UMTS Radio Access Network Feature Description

Chapter 1 About This Manual .........................................................................
1-1
1.1 Overview of This Manual ........................................................................

1.2 Organization of This Manual ..................................................................
1.3 Reference ...............................................................................................
1-1
1-2
1-3
Chapter 2 UE Idle Mode Behavior ..................................................................
2-1
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
2.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
2.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
2.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................
2.3 Application ..............................................................................................
2.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
2.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
2.3.3 Limitation and Restriction...............................................................
2.4 Technical Description .............................................................................
2.4.1 PLMN Selection[2] .........................................................................
2.4.2 Cell Selection[4] .............................................................................
2.4.3 Cell Reselection .............................................................................
2.4.4 Location Update and Routing Area Update[3] ...............................
2.4.5 Paging[4][5] ....................................................................................
2.4.6 System Information[5] ....................................................................
2.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
2.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
2.6.1 Engineering Guideline ....................................................................
2.6.2 Parameters ....................................................................................
2.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
2.7 Reference Information ............................................................................
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-8
2-15
2-17
2-22
2-24
2-34
2-35
2-35
2-39
2-45
2-45
Chapter 3 URA UPDATE ..................................................................................
3-1
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
3.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
3.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
3.3 Application ..............................................................................................
3.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
3.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
3.4.1 Type of URA UPDATE Procedure .................................................
3.4.2 Procedure ......................................................................................
3.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-4
3.6 Implementation .......................................................................................

3.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................
3.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
Chapter 4 CELL UPDATE ................................................................................
4-1
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
4.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
4.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
4.3 Application ..............................................................................................
4.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
4.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
4.4.1 Type of CELL UPDATE Procedure ................................................
4.4.2 Procedure ......................................................................................
4.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
4.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
4.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................
4.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-5
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-7
4-7
Chapter 5 Soft Handover.................................................................................
5-1
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
5.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
5.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
5.3 Application ..............................................................................................
5.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
5.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
5.4.1 Handover Measurements and Procedures ....................................
5.4.2 Example of a Soft Handover Algorithm ..........................................
5.4.3 Typical Soft Handover signaling procedures .................................
5.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
5.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
5-1
5-4
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-6
5-6
5-6
5-6
5-7
5-9
5-16
5-16
5-16
5.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................

5-16
5-30
Chapter 6 SRNS Relocation ............................................................................
6-1
6.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
6.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
6.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
6.3 Application ..............................................................................................
6.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
6.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
6.4.1 Algorism of SRNC Relocation ........................................................
6.4.2 Scenarios of SRNC Relocation ......................................................
6.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
6.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
6.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................
6.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-5
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-12
6-12
Chapter 7 Inter-RAT Handover .......................................................................
7-1
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
7.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
7.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
7.3 Application ..............................................................................................
7.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
7.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
7.4.1 General Procedure of Inter-RAT Handover ...................................
7.4.2 UMTS to GSM Inter-MSC Handover ..............................................
7.4.3 UMTS to GSM Inter-SGSN Change ..............................................
7.4.4 Combined Service Inter-RAT Handover ........................................
7.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
7.5.1 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection in Idle Mode ........................................
7.5.2 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection from UTRAN .......................................
7.5.3 Co-exist between Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT ..........................
7.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
7-1
7-1
7-1
7-1
7-3
7-3
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-4
7-5
7-7
7-13
7-15
7-15
7-16
7-16
7-16

7.6.2 Parameters ....................................................................................
7-16
7-17
7-31
Chapter 8 PDCP Header Compression ..........................................................
8-1
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
8.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
8.2.1 Terms[RFC2507-2] ........................................................................
8.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation ...........................................................
8.3 Application ..............................................................................................
8.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
8.3.2 Benefit[RFC2507-1] .......................................................................
8.4.1 Method of Header Compression[RFC2507-3] ...............................
8.4.2 Architecture ....................................................................................
8.4.3 Algorithm ........................................................................................
8.5 Interaction ...............................................................................................
8.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
8.6.1 Engineering guideline ....................................................................
8.6.2 Parameter[RFC2507 14] ................................................................
8.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
8-1
8-1
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-3
8-3
8-5
8-5
8-5
8-6
8-8
8-11
8-11
8-11
8-11
8-12
8-12
Chapter 9 LoCation Service ............................................................................
9-1
9.1 Introduction.............................................................................................
9.2 Glossary .................................................................................................
9.2.1 Terms .............................................................................................
9.3 Application ..............................................................................................
9.3.1 Availability ......................................................................................
9.3.2 Benefit ............................................................................................
9.3.3 Limitations and Restrictions ...........................................................
9.4.1 QoS of LCS ....................................................................................
9.4.2 Brief Descriptions of Possible Location Based Services[1]............
9.4.3 LCS Architecture ............................................................................
9.4.4 CELL ID + RTT ..............................................................................
9.4.5 OTDOA-IPDL .................................................................................
9.4.6 AGPS .............................................................................................
9.4.7 Assistance Data Delivery to UE .....................................................
9-1
9-1
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-3
9-3
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-8
9-11
9-13
9-18
9-25
9.5 LCS Interaction with Soft Handover .......................................................

9.6 Implementation .......................................................................................
9.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................
9.6.3 Example .........................................................................................
9-26
9-26
9-26
9-27
9-40
9-41
Chapter 10 Power Control ...............................................................................
10-1
10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

10.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
10.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
10.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................
10.3 Application ............................................................................................
10.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
10.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
10.3.3 Limitation and Restriction .............................................................
10.4 Technical Description ...........................................................................
10.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control ...........................................................
10.4.2 Inner-Loop Power Control ............................................................
10.4.3 Outer-Loop Power Control ...........................................................
10.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
10.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
10.6.1 Engineering Guideline..................................................................
10.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
10.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
10.7 Reference Information ..........................................................................
10-1
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-7
Chapter 11 DCCC .............................................................................................
11-1
11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

11.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
11.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
11.3 Application ............................................................................................
11.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
11.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
11.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
11.4.2 Procedure and Algorism ..............................................................
11.4.3 Uplink DCCC ................................................................................
11.4.4 Downlink DCCC ...........................................................................
11-1
11-1
11-1
11-1
11-2
11-2
11-2
11-2
11-2
11-2
11-3
11-4
11-4
11.4.5 UE State Transition ......................................................................

