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  • Kevlar® Technical Guide

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    kevalr tech guide

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    Kevlar® Technical Guide

    Загружено:

    Phillip Tai
    kevalr tech guide

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 33
    TECHNICAL GUIDE KEVLAR PNP id Liguid crystalline polymer solutions display @ unique behavior under shear. This unique aspect ‘opened up new dimensions in fiber manufacturing and processing. Under shear forces, as the solutions pass through a spinneret (orifice), the randomly oriented domains become fully oriented in the direction of the shear and emerge with near perfect molecular orientation, The supramolecular structure is almost entirely preserved in the as-spun filament structure due to very slow relaxation of the shear-induced orientation. This process isa novel, low-energy way to highly orient polymer molecules and to achieve very strong fibers Du Pont utilized this technology to develop a fiber of poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, which was introduced as high-strength KEVLAR® aramid fiber in 1971 KEVLAR® aRamip FIBER 13 KEVLAR® In FDA App.ications ‘The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has amended the food additive regulations to provide for the use of KEVLAR. These regulations now indicate that many forms of KEVLAR may be safely used as articles or components of articles intended for re- peated contact with food. To determine which specific KEVLAR products are included under the FDA regulations, please contact your Du Pont Customer Service Representative (see the last page). Du Pont cannot attest to the FDA status of any other materials added to or used in conjunction with KEVLAR, either by the end-user or by any down- stream processor. For more information on the use of KEVLAR for your particular application, you may contact Mr. Julius Smith at the FDA (202-254-9500). ‘You may also refer directly to the Federal Register (Vol. 57, No. 18, Tuesday, January 28, 1992), which addresses the use of KEVLAR under section 21 CRF Part 177 (Docket No. 89F-0171). 14 KEVLAR® aramip FIBER TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: Introduction to KEVLAR® Aramid ‘What Is KEVLAR®? 7 —o Development and Molecular Structure of KEVLAR® KEVLAR in FDA Applications La 12 Section II: Properties of KEVLAR® ‘Typical and Comparative Properties of KEVLAR? Effect of Chemical Agents on KEVLAR® Effect of Water and pH on KEVLAR® Hydrolytic and pH Stability Moisture Regain : “Thermal Properties of KEVLAR® Decomposition Temperature Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties, Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Dimensional Stability Heat of Combustion —_ : Specific Heat Effect of Aretic Conditions Effect of Cryogenie Conditions. Flammability, Smoke and Off-Gas Generation Properties of KEVLAR® Effect of Electron Radiation on KEVLAR® sen Effect of UV Light on KEVLAR® Section III: KEVLAR? Short Fibers KEVLAR® Pulp Precision-Cut, Short Fibers... KEVLAR? Staple... KEVLAR® Floc vs nn bn nnn M2 KEVLAR® MIB Masterbatch _ sense TES Section IV: Glossary. ‘Ordering Information for KEVLAR® FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL 1-800-4-KEVLAR (1-800-453-8527). KEVLAR® aramip Finer SECTION I: INTRODUCTION TO KEVLAR® ARAMID FIBER Wuart Is KEVLAR®? Du Pont KEVLAR is an organic fiber in the aromatic polyamide family. ‘The unique properties and distinct ‘chemical composition of wholly aromatic polyamides (aramids) distinguish them —and especially KEVLAR — from other commercial, man-made fibers. KEVLAR has a unique combination of high strength, high modulus, toughness and thermal stability. It was developed for demanding industrial and advanced-technology applications. Currently, ‘many types of KEVLAR are produced to meet a broad range of end uses. This guide contains technical information primarily about KEVLAR industrial yams, as well as some basic information on KEVLAR short fibers. If you require any additional information, including information on the various applications and special forms of KEVLAR, please contact your Du Pont Representative or call 1-800-4-KEVLAR. From outside the United States, call (302) 999-3358. KEVLAR® aramip