Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer Preface

Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer
Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John Howell
Copyright 2010 Global Digital Press
Amir Faghri
United Technologies Endowed Chair Professor
in Thermal-Fluids Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Yuwen Zhang
Professor
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri, USA
John Howell
Baker-Hughes Centennial Professor
Ernest Cockrell, Jr., Memorial Chair
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, USA
Global Digital Press
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ISBN: 978-0-9842760-0-4
Printed in the United States of America
06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents
Preface
xii
Nomenclature
xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical Concepts
1.2.1 Sensible Heat
1.2.2 Latent Heat
1.2.3 Phase Change
1.3 Molecular Level Presentation
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Kinetic Theory
1.3.3 Intermolecular Forces and Boltzmann Transport Equation
1.3.4 Cohesion and Adhesion
1.3.5 Enthalpy and Energy
1.4 Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
1.4.1 Continuum Flow Limitations
1.4.2 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
1.4.3 Microscale and Nanoscale Transport Phenomena
1.4.4 Dimensional Analysis
1.4.5 Scaling
1.5 Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer
1.5.1 Energy Systems
1.5.2 Biological and Biomedical Systems
1.5.3 Security
1.5.4 Information Technology
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
References
Problems
1
3
3
5
7
9
9
10
16
20
21
23
23
25
43
48
59
61
62
66
69
71
74
78
83
Table of Contents
Chapter 2 Generalized Governing Equations

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Macroscopic (Integral) Local Instance Formulation
2.2.1 Conservation of Mass
2.2.2 Momentum Equation
2.2.3 Energy Equation
2.2.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.5 Species
2.3 Microscopic (Differential) Local Instance Formulation
2.3.1 Conservation of Mass
2.3.2 Momentum Equation
2.3.3 Energy Equation
2.3.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
2.3.5 Species
2.3.6 Classification of PDEs and Boundary Conditions
2.3.7 Jump and Boundary Conditions at the Interfaces
2.3.8 Rarefied Vapor Self-Diffusion Model
2.3.9 An Extension: Combustion
2.4 Volume Averaged Models
2.4.1 Overview of Averaging Approaches
2.4.2 Volume-Averaged Multi-Fluid Models
2.4.3 Volume-Averaged Homogeneous Model
2.4.4 An Extension: Porous Media
2.5 Fundamentals of Turbulence
2.5.1 Description of Turbulence
2.5.2 Time-Averaged Governing Equations
References
Problems
Chapter 3 Heat Conduction
89
91
93
94
95
99
99
101
102
103
105
110
111
121
124
137
138
145
145
150
161
167
181
181
184
190
192
209
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Steady State Heat Conduction
3.2.1 One Dimensional Heat Conduction
3.2.2 Multidimensional Heat Conduction
3.3 Unsteady State Heat Conduction
3.3.1 Lumped Analysis
3.3.2 One Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction
3.3.3 Multidimensional Transient Heat Conduction
3.4 Numerical Simulation of Heat Conduction Problems
3.4.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
3.4.2 One-Dimensional Transient Conduction
3.4.3 Multidimensional Transient Conduction
3.5 Melting and Solidification
3.5.1 Introduction
vi
89
209
212
212
227
238
238
240
261
264
265
270
273
276
276
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Faghri, Zhang and Howell
3.5.2 Exact Solution

3.5.3 Integral Approximate Solution
3.5.4 Numerical Simulation
3.6 Microscale Heat Conduction
3.6.1 Extensions of Classic Model
3.6.2 Two-Step Model
3.6.3 Microscale Phase Change
References
Problems
281
289
304
314
314
316
319
323
325
Chapter 4 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
339
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory
4.3 Boundary Layer Approximation
4.4 Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation
4.5 Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat,
and Mass Transfer
4.6 Similarity Solutions
4.6.1 Uncoupled Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer Problems
4.6.2 Coupled Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer Problems
4.7 Integral Methods
4.8 Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection
4.8.1 One-Dimensional Steady-State Convection and Diffusion
4.8.2 Multidimensional Convection and Diffusion Problems
4.8.3 Numerical Solution of Flow Field
4.8.4 Numerical Simulation of Interfaces and Free Surfaces
4.9 Application of Computational Methods
4.10 Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena
4.11 Turbulence
4.11.1 Turbulent Boundary Layer Equations
4.11.2 Algebraic Models for Eddy Diffusivity
4.11.3 K- Model
4.11.4 Momentum and Heat Transfer for Turbulent Flow
over a Flat Plate
References
Problems
Chapter 5 Internal Convective Heat Transfer
339
341
343
344
350
351
352
362
369
375
376
385
388
395
400
406
412
412
414
422
424
430
433
438
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Definitions, Terminology and Governing Equations
5.3 Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow
5.4 Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing
Laminar Flow
5.4.1 Constant Wall Temperature
438
439
447
453
454
Table of Contents
vii
5.4.2 Constant Heat Flux at the Wall