11.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
11.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
11.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
11.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
11-5
11-6
11-6
11-6
11-6
11-7
11-7
Chapter 12 AMRC ............................................................................................
12-1
12.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

12.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
12.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
12.3 Application ............................................................................................
12.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
12.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
12.4 Technical description ............................................................................
12.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
12.4.2 Uplink AMRC Algorithm ...............................................................
12.4.3 Downlink AMRC Algorithm ...........................................................
12.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
12.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
12.6.1 Engineering guideline ..................................................................
12.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
12.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
12.7 Reference information ..........................................................................
12-1
12-1
12-1
12-1
12-2
12-2
12-2
12-2
12-2
12-2
12-2
12-4
12-5
12-5
12-5
12-5
12-7
12-7
Chapter 13 Load Control .................................................................................
13-1
13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

13.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
13.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
13.3 Application ............................................................................................
13.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
13.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
13.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
13.4.2 Call Admission Control .................................................................
13.4.3 Potential User Control ..................................................................
13-1
13-3
13-3
13-4
13-5
13-5
13-5
13-5
13-6
13-6
13-6
13-8
13.4.4 Cell Breathing ..............................................................................

13.4.5 Inter-frequency Load Balancing ...................................................
13.4.6 Directed Retry Decision and Redirection .....................................
13.4.7 Load Congestion Control .............................................................
13.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
13.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
13.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
13.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
13-9
13-10
13-11
13-13
13-13
13-14
13-14
13-14
13-18
13-19
Chapter 14 Integrity Protection and Encrypt ................................................
14-1
14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

14.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
14.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
14.2.2 Symbol .........................................................................................
14.3 Application ............................................................................................
14.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
14.4.2 Integrity Protection and Ciphering Algorithm ...............................
14.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
14.5.1 Relation and Influence with Authentication Procedure ................
14.5.2 Relation and Influence with Intersystem Handover Procedure ....
14.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
14.6.2 Parameters ..................................................................................
14-1
14-1
14-1
14-2
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-4
14-4
14-8
14-8
14-9
14-12
14-12
14-12
14-13
Chapter 15 Clock .............................................................................................
15-1
15.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

15.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
15.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
15.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation .........................................................
15.3 Application ............................................................................................
15.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
15.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
15.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
15.4.2 Procedure and Algorism ..............................................................
15-1
15-1
15-1
15-1
15-2
15-2
15-2
15-3
15-3
15-3
15-5
15.5 Relationship and Interaction with Other Features ................................

15.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
15.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
15.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
15-5
15-6
15-6
15-6
15-8
15-8
Chapter 16 STS ................................................................................................
16-1
16.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

16.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
16.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
16.3 Application ............................................................................................
16.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
16.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
16.4.1 Architecture ..................................................................................
16.4.2 Measurement Items .....................................................................
16.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
16.6 Implementation .....................................................................................
16.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
16.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
16-1
16-1
16-1
16-1
16-2
16-2
16-2
16-2
16-2
16-2
16-3
16-5
16-5
16-5
16-5
16-5
16-5
Chapter 17 Interface Tracing ..........................................................................
17-1
17.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

17.2 Glossary ...............................................................................................
17.2.1 Terms ...........................................................................................
17.3 Application ............................................................................................
17.3.1 Availability ....................................................................................
17.3.2 Benefit ..........................................................................................
17.4.1 RNL Standard Interface Tracing ..................................................
17.4.2 TNL Tracing .................................................................................
17.4.3 UE Standard Interface Message Tracing .....................................
17.4.4 Sample Tracing ............................................................................
17.5 Interaction.............................................................................................
17-1
17-1
17-1
17-1
17-1
17-1
17-1
17-2
17-2
17-2
17-2
17-3
17-3
17-3
17.6 Implementation .....................................................................................

17.6.2 Parameter ....................................................................................
17.6.3 Example .......................................................................................
17.7 Reference information ..........................................................................
Index .................................................................................................................
17-3
17-3
17-3
17-3
17-3
HUAWEI
HUAWEI UMTS Radio Access Network

Feature Description

Feature Description
Manual Version
T2-032118-20041001-C-1.22
Product Version
BSC6800V100R002 NodeBV100R003
BOM
31210018
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. provides customers with comprehensive technical support
and service. Please feel free to contact our local office or company headquarters.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: Administration Building, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.,
Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China
Postal Code: 518129
Website: http://www.huawei.com
Email: support@huawei.com
Copyright 2004 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Rights Reserved

No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks
, HUAWEI, C&C08, EAST8000, HONET,
, ViewPoint, INtess, ETS, DMC,
TELLIN, InfoLink, Netkey, Quidway, SYNLOCK, Radium,

M900/M1800,
TELESIGHT, Quidview, Musa, Airbridge, Tellwin, Inmedia, VRP, DOPRA, iTELLIN,
HUAWEI OptiX, C&C08 iNET, NETENGINE, OptiX, iSite, U-SYS, iMUSE, OpenEye,
Lansway, SmartAX, infoX, TopEng are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.
All other trademarks mentioned in this manual are the property of their respective
holders.
Notice
The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. Every effort has
been made in the preparation of this manual to ensure accuracy of the contents, but
all statements, information, and recommendations in this manual do not constitute
the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Summary of Updates
This section provides the update history of this manual and introduces the contents of
subsequent updates.
Update History
This manual is updated for a major product version to maintain consistency with system
hardware or software versions and to incorporate customer suggestions.
Manual Version
T2-032118-20041001-C-1.22
Updates of Contents
None.
Notes
Initial commercial release
About This Manual

