C VT RN BIN DNG

Chng 2.

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

TRNG THI BIN DNG

2.1 CHUYN NG, CHUYN V V BIN DNG

2.1.1 Chuyn ng v hai cch m t chuyn ng
Ta dng h ta cc thng dng kho st vt th n hi chu lc. Chu
tc ng ca cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi, vt th s thay i hnh dng. Mi trng
chuyn t trng thi ban u sang trng thi mi do s chuyn ng ca cc ht (phn t)
vt cht trong mi trng. Cc chuyn ng c gi l chuyn v.
Gi B l hnh thi ban u ca
x3,x3
vt th thi im t0, B l hnh thi
B, t
ca vt th khi bin dng thi im
t. M l im bt k thuc B, xc nh
N
u
+
du
bi vector v tr r (xi), sau bin dng
B, to
ds
c v tr M xc nh bi vector v tr
M
u
N
r (xi).
ds
Chuyn ng, hay s thay i v tr
M r'
ca ht vt cht, l php bin i ta
r
:
x2,x2
O
'
'
xi = xi ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )
(2.1)
Hnh 2.1. Trang thai bien dang cua vat the
tng quan gia cc im l tng x1,x1
quan 1-1.
Ta c hai cch m t chuyn ng, theo Lagrange v theo Euler, ty thuc vo ta
chn bin s ta trong phng trnh chuyn ng l x hay x.
M t chuyn ng theo Lagrange
Phng trnh chuyn ng theo Lagrange (ph thuc vo thi gian t) c dng:
xi' = xi' ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , t )
(2.2)
Nu c nh xi phng trnh (2.2) m t qu o chuyn ng ca ht c th c ta
xi trong cu hnh ban u. Nu xem xi l bin v c nh t, phng trnh (2.2) cho bit s
phn b ca vt th ti thi im xc nh t. Nu x v t u l bin, th phng trnh
(2.2) cho bit v tr cc phn t ca ton b vt th ti mi thi im t, c ngha l bit
qui lut chuyn ng ca vt th. Ta xi c chn lm thng s c lp v cn c
gi l ta vt cht hay ta Lagrange. M t chuyn ng theo Lagrange thch hp
cho vic m t vt rn bin dng.
M t chuyn ng theo Euler
Ngc li vi Lagrange, m t Euler xem xt cc hin tng xy ra ti im M trong
khng gian (c ta xi), thi im t.
Nu chn xi lm thng s c lp, ta c th cho qui lut chuyn ng di dng:
xi = xi ( x1' , x 2' , x3' , t )
(2.3)

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

cho php theo di ht vt cht v tr ban u m ti thi im t n chim v tr xi. y

l phng trnh m t chuyn ng theo Euler, xi c gi l ta Euler hay ta
khng gian. Nu c nh xi (hay im M), phng trnh (2.3) xc nh dng cc ht vt
cht ln lt chuyn ti im M theo thi gian t v qui lut bin i ca cc i lng
c trng ng vi tng thi gian t. M t Euler thch hp nghin cu dng chy, hay
c dng trong c cht lng hoc cht kh.
Quan h gia hai cch m t chuyn ng
Hai cch biu din trn l tng ng, cc bin s c th qui i t Lagrange theo
Euler, hoc ngc li. Biu thc (2.2) thc cht v ton hc l mt php bin i ta .
Vi gi thit hm xi (xi, t) lin tc cng vi o hm bc cao hn v c Jacobi khc
khng, bao gi ta cng gii ngc li c xi = xi (xi, t). Do , iu kin cn v
tn ti cc hm ngc ca chng l cc Jacobi phi khc khng:

J=

x' i
0
x j

(2.4)

2.1.2 Chuyn v v bin dng

Chuyn v ca im M l vector MM:
u = MM ' = OM 'OM
vi cc thnh phn:
u i ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) = xi' xi
(2.5)
Cc thnh phn chuyn v u i s l hm v hng ca ta , bin s ta c th l
bin s Lagrange hoc Euler.
Khi vt th bin dng, mi phn t u thay i hnh dng. kho st bin dng ti
im, ta xt s bin i ca mt phn t thng ds ni im M v im N rt gn vi n.
Chuyn ng ca on thng c th phn lm 2 thnh phn:
- Chuyn v tng th mang ds chuyn n ds m khng c bin dng (khng lm n
thay i v chiu di), thc hin bi mt php quay ton khi. Chuyn v ny c
gi l chuyn dch nh mt c th hay php quay cng. Nh vy, chuyn ti v tr
mi, mi trng c th chuyn ng quay nh mt vt th tuyt i cng m khong
cch gia cc phn t khng thay i.
- Bin dng thun ty mang ds trng vi ds v thay i v chiu di.
Phn chuyn v th nht c nghin cu trong C L thuyt.
Bin dng mi trng ch lin quan ti phn chuyn v th hai v gi l bin dng thun
ty.
Khi cc hm s chuyn v l tuyn tnh theo cc bin s ta th d thy rng cc
ng thng, cc mt phng ca mi trng thi im ban u vn s tr thnh cc
ng thng, cc mt phng ca mi trng thi im t. Trng thi bin dng nh th
gi l trng thi bin dng thun nht. Khi bin dng khng thun nht, cc hm s u i
l phi tuyn i vi bin s ta .
V d 1: Cho qui lut chuyn ng:
x1' = x1
x 2' = x 2 + x1 (e 2t 1)
'
3