456
5.5 Hydrodynamically Fully Developed Flow with Coupled Thermal and
Concentration Entry Effects
458
5.5.1 Sublimation inside an Adiabatic Tube
458
5.5.2 Sublimation inside a Tube Subjected to External Heating
463
5.6 Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects
470
5.7 Full Numerical Solutions
475
5.8 Forced Convection in Microchannels
482
5.8.1 Introduction
482
5.8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow and Temperature Profile
485
5.8.3 Fully Developed Flow with Developing Temperature Profile
493
5.9 Turbulence
499
5.9.1 Time-Averaged Governing Equations
499
5.9.2 Velocity Profile and Friction Coefficient for Fully Developed Flow 500
5.9.3 Heat Transfer in Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
503
References
509
Problems
511
Chapter 6 Natural Convection
515
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Governing Equations for Natural Convection
6.2.1 Generalized Governing Equations
6.2.2 External Natural Convection from Heated Vertical Plate
6.2.3 Dimensionless Parameters
6.3 Scale Analysis
6.3.1 High Prandtl Number Fluids (Pr 1)
6.3.2 Low Prandtl Number Fluids (Pr 1)
6.4 External Natural Convection
6.4.1 Similarity Solution for Natural Convection on a Vertical Surface
6.4.2 Integral Solution for Laminar and Turbulent Natural Convection
6.4.3 Natural Convection over Inclined and Horizontal Surfaces
6.4.4 Natural Convection over Cylinders and Spheres
6.4.5 Free Boundary Flow
6.5 Natural Convection in Enclosures
6.5.1 Scale Analysis
6.5.2 Rectangular Enclosures
6.5.3 Annular Space between Concentric Cylinders and Spheres
6.6 Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification
6.6.1 Solidification around Horizontal Cylinder
6.6.2 Melting in a Rectangular Enclosure Heated from the Side
6.7 Instability Analysis of Natural Convection
References
Problems
515
517
517
519
520
521
523
525
526
526
533
540
543
551
555
556
560
569
572
572
575
580
583
587
viii Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Faghri, Zhang and Howell
Chapter 7 Condensation and Evaporation
590
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dropwise Condensation
7.2.1 Surface Tension and Capillary Pressure
7.2.2 Thermal Resistances in the Condensation Processes
7.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Dropwise Condensation
7.3 Filmwise Condensation
7.3.1 Regimes of Filmwise Condensation
7.3.2 Modeling for Laminar Film Condensation of a Binary
Vapor Mixture
7.3.3 Filmwise Condensation in a Stagnant Pure Vapor Reservoir
7.3.4 Effects of Vapor Motion
7.3.5 Turbulent Film Condensation
7.3.6 Other Filmwise Condensation Configurations
7.3.7 Effects of Noncondensable Gas
7.4 Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling
7.4.1 Classical Nusselt Evaporation
7.4.2 Laminar Falling Film with Surface Waves
7.4.3 Turbulent Falling Film
7.4.4 Surface Spray Cooling
References
Problems
Chapter 8 Boiling
590
599
599
603
607
609
609
610
615
623
629
634
636
642
642
646
649
649
652
655
665
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pool Boiling Regimes
8.3 Nucleate Boiling
8.3.1 Nucleation and Inception
8.3.2 Bubble Dynamics
8.3.3 Bubble Detachment
8.3.4 Nucleate Site Density
8.3.5 Bubble Growth and Merger
8.3.6 Heat Transfer in Nucleate Boiling
8.4 Critical Heat Flux
8.5 Transition Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux
8.5.1 Transition Boiling
8.5.2 Minimum Heat Flux
8.6 Film Boiling
8.6.1 Film Boiling Analysis
8.6.2 Direct Numerical Simulation of Film Boiling
8.6.3 Leidenfrost Phenomena
References
Problems
665
666
669
670
675
685
690
691
695
701
705
705
707
709
709
719
722
730
735
Table of Contents
ix
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation

9.1 Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Radiation
9.2 The Blackbody as the Ideal Radiator
9.2.1 The Planck Distribution and its Consequences
9.2.2 The Blackbody Fraction
9.3 Properties of Real Surfaces: Definitions, Measurements and Prediction
9.3.1 Opaque Surface Property Definitions
9.3.2 EM Theory Predictions of Properties
9.4 Application and Exploitation of Radiative Properties
9.4.1 Spacecraft Thermal Design
9.4.2 Solar Thermal Energy Collectors
9.4.3 Other Property Choices for Radiation/Surface Interactions
9.5 High-energy Radiation-Surface Interactions
9.5.1 Nanoscale Surface Modification for Tailoring Properties
9.5.2 Macroscale Laser-Surface Interactions
9.6 Light Pipes and Fiber Optics
9.7 Infrared Sensing, Cameras and Photography
9.8 Other Contemporary Applications and Research
References
Problems
CHAPTER 10 Heat Transfer by Radiation
739
739
741
742
748
750
750
759
766
766
771
777
778
780
781
783
785
786
787
788
794
10.1 Radiative Transfer through Transparent Media

794
10.1.1 Transfer between Two Areas
794
10.1.2 Diffuse Surfaces: The Configuration Factor
796
10.1.3 Configuration Factor Algebra
800
10.2 The Enclosure; The Net Radiation Method for Diffuse Surfaces
804
10.2.1 Radiosity, Irradiation, and Net Energy Transfer
805
10.2.2 Gray Surfaces
807
10.2.3 Nongray Surfaces
814
10.2.4 Surfaces with Varying Temperature, Radiative Flux, or Properties 817
10.3 Multimode Heat Transfer with Radiation
821
10.3.1 Numerical Methods
824
10.3.2 Conduction Dominated Problems
826
10.3.3 Radiation Dominated Problems
826
10.3.4 Problems with Both Modes Significant
827
10.4 Inverse Problems
828
10.4.1 An Inverse Design Problem
830
10.4.2 Regularization
835
10.4.3 Unresolved Problems in Inverse Cases
837
10.5 The Effect of Participating Media
838
10.5.1 Absorption, Emission and Scattering from a Medium
838
10.5.2 Properties of Participating Media
839
10.5.3 The Radiative Transfer Equation
844
10.5.4 Some Limiting Solutions for Radiative Transfer
848
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Faghri, Zhang and Howell
10.6 Applications of Radiative Transfer

10.6.1 Radiation Measurement and Sensing: IR Cameras,
Optical Pyrometers and Remote Sensing
10.6.2 Atmospheric Phenomena Caused by Scattering
10.6.3 Pollution, Greenhouse Gases and the Greenhouse Effect,
Atmospheric Radiation and the Global Energy Balance
References
Problems
List of Appendices
862
862
863
865
866
868
875
Appendix A Constants, Units and Conversion Factors