Release Notes
This manual applies to BSC6800 V100R002 and NodeB V100R003.
Organization
This manual consists of 17 chapters as described in the following table.
Chapter
Content
1.
About This Manual
2.
Idle state behavior feature description
3.
URA update feature description
4.
CELL update feature description
5.
Soft handover feature description
6.
SRNS Relocation feature description
7.
Inter-RAT handover feature description
8.
PDCP header compression feature description
9.
LCS feature description
10.
Power control feature description
11.
DCCC feature description
12.
AMRC feature description
13.
Load control feature description
14.
Integrity protection and encrypt feature description
15.
Clock feature description
16.
STS feature description
17.
Interface tracing feature description
Intended Audience
The manual is intended for the following readers:
RAN Network Operator
RAN System Engineer
Conventions
This document uses the following conventions:
I. General conventions
Convention
Description
Arial
Normal paragraphs are in Arial.
Arial Narrow
Warnings, cautions, notes and tips are in Arial Narrow.
Bold
Headings, Command, Command Description are in boldface.
Terminal Display
Terminal Display is in Courier New; message input by the user via the
terminal is in boldface.
II. Symbols
Eye-catching symbols are also used in this document to highlight the points worthy of
special attention during the operation. They are defined as follows:
Caution, Warning, Danger: Means reader be extremely careful during the

operation.
Note, Comment, Tip, Knowhow, Thought: Means a complementary description.
Feature Description
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 About This Manual....................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Overview of This Manual ................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Organization of This Manual.............................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 Reference .......................................................................................................................... 1-3
Chapter 2 UE Idle Mode Behavior................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................. 2-3
2.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.3 Limitation and Restriction........................................................................................ 2-4
2.4 Technical Description ........................................................................................................ 2-4
2.4.1 PLMN Selection [2] ................................................................................................... 2-4
2.4.2 Cell Selection[4] ........................................................................................................ 2-8
2.4.3 Cell Reselection .................................................................................................... 2-15
2.4.4 Location Update and Routing Area Update[3]........................................................ 2-17
2.4.5 Paging[4][5] .............................................................................................................. 2-22
2.4.6 System Information[5] ............................................................................................. 2-24
2.5 Interaction ........................................................................................................................ 2-34
2.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 2-35
2.6.1 Engineering Guideline........................................................................................... 2-35
2.6.2 Parameters............................................................................................................ 2-39
2.6.3 Example ................................................................................................................ 2-45
2.7 Reference Information ..................................................................................................... 2-45
Chapter 3 URA UPDATE ............................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.4.1 Type of URA UPDATE Procedure .......................................................................... 3-2
Feature Description
Table of Contents
3.4.2 Procedure................................................................................................................ 3-3

3.5 Interaction .......................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.6 Implementation .................................................................................................................. 3-4
3.6.1 Engineering Guideline............................................................................................. 3-4
3.6.2 Parameter................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.6.3 Example .................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.7 Reference Information ....................................................................................................... 3-5
Chapter 4 CELL UPDATE.............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 4-2
4.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.4.1 Type of CELL UPDATE Procedure ......................................................................... 4-2
4.4.2 Procedure................................................................................................................ 4-3
4.5 Interaction .......................................................................................................................... 4-5
4.6 Implementation .................................................................................................................. 4-6
4.6.1 Engineering Guideline............................................................................................. 4-6
4.6.2 Parameter................................................................................................................ 4-6
4.6.3 Example .................................................................................................................. 4-7
4.7 Reference Information ....................................................................................................... 4-7
Chapter 5 Soft Handover .............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5-1
5.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 5-4
5.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 5-5
5.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 5-6
5.4.1 Handover Measurements and Procedures ............................................................. 5-6
5.4.2 Example of a Soft Handover Algorithm................................................................... 5-7
5.4.3 Typical Soft Handover signaling procedures .......................................................... 5-9
5.5 Interaction ........................................................................................................................ 5-16
5.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 5-16
5.6.2 Parameter.............................................................................................................. 5-16
ii
Feature Description
Table of Contents

Chapter 6 SRNS Relocation ......................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 6-2
6.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 6-2
6.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 6-2
6.4.1 Algorism of SRNC Relocation ................................................................................. 6-3
6.4.2 Scenarios of SRNC Relocation ............................................................................... 6-5
6.5 Interaction ........................................................................................................................ 6-10
6.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 6-10
6.6.2 Parameter.............................................................................................................. 6-10
6.6.3 Example ................................................................................................................ 6-12
Chapter 7 Inter-RAT Handover..................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 7-1
7.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 7-3
7.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 7-3
7.4.1 General Procedure of Inter-RAT Handover ............................................................ 7-4
7.4.2 UMTS to GSM Inter-MSC Handover....................................................................... 7-5
7.4.3 UMTS to GSM Inter-SGSN Change ....................................................................... 7-7
7.4.4 Combined Service Inter-RAT Handover ............................................................... 7-13
7.5 Interaction ........................................................................................................................ 7-15
7.5.1 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection in Idle Mode............................................................... 7-15
7.5.2 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection from UTRAN.............................................................. 7-16
7.5.3 Co-exist between Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT ................................................. 7-16
7.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 7-16
7.6.2 Parameters............................................................................................................ 7-17
iii
Feature Description
Table of Contents
Chapter 8 PDCP Header Compression........................................................................................ 8-1