x = x3 + x1 (e

3t

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

(a)

1)

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Tm chuyn v theo ta Lagrange v Euler.

Gii:
Chuyn v trong ta Lagrange:
u1 = x'1 x1 = 0

u 2 = x 2' x 2 = x1 (e 2t 1)
u 3 = x3' x3 = x1 (e 3t 1)
D thy, iu kin (2.4) c tha mn nn ta c th vit phng trnh chuyn ng theo
Euler:
x1 = x'1
x 2 = x' 2 x'1 (e 2t 1)

(b)

3t

x3 = x'3 x'1 (e 1)
Suy ra chuyn v theo Euler:
u1 = x'1 x1 = 0
u 2 = x 2' x 2 = x1' (e 2t 1)
u 3 = x3' x3 = x1' (e 3t 1)
V d 2: Trng thi bin dng thun nht: thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm
V d 3: Trng thi bin dng khng thun nht: thanh chu un
2.2 QUAN H GIA BIN DNG B V CHUYN V
2.2.1 Khi nim bin dng ti im
xt bin dng im M (xi), ti im ny ta tch mt phn t hnh hp v cng
b c cc cnh song song vi cc mt ta (H.2.2).
x2

x1

x3
Hnh 2.2. Hnh chiu ca phn t trn cc mt ta
Vi ba thnh phn chuyn v ca im M, ta thy cha xc nh v tr mi
ca phn t, ngay c khi gi thit phn t khng bin dng (tc l khng thay i hnh
dng v th tch). Bi v hnh hp cn c th quay quanh ba cnh hnh hp (song song
vi ba trc ta x1, x2, x3). Nh vy, ta phi k n thnh phn ba gc xoay, gi l
thnh phn quay cng, vi cc k hiu 1 (quay quanh trc x1), 2 (quay quanh trc x2),

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

3 (quay quanh trc x3). Trng hp khi 1 = 2 = 3 = 0 , tc l ti im ang xt

khng c s quay, ta c bin dng thun ty. Khi phn t bin dng thun ty, cc cnh
bin dng di cn gc vung ban u b lch gi l bin dng gc.
2.2.2 Lin h vi phn gia bin dng b v chuyn v
Ti im M( xi ), tch mt phn t hnh hp xt bin dng ti im ny. Vi cc
bin dng l b,ta c th quan st bin dng ca phn t qua bin dng ca cc hnh
chiu ca n trn cc mt ta (H.2.3).
Xt bin dng trong mt phng x1 , x 2 . Phn t ch nht MNPQ s bin dng thnh
phn t MNPQ.
im M ( x1 , x 2 ) c chuyn v theo x2
u1
u1 +
dx 2
phng cc trc ta l u1 ( x1 , x 2 )
x 2
u 2
u2 +
dx 2
P
v u 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) . im N ( x1 + dx1 , x 2 )
x 2
P
c cc chuyn v tng ng, sau khi

P
khai trin theo Taylor l:
N
dx2
u 2
u1
u2 +
dx 1
u1 ( x1 , x 2 ) +
dx1

x1
x1
N
u2
M

u 2
u1
dx1 . T s
x1
dx1
c th gii thch nh tng ca
chuyn v theo phng nm ngang. O
v u 2 ( x1 , x 2 ) +

