Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Structures to Eurocode 4
- Some Basic Concepts
Chiew Sing-Ping
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE
10 April 2015
Scope of Presentation
Design codes
Materials
Composite columns
Composite beams
Composite slabs
Eurocode 1
- for loadings
Eurocode 2
- for concrete properties and some
of the concrete related checks
(such as longitudinal shear)
Eurocode 3 (many Parts)
- for construction stage, design of
pure steel beam and profiled steel
sheeting
Eurocode 4 Part 1-1
- general rules of buildings
Eurocode 4 Part 1-2
- for the structural fire design
BS 6399
- for loadings
BS 5950-1
- for construction stage, design of pure
beam
BS 5950-6
- for design of profiled steel sheeting
BS5950-3.1
- for design of composite beam
BS5950-4
- for design of composite slab
BS 5400-5
- for design of composite column
BS 5950-8
- for structural fire design
3
Structural steel
Material
safety Concrete
factors
Reinforcement
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
British Standards
1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk (BS5950)
1.2 Gk + 1.5 Qk (BS5400-5)
1.0
1.0 (BS5950)
1.05 (BS5400-5)
1.5
1.5
1.15
1.15
Material Strength
Concrete and steel strengths in EC4 and BS5950
BS5950
EC4
Normal
C30 C50
C20/25 C60/75
Light weight
C25 C40
LC20/22 LC60/66
355 N/mm2
460 N/mm2
Concrete
Structural steel
Cube strength
The ranges are narrower compared to EC2 (C12/15 C90/105) and EC3
( 690 N/mm2) because of more limited knowledge and experience in
composite members with very high concrete and steel strengths.
Concrete Strength
One of the most noticeable differences in Eurocodes is the way
concrete strength is specified throughout.
In British Standards,
the cube strength fcu is used.
In Eurocodes,
the cylinder strength fck is used.
BS
Cube strength
25 N/mm2
Will different
strength gives
different
resistance ?
EC
Cylinder strength
20 N/mm2
Converting from
the concrete
strength to
equivalent plastic
stress block
Steel Strength
EC3 has additional ductility requirements compared to
BS5950 in terms of stress ratio, % elongation and strain
ratio.
Normal strength steel
fu/fy 1.10
u 15y
stain
y is the yield
Problem
Some product standards only have requirements on the nominal yield
and tensile strengths, or their minimum values. The stress ratio calculated
according to these nominal values cannot comply with the EC3 ductility
requirement. Also, % elongation cannot comply. Refer to BC1 for
guidance on minimal requirements and compliance under SS NA.
Grade
Nominal yield
strength (MPa)
Nominal tensile
strength (MPa)
Stress ratio
G500
500
520
1.04
G550
550
550
1.00
AS 1595
CA 500
500
510
1.02
EN 10326
S550GD
550
560
1.02
ISO 4997
CH550
550
550
1.00
Standard
AS 1397
10
11
Characteristic strength of
concrete (fcu)
Nominal shank
diameter
(mm)
Nominal
height
(mm)
As-welded
25
height
N/mm2
(mm)
25
100
95
146
154
161
168
22
100
95
119
126
132
139
19
100
95
95
100
104
109
19
75
70
82
87
91
96
16
75
70
70
74
78
82
13
65
60
44
47
49
52
30
35
N/mm2 N/mm2
40
N/mm2
12
PRd
0.8 f u d 2 4
0.29 d 2
f ck Ecm
(1)
0.2 sc 1
d
(2)
13
steel failure
concrete
crushes
Failure in concrete
14
30
35
40
90
100
104
109
95
100
104
109
81.0
92.1
100.6
102.1
15
120
EC (d=22mm, h=100mm)
PR k (kN)
BS (d=19mm,h=100mm)
100
EC (d=19mm, h=100mm)
BS ( d=16mm, h=75mm)
80
EC (d=16mm, h=75mm)
60
40
20
0
25
30
35
40
45
50
17
18
Reduction Factor kt
Design shear resistance is taken as the resistance in a solid slab
multiplied by the reduction factor kt
hsc
hP
hp/2
hsc
b0
hp
b0
EC4:
BS5950-3.1:
0.7 b0 hsc
kt
1 kt,max
nr hp hp
For the EC4 these values are about 17% lower than the BS for re-entrant
profiles, but about 40% higher than the BS for open trough profiles.