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.2.1 Terms[RFC2507-2] ......................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation .................................................................................... 8-2
8.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 8-3
8.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 8-3
8.3.2 Benefit[RFC2507-1] ........................................................................................................ 8-3
8.4.1 Method of Header Compression [RFC2507-3] ............................................................... 8-5
8.4.2 Architecture ............................................................................................................. 8-6
8.4.3 Algorithm ................................................................................................................. 8-8
8.5 Interaction ........................................................................................................................ 8-11
8.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 8-11
8.6.1 Engineering guideline............................................................................................ 8-11
8.6.2 Parameter [RFC2507 14] .............................................................................................. 8-11
8.6.3 Example ................................................................................................................ 8-12
Chapter 9 LoCation Service ......................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.2 Glossary............................................................................................................................. 9-1
9.2.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.3 Application ......................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.3.1 Availability ............................................................................................................... 9-3
9.3.2 Benefit ..................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.3.3 Limitations and Restrictions .................................................................................... 9-3
9.4.1 QoS of LCS ............................................................................................................. 9-5
9.4.2 Brief Descriptions of Possible Location Based Services [1] ..................................... 9-6
9.4.3 LCS Architecture ..................................................................................................... 9-8
9.4.4 CELL ID + RTT...................................................................................................... 9-11
9.4.5 OTDOA-IPDL ........................................................................................................ 9-13
9.4.6 AGPS .................................................................................................................... 9-18
9.4.7 Assistance Data Delivery to UE ............................................................................ 9-25
9.5 LCS Interaction with Soft Handover................................................................................. 9-26
9.6 Implementation ................................................................................................................ 9-26
9.6.2 Parameter.............................................................................................................. 9-27
9.6.3 Example ................................................................................................................ 9-40
iv
Feature Description
Table of Contents
Chapter 10 Power Control .......................................................................................................... 10-1

10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 10-2
10.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 10-2
10.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................................................. 10-2
10.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 10-2
10.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 10-2
10.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 10-2
10.3.3 Limitation and Restriction.................................................................................... 10-2
10.4 Technical Description .................................................................................................... 10-2
10.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control .................................................................................. 10-2
10.4.2 Inner-Loop Power Control ................................................................................... 10-4
10.4.3 Outer-Loop Power Control .................................................................................. 10-6
10.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 10-7
10.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 10-7
10.6.1 Engineering Guideline......................................................................................... 10-7
10.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 10-7
10.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 10-7
10.7 Reference Information ................................................................................................... 10-7
Chapter 11 DCCC......................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 11-2
11.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 11-2
11.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 11-2
11.4.2 Procedure and Algorism...................................................................................... 11-3
11.4.3 Uplink DCCC ....................................................................................................... 11-4
11.4.4 Downlink DCCC .................................................................................................. 11-4
11.4.5 UE State Transition ............................................................................................. 11-5
11.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 11-6
11.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 11-6
11.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 11-6
11.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 11-7
Chapter 12 AMRC ........................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12-1
v
Feature Description
Table of Contents
12.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 12-1

12.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 12-1
12.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 12-2
12.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 12-2
12.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 12-2
12.4 Technical description ..................................................................................................... 12-2
12.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 12-2
12.4.2 Uplink AMRC Algorithm ...................................................................................... 12-2
12.4.3 Downlink AMRC Algorithm.................................................................................. 12-4
12.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 12-5
12.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 12-5
12.6.1 Engineering guideline.......................................................................................... 12-5
12.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 12-5
12.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 12-7
12.7 Reference information ................................................................................................... 12-7
Chapter 13 Load Control ............................................................................................................ 13-1
13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 13-3
13.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 13-3
13.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 13-5
13.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 13-5
13.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 13-5
13.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 13-6
13.4.2 Call Admission Control........................................................................................ 13-6
13.4.3 Potential User Control ......................................................................................... 13-8
13.4.4 Cell Breathing...................................................................................................... 13-9
13.4.5 Inter-frequency Load Balancing ........................................................................ 13-10
13.4.6 Directed Retry Decision and Redirection .......................................................... 13-11
13.4.7 Load Congestion Control .................................................................................. 13-13
13.5 Interaction .................................................................................................................... 13-13
13.6 Implementation ............................................................................................................ 13-14
13.6.1 Engineering Guideline....................................................................................... 13-14
13.6.2 Parameter.......................................................................................................... 13-14
13.6.3 Example ............................................................................................................ 13-18
13.7 Reference Information ................................................................................................. 13-19
Chapter 14 Integrity Protection and Encrypt............................................................................ 14-1
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 14-1
vi
Feature Description
Table of Contents
14.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 14-1

14.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 14-1
14.2.2 Symbol ................................................................................................................ 14-2
14.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 14-3
14.4 Technical Description ....................................................................................................... 14-4
14.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 14-4
14.4.2 Integrity Protection and Ciphering Algorithm ...................................................... 14-4
14.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 14-8
14.5.1 Relation and Influence with Authentication Procedure ....................................... 14-8
14.5.2 Relation and Influence with Intersystem Handover Procedure........................... 14-9
14.6 Implementation ............................................................................................................ 14-12
14.6.1 Engineering Guideline....................................................................................... 14-12
14.6.2 Parameters........................................................................................................ 14-12
14.7 Reference Information ................................................................................................. 14-13
Chapter 15 Clock ......................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 15-1
15.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation ................................................................................ 15-1
15.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 15-2
15.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 15-2
15.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 15-2
15.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 15-3
15.4.2 Procedure and Algorism...................................................................................... 15-5
15.5 Relationship and Interaction with Other Features ......................................................... 15-5
15.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 15-6
15.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 15-6
15.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 15-8
Chapter 16 STS ............................................................................................................................ 16-1
16.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 16-2
16.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 16-2
16.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 16-2
vii
Feature Description
Table of Contents

16.4.1 Architecture ......................................................................................................... 16-2
16.4.2 Measurement Items ............................................................................................ 16-3
16.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 16-5
16.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 16-5
16.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 16-5
16.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 16-5
Chapter 17 Interface Tracing...................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.2 Glossary......................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.2.1 Terms .................................................................................................................. 17-1
17.3 Application ..................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.3.1 Availability ........................................................................................................... 17-1
17.3.2 Benefit ................................................................................................................. 17-1
17.4.1 RNL Standard Interface Tracing ......................................................................... 17-2
17.4.2 TNL Tracing......................................................................................................... 17-2
17.4.3 UE Standard Interface Message Tracing............................................................ 17-3
17.4.4 Sample Tracing ................................................................................................... 17-3
17.5 Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 17-3
17.6 Implementation .............................................................................................................. 17-3
17.6.2 Parameter............................................................................................................ 17-3
17.6.3 Example .............................................................................................................. 17-3
17.7 Reference information ................................................................................................... 17-3
Index ................................................................................................................................................ i-1
viii
Feature Description
Chapter 1 About This Manual

