are sustained, hope could be set high.
Statistics on violence against Filipino women
Submitted by webmaster on Tue, 2014-05-13 15:07
The 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) conducted by
the National Statistics Office (NSO) introduced the "Women Safety Module" which
aims to capture the extent and types of VAW experienced by women (15-49 years
old). Information was collected on spousal violence - covering all forms of VAW: 1)
physical violence; 2) sexual violence; 3) emotional violence; and 4) economic
violence (the 3rd and 4th forms of VAW were grouped together in the survey as
"other forms of violence"). The module also included questions on marital control,
which may fall either under emotional/psychological violence or economic
violence.
Physical Violence
The NDHS revealed that one in five women aged 15-49 has experienced physical
violence since age 15; 14.4 percent of married women have experienced physical
abuse from their husbands; and more than one-third (37%) of separated or
widowed women have experienced physical violence, implying that domestic
violence could be the reason for separation or annulment

Sexual Violence
One in twenty five women age 15-49 who have ever had sex ever experienced
forced first sexual intercourse
One in ten women age 15-49 ever experienced sexual violence
Physical Violence During Pregnancy
Overall, 4 percent of women who have ever been pregnant have ever experienced
physical violence during pregnancy. The incident increases slightly with number of
living children; decreases slightly with age; decreases with education level; and
declines steadily with wealth quintile.

Spousal Violence
Emotional and other forms of non-personal violence are the most common types of
spousal violence (23% of ever-married women). One in seven ever-married women
experienced physical violence by their husbands while 8 percent experienced
sexual violence by their husbands.
Patterns in prevalence of spousal violence are similar to those of violence
experienced by woman 15-49. Most likely higher among separated, widowed and
divorced; currently married women who have married more than once; and in
CARAGA region, Central Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN.

Spousal Violence by Husband's Characteristics

Spousal Violence tends to decline as husband's age increases, education increases,
and wealth quintile increases.
Consequences of Spousal Violence
One in three women who experienced physical/sexual violence reported having
physical injuries such as cuts, bruises or aches. More than 10 percent reported to
have suffered eye injuries, sprains, dislocations or burns, and about the same
proportion reported that they attempted to commit suicide.
Three in five women who experienced physical/sexual violence reported having
experienced psychological consequences like depression, anxiety and anger.
Violence Initiated by Women Against Husbands
Women were asked, "Have you ever hit, slapped, kicked, or done anything else to
physically hurt your (last) husband at times when he was not already beating or
physically hurting you?". 16 percent answered "Yes, ever" and 9 percent answered
"Yes, in the last 12 months"
VAW Reported to the Philippine National Police
In 2013 the number of VAW cases reported to the Philippine National Police (PNP)
increases by 49.4 percent from 2012 report. The increase caused the trend to go
upward again after it decreases in 2011.

 The 2013 report is so far the highest number of reported VAW cases since 1997.
The trend, however, is not conclusive of a decreasing or increasing VAW incidence
in the country because data are based only from what was reported to PNP.
Across a ten-year period from 2004 to 2013, average violations of RA 9262 ranked
first at 57 percent among the different VAW categories since its implementation in
2004.
Reported cases under RA 9262 continue to increase from 218 in 2004 to 16,517
cases in 2013. Continuous information campaign on the law and its strict
implementation may have caused the increasing trend.
Since 2004, wife battering cases have been categorized under Violation of RA
9262 that is, if the victim files a case under such law, otherwise the reported
cases will fall under physical injuries category.
Physical injury is the second most prevalent case across the ten-year period,
accounting for 19.7 percent of all reported VAW cases nationwide.