Appendix B Transport Properties of Solids
Appendix C Transport Properties of Gases and Liquids
at Atmospheric Pressure
Appendix D Transport Properties for Phase Change
Appendix E Mass Transfer Properties
Appendix F Configuration Factors and Surface Properties for Radiation
Appendix G Mathematical Relations
Index
876
880
888
895
899
911
916
925
Table of Contents
xi
Preface
Numerous heat and mass transfer textbooks have been published over the last
several decades. The field of heat and mass transfer has advanced many-fold
during its evolution due to the development of new knowledge, techniques, and
applications. If one examines the evolution of our understanding of heat and
mass transfer, it can be seen that the first phase was dominated by the
development of experimental results and correlations, as well as techniques for
conventional problems related to momentum, heat and mass transfer, with
primary emphasis on non-dimensional analysis.
The second phase primarily involved the development of simple theoretical
tools to predict these classical results using concepts such as boundary layer
theory and kinetic theory, which provide some very useful physical insights and
effective design tools for practicing thermal engineers.
Phase three began with the development of large digital computers and more
efficient computational techniques. We were able to develop much better
physical insight into complex heat and mass transfer problems via the utilization
of such tools.
Furthermore, state-of-the-art experimental measurement
techniques including optics and data acquisition systems produced vast
amounts of experimental data in the field of heat and mass transfer.
As we proceed into the fourth phase, one should realize the challenges and
opportunities, such as the instant and ready availability of resources at ones
fingertips through the Internet from any point in the world. Secondly, we cannot
continue business as usual; i.e., the cookbook approach that was employed in the
development of some of the existing textbooks. We must integrate innovation,
critical thought, and modern relevance into our textbooks so as to educate the
engineers of the 21st century in a globally competitive market.
Furthermore, most of the applications in the field of heat and mass transfer so
far have pertained to traditional power and thermal engineering and conventional
energy systems, as well as space activities. Modern technologies and new
applications, e.g., nanotechnology, biotechnology, energy, material processing
and information technology, will likely play a major role in the development of
curricula in future years. Globally, universities need to better align heat and
mass transfer in the engineering curricula, as werll as the nature of academic
experiences, with the challenges and opportunities that engineers will face in this
digital environment.
Traditionally, heat and mass transfer at the graduate level is taught in four
separate courses: heat conduction, convective heat transfer, mass transfer and
xii Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer
radiation. The materials covered in these courses are rather extensive while some
of them are even irrelevant. Graduate students are not given appropriate
exposure to topics related to modern emerging technologies. There is currently
no advanced-level textbook available that covers all of the pertinent topics (heat
conduction, convective heat transfer, mass transfer, radiation, and multiphase
phenomena) in a single volume. Therefore, we are hoping that this text will help
to fill this gap. There are, of course, excellent generalized undergraduate
textbooks, as well as advanced graduate-level books on single topics. However,
due to curriculum limitations or small faculty sizes, a number of universities are
offering single courses that cover all of these intermediate and advanced heat and
mass transfer topics. The purpose of this textbook is to present the subject of
heat and mass transfer with a focus on the significant advances in the field during
the last decade, while emphasizing the basic, fundamental principles. Thus, we
hope to provide a single textbook that these courses may use, so as to avoid
requiring the use of several textbooks. A copyrighted solutions manual and
PowerPoint presentation package are provided only to those instructors who
adopt the book for the course.
As the authors, we wish to express our appreciation to our following
postdoctoral fellows and graduate students who generously reviewed individual
chapters based on their expertise, and provided suggestions for improvements
and necessary corrections: H. Bahrami, J. Huang, H. Shabgard, N. Sharifi, S.
Wang, and J. Zhou. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the contributions
of students over the last several years, who were taught from the manuscripts out
of which this book evolved.
This textbook is developed for use as an advanced-level undergraduate or
graduate textbook on heat and mass transfer for various disciplines. We
recognize a new trend at a number of universities to offer a single course in
advanced heat and mass transfer, and therefore we have tried to cover the
materials that various disciplines might wish to include in such a course. The
authors were fortunate to develop previous heat transfer textbooks on various
subjects; thus, some of the materials are taken from these sources. Your
suggestions, comments, and criticisms are appreciated.
Amir Faghri
Yuwen Zhang
John Howell
Preface xiii
Nomenclature
A
Bi
Bo
area, m2
Biot number, hL / k (k is thermal conductivity of solid)
Bond number, ( v ) gL2 /
Br
Brinkman number, um2 /[k (Ts Tc )]
Brq
c
c
cf
ci
cp
cv
C
CD
Cf
d
D
D
Dh
Dij
Dij
Brinkman number constant heat flux, um2 /(qw D )

specific heat, J/(kg-K); velocity of the molecular random motion, m/s;
speed of sound, m/s
particle velocity (m/s)
friction factor
molar concentration of the ith species, kmol/m3
specific heat at constant pressure, J/kg-K
specific heat at constant volume, J/kg-K
heat capacity, J/K
drag coefficient
friction coefficient
coefficient of pressure-diffusion term
diameter, m; self diffusivity, m2/s; diffusion conductance
rate of strain tensor, 1/s
hydraulic diameter, m
binary diffusivity, m2/s
Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity, m2/s
ij
multicomponent Fick diffusivity, m2/s
DiT
e
E
multicomponent thermal diffusivity, m2/s