1.1 Overview of This Manual
This manual describes the features supported by UMTS Radio Access Network (RAN).
From this manual, you can obtain a comprehensive understanding of the features from
the following perspectives:
z
Basic principles
Technical realizaiton
Engineering considerations
This manual describes the features in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 RAN feature list
Feature class
Service feature
Feature
Basic /Optional
Chapter
Idle state behavior
Basic
URA update
Basic
CELL update
Basic
Soft handover
Basic
SRNS Relocation
Basic
Inter-RAT handover
Optional
PDCP header compression
Optional
LCS
Optional
Power control
Basic
10
DCCC
Basic
11
AMRC
Optional
12
Load control
Basic
13
Security feature
Integrity protection and encrypt
Basic
14
Clock feature
Clock
Basic
15
O&M Feature
STS
Basic
16
Interface tracing
Optional
17
Radio resource
management
feature
1-1
Feature Description
1.2 Organization of This Manual

This manual presents each feature from the following perspectives:
z
Introduction
Glossary
Application
Technical description
Interaction
Implementation
Reference information
I. Introduction
This part presents feature related knowledge and functions.
II. Glossary
This part presents feature related terms, acronyms and abbreviations.
III. Application
This part describes the application of each feature as follows:
z
Availability: introducing the product version of a feature
Benefit: introducing the benefits for carriers applying the feature
Limitation and Restriction: introducing feature related requirements and support
IV. Technical Description

This part describes feature related technical description as follows:
z
Functional structure
Process, feature related interface & procedures, aglorythm & parameter,

calculator and data sheet
V. Interaction
This part describes the relationship between a specific feature and the others.
VI. Implementation
This part present implementation as follows:
z
Engineering guideline
Parameter
VII. Reference Information

This part provides the reference materials related to each feature.
1-2
Feature Description
1.3 Reference
To understand this manual better, you shall look through the technical manuals of
UMTS NodeBs and RNC products.
1-3
Feature Description
Chapter 2 UE Idle Mode Behavior

2.1 Introduction
UE in idle mode behavior consists of following parts:
z
PLMN selection: PLMN selection is to insure that the selected PLMN can provide
normal service. When an MS is switched on, it attempts to make contact with a
public land mobile network (PLMN). The particular PLMN to be contacted may be
selected either automatically or manually.
Cell selection and reselection: Cell selection and reselection is to find a suitable
cell to camp on. If a suitable cell is found, the UE shall select this cell to camp on,
and report this event to NAS so that the necessary NAS registration procedures
can be performed. When the registration is successful, the UE enters in state
Camped normally in order to obtain normal service. If the UE is unable to find
any suitable cell of selected PLMN the UE shall enter the Any cell selection
state.
Location registration (LR): Location registration (LR) includes location update and
routing area update, which is used for non-GPRS and GPRS respectively.
Location update: The location updating procedure is a general procedure which is

used for the purposes of normal location updating, periodic location updating and
IMSI attach.
Routing area updating: The routing area updating procedure is a general

procedure, which is used for purpose of normal routing area updating, combined
routing area updating and periodic routing area updating.
Paging: Paging is used to transmit paging information to selected UEs in idle

mode, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state to establish a signaling connection or used
to trigger a cell update procedure for UEs in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state or to
trigger UE reading updated system information. UTRAN may also initiate paging
for UEs in CELL_PCH and URA_PCH state to release the RRC connection.
Receiving system information: System information is used to notify and control

the behavior of UEs in a cell, which are broadcasted from the UTRAN by BCCH
channel. System information is defined to different blocks with different
characteristics named as MIB, SIB and SB and organized as a tree.
2.2 Glossary
2.2.1 Terms
Acceptable Cell: A cell that satisfies certain conditions. A UE can always attempt
emergency calls on an acceptable cell.
2-1
Feature Description
Available PLMN: A PLMN for which the UE has found at least one cell and read its
PLMN identity.
Barred Cell: A cell a UE is not allowed to camp on.
Camped on a cell: UE is in idle mode and has completed the cell
selection/reselection process and has chosen a cell. The UE monitors system
information and (in most cases) paging information.
Camped on any cell: UE is in idle mode and has completed the cell
selection/reselection process and has chosen a cell irrespective of PLMN identity.
Cell identity: This information element identifies a cell unambiguously within a PLMN.
EPLMN: Equivalent PLMN, A PLMN considered as equivalent to the selected PLMN
by the UE for PLMN selection, cell selection, cell reselection and handover according
to the information provided by the NAS.
HPLMN: Home PLMN. This is a PLMN where the MCC and MNC of the PLMN identity
match the MCC and MNC of the IMSI.
Reserved Cell: A cell on which camping is not allowed, except for particular UEs, if so
indicated in the system information.
Restricted Cell: A cell on which camping is allowed, but access attempts are
disallowed for UEs whose access classes are indicated as barred.
Serving cell: The cell on which the UE is camped.
Strongest cell: The cell on a particular carrier that is considered strongest according
to the layer 1 cell search procedure. As the details of the layer 1 cell search are
implementation dependent, the precise definition of 'strongest cell' is also
implementation dependent.
Suitable Cell: A cell on which an UE may camp. The criteria for a UTRA cell are
defined, so are the criteria for a GSM cell.
VPLMN: Visited PLMN. This is a PLMN, different from the home PLMN.
MP: Mandatory present. A value for that information is always needed, and no
information is provided about a particular default value. If ever the transfer syntax
allows absence (e.g., due to extension), then absence leads to an error diagnosis.
MD: Mandatory with default value. A value for that information is always needed, and a
particular default value is mentioned (in the 'Semantical information' column). This
opens the possibility for the transfer syntax to use absence or a special pattern to
encode the default value.
CV: Conditional on value. A value for that information is needed (presence needed) or
unacceptable (absence needed) when some conditions are met that can be evaluated
on the sole basis of the content of the message.
2-2
Feature Description
z
If conditions for presence needed are specified, the transfer syntax must allow for
the presence of the information. If the transfer syntax allows absence, absence
when the conditions for presence are met leads to an error diagnosis.
If conditions for absence needed are specified, the transfer syntax must allow to
encode the absence. If the information is present and the conditions for absence
are met, an error is diagnosed.
When neither conditions for presence or absence are met, the information is
treated as optional, as described for 'OP'.
CH: Conditional on history. A value for that information is needed (presence needed)
or unacceptable (absence needed) when some conditions are met that must be
evaluated on the basis of information obtained in the past (e.g., from messages
received in the past from the other party).
z
If conditions for presence needed are specified, the transfer syntax must allow for
the presence of the information. If the transfer syntax allows absence, absence
when the conditions for presence are met leads to an error diagnosis.
If conditions for absence needed are specified, the transfer syntax must allow to
encode the absence. If the information is present and the conditions for absence
are met, an error is diagnosed.
When neither conditions for presence or absence are met, the information is
treated as optional, as described for 'OP'.
OP: Optional. The presence or absence is significant and modifies the behaviour of
the receiver. However whether the information is present or not does not lead to an
error diagnosis.
URA identity: Gives the identity of the UTRAN Registration Area. It can be used to
indicate to the UE which URA it shall use in case of overlapping URAs.
2.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations

EF
Elementary File
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
LAI
Location Area Identity
SFI
Short EF Identifier
SIB
System Information Block
RSCP
Receive Signal Code Power
Ec/No
Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band
LR
Location Registration
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
2-3
Feature Description
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MNC
Mobile Network Code
MS
Mobile Station
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
UE
User Equipment
VPLMN
Visited PLMN
MIB
Master Information Block
SIB
SB
Scheduling Block
PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network
UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
2.3 Application
2.3.1 Availability
This is a basic feature for Huawei UMTS RAN. This feature is available on BSC6800
V100R002 and later generic releases of the BSC6800 system.
2.3.2 Benefit
The feature gives the basic service provider capability such as access to WCDMA
network and voice call etc.
2.3.3 Limitation and Restriction

This feature is restricted by UEs capability and compliance to 3GPP specification.
2.4 Technical Description

2.4.1 PLMN Selection [2]
I. PLMN Selection in HPLMN: at Switch-on or Recovery from Lack of Coverage
At switch on, or following recovery from lack of coverage, the MS selects the
registered PLMN or equivalent PLMN (if it is available) using all access technologies
that the MS is capable of and if necessary attempts to perform a Location Registration.
If successful registration is achieved, the MS indicates the selected PLMN.
If there is no registered PLMN, or if registration is not possible due to the PLMN being
unavailable or registration failure, the MS follows one of the following two procedures
depending on its operating mode.
2-4
Feature Description
EXCEPTION: If registration is not possible on recovery from lack of coverage due to

the registered PLMN being unavailable, a MS attached to GPRS services may,
optionally, continue looking for the registered PLMN for an implementation dependent
time.
NOTE: A MS attached to GPRS services should use the above exception only if one or
more PDP contexts are currently active.
a) Automatic Network Selection Mode Procedure
The MS selects and attempts registration on other PLMNs, if available and allowable,
in the following order:
1)
2)
HPLMN (if not previously selected);

Each PLMN in the "User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology"
data field in the SIM (in priority order);
3)
Each PLMN in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology"
data field in the SIM (in priority order);
4)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations with received high quality signal in

random order;
5)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations in order of decreasing signal

quality.
When following the above procedure the following requirements apply:

6)
In 4) and 5), the MS shall search for all access technologies it is capable of,
before deciding which PLMN to select.
7)
In 1), the MS shall search for all access technologies it is capable of. The MS
shall start its search using the access technologies stored in the "HPLMN
Selector with Access Technology" data field on the SIM in priority order.
8)
In 5), the MS shall order the PLMN/access technology combinations in order of

decreasing signal quality within each access technology. The order between
PLMN/access technology combinations with different access technologies is an
MS implementation issue.
If successful registration is achieved, the MS indicates the selected PLMN.

If registration cannot be achieved because no PLMNs are available and allowable, the
MS indicates "no service" to the user, waits until a new PLMN is available and
allowable and then repeats the procedure.
If there were one or more PLMNs which were available and allowable, but an LR
failure made registration on those PLMNs unsuccessful or an entry in the "forbidden
LAs for regional provision of service" list prevented a registration attempt, the MS
selects the first such PLMN again and enters a limited service state.
b) Manual Network Selection Mode Procedure
The MS indicates whether there are any PLMNs, which are available using all
supported access technologies. This includes PLMNs in the "forbidden PLMNs" list
and PLMNs which only offer services not supported by the MS.
2-5
Feature Description
If displayed, PLMNs meeting the criteria above are presented in the following order:
1)
HPLMN;
2)
PLMNs contained in the "User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access

Technology" data field in the SIM (in priority order);
3)
PLMNs contained in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access

Technology" data field in the SIM (in priority order);
4)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations with received high quality signal in

random order;
5)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations in order of decreasing signal

quality.
In 2) and 3), an MS using a SIM without access technology information storage (i.e.
the "User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology" and the "Operator
Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology" data fields are not present) shall
instead present the PLMNs contained in the "PLMN Selector" data field in the SIM (in
priority order).
The user may select his desired PLMN and the MS then initiates registration on this
PLMN using the access technology chosen by the user for that PLMN or using the
highest priority available access technology for that PLMN, if the associated access
technologies have a priority order. (This may take place at any time during the
presentation of PLMNs). For such a registration, the MS shall ignore the contents of
the "forbidden LAs for roaming", "forbidden LAs for regional provision of service",
"forbidden PLMNs for GPRS service" and "forbidden PLMNs" lists.
If the user does not select a PLMN, the selected PLMN shall be the one that was
selected before the PLMN selection procedure started. If no such PLMN was selected
or that PLMN is no longer available, then the MS shall attempt to camp on any
acceptable cell and enter the limited service state.
II. PLMN Selection in HPLMN: User Reselection