M u
1

N
dx1

u1 +

u1
dx 1
x1
x1

Hnh 2.3
Nu nhn n vi chiu di dx1 th c gia s ca chuyn v ngang trn di dx1. C
th gii thch tng t cho s hng th hai trong biu thc cn li.
Khi xem cc bin dng l b, ta gi thit bin dng di v gc quay ca cc on thng
phn t l b.
Bin dng di t i theo phng x1 :
M ' N ' MN
11 =
(a)
MN
M ' N"
Trong :
MN = dx1 ; M ' N ' =
= M ' N"
(b)
cos
Biu thc (b) cho thy di ca cnh MN sau bin dng c tnh gn ng theo
hnh chiu ca n.
T hnh v, d thy:

u
u
M ' N " = dx1 + u1 + 1 u1 = 1 + 1 dx1
x1

x1

11 =

M ' N ' MN M ' N " MN u1

=
=
MN
MN
x1

(c)

Tng t,

22 =

u 2
x 2

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

(d)

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Bin dng gc hay lch ca gc vung trong mt phng ang xt gi l gc trt k

thut, vi k hiu 12 = 2 12 , nh vy 12 l na bin dng gc. T hnh v, ta
c: 12 = + .
Gc quay ca cnh MN l:

u
u 2
u 2 + 2 dx1 u 2
x1
x1
u
N' N"

tg =
=
=
2
(e)
M' N"
u1
u1 x1
dx1
1 +

1 +

1
u1
n gin biu thc (e), ta s dng gi thuyt bin dng b, vi
<< 1
x1

u1
x 2
Nh vy, bin dng gc trong mt phng x1 , x 2 l:
Tng t, ta cng nhn c: =

u 2 u1
+
(g)
x1 x 2
Ta xt bin dng trong cc mt phng cn li theo cch tng t. Cc kt qu (a)-(g)
c s dng cho hai trng hp sau bng cch hon v vng trn cc ch s theo th t
1, 2, 3. Ta nhn c quan h gia cc chuyn v v bin dng nh sau:
u
1 u
u
12 = 1 + 2 ;
11 = 1 ;
2 x 2 x1
x

12 = 2 12 = + =

22 =

u 2
;
x 2

23 =

u 3
;
x3

31 =

1 u 2 u 3

;
+
2 x3 x 2

1 u 3 u 1

;
+
2 x1 x3
y l quan h hnh hc Cauchy, c dng ch s:
u j
1 u

ij = i +
2 x j xi
33 =

c vit vi iu kin bin dng b:

(2.6)

(2.7)

u i
<< 1 , tc l gradient chuyn v c th b qua
x j

so vi n v.
V d 4:
u1 = Ax 2 x3
u 2 = Ax1 x3
u 3 = Ax1 x 2
A l hng s. Tm cc bin dng di v bin dng gc theo phng cc trc ta v
trong cc mt phng vung gc vi trc ta ti im M (2, 1, 1).
Gii:
Theo cng thc (2.6):

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

- Bin dng di:

11 =

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

u1
= 0;
x1

22 =

u 2
= 0;
x 2

33 =

u 3
=0
x3

- Bin dng gc:

u 2 u1
+
= Ax3 + Ax3 = 2 Ax3
x1 x 2
u
u
23 = 2 23 = 3 + 2 = Ax1 + Ax1 = 2 Ax1
x 2 x3
u u
31 = 2 31 = 1 + 3 = Ax 2 + Ax 2 = 2 Ax 2
x3 x1
11 = 22 = 33 = 0
12 = 212 =

Ti M (2, 1, 1):

12
=A
2

23 = 23 = 2 A
2
31
31 =
=A
2
2.3. TENSOR BIN DNG
2.3.1 Bin dng theo phng bt k. Tensor bin dng
Xt bin dng ca vi phn chiu di ds = MN theo phng bt k no , c
cosin ch phng trong h trc ta xi l ni nh trn H.2.4.
12 =

x2
x2 + dx2
x2

ds

M
x1

x1 + dx1

x1

x3
x3 + dx3
x3

Hnh 2.4

Ta ca hai im M, N trng thi ban u: M ( xi ), N( xi +d xi )

trng thi bin dng: M v N c v tr mi M ( xi + du i ) v N ( xi + dxi + u i + du i ).
Bin dng di t i theo phng bt k:
ds ' ds ds '
=
=
1
ds
ds
hoc:

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

(1 + ) 2 =

ds ' 2
ds 2

Ta c phng trnh:

2 +

ds ' 2 ds 2
ds 2

Suy ra

ds ' 2 ds 2

2ds 2
tnh bin dng, ta kho st s thay i ca bnh phng khong cch ds:
ds 2 = dx12 + dx 22 + dx32 = dxi dxi

(2.8)

(a)

ds '2 = dx '12 + dx '22 + dx '32 = dx 'i dx 'i

Ly vi phn ca dxk:
xk'
dx =
dxi
xi
'
k

(b)