specific internal energy, J/kg; kinetic energy of molecules, J
internal energy or surface free energy, J; emissive power, W/m2; electric
field
electric field vector
total energy, J
friction coefficient; wave frequency, 1/s , molecular velocity distribution
function.
force, N; Helmholtz free energy, J/kg-K; flow rate through a control
volume surface
force vector, N
F
F
xiv
F0-T
FA-B
Fo
Fr
g
G
Gr
Gz
h
h
h
hv
hv
hm
hm ,G
blackbody fraction
configuration factor between surfaces A and B
Fourier number, t / L2
Froude number, U / gL or U 2 /( gL)
gravitational acceleration, m/s2; specific Gibbs free energy, J/kg
Gibbs free energy, J; coupling factor, W/m3-K; irradiance, W/m2
Grashof number, g TL3 / 2
Graetz number
heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2-K); specific enthalpy, J/kg
average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2-K
average enthalpy of the multiphase mixture, J/kg
latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
modified latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
convective mass transfer coefficient, m/s
mass transfer coefficient in noncondensable gas section, m/s
hs
hsv
H
H
I
I0
I1
I
J
J0
J1
Ji
latent heat of fusion, J/kg

latent heat of sublimation, J/kg
enthalpy, J; height, m; Henrys constant; magnetic field
magnetic field vector
intensity, W/m2-sr; electrical current, A
modified Bessel function of the first kind of the zeroth order
modified Bessel function of the first kind of the first order
identity tensor
total (diffusion + convection) flux; radiosity, (W/m2)
Bessel function of the first kind of the zeroth order
Bessel function of the first kind of the first order
mass flux of the ith species relative to mass-averaged velocity, kg/m2-s
J *i
Ja
molar flux of the ith species relative to molar-averaged velocity, kmol/m2-s

Jakob number, c p T / hv
k
k
thermal conductivity, W /(m-K)

thermal conductivity tensor, W /(m-K)
modified Bessel function of the second kind of the zeroth order
modified Bessel function of the second kind of the first order
Boltzmann constant, J/K
interface curvature, 1/m; Permeability, m2; dielectric constant
Arrhenius constant
momentum exchange coefficient between phases j and k, kg/(m3-s)
Kapitza number, 4 g /[( v ) 3 ]
Knudsen number, / L
(characteristic) length, m
K0
K1
kb
K
K0
Kjk
Ka
Kn
L
Nomenclature
xv
Le
Lb
Lewis number, / D
bubble or capillary scale,
Le
m
m
m

m
m
M
Ma
n
mean beam length

mass, kg; exponent in flow over a wedge
mass flow rate, kg/s
absolute mass flux relative to stationary coordinate system, kg/m2-s
mass flux vector, kg/m2-s
mass source per unit volume, kg/m3-s
molecular mass, kg/kmol; number of concave surfaces in enclosure
Mach number, U / c
number of moles; number of horizontal tubes in an array; refractive index
complex refractive index, n i
unit normal vector
number of vapor bubbles released per unit area and release cycle, 1/m2
conduction/radiation parameter, k/Tref3W2
liquid droplet size distribution, 1/m3
number of moles for the ith component in a multicomponent system
absolute molar flux of the ith component relative to stationary coordinate
system, kmol/s
number of components, number of molecules
number density of the molecules
Avogadros number (1/mol)
number density of nucleation sites
Nusselt number, hL / k
local Nusselt number, hx x / k
pressure, Pa; number of retained singular values
pressure correction
Peclet number, UL /
Prandtl number, /
turbulent Prandtl number
heat rate, W
heat rate per unit length, W/m
heat flux, W/m2
heat flux vector, W/m2
maximum (critical) heat flux in boiling, W/m2
minimum heat flux in boiling, W/m2
n
nb
NCR
nD
ni
ni
N
N
NA
N a
Nu
Nu x
p
p
Pe
Pr
Prt
q
q
q
q
qmax
qmin
/[ g ( g )] , m
solar constant, 1368 W/m2