At any time the user may request the MS to initiate reselection and registration onto an
available PLMN, according to the following procedures, dependent upon the operating
mode.
a) Automatic Network Selection Mode
The MS selects and attempts registration on PLMNs, if available and allowable, in all
of its bands of operation in accordance with the following order:
1)
HPLMN;
2)
PLMNs contained in the "User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access

Technology" data field in the SIM (in priority order) excluding the previously
selected PLMN;
3)
PLMNs contained in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access

Technology" data field in the SIM (in priority order) excluding the previously
selected PLMN;
2-6
Feature Description
4)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations with the received high quality

signal in random order excluding the previously selected PLMN;
5)
Other PLMN/access technology combinations, excluding the previously selected

PLMN in order of decreasing signal quality or, alternatively, the previously
selected PLMN may be chosen ignoring its signal quality;
6)
The previously selected PLMN
The previously selected PLMN is the PLMN which the MS has selected prior to the
start of the user reselection procedure.
NOTE 1: If the previously selected PLMN is chosen, and registration has not been
attempted on any other PLMNs, then the MS is already registered on the PLMN, and
so registration is not necessary.
b) Manual Network Selection Mode
The Manual Network Selection Mode Procedure is the same as the procedure in
Automatic Network Selection Mode.
III. PLMN Selection In VPLMN

If the MS is in a VPLMN, the MS shall periodically attempt to obtain service on its
HPLMN or higher priority PLMN listed in "user controlled PLMN selector" or "operator
controlled PLMN selector" by scanning in accordance with the requirements as
defined in the Automatic Network Selection Mode. In the case that the mobile has a
stored "Equivalent PLMNs" list the mobile shall only select a PLMN if it is of a higher
priority than those of the same country as the current serving PLMN which are stored
in the "Equivalent PLMNs" list. For this purpose, a value T minutes may be stored in
the SIM. T is either in the range 6 minutes to 8 hours in 6 minute steps or it indicates
that no periodic attempts shall be made. If no value is stored in the SIM, a default
value of 60 minutes is used.
The attempts to access the HPLMN or higher priority PLMN shall be as specified
below:
1)
The periodic attempts shall only be performed in automatic mode when the MS is
roaming;
2)
After switch on, a period of at least 2 minutes and at most T minutes shall elapse
before the first attempt is made;
3)
The MS shall make an attempt if the MS is on the VPLMN at time T after the last
attempt;
4)
Periodic attempts shall only be performed by the MS while in idle mode;
5)
If the HPLMN or higher priority PLMN is not found, the MS shall remain on the
VPLMN.
6)
In steps 1), 2) and 3) the MS shall limit its attempts to access higher priority
PLMNs to PLMNs of the same country as the current serving VPLMN.
2-7
Feature Description
7)
Only the priority levels of Equivalent PLMNs of the same country as the current
serving VPLMN shall be taken into account to compare with the priority level of a
selected PLMN.
2.4.2 Cell Selection[4]

I. States and State Transitions in Idle Mode
UE Cell selection is controlled by both NAS and AS stratums in idle mode.
The NAS may control the cell selection by:
z
providing information on RAT(s) associated with the selected PLMN;
maintaining lists of forbidden registration areas;
providing a list of equivalent PLMNs;
One or several RATs may be associated with the selected PLMN. The HPLMN
Selector with Access Technology, User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access
Technology and Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology data
fields in the SIM include associated access technologies for each PLMN entry. The
PLMN/access technology combinations are listed in priority order. If an entry includes
more than one access technology, then no priority is defined for the preferred access
technology and the priority is an implementation issue.
The AS shall attempt to find a suitable cell to camp on.
Figure 2-1 shows the states and procedures in Idle Mode.
2-8
Feature Description
go here whenever a
new PLMN is
selected
cell information
stored for the PLMN
Stored
information
Cell Selection
no suitable
cell found
no cell information
stored for the PLMN
Initial
Cell Selection
no suitable cell found
suitable cell found
suitable cell found

no suitable
cell found
Cell Selection
when leaving
connected
mode
return to
idle mode
suitable
cell found
leave
idle mode
Connected
mode
Camped
normally
NAS indicates that

registration on selected
PLMN is rejected
(except with cause #14
or #15 [5][16])
trigger
suitable
cell found
Cell
Reselection
Evaluation
Process
no suitable
cell found
Any Cell
Selection
no acceptable cell found
go here
when no
USIM in
the UE
USIM inserted
acceptable
cell found
Cell Selection
when leaving
connected
mode
return to
idle mode
acceptable
cell found
leave
idle mode
Connected
mode
(Emergency
calls only)
Camped on
any cell
suitable
cell found
trigger
acceptable
cell found
Cell
Reselection
Evaluation
Process
no acceptable
cell found
Figure 2-1 Idle Mode Cell Selection and Reselection

In any state, a new PLMN selection causes an exit to number 1.
In order to complete above state transition, following states for cell selection in idle
mode are defined:
2-9
Feature Description
z
Camped normally state
Any cell selection State
Camped on any cell State
Leaving connected mode
II. Camped Normally State