DEVELOPMENT AND MOLECULAR ST In the mid-1960s, nylon and polyester represented the state ofthe art in man-made fibers. However, to achieve maximum tenacity (break strength) and initial ‘modulus, the polymer molecules had to be in ex- tended-chain configuration and almost perfect crystal- line packing. With flexible-chain polymers, such as nylon or polyester, this could be accomplished only by mechanically drawing the fiber after melt spinning. This required chain disentanglement and orientation in the solid phase, so tenacity and modulus levels were far from the theoretically possible values. In 1965, scientists at Du Pont discovered a new method of producing an almost perfect polymer chain extension. The polymer poly-p-benzamide was found to form liquid crystalline solutions due to the simple repetitiveness of its molecular backbone. The key structural requirement for the backbone is the para orientation on the benzene ring, which allows the formation of rod-like molecular structures. These developments led us to our current formulation for KEVLAR. To illustrate the difference between liquid crystalline polymers and flexible, “melt” polymers, consider what happens when rod-like polymer molecules are dissolved, as opposed to molecules with flexible chains. With flexible chain polymers, random coil configuration is obtained in solution, and even increasing the polymer concentration cannot generate ahigher degree of order. In contrast, with rigid polymers, asthe concentration increases, the rods begin to associate in parallel alignment. Randomly oriented domains of internally highly oriented poly- ‘mer chains then develop. 12 KEVLAR® aramip Finer RUCTURE OF KEVLAR® Hydrogen-Bonded Sheet ‘Shoots Stacked Togethor FIGURE 1.1. Rod-Like Fiber Structure by the Radial Stacking of Hydrogen-Bonded Sheets. 7 pte _ ayy, a @ YO at cation con se | | oe Parialy Scanded Fy Exondoa ‘crane! FIGURE 1.2, Differences in Behavior During Spinning Between Flexible and Rigid Polymers. SEcTION II PROPERTIES OF KEVLAR This section lists and describes the typical properties of KEVLAR®. The data reported are those most often observed, and are representative of the particular denier and type indicated. The properties are reported in both U.S. and S.1. units For information on safety and health, refer to the KEVLAR Material Safety Data Sheet. Typicat AND CoMPARATIVE PRrorertics OF KEVLAR® Table II-lists the typical yam, tensile and thermal properties of KEVLAR 29 and KEVLAR 49 yams. Additional products in the KEVLAR family of fibers are available with different combinations of properties to meet your engineering design needs. Please contact your Du Pont Representative or call 1-800-4-KEVLAR to discuss your specific application and determine the optimum KEVLAR fiber for you. ‘Typical Properties of Du Pont KEVLAR® 29 and 49 yarns Thi’ KEVIARREVEAR Property Tal KEVEAR” REVTAR ae yes YARN "THERMAL PROPERTIES Dre denier 1500.40 Strange, (@eeg asm 270 ia Water fof tamenst “1900768 FU) Dest twin’ 00820082 i em) 0) ha) Sikage Tension Moin ewe cl nay Aira op tz eee a 10: ss 351 FITC) (eNtex) (88) (77) i : aii — Rone:Dayi = Se as AUITEQSC) — callge'C 034 034 TENSILE PROPERTIES Gngex) (20) (haat) Stuight Test on Condiened Yams A2IZF (OTC) calgx'C O48 O88 Baking Suength Tb 760 ng) 2.010) 210) ee) AascPaw'o caler'e “00 “O60 Se Gnesk) @515) @s15 (eles Gos) Thermal Condi Ts 424000 MUswitts 0303 th, 2920) TWien 3} (00s) (004) Tensile Modus glk 585 Diop “F/ so000" tons (ime) 500) Temper in Air”) RTARD) 7-48) Ts 1O2KI" 16381) peremenieg ny MPa) 70,500) (112,400) ‘Temperature Range for °F 300-350 300-350. BlngaioaBresk 862A Longctemm UselnAir CO) (BIT) GBT) Resin impregnated Stands" Hea ot Combusion TUM 1800018600 TensileStength psi 525000 525,000 Goulehy) 5x10) Se 10) Pa) 600) G,600) Poisson's Ratio 0.36 Teil Modis pa RD Oh ROA (MPa) 3,000) (124,000), Emtec he arclr dnl ype nde, bey os pot pertica ‘tne Proper wl ary with Senet an pe, For REAR 9, fb wed occu Jenie eo fic 5 moe, Ror KEVLAR ‘Bethe as wea wed acl ceale vo Hh and 0% ost “amen date 01087 nhs (12 ton). ‘yea mt lees on am ips hy eft eas ech um moderate tempers and hum sel fn fer rout, aura vale re dtenined by bone ing te Ter ad conn "ASTM DAKS4S, etd 11 it mip "epoy pregame, ASTM D235, KEVLAR® aramip rinerR Ill ‘Table I-2 compares the properties of KEVLAR 29 and KEVLAR 49 to other yams, such as glass, steel wire, nylon, polyester, polyethylene and carbon, ‘Compared to KEVLAR, nylon and polyester have relatively low moduli and intermediate melting points Polyethylene has a high initial modulus, which is offset by its relatively low melting point. 