Thay dxk (b) vo (a):

x k' x k'
dxi dx j
(c)
xi x j
T ta tm c bnh phng khong cch ds:
x' x'

(2.9)
ds '2 ds 2 = k k ij dxi dx j
x x

i
j

i lng trong ngoc ca (2.9) l mt tensor hng hai, gi l tensor bin dng. Tht
vy, phn 1.7, ta bit, o hm ca vector l tensor bc hai nu i vn l ch s t do.
Cc thnh phn ca tensor bin dng c k hiu nh sau:
x ' x '
2 ij = k k ij
(2.10)
xi x j
ds ' 2 =

Thay vo biu thc tnh bin dng theo phng bt k, ch rng

dxi
= ni , ta c th
ds

vit:

vv = ij ni n j

(2.11)

vv = 11n12 + 22 n 22 + 33 n32 + 2[ 12 n1 n2 + 23 n2 n3 + 31n3 n1 ]

(2.12)

hoc di dng khai trin:

Nh vy, bin dng di ti mt im theo phng bt k c c trng bi 9 thnh

phn:
-

3 bin dng di (i=j) theo ba phng trc ta .

6 bin dng gc (ij) trong ba mt phng song song vi ba mt ta .

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

2.3.2 Biu din tensor bin dng theo trng chuyn v

xk' = uk + xk
o hm ring ca xk theo xj:
x k'
u
= k + ki
(a)
xi
xi
u k
i lng
gi l gradient ca chuyn v. a o hm ring ca xk (a) vo
xi
(2.10), ta thu c biu thc thnh phn ca tensor bin dng hu hn Lagrange:
u j u k u k
1 u

(2.13)
ij = i +
+
2 x j xi xi x j
Su phng trnh (2.13) cn gi l quan h bin dng- chuyn v.
2.3.3 Tnh cht tensor ca bin dng
Ta xem xt s thay i ca cc thnh phn bin dng khi bin i h trc ta . Gi s
h trc ban u xi xoay i v tr thnh h trc mi xi' vi cc cosin ch phng a ij .
Trong h ta c, cc thnh phn bin dng l ij v trong h ta mi, cc thnh
phn bin dng tng ng k hiu l 'ij . Trong c hai h ta , bin dng di vv c gi
tr khng i:
vv = ij ni n j = kl' n' k n'l
(a)
Mt khc, cc thnh phn ca vector n v ni bin i theo lut bin i tensor bc
nht:
n'k = aik ni ; nl' = a jl n j
(b)
Thay (b) vo (a), ta rt ra lut bin i ca thnh phn bin dng khi bin i h trc ta
:
ij = aik a jl kl'
(2.14a)
Hay biu din ni qua cc thnh phn nl trong h ta mi:
ni = aik n'k ; n j = a jl nl'
(c)
Thay (c) vo (a), ta thu c:
'kl = aik a jl ij
(2.14b)
Cng thc (2.14a, b) chnh l qui lut bin i thnh phn tensor hng hai khi xoay h
trc ta .
Ta c th kt lun: cc thnh phn bin dng ij lp thnh mt i lng tensor hng
hai, gi l tensor bin dng T . Tensor ny c biu din di dng ma trn:

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

1
1

11
21
31

2
2
11 21 31
1
1
T = 12 22 13 = 12 22
32
(2.15)
2
2
31 32 33 1
1

33
2 13 2 23

Cn c vo quan h gia bin dng v chuyn v (2.13), ta thy tensor bin dng l mt
tensor i xng.
2.3.4 L thuyt bin dng nh. Tensor bin dng b
iu kin c bn ca l thuyt bin dng nh l gradient chuyn v phi nh hn
nhiu so vi n v:
u k
1
(2.16)
xi
Khi cc tch o hm trong (2.13) rt nh v c th b qua. Ta thu li c tensor
bin dng v cng nh Lagrange theo cng thc Cauchy (2.7) phn trn:
1 u

u j

ij = i +
2 x j xi
v dng khai trin theo ta cc (2.6).
Vi mc chnh xc va , ta c th s dng l thuyt bin dng nh, nu tha mn
iu kin:
- s thay i chiu di rt nh
- gc quay rt b
iu kin u thng c tha mn i vi cc vt liu xy dng nh thp, g, , b
tng, song cng c trng hp ngoi l (chng hn cao su).
iu kin sau tha mn i vi cc vt th hnh khi ln nhng kh tha i vi vt th
mng (thanh, dm, v).
LTH tuyn tnh da trn c s l thuyt bin dng nh.
2.4 TENSOR QUAY
Xt s thay i phng ca cc ng cho phn t trong mi mt phng ta gi l
cc chuyn ng quay. C ba mt phng ta nn ta c ba chuyn ng quay.
Xt hnh chiu ca phn t trn mt phng x1 , x 2 nh trn H.2.5.