qsolar
q
Q
Q"
xvi
internal heat generation per unit volume, W/m3

total heat transfer, J; TDMA coefficient; volume flow rate, m3/s
dimensionless radiative flux, q"/Tref4
r
r
reff
radial coordinate, m
residual vector; vector location on surface
effective pore radius, m
R
Rb
Rct
re
Rg
j
radius, m; radius of curvature, m; dimensionless radius, r/ri; electrical

resistance, Ohm; thermal resistance, K/W; residual
bubble radius, m
contact thermal resistance (m2-K/W)
electrical resistivity
gas constant, Ru / M , kJ/kg-K
net reaction rate of the jth chemical reaction
Rlaser
Rmen
Rr
Ru
Rv
R
Ra
Re
s
sgen
radius of laser beam

radius of curvature of the meniscus, m
characteristic micro roughness size, m
universal gas constant, 8.3144 kJ/kmol-K
vapor space radius, m
interfacial thermal resistance, m2-K/W
Rayleigh number, g TL3 /( )
Reynolds number, UL / ; 4 / (for film condensation or evaporation)
specific entropy, J/(kg-K); space variable; m; interface location, m
entropy generation rate per unit volume, W/kg-K-m3
S
S
Sc
entropy, J/K; general source term in numerical solution; nondimensional

interface location, s/L; solubility, kmol/Pa-m3 ; position along path
Poynting vector; matrix of singular values
Schmidt number, / D ; subcooling parameter, c ps (Tm Ti ) / hs
Sh
St
Sherwood number, hm L / D12

Stanton number, h /( c pU )
Ste
Stefan number, c p Tw Tm / hs
Sr
t
t
tp
T
Tm
Tsat
Tw
T
u
U
U
U
Strouhal number, Lf / U
time, s
unit tangential vector
laser pulse duration, s
temperature, K
melting point, K
saturation temperature, K
wall temperature, K
temperature of environment, K
velocity in the x- direction, m/s
velocity, m/s; number of unknown configuration factors
orthogonal matrices
mean velocity, m/s
Nomenclature
xvii
u
u*
ub
uc
uf
um
v
pseudovelocity in the x-direction, m/s

velocity based on guessed pressure, m/s
laser beam scanning velocity, m/s
critical Helmholtz velocity, m/s
1/ 2
frictional velocity, ( w / )
v
v*
w
w
w*
w
wv
ww
W
We
mean velocity, m/s

specific volume, m3/kg; velocity in the y-direction, m/s; radial velocity,
m/s; or vapor velocity along the -coordinate, m/s
volume, m3
velocity vector, m/s; orthogonal matrices

k
k
mass-averaged velocity vector, k k Vk , m/s
k =1
pseudovelocity in the y-direction, m/s

velocity in the z-direction or axial velocity, m/s, specific work, J/kg
pseudovelocity in the z-direction, m/s
liquid phase axial velocity, m/s
vapor phase axial velocity, m/s
wave velocity, m/s
work, J; width of the cavity, m; width of a capillary groove, m
Weber number, U 2 L /
Wr
x
xi
X
Xk,i
y
Y
Y0
Y1
z
Z
Womersley number, R 2 /
Cartesian coordinate, m
molar fraction of the ith species
material coordinate, m; dimensionless coordinate, x/L
body force per unit mass acting on the ith species in the kth phase, m/s2
Cartesian coordinate, m
material coordinate, m
Bessel function of the second kind of the zeroth order
Bessel function of the second kind of the first order
Cartesian coordinate, axial coordinate, m
material coordinate, m
V
V
GREEK SYMBOLS
thermal diffusivity, m2/s; relaxation factor; accommodation coefficient;

absorptivity of a surface
(S) absorptance of participating medium
wedge angle, rad; coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/K; contact angle

measured in degrees; attenuation coefficient, + s
m
composition coefficient of volume expansion
xviii Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer
general diffusion coefficient; liquid mass flow rate per unit width, kg/m-s
electric permittivity
angle of refraction
velocity boundary layer thickness, liquid or vapor film thickness, m;
thermal penetration depth, m; laser irradiation penetration depth, m;
thickness of the deposited film, m; thickness of surface element, m;
Kronecker delta
nondimensional film thickness, u f /
nondimensional film thickness, / LF , or ( 2 / g )
dimensionless thermal penetration depth, /(1 1hs /q0) ; dimensionless