11-2, Comparative Properties of KEVLAR® vs. Other Yarns “Customary” Gnch-pound) Units Specific Specific Break ‘Tensile Decomposition Density Tenacity Modulus Elongation Strength* CTE** Temperature IWiin? 10° psi 10'pst % in YF FO) KEVLAR 39 0083 we 102 36 a5 800-900 (427-483) KEVLAR 49 0.052 485 163 24 837 800-900 (427-482) ‘Other Yarns S-Class 0.090 665 4 34 740417 1,862) 830) E-Glass 0.092 500 10s 48 343 6 1346" (730) Steel Wire 0280 2885 2 20 bo BT ara aS00y Nylon-66 0082 143 os. 183, 340 = 490" (254) Polyester 0.050 168 20 145 3.36 493 (256), HS Polyethylene 0.035 315 ” 35 102 = 300" (149) Hligh“Tendeity Caibon 0.065 50 2 1a 693 NO 8382 G06) “Speci nse senghs Sune by didn tem By the esi. *°CTE athe confine of heal expos the ng recto) ‘ter enpea. 12 KEVLAR® Aramip FIBER Errect oF CHEMICAL AGENTS ON KEVLAR® KEVLAR is chemically stable under a wide variety of exposure conditions; however, certain strong aqueous acids, bases and sodium hypochlorite can cause degradation, particularly over long periods of time and ‘TABLE 1-3, Chemical Resistance of KEVLAR® Aramid Yarn at elevated temperatures. Table II-3 summarizes the effect of chemical agents on the breaking strength of KEVLAR. ‘Concentration Temperature Time Effect on Chemical (, FCO, oe) Breaking Strength" ‘ACIDS, ‘Acetic 997 7 en 4 None ‘Acetic 40 7% an 1000 Slight ‘Acetic 40 210 (99) 100. Appreciable Benzoie 3 210 9) 100 ‘Appreciable Chromic 0 7% an 1000 Appreciable Formic 90 7m an 100 None Formic 40 m 2D 10000 Moderate Formic 90, 2109) 100 Degraded Hyérobromic 10 % en 1000 Appreciable Hydrochloric 30 7 a) mw ‘None Hydrochloric 10 7 ay 100 Appreciable Hyérochioric 10 160. ) 100 Appreciable Sodium Chloride 3 7 an 1000 None Sodium Chioride 10 210 9) 100 None Sodium Chloride 10 250 (121) 100 Appreciable Sodium Phosphate 5 210 (99) 100 “Moderate MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS Benzaldehyde 100 702) 1000 None Brake Fluid 100 235 (13) 100 Moderate Cottonseed Oi! 100 7 @D 1000 None Formaldehyde in Water 10 % @D 1000 None Formalin 100 7% Ql) a None Lard 100 7m aD 1000 None Linseed Oil 100 0 @D 1000 None Minoral Oil 100 217 69) 10 None Phenol in Watet 5 0 an 10 None Resoteint 100 250 (121) 10 None Water, Ocean (Ocean City, NJ) 100 = 1 year None Water, Salt s » ey * ‘None Water, Tap 100 m a) 2 None Water, Tap 100 212 (100) 100 None Water, Tap 100 210 (99) 100 None ORGANIC SOLVENTS, ‘Acetone 100 1m en By None ‘Acetone 100 Boil 100 None ‘Amyl Alcobo! 100 7» @) 1000. None Benzene 100 7 Qi) 1000, None Benzene 100 7m @ m ‘None Carbon Tetrachloride 100 7m aD 4 None Carbon Tetrachloride 100 Boil 100 Moderate Chlorothene 100 7 @n 5 None Dimethyiormamide 100 70» en 24 None Ethyl Ether 100 0 ey 1000, None [Bthyl Alcohot 100 170 7) 100 None Ethylene GlycolWater 5050 210 9) 1000 Moderate Freon® 11 100 140 (60) 300 ‘None Freon 22 100 140 (60) 500 None Jet Fuel (Texaco “Abjet” K-40) 100 7 Qt) 4 None Kerosene 100 140 6) 500 None Sova* ComtrisiP (HCFC-123) 100 0° “Qty 1000 None Gasoline, Leaded 100 0 Gh 1000 None Gasoline, Leaded 100 1 an m None ‘Methyl Alcohot 100 7 QD 1000 None Methylene Chloride 100 m Qn 4 None Methylene Ketone 100 7m Qt) 4 None erchlorocthylene 100 210 9) 0 None Toluene 100 7% Qn 4 None “Trichloroethylene 100 02) 24 None None! (10108 suength oss “Apprecabe 4) 49 80% erent se Slight 11 to 20% atength oes Degraded 81 to 100% suengt oss Moderate 21 to 409 sength lose 1-4 KEVLAR® aramrp FIER Hydrolytic and pH Stability Degradation can occur when KEVLAR is exposed to strong acids and bases. At neutral pH (pH 7), the filament tenacity remains virtually unchanged after exposure at 149°F (65°C) for more than 200 days. ‘The further the pH deviates from pH 7, the greater the {oss in tenacity. Acidic conditions cause more severe degradation than basic conditions at pH levels equidis- tant from neutral. ‘Similar behavior is seen in saturated steam ‘generated from water at various pH levels. The results of the 16-hour exposure at 309°F (154°C) show maximum strength retention in pH 6 to pH 7, with a sharper drop-off on the acidic side (Figure 2.1), ‘The resistance of KEVLAR to hydrolysis in saturated steam is measured in a sealed tube ("bomb’ test. KEVLAR yam (1,500 denier) in a skein form is held at 280°F (138°C) for various lengths of time in the presence of sufficient water (pH 7) to form saturated steam. The strength loss results are determined by comparing strength data measured at room tempera- ture for control and exposed yams (Figure 2.2). FFECT OF WATER AND PH ON KEVLAR® Exposure: 16 hours | % Break Strength Remaining 88 FIGURE 2.1. Hydrolytic Stability of KEVLAR® in 309°F (154°C) Steam vs. pH of Water. 