x2

x2
Q

Q
/2

x1

/2

x1

N
M
N
Hnh 2.5. Chuyn ng quay ca phn t trn mt phng

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Khi cnh MN quay mt gc th ng cho phn t MQ s quay mt gc /2,

khi cnh MP quay mt gc th ng cho ny s quay mt gc /2. Gc quay ca
ng cho MQ trong mt phng ny s l tng i s ca hai gc quay c chiu ngc
nhau quanh trc x3:
u
1 u
21 = = 2 1 = 3
2 2 2 x1 x 2
Tng t, ta cng nhn c gc quay trong hai mt phng cn li:
u
1 u
32 = 3 2 = 1
2 x 2 x3

1 u1 u 3

= 2

2 x3 x1
Ba biu thc trn c th vit gn di dng ch s:
1 u u j
ij = i
2 x j xi
Ta c tensor quay biu din nh sau:
12 31
0

ij = 12
23
0
31 23
0
13 =

[ ]

(2.17)

(2.18)

y l mt tensor hng hai phn xng nn ch c ba thnh phn c lp khc khng.

Ta c th biu din gradient bin dng bng tng thnh phn tensor bin dng v tensor
quay:
u i
= ij + ij
(2.19)
x j
S hng th nht l thnh phn tensor i xng, biu din bin dng thun ty (khng
quay). S hng th hai phn i xng, biu din s quay cng (khng bin dng).
C th biu din chuyn v quay v cng b ny bng vector tuyn tnh Lagrange, tng
ng vi cc gc quay cng 1, 2, 3 (Xem phn 2.2):
1
i = ijk kj ,
2
(2.20)
1
i = ijk (u k , j u j ,k )
4
Khi ch c chuyn v m khng c bin dng v gc quay l hng s, vt th chuyn
ng nh mt c th. Thnh phn cc ca vector chuyn v c th c dng:
u i = C i + ijk j x k
(2.21)
trong : Ci , j l hng s ty

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

10

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Chng minh:
- 2D:

Gc quay

= x j yi

3D:
Gc quay

PP'(y, x)
Chuyn v cng:

PP' = r = OP
= k ( xi + y j )

P
x

u = A - y
v = B + x

PP' = r = OP
= ( x i + y j + z k) ( xi + y j + z k)
= ( y z z y)i + ( z x x z ) j + ( x y y x)k

PP'( y z z y; z x x z; x y y x)

u = A + y z z y

Chuyn v cng:

v = B + z x x z
= C + x y y x

u i = C i + ijk j x k

D thy:
u i , j = imj m ;

u j ,i = jmi m

ij = 0, i = i
vi i l gc quay ca vt th i vi 3 trc ta . Chuyn v cng c vai tr nh hng
s tch phn khi gii phng trnh vi phn ca hm mt bin, xc nh t iu kin bin
ng hc.

2.5 BIN DNG CHNH V PHNG BIN DNG CHNH

V mt ton hc, theo nhn xt chng1, phn 1.6, ma trn thnh phn bin dng
l mt ma trn thc, i xng cho nn s tn ti cc tr ring thc v cc vector ring
trc giao.
Ta c th suy ra ti mt im bt k trong vt th s tn ti mt h trc ta
vung gc, gi l h trc chnh bin dng, sao cho trn cc mt ta ch c bin dng
di m khng c bin dng gc. Cc bin dng ny gi l cc bin dng chnh, phng
ca cc trc ta c gi l phng bin dng chnh.
Nh vy, cc bin dng chnh 1 , 2 , 3 l cc tr ring nhn c t phng trnh c
trng:

3 J 1 2 + J 2 J 3 = 0

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

(2.22)

11

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

vi cc bt bin th nht, th hai ca trng thi bin dng l:

J 1 = 11 + 22 + 33 = ii
1
( ii jj ij ji )
2
2
2
J 3 = 11 22 33 + 212 23 31 11 223 22 31
33 12
= det ij

2
2
J 2 = 11 22 + 22 33 + 33 11 12
+ 223 + 31
=

(2.23)

[ ]