19
profiled
steel
sheeting
Re-entrant
trough
Open
trough
Number of stud
connectors per
trough
nr=1
nr=2
nr=1
nr=2
Thickness t
of sheet
(mm)
1.0
>1.0
1.0
>1.0
1.0
>1.0
1.0
>1.0
EC4
BS 5950-3.1
Stud not
exceeding
19mm in
diameter
1.0
0.8
0.82
0.45
25
30
35
40
Re-entrant
95
100
104
109
Open trough
77.9
82
85.3
89.4
68.9
75.5
85.5
86.8
nr=1
21
22
Top-Down Construction
23
24
KingPost in column
Resistance to compression
Resistance to moment
Reduced moment resistance under compressive force, i.e.
interaction between compression and bending
LBA
Fcr
GNIA
Types of elastic analysis
and design
e
26
Axial
compression
e0
e0
27
N pl,Rd Aa f yd Ac f cd As fsd
steel
concrete
reinforcement
f yk / a
f ck / c
fsk / s
28
Plastic resistance
1.0
1.0
0.5 1 - 0.2
N pl,Rk
N cr
x
2
Euler buckling
0.0
1.0
2.0
29
30
Axis of
buckling
Buckling curve
y-y
z-z
y-y
z-z
s 3%
any
3% < s 6%
any
Limits
S235 - S460
For steel column, the buckling curve is related to steel section and steel
strength.
For composite column, the buckling curve is related to the cross-section.
The strength of steel has little influence on the buckling curve.
31
Buckling curve
Member
imperfection
Resistance of
axial
compression
Comparison
NRd(X) / NRd(e0)
NEd
L/200
N Rd () = 4320 kN
e0
N Rd (e0) = 4108 kN
1.05
NEd
32
NRd( ) = Npl,Rd
2 -
M Ed,max = k NRd(e0 ) e0
N pl,Rk
M Ed,max M M pl,Rd
1.0
0.5 1 - 0.2
kNRd(e0 ) e0 = M M pl,Rd
=
N cr
Npl,Rd
Tedious approach !
NRd(e0)
Npm,Rd
N pl,Rd -N Rd (e0 )
N pl,Rd -N pm,Rd
M
Mpl,Rd
Easier approach !
k=
1
1- N Rd (e0 ) /Ncr,eff
N cr,eff =
Mpl,Rd
2 (EI )ef,II
L2cr
33
34
NEd
e0
M Ed.max k1M Ed k2 N Ed e0
NEd
k=
1- N Ed /N cr,eff
35
z
Circular hollow section with
additional I-section
y
Axis of
buckling
Buckling
curve
Member
imperfection (e0)
y-y
L/200
z-z
L/150
y-y
L/200
z-z
L/150
y-y
L/300
z-z
L/200
y-y
L/200
z-z
L/200
any
L/200
z
36
37
k1M Ed
M Ed
M
M pl,Rd
k1M Ed k2 NEd e0
M Ed, max
d M pl,Rd
Npl,a
The concrete slab works best in compression while the steel section
works best in tension; hence, a large moment resistance is generated
as a force couple.
Resistance mobilization in both the concrete slab and the steel section
is limited by the shear connection along the concrete interface.
