12/08/16 - Phonetics and Phonology

What makes listening difficult

Obs.: It English is possible to say the singular and plural If you
expect a singular answer you say what make, otherwise (quando voc
espera ao menos (at least) uma resposta, mais de uma normalmente)
you say what makes.
Clustering
Put together is the same thing as Cluster
Is difficult to know where the word finish
We speak clustering
Redundancy
Never pause too long. Use fillers (uh, well, etc.) Dont pause, try to
say something like fillers.
Preencher as pausas com algo!
Speakers they send input, input is the information that I gave you...
something new
The input has to be outtake/output (what you understood/that you
learned). I teach and sometimes you dont understand (so you dont
outtake). I have to check (do you understand it?)
Appropriateness x Correctness difference between this two
Reduced forms
When you spoke there are reduced language forms like Dunno = I
dont know, Ill = I will
When you will substitute the main verb you have to use the long form,
do not use Ill, use I will.
Are you hungry? Dont use this form in informal spoken language, use
only Hungry
We speak more informal than formal, because we spoke more with
friends and family.

Performance variables

You cannot plan conversations; you can prepare lessons.

There is unplanned and contains hesitations, changes of directions,
unfinished sentences, fillers.

Writing is more plannable.

The correct intonation makes the speaking natural.
Why people make mistakes in languages:
1) Overgeneralization
2) Transference avoid transference because it will be wrong (no
transferir do portugus para o ingls nem vice-versa)
Colloquial language
Spoken language
contractions, etc.

is

less

formal

than

written,

with

slangs,

Ex.: My old woman hit the roof (deu a gota) when she spotted my old
man at a disco with a dish (gostosona) last night.

Chunks Im going to have forty winks (vou dar uma soneca)

John dol fulano
She has a bun in the oven (ela est gravida)
Dont keep up with the Joneses (no queira ter o que dos outros/no
queira o que os outros tem)
Dont mind about the other business (no se meta na vida dos outros)
Rate of delivery
Learners Always think that native speakers speak too fast, although
English is no faster than other language. The rate of delivery cannot
be controlled by the learner.

Sounds, stress, rhythm, intonation

The most important elements that make listening difficult

All of these carry meaning in English and may be different from L1
(your native language)
They are in distinctive opposition (they are responsible for meaning if
you change them)
Den (caverna usually where they live (animals))
Sounds are very important, also in Portuguese.
O estresse que voc faz na palavra modifica o significado por
exemplo quando diz:

English teacher com o stress no english quer dizer que voc um

professor ingls, quando dar o stress no teacher, voc um professor
Colligation: Lugares grandes a coligation com in, lugares
pequenos com at ex.: I arrived in Joo Pessoa; I arrived at
the cinema.
Comparar coisas iguais usa to (compare to), comparando coisas
diferentes usa-se with (compare with). SHAKESPEARE.

Colligation: Agree to what he said; I agree with you.

English is a stress time language depend very much on the
stress acentue a slaba mais importante da palavra.
Portuguese, French and Spanish is syllabus time language.
(syllabal time uma palavra com 10 e 20 slabas tem tempos
diferentes).
Stress a melodia da sentena voc bate no corao do ingls
Intonation na palavra subida e descida da voz
Ingls uma lngua de ritmo acentuado
Intonation o carro chefe (very big machine)

Interaction
Most spoken language involves more than one speaker and they
negotiate, clarify, turn take, interrupt, etc.
Leave taking good night
Greeting good evening
Farewell party festa de despedida
Stag party festa de despedida de solteira

According to Ur (1996), listening in real life has some of the following

characteristics:

Much
spoken
language
is
informal,
unplanned
and
spontaneous.
Pronunciation is not always distinct-word boundaries (fronteiras)
are slurred.
Informal speech makes use a lot of slang and idiomatic
language.

Ungrammatical (not grammatically correct) utterances occur

frequently.
Background noise causes interference.
High levels of redundancy are common.
Receivers only get one chance as speakers usually say
something once.
Listeners nearly always know something about the topic. There
is a degree of shared knowledge which allows listeners to have
expectations.
People usually have a reason to listen there is nearly always a
listening purpose.
Visual clues are used a lot of to process incoming language.
Listeners respond to what they hear.
Speech is directed and tailored to listener.

I have trouble catching the sounds of the language.

I find I need to understand every word, otherwise, I feel I am not
catching everything that is said.
I cannot understand fast speech people here speak too quickly for
me!
I need to hear things more than once to understand.
I get tired after a while and cannot concentrate on what is being said.
Cellphones conversation are the most difficult thing for me.
Sometimes the topic is too culturally loaded for me and I cannot
understand.

Idiolect is a personal, each person has its own idiolect

Accent sotaque is regional pronunciation
Dialect is almost another language accent, vocabulary,
grammar, pronunciation

Bread is uncountable (no tem plural); Loaf is the plural - I

want some bread; how many loafs do you want?
The news is never use The news are
I have three pieces of news to tell you
I have four pieces of furniture
Advice no tem plural
Progress

ESTUDAR PLURAL,