Phng trnh (2.22) cho ba nghim thc 1 , 2 , 3 ( 1 > 2 > 3 ) v ba vector ring ng
vi ba phng bin dng chnh 1, 2, 3 tng h vung gc vi nhau v lp thnh mt h
trc gi l h trc bin dng chnh.
Bt bin th nht ca bin dng chnh l - bin dng th tch t i ca mi trng
ti im ang xt.
Tht vy, th tch ban u ca phn t c b mt vung gc vi cc trc bin dng chnh:
dV = dx1dx 2 dx3
Sau khi bin dng, th tch ca phn t s l:
dV ' = (dx1 + 11 dx1 )(dx 2 + 22 dx 2 )(dx3 + 33 dx3 )

(2.24)

B qua cc v cng b bc cao trong (2.24), bin dng th tch t i ca mi

trng bng:
dV ' dV
=
= 1 + 2 + 3 = J1
(2.25)
dV
Mt mi trng gi l khng nn c nu s bin dng khng i km s thay i v
th tch, ngha l: ii = 0. V d nh: vt liu cao su, bin dng do ca kim loi.
V d 5.
2.6 TENSOR LCH V TENSOR CU BIN DNG
Tensor bin dng c th phn tch thnh hai tensor hng hai l tensor lch bin dng
v tensor cu bin dng:
T = T 0 + D
(2.26)
K hiu bin dng di trung bnh l tr s:

tb =

11 + 22 + 33 1
1
= J 1 = kk
3
3
3

Tensor cu bin dng:

tb
T0 = 0
0
Tensor lch bin dng:

0
tb
0

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

0
1
0 = tb ij = kk ij
3
tb

(2.27)

12

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

11 tb
D = 12
31

21
22 tb
32

13 = ij tb ij
33 tb
31

(2.28)

Nh vy, bin dng tng qut l s kt hp bin dng th tch v s thay i v hnh
dng.
V d 5. Cho tensor bin dng:
4 0 1
T = 0 1 0
1 0 4
Tm gi tr chnh v phng chnh ca tensor lch bin dng.
Gii:
Gi tr trung bnh ca bin dng di:
4 +1+ 4
tb =
=3
3
Tensor lch bin dng:
1 0 1
D = 0 2 0
1 0 1
Phng trnh c trng xc nh phng chnh c dng:
1
0
1

0
1

2
0 =0
0
1

3 + 4 = 0
1 = 2 , 2 = 0 , 3 = 2

n1 = n3 =
n2 =

16
= 0.6963
33

1
= 0.1740
33

2.7 MT BIN DNG

Xt h thc bin dng theo phng bt k:
PQ = = 11 n12 + 212 n1 n2 + 22 n22 + 2 23 n2 n3 + 33 n32 = ij ni n j
t theo hng vector r c ln xc nh:
k
r=
(a)

Ch :

xi = rni
T (2.29) suy ra:
ij xi x j = k 2

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

(b)
(2.30)

(2.29)
Q

13

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Cho PQ quay, u mt r vch mt mt bc hai, gi l mt bin dng. Trc chnh ca

tensor bin dng trng vi trc chnh ca mt bin dng (1, 2, 3). V d: nu i cng
du th mt bin dng l elipsoid, nu i khc du th mt bin dng l hyperboloid.
2.8 IU KIN TNG THCH CA CC BIN DNG (PHNG TRNH
SAINT-VENANT)
Su thnh phn ca tensor bin dng v ba thnh phn chuyn v lin h vi nhau
bng h thc Cauchy (2.7). Bit chuyn v ui, ta c th xc nh bin dng ij bng cch
ly o hm ca chuyn v. Do tnh lin tc ca mi trng, chuyn v v bin dng l
nhng hm n tr v lin tc ca cc bin s ta .
Ngc li, tm chuyn v khi bit cc bin dng, ta c su phng trnh o hm
ring xc nh ba n s. Nh vy, v mt ton hc, s phng trnh vt qu s n s
nn tn ti ba thnh phn chuyn v lin tc v n tr th su phng trnh trn khng
th c lp m phi ph thuc, lin h vi nhau. V mt vt l, ta cng khng th chn
bt k trng chuyn v no m khng lm mt i tnh lin tc ca vt cht, hay ni cch
khc, l khng gy rn nt trong m hnh bin dng. Nh vy, tn ti cc thnh phn
chuyn v n tr v lin tc, ta phi t iu kin rng buc cho cc bin dng. chnh
l iu kin tng thch hay iu kin lin tc bin dng Saint-Venant.
Ta c th thu c nhng iu kin ny nu o hm (2.7) hai ln loi b
chuyn v v dn n su phng trnh tng thch Saint-Venant, gm ba phng trnh
cho cc bin dng trong cng mt mt phng v ba phng trnh cho cc bin dng trong
cc mt phng khc nhau. Chng hn, cho phng trnh u ca (2.7), ta ly o hm
bc hai ca 11 theo x 2 , ri o hm bc hai ca 22 theo x1 , ri cng li. Ta thu c:

u1 u 2
2 12

= 2
+
(a)

x
2
1
1
2

i vi nhm th hai, sau khi o hm hai ln phng trnh th t theo x3 , x1 ; phng

trnh th nm o hm hai ln theo x1 , x 2 ; ri cng li, ta c:
2 11 2 22
3 u1
3u 2
2
+
=
+
=
x 22
x12
x1x 22 x 2 x12 x1x 2