liquid layer thickness in contact melting, / W
thermal boundary layer thickness, m
time interval for time average; time step in numerical solution, s
half of the width of phase change temperature range, K; temperature
difference, K
volume element for volume average, m3
porosity; volume fraction; emissivity; eddy diffusivity, m2/s
momentum eddy diffusivity, m2/s
thermal eddy diffusivity, m2/s
emittance of participating medium
dimensionless variable for binary solidification, X /(2 ) ; dimensionless
coordinate, y / ; coordinate normal to the solid-liquid interface, m
fin efficiency
t
t
T
M
H
(S)
men
c
D
n
1/ 3
inclination angle, rad; contact or wetting angle, rad; dimensionless

temperature; cone angle in spherical coordinates
excess temperature, K
eigen function
contact angle obtained from the smooth-surface model
meniscus contact angle
surface roughness, m; imaginary component of complex refractive index;
absorption coefficient (m-1)
Planck mean absorption coefficient (m-1)
mean free path, m; wavelength, m; constant in solid-liquid phase change,
S / (2 1/ 2 )
critical wavelength, m
most dangerous wavelength, m
eigenvalue
dynamic viscosity, kg/(m-s); chemical potential, J/mol; magnetic
permeability
Nomenclature
xix
kinematic viscosity, m2/s; frequency (Hz); C2 / T

number of phases
surface pressure, N/m2
dimensionless stream function; pH 2O /( pH 2O + pCO2 )
density, kg/m3; reflectivity of a surface

mass concentration of species i, kg/m3
surface tension force, N/m; collision diameter,
scattering coefficient, (m-1)
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 108 W/m 2 -K 4
s
SB
shear stress, N/m2; thermal relaxation time, s; dimensionless time, t / L2 ;

optical thickness
(S) transmittance of participating medium
'
stress tensor, N/m2
viscous stress tensor, N/m2
w
shear stress at wall, N/m2
Lennard-Jones potential, J; specific value of general property, ;

inclination angle; circumferential angle in spherical coordinates
similarity variable; dependent variable in combustion of spherical droplet
general property
scattering phase function
stream function, m2/s
blood perfusion rate; angular frequency (s-1); albedo, [/(s + )]

i
mass fraction of species i
general vector quantity; surface tension parameter; solid angle, steradians
Laplace operator vector

Subscripts
0
reference variables; initial condition; reservoir conditions; in vacuum
B
bottom neighbor grid point
b
control volume face at bottom; blood; blackbody
app apparent value
c
critical point, condenser, cutoff value
cap capillary
E
east neighbor point
e
equilibrium; evaporator; control volume face at east
eff
effective value
f
final; fuel; thin film
i
ith component; initial; inner
I
interface
k
kth phase in a multiphase system
liquid
L
left; characteristic length
xx
m
men
N
n
nb
o
P
p
q
r
R
rad
ref
rel
S
s
sat
stag
T
t
tr
v
W
w
mean; melting point or mushy zone; metabolic

meniscus
north neighbor grid point
normal to surface; control volume face at bottom
general neighbor grid points
outer
central grid point under consideration
product; particle; pulse
heat flux
reduced; reactant
right
radiation
reference frame
relative
south neighbor grid point
shaft; solid; surface; control volume face at south
saturation
stagnation value
top neighbor grid point; temperature
turbulent; control volume face at top
transition
vapor phase
west neighbor grid point
wall; control volume face at west
liquid-vapor interface
wavelength dependent
ambient or bulk property

Superscripts
k
phase index
n
normal component
t
tangential component, turbulent
fluctuation
*
dimensionless
+
dimensionless
Others
~
same order of magnitude
< > volume averaged
< >k phase average
time averaged, mean
mass-averaged
parallel component of EM wave
perpendicular component of EM wave

maximum function
Nomenclature
xxi
xxii Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer

Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer Preface

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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer

Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John Howell

Copyright 2010 Global Digital Press

Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John Howell

Copyright 2010 Global Digital Press