Delhi

Scottish
PRO JECT FILE
OF
PHYSICS

Logic Gates combination

for a given Truth Table
Submitted to: by: Mrs. Komaljeet Kaur
Kaushik (XII

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Summited
Gaurav
Roll no:

PHYSICS
2016-2017

BONA FIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project entitled
LOGIC GATES is a record of bonafide
work carried out by Gaurav Kaushik in
PHYSICS prescribed by Delhi Scottish
School.
Signature
(Subject Teacher)

Signature
(Examiner)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to express my greatest
gratitude to the people who have
helped & supported me throughout
my
project.
Im
grateful
to
for his continuous
support for the project, from initial
advice & encouragement to this
day.
Special thanks of mine goes to
my brother who helped me in
completing the project by giving
interesting ideas, thoughts & made
this project easy and accurate.
I wish to thanks my parents for
their undivided support & interest
who inspired me & encouraged me
to go my own way, without which I
would be unable to complete my
project. At last but not the least I
want to thanks my friends who
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appreciated me for my work &

motivated me and finally to God
who made all the things possible

S.
No.

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X

Contents

Index

Pa
ge
No
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Introduction
Principle
Basic Gates
OR Gate
AND Gate
NOT Gate
NOR Gate
NAND Gate
Some
Applications
9
of Logic Gates
BIBLOGRAPHY 10

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Introduction

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows

some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either
allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is
called a gate. The logic gates are building
blocks at digital electronics. They are used in
digital electronics to change on voltage level
(input voltage) into another (output voltage)
according to some logical statement relating
them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it
has only one output. The relationship between
the possible values of input and output voltage is

truth
table or table of combination. Truth
expressed in the form of a table called

table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the

input and output possibilities for the logic gate.

George

Boole

in

1980

invented a
different kind of algebra based on binary nature
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at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN

ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two
values,
such
as
HIGH/LOW,
ON/OFF,
CLOSED/OPEN,
YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING
etc. The two values of logic statements one
denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The
binary number 1 is used to denote the high
value. The logical statements that logic gates
follow are called

Boolean expressions.

BASIC GATES

Logic Gates are building

blocks at digital electronics.
The

They

are used in digital electronics to change on

voltage level (input voltage) into another (output
voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them. Truth table of a Logic

Gates

is a table that shows all the input and

output possibilities for the logic gate.

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Types OF GATES
There are three types of basic
logic
gates
which
follows
Boolean expression.
i)

OR gate

ii)

AND gate

iii)

NOT gate

THE OR GATE
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic
gate. It combing the input A and B with the
output Y following the Boolean expression.

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The Boolean algebra, the addition symbol (+) is

called OR (i.e. OR operation OR operator).
The various possible combinations of the input
and output of the OR gate can be easily
understanding with the help of the electrical
circuit.

In

combination

this
of

electric
two

circuit,

switches

parallel

and

is

connected to a battery and a lump L.T he

following interference can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit is :
a)

If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow

(A=0, B=0)
b)

If Switch A open B closed then (A=0,

B=1) Lamp glow.

c)

If switch A Closed B open then (A=1,

B=0) Lamp glow.

d)

If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,

B=1) Lamp glow.

THE AND GATE

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The AND gate is also a two inputs and one

output logic gate. It combines the input A and B
with the output Y following the Boolean

expression.

Y = A. B have Y is equal to A AND B. The Boolean

algebra, the multiplication symbol (. dot or x
Gross) is taken to mean AND.
The various possible combination of the input
and outputs of the AND gate can be easily found
with the help of the electrical circuit. Here a
series combination of the switch A and B is
connected to a battery and a lump L. The
following conclusions can be easily drawn from
the working of electrical circuit :
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0)
then lamp will not glow. (y=0)
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

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c)
If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow. (y=0)

THE NOT GATE

The NOT gate is a one inputs and one output
logic gate. It combines the input A with the
output following the Boolean expression.

i.e. Y not equal A. The way, the NOT gate gives

the output it is also called inverter. It is
represented by the symbol. The Boolean

algebra,

the negative sign (-) is called NOT.