Table 1. Annual Comparative Statistics on Violence Against Women, 2004 2012

Reported Cases

200
4

200
5

200
6

200
7

200
8

200
9

2010 2011 2012 2013

Rape

997

927

659

837

811

770

1,04
2

832

1,03
0

1,25
9

Incestuous Rape

38

46

26

22

28

27

19

23

33

26

Attempted Rape

194

148

185

147

204

167

268

201

256

317

580

536

382

358

445

485

745

625

721

1,03
5

Acts
Lasciviousness

of

Physical Injuries

3,55 2,33 1,89 1,50 1,30 1,49 2,01

3
5
2
5
7
8
8

1,58
8

1,74
4

3,56
4

Sexual
Harassment

53

37

38

63

41

196

RA 9262

218

924

1,26 2,38 3,59 5,28 9,97

9
7
9
5
4

9,02
1

11,5
31

16,5
17

Threats

319

223

199

213

240

426

46

182

18

220

54

208

83

374

Seduction

62

19

29

30

19

19

25

15

10

Concubinage

121

102

93

109

109

99

158

128

146

199

RA 9208

17

11

16

24

34

152

190

62

41

45

29

16

34

23

28

18

25

22

20

23

Unjust Vexation

90

50

59

59

83

703

183

155

156

250

Total

6,2
71

5,3
74

4,8
81

5,7
29

6,9
05

9,4
85

15,1
04

12,9
48

15,9
69

23,8
65

Abduction
Kidnapping

Source: Philippine National Police - Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC)
Reported incidence of physical injury has been decreasing in the latter years. Its
peak was in 2001 at 5,668 reported cases.
The decrease can be partly attributed to the enactment into law of RA 9262 or AntiVAWC Act of 2004 which penalizes abusive husbands and live-in partners.
However, in 2009 and 2010 the reported cases show an increasing trend which
slides back in 2011. The trend starts to increase again in 2012 and 2013.
Reported rape cases which ranked third accounted for about 8.6 percent of total
reported VAW cases from 2004 to 2013.
Acts of lasciviousness ranked fourth at an average of 591 reported cases
accounting for 5.5 percent of all reported VAW cases from 2004 to 2013. The
comparative figures indicate an upward trend of the reported cases after a record
low of 358 reported cases in 2007.
Among the different regions, Region 6 (Western Visayas) posted the highest
reported VAW cases from January to December 2013 with 4,833 reported cases,
accounting for 20.3 percent of the total reported VAW cases nationwide.
Region 11 (Davao) comes next at 4,411 (18.5%) reported VAW cases followed by
Region 7 (Central Visayas) with 3,460 reported VAW cases or 14.5 percent of the
total reported VAW cases nationwide.
The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) posted the lowest reported
VAW cases

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

Issue
Volume 9, Number 3 / 1989-90
:
Page
185 211
s:
URL: Linking Options
DOI: 10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Emotional

Peter Salovey

A1

and John D. Mayer

A1
A2

Intelligence

A2

Yale

University

University of New Hampshire

Abstract:
This article presents a framework for emotional intelligence, a set of skills hypothesized
to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in
others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to
motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the
adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on
intelligence, and especially social intelligence, to examine the place of emotion in
traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on
emotion-related skills is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional
intelligence. To conclude the review, the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is
discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested.

C I TAT I O N
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of
offspring.
Repetti, Rena L.; Taylor, Shelley E.; Seeman, Teresa E.
Psychological Bulletin, Vol 128(2), Mar 2002, 330-366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/00332909.128.2.330
1.

ABSTRACT
Risky families are characterized by conflict and aggression and by relationships
that are cold, unsupportive, and neglectful. These family characteristics create
vulnerabilities and/or interact with genetically based vulnerabilities in offspring that
produce disruptions in psychosocial functioning (specifically emotion processing and
social competence), disruptions in stress-responsive biological regulatory systems,
including
sympathetic-adrenomedullary
and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
functioning, and poor health behaviors, especially substance abuse. This integrated
biobehavioral profile leads to consequent accumulating risk for mental health disorders,
major chronic diseases, and early mortality. In conclusion, the authors state that
childhood family environments represent vital links for understanding mental and

physical health across the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights
reserved

C I TAT I O N
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.
Greenwald, Anthony G.; Farnham, Shelly D.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
1038.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.1022

Vol

79(6),

Dec

2000,

1022-

A BST RAC T
1.
Experiment 1 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E.
McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic
associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly
correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of selfesteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept
measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed
triple the difference in measured masculinityfemininity between men and women.
Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures.
Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to
success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion
with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)