2 31
2 12
2 u1 2

+
+
=
x1x3 x1 x 2 x 2 x3 x1 x12

u 2 u 3 2 11 2 23

=
+
+

x
x 2 x3
x12
2
3

hay

2 11
23 31 12

=
+
+
(b)
x 2 x3 x1 x1
x 2
x3
Dng php hon v vng trn i vi cc ch s i vi (a) v (b), ta thu c 6 phng
trnh sau:
2 11 2 22
2 12
+
=2
x 22
x12
x1 x2
2 23
2 22 2 33
+
=
2
x32
x 22
x2 x3
2 33 2 11
2 31
=
+
2
x12
x32
x3 x1

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

14

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

2 11
23 31 12

=
+
+
x 2 x3 x1 x1
x 2
x3
2 22
31 12 23

=
+
+
x3 x1 x 2 x 2
x3
x1
2 33
12 23 31

=
+
+
x 2
x1x 2 x3 x3
x1
Su phng trnh (2.31) c vit chung di dng ch s:

(2.31)

2 ij

2 jl
2 kl
2 ik
Rijkl =
+

=0
(2.32)
x k xl xi x j x j xl xi x k
Cht ch hn v mt ton hc, ta c th pht biu: iu kin cn v tn ti trng
chuyn v lin tc l phng trnh (2.32) c nghim ng.
(Phn chng minh xem [2], trang 63).
Phng trnh (2.32) to ra 81 phng trnh, song trong ch c 6 phng trnh
c lp tuyn tnh do tnh i xng ca tensor bin dng. Trong thc t, ch c 3 iu
kin l c lp tuyn tnh trong (2.32). Song v mt tnh ton thc hnh, khi qu
phc tp, ta vn dng c 6 phng trnh (2.32) ni trn.
Nhng iu kin tng thch bo m cho s tn ti ca trng chuyn v, song
khng duy nht. Mun xc nh r trng chuyn v, ta cn thm iu kin bin loi
b cc hng s tch phn. i vi vt th l iu kin v lin kt (gi ta).
iu kin tng thch cho trng hp phng:
2 11 2 22
2 12
+
=
2
x 22
x12
x1 x 2

(2.33)

2.9 CHUYN V V BIN DNG TRONG H TA TR

Cc h ta cong hay dng trong thc t l ta tr (hay ta cc) (r,, z) v
ta cu (R, , ) c biu din trong H.2.6. Chng hn, bi ton i xng trc c
vit trong h ta tr. C hai h u l h ta cong trc giao. Sau y, cc phng
trnh tng qut trong h ta tr c vit di dng khai trin (khng dng ch s).
2.9.1 H ta tr

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

15

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Hnh 2.6. Biu din ta cc, ta tr v ta cu

Ta tr v ta cc lin h vi nhau bi cc h thc sau:
x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z

(2.34)

v cng c th bin i ngc li:

r = + x 2 + y2

1
2

, = tg 1

y
, z=z
x

(2.35)

o hm ca ta tr theo ta cc bng:
r x
r y
= = cos ,
= = sin
x r
y r

(2.36)

y
sin
x cos
= 2 =
,
= =
r
r
r
x
y r 2

(2.37)

o hm ca mt hm f bt k c th vit theo ta tr nh sau:

r
sin
=
+
= cos
x r x x
r
r

(2.38a)

r
cos
=
+
= sin +
y r y y
r
r

(2.38b)

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

16

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

2.9.2 Bin dng v chuyn v trong h ta tr

V r, v z to thnh h ta thun trc giao, cc thnh phn tensor cc bin i
thnh cc thnh phn tensor ca h ta tr theo quy tc m ta bit chng 1 (C
s ton hc). Chng hn, quan h gia cc thnh phn chuyn v trong hai h trc c th
vit nh sau:

{u i } = [a ij ] {u 'j }

(2.39a)

{u'i } = [a ji ]T {u j }

(2.39b)

x
r

,
{x i } = y , x i =
z
z

(2.40a)

hay
Trong

{ }

u
u r

'
{u i } = v , u i = u
(2.40b)
w
u

z
Ma trn chuyn i c dng:
cos sin 0
a ij = sin cos 0
(2.40c)
0
0
1
Thnh phn ca vector u trong h ta cc v ta cc c biu din trn H.2.7.