The equation Y= A called Boolean expression.
The possible input and output combination of a
NOT gate can be easily discussed with the help
of electrical circuit. Here, the switch is connected
in parallel to the lump of the battery. The
following conclusion can be easily drawn from the
working of the electrical circuit:

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a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will

glow (i.e. Y=1)
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will
not glow (Y=0).
It follows that in the given electrical circuit, the
lump glows (or output is obtained), when the
switch A is not closed. Far this reason, the
electrical circuit is called not gate. The two
possible input-output combinations can be
written in the form of the table. It is called truth
table of NOT gate

THE OR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

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An OR gate can be realizing by the electronic

circuit, making use of two diodes D 1 and D2 as
shown in the figure.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The

output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

The following interference can be easily drawn

from the working of electrical circuit is:
a)
If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow
(A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch an Open B closed then (A=0,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A Closed B open then (A=1,
B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
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d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input
A

Input Output
B
Y

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THE AND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a
resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realizing by the
electronic circuit, making use of two diodes D 1
and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V
battery permanently.
Here the negative terminal of the battery is
grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The
output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.
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The following

conclusions can be easily drawn from the working

of electrical circuit:
a)
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0)
then lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1)
then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

0
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THE NOT GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using
diodes. However, an electronic circuit of NOT
gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-n
transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the
input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E
is earthed. The collector is connected to 5V
battery. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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The following conclusion can be easily drawn

from the working of the electrical circuit:

a)
If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump
will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump
will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A

Output Y

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Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an
ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of OR gate to the
input of a NOT gate the gate obtained is called
NOR. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed

as Y=A+B, and is being read as A OR B
negated. The following interference can be

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easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit

is:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
c)
If Switch An open & B close (A=0, B=1)
then Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:
Input A

Input B

Output Y

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THE NAND GATE

Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a
resistance R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y of AND gate to
the input of a NOT gate the gate obtained is
called NAND.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

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In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is

expressed as Y=A.B, and is being read as A AND
B negated. The following interference can be
easily drawn from the working of electrical
circuit:
a)
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then
Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
b)
If Switch an Open B closed then (A=0,
B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
c)
If switch A Closed B open then (A=1,
B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
d)
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1,
B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table:

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Input A

Input B

Output Y

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Some Common
Applications of Logic
Gates
During the course of discussion about various
digital logic gates, we have mainly discussed
about the design, property and operation of
them. In this article we will look at various
applications of logic gates. Their
applications are determined mainly based upon
their truth table i.e. their mode of operations.
In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well
as many other normal logic gates as well.

Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more
than one event is needed to be detected or some
actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in
all those cases OR gates can be used. It can be
explained with an example. Suppose in an
industrial plant if one or more than one
parameter exceeds the safe value, some
protective measure is needed to be done. In that
case OR gate is used. We are going to show this
with the help of a diagram. The above figure is a
typical schematic diagram where an OR gate is
used to detect exceed of temperature or pressure
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and produce command signal for the system to

take required actions.

Application of AND gate

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There are mainly two applications of AND gate

as Enable gate and Inhibit gate. Enable gate
means allowance of data through a channel and
Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e.
disallowance of data through a channel. We are
going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the

measurement of frequency of a pulsed waveform.

For measurement of frequency a gating pulse of
known frequency is sent to enable the passage of
the waveform whose frequency is to be
measured. The diagram below shows the
arrangement of the above explained operation.
Application

of NOT gate or Inverters

NOT gates are also known as inverter because

they invert the output given to them and show
the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are
commonly used to build square wave oscillators
which are used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume low
power and their interfacing is very easy
compared to other logic gates.

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The above figure shows the most fundamental

circuit made of ring configuration to generate
square wave oscillator. The frequency of this type
generator is given by

Where n represents the number of inverters

shows the propagation delay per gate.

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