1500 denier 20 ‘Strength Loss, % (contro 910203040800 -70BO 80100 Exposure Time, hours FIGURE 22, Hydrolytic Stability of KEVLAR® 29 in Saturated Steam at 280° (13 . Exposure Time. KEVLAR® aramip riper IES Moisture Regain “Moisture regain is the tendency of most fibers to pick up or give off ambient atmospheric moisture until they reach an equilibrium moisture content ata given temperature and humidity level. Relative humidity (RH) has a significant effect on the rate of moisture 120 absorption by KEVLAR? and the equilibrium level i reached. The higher the RH, the faster KEVLAR eK eratterseays absorbs moisture during the initial phase of moisture ic ‘gain, and the higher the final equilibrium level. $ Bone-dried KEVLAR will reach aslightly lower © 801 gene dnp, ten precoctoned § 085% RASSE (24°C) or Says ‘equilibrium moisture level than fiber that has never been bone dried, Figure 2.3 illustrates this effect for KEVLAR 29. Figure 2.4 illustrates the effect of RH Bone-died @ 221°F (105°0) for hours 20 ‘on the equilibrium moisture content obtained from a bone dry yarn of KEVLAR 49. This relationship is a linear throughout the entire RH range. om 50 ROO ‘The tensile properties of KEVLAR are virtually ‘Time, hours @ 65% RH and 72°F (22°C) unaffected by moisture content FIGURE 2.3. Motsture Regain of KEVLAR® 29 jous Precon (After Vs x Moisture Reg: (from the dry side) 0 40 20 90 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Relative Humidity, % FIGURE 2.4. Equilibrium Moisture Content of KEVLAR? 49 vs. Relative Humidity at Room ‘Temperature. 11-6 KEVLAR® aramip riser THERMAL Prop Decomposition Temperature KEVLAR does not melt; it decomposes at relatively high temperatures (800°F to 900°F [427°C to 482°C} in air and approximately 1,000°F [538°C] in nitro- gen), when tested with a temperature rise of 10°C/ ‘minute, Decomposition temperatures vary with the rate of temperature rise and the length of exposure. Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show typical thermo- gravimetric analyses (TGAs) of KEVLAR 49 in air and nitrogen, respectively. TGAs are generated by an instrument that measures weight loss as a function of temperature rise over time, The analyses can be performed in air or in a variety of other atmospheres. For KEVLAR, as temperature increases, there is an immediate weight reduction, corresponding to ‘water loss. The curve then remains relatively flat until decomposition, where a significant weight loss is observed. TIES OF KEVLAR® a ZT) Temporature, °C FIGURE 2.5. Typical Thermogravimetrie Analysis of KEVLAR® 49 in Air at a ‘Temperature Rise of 10°C/Min, Toe B80 80a ais at —F00 Temperature, °C FIGURE 2.6. Typical Thermogravimetric Analysis of KEVLAR? 49 in Nitrogen at a ‘Temperature Rise of 10°C/Min. KEVLAR® aramip riser IL-7 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties Increasing temperatures reduce the modulus, tensile strength and break elongation of KEVLAR® yams and other organic fibers, This should be taken into consideration when using KEVLAR at or above 30°F to 350°F (149°C to 177°C) for extended periods of time, Figures 2,7 and 2.8 compare the effects of exposure to elevated temperatures on the tensile strength and modulus, respectively, of KEVLAR and other yarns. 18 KEVLAR® Aramip Finer 00 z 60 5 & 300, i = 3 200 5 10 aor ee ot t 0 070020000 a0 600 Time, he. Dy, Twist acid Yam Test 10" Gauge Lena 10%. Extension “Tested at Room Temperature FIGURE 2.7. Effect of Elevated Temperatures, on the Tensile Strength of KEVLAR® 29. ‘Tested at Temperature After -Minute Exposure in Alt soo} KEVLARP 9 200. > 7ST Ee | e000 7000 i £ col

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