39
IV
I-I
II-II
III-III
IV-IV
V-V
40
41
BS5950-3.1
EC4
M b pb Sx
M b, Rd LT M Rd
Where pb is determined by TB
With:
LT
TB =nt uvt
4a /hs
vt =
2
2
1+ 2a /hs +0.05 /x
0.5
LT LT
2
LT
M Rk
M cr
LT
M cr kcC4 / L Ga I at ks L2 / 2 Ea I afz
1/2
M cr C1
Lateral-torsional
buckling
2 EI z I w
L2cr
L2cr GIT
+ 2
EI
z
z
(EC4)
0.5
(EC3)
EC4
EC3
BS5950-3.1
EC4/BS
Ratio
EC4/EC3
Ratio
546 kNm
531 kNm
479 kNm
1.14
1.03
42
In this approach, the elastic critical moment Mcr is determined using the
so-called continuous inverted U-frame model.
The model given in EC4 takes into account the lateral displacement of the
bottom flange causing bending of the steel web and the rotation of the top
flange that is resisted by bending of the concrete slab.
M cr kcC4 / L Ga I at ks L /
2
E I
a afz
1/2
43
Composite Slab
Trapezoidal
Open
Trough (Trapezoidal)
Re-entrant
Longitudinal Shear
How can concrete stick to profiled sheeting after bending?
How reliable is the shear bond along the interface between
concrete and profiled sheeting ?
Surface bonding due to chemical reaction
- non ductile failure, hence not so reliable.
Mechanical interlocking due to indentations or
embossments in the profiled sheeting or end anchorage
- ductile failure with rational provision, hence more
reliable.
45
Longitudinal Shear
End slip
Cracking
Test setup
46
m-k Method
BS5950-4:
EC4:
Vl,Rd
bd p mAp
vs bLs
m= 172.45
k= 0.2491
Bs ds mr Ap
Vs
kr
1.25 Bs Lv
f cu
Concrete
strength
m= 163.26
k= 0.0312
47
BS5950-4
172.5
163.3
0.2491
0.0312
Shear-bond
resistance
Vl,Rd (kN)
Test
79.3
Short span
60.1
81.2 kN
74.3
Long span
56.2
61.6 kN
48
Vertical Shear
BS 5950-4
EC4
Vv bb dsvc
1/3
m bv d d 25
1/ 4
1/3
1/3
Vv,Rd,min vmin k1 cp bw dp
vmin 0.035k 3/2 fck1/2
BS 5950-4
EC4
118.7kN
107.8 kN
Experiment
153.6 kN
49
Punching Shear
BS 5950-4
EC4
Vp,Rd Cp d p vRd
vRd CRd,c k 100 1 f ck
1/3
1/3
m bv d d 25
1/ 4
1/3
vmin
Critical perimeter = 4 Ds -Dp +4ds +4 length of load area Cp 2 hc 2 bp 2hf 2 ap 2hf 2dp 2hc
BS 5950-4
108kN
EC4
139 kN
Experiment
186 kN
50
Conclusions
1. Composite members with high strength steel ( S460) and
concrete ( C60/75) outside the scope of EC4. Can refer to
BCA/SSSS design guide for S550 steel and C90/105
concrete for CFT members.
2. Common grades of profiled steel sheeting cannot meet
EC3 ductility requirements in terms of stress ratio (fu/fy)
and %elongation after fracture. Design strength will have
to be downgraded. Refer to BC1 design recommendations.
3. The resistance of headed stud shear connectors is
generally lower in EC4 compared to BS5950; BC1 adopts
EC4 design resistance values.
4. For composite columns, the EC4 buckling curves are
different compared to EC3 due to contribution of concrete.
Unlike EC3, no special consideration for composite column
with S460 steel.
51
Conclusions
5. The simplified design approach using second order
analysis and equivalent member imperfection without any
need for member buckling resistance check is much
easier for composite column in combined compression
and bending moment. Approach is more similar to EC2
concrete column design.
6. EC4 provides guidance for lateral-torsional buckling check
for continuous composite beams taking into account the
beneficial effect provided by the concrete slab, i.e. the socalled inverted U-frame method.
7. EC4 provides clear guidance for testing & development of
composite slab system using profiled steel sheeting.
Existing m and k values from BS5950 cannot be used
directly in EC4 composite slab design.
52