{ }

[ ]

uy
ur
(H.2)

u
ux

Hnh 2.7. Thnh phn chuyn v trong h ta cc v ta cc

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

17

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

i vi tensor bc hai, chng hn tensor bin dng bin i theo qui lut:

{' } = [a ] { }{a }
T

ij

ki

kl

lj

(2.41)

vi

r
rr

'ij =

symm

[ ]

rz
r
zz

(2.42)

Cc phng trnh trong h ta tr thu c theo cch thc ch dn trong Bi tp #4,

bao gm quan h bin dng chuyn v:
rr =

u
u r
1
u
, = u r + , zz = z
z
r
r

r = r =

1 u 1 u r

+
u

2 r r

u
1 u
z = z = z +
2 r z
zr = rz =

(2.43)

1 u r u z
+

r
2 z

T (2.43) xc nh h s n khi:
1 (ru r ) u u z
kk = rr + + zz =
+
+
r r
z

(2.44)

Thnh phn chuyn v cng biu din trong h ta tr theo cc h thc sau:
ur = C1 cos + C2 sin + z(-B1 sin + B2 cos)
u = -C1 sin + C2 cos + B3r z(B1 cos + B2 sin)
(2.45)
uz = C3 + r(-B2 cos + B1 sin)
2.10 O BIN DNG
2.10.1 Xc nh bin dng t ba thnh phn bin dng di khc nhau trn mt
phng

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

18

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

Cho h trc ta x1x2x3. Khi cc trc x1, x2 xoay quanh trc x3 mt gc tr thnh x1
v x2 nh trn H.2.8 vi:
2
2

[a ]
ij

cos sin 0
= sin cos 0
0
0
1

3, 3
Hnh 2.8. H ta xoay quanh trc 3
Cc thnh phn bin dng phng (trong mt phng vung gc vi x3) ca h ta
mi c th biu din qua cc thnh phn bin dng trong h trc ban u theo qui lut
bin i tensor (2.14b) nh sau:
'
11
= a i1a j1 ij = cos 2 11 + sin 212 + sin 2 22

'22 = a i 2 a j2 ij = sin 2 11 sin 212 + cos 2 22

(2.46)

1
sin 2( 22 11 ) + cos 212
2
v nhng thnh phn ngoi mt phng s l:
'
33
= a i 3 a j3 ij = 33
'
12
= a i1a j2 ij =

'23 = a i 2 a j3 a ij = cos 23 sin 31

(2.47)

'
31
= a i 3 a j1 ij = sin 23 + cos 31
Trong thc t, rt kh o trc tip bin dng trt. Ngi ta thng o cc bin dng di
trn mt phng theo ba hng khc nhau. Phng trnh u trong (2.46) c s dng
cho mi ln o thu c ba phng trnh tuyn tnh xc nh 11, 22 v 12 l nhng
thnh phn bin dng trong mt phng ta x1.x2.
2.10.2 in tr o bin dng
in tr o bin dng c cu to bi mt si dy dn nh bng hp kim (CrNi) xp thnh hnh ch chi v c dn ln mt t giy nn rt mng, hoc mt mch in
chp ng nht (H.2.9a, b). Tm in tr c dn ln b mt m trn ta mun o
dn di v trc ca dy dn t theo phng cn o bin dng di.
C s ca vic dng in tr: in tr ca si dy dn chu mt bin dng di (do vt th
b ko hay nn) thay i do tit din thng ca dy thay i theo h s Poisson. Nu cn
o bin dng ca vt th ch chu ko (hoc nn) theo mt phng, ta dng in tr n
(H.2.9a,b).
Nu bit cc phng chnh, ta c th dng tm in tr i (H.2.9c,d).
Nu khng bit cc phng chnh, ta s dng tm in tr ba mch, gi l hoa in tr
(strain-rossette) trn H.2.9 e, f. Ta o 3 dn di theo 3 phng 1, 2, 3 khc nhau
(phng in tr xc nh trong h trc x1, x2), ln lt s dng phng trnh u trong

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

19

C VT RN BIN DNG

GVGD: PGS.TS. NGUYN TH HIN LNG

(2.46) vi mi s o. Gii h 3 phng trnh tuyn tnh ta xc nh c 3 thnh phn

bin dng 11, 22 v 12.

CHNG 2: TRNG THI BIN DNG

20