In this state, the UE obtains normal service and performs the tasks as following:
1)
Select and monitor the indicated PICH and PCH of the cell according to
information sent in system information;
2)
Monitor relevant System Information;
3)
Perform necessary measurements for the cell reselection evaluation procedure;
4)
UE executes the cell reselection evaluation process on the following

occasions/triggers:
UE internal triggers;
When information on the BCCH used for the cell reselection evaluation procedure
has been modified
If after a Cell reselection evaluation process a better cell is found, the Cell reselection
procedure is performed. If no suitable cell is found, the UE shall enter the state Any
cell selection.
If a necessary NAS registration is rejected, the UE shall enter the Any cell selection
state, except if the LR is rejected with cause #14 or cause #15. The mobile station
shall search for a suitable cell in another location area in the same PLMN if the LR is
rejected with cause #15.
When UE leaves idle mode in order to enter the state Connected mode, the UE shall
attempt to access the current serving cell. If the access attempt to the serving cell fails,
the UE shall use the Cell reselection evaluation procedure.
III. Any Cell Selection State

In this state, the UE shall attempt to find an acceptable cell of any PLMN to camp on,
trying all RATs that are supported by the UE and searching first for a high quality cell.
The UE, which is not camped on any cell, shall stay in this state until an acceptable
cell is found.
The state Any cell selection is also entered if the NAS indicates that a location
registration is rejected except if the LR is rejected with cause #14 or cause #15, or if
there is no USIM in the UE.
If an acceptable cell is found, the UE shall inform the NAS and camp on this cell and
obtain limited service, state Camped on any cell.
IV. Camped on any Cell State

In this state, the UE shall perform the following tasks:
2-10
Feature Description
1)
Select and monitor the indicated PICH and PCH of the cell;
2)
Monitor relevant System Information;
3)
Perform necessary measurements for the cell reselection evaluation procedure;
4)
Execute
the
cell
reselection
evaluation
process
on
the
following
occasions/triggers:
z
UE internal triggers;
When information on the BCCH used for the cell reselection evaluation procedure
has been modified;
5)
Regularly attempt to find a suitable cell of the selected PLMN trying all RATs that
are supported by the UE. If a suitable cell is found, this causes an exit to number
2 in Figure 2-1.
V. Leaving Connected Mode

When returning to idle mode, the UE shall use the procedure Cell selection when
leaving connected mode in order to find a suitable cell to camp on and enter state
Camped normally. Candidate cells for this selection are the cell(s) used immediately
before leaving connected mode. If a suitable cell is found, then the AS reports this
event to NAS to be capable to perform necessary NAS registration procedures. If no
suitable cell is found, the Stored information cell selection procedure shall be used.
If no suitable cell is found in cell reselection evaluation process, the UE enters the
state Any cell selection.
When returning to idle mode after an emergency call on any PLMN, the UE shall select
an acceptable cell to camp on. Candidate cells for this selection are the cell(s) used
immediately before leaving connected mode. If no acceptable cell is found, the UE
shall continue to search for an acceptable cell of any PLMN in state Any cell selection.
VI. Cell Selection Process

1)
Initial Cell Selection
This procedure requires no prior knowledge of which RF channels are UTRA carriers.
The UE shall scan all RF channels in the UTRA bands according to its capabilities to
find a suitable cell of the selected PLMN. On each carrier, the UE need only search for
the strongest cell. Once a suitable cell is found this cell shall be selected.
2)
Stored Information Cell Selection
This procedure requires stored information of carrier frequencies and optionally also
information on cell parameters, e.g. scrambling codes, from previously received
measurement control information elements. Once the UE has found a suitable cell for
the selected PLMN the UE shall select it. If no suitable cell of the selected PLMN is
found the Initial cell selection procedure shall be started.
3)
Cell selection criteria
The cell selection criterion S is fulfilled when:
2-11
Feature Description
for FDD cells:
Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
for TDD cells:
Srxlev > 0
Where:
z
Squal = Qqualmeas Qqualmin
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Squal
Cell Selection quality value (dB). Applicable only for FDD cells.
Srxlev
Cell Selection RX level value (dB)
Qqualmeas
Measured cell quality value. The quality of the received signal expressed in
CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for FDD cells. CPICH Ec/N0 shall be averaged.
Applicable only for FDD cells.
Qrxlevmeas
Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal, CPICH RSCP for FDD
cells (dBm) and P-CCPCH RSCP for TDD cells (dBm).
Qqualmin
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB). Applicable only for FDD cells.
Qrxlevmin
Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm)
Pcompensation
max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) (dB)
UE_TXPWR_MAX_
Maximum TX power level an UE may use when accessing the cell on RACH
RACH
(read in system information) (dBm)
P_MAX
Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm)
VII. Cell Status and Cell Reservations

Cell status and cell reservations are indicated with the Cell Access Restriction
Information Element in the System Information Message by means of three
Information Elements:
z
Cell barred (IE type: "barred" or "not barred"),
Cell Reserved for operator use (IE type: "reserved" or "not reserved"),
Cell reserved for future extension (IE type: "reserved" or "not reserved").
When cell status is indicated as "not barred", "not reserved" for operator use and "not
reserved" for future extension (Cell Reservation Extension),
z
The UE may select/re-select this cell during the cell selection and cell re-selection
procedures in idle mode and in connected mode.
When cell status is indicated as "not barred", "not reserved" for operator use and
"reserved" for future extension (Cell Reservation Extension),
2-12
Feature Description
z
UEs shall behave as if cell status "barred" is indicated using the value "not
allowed" in the IE "Intra-frequency cell re-selection indicator" and the maximum
value for Tbarred.
When cell status is indicated as "not barred" and "reserved" for operator use,
z
UEs assigned to Access Class 11 or 15 may select/re-select this cell if in the

home PLMN.
UEs assigned to an Access Class in the range 0 to 9 and 12 to 14 shall behave as

if cell status "barred" is indicated using the value "not allowed" in the IE
"Intra-frequency cell re-selection indicator" and the maximum value for Tbarred.
When cell status "barred" is indicated,
The UE is not permitted to select/re-select this cell, not even for emergency calls.
The UE shall ignore the "Cell Reserved for future extension (Cell Reservation
Extension) use" IE.
The UE shall select another cell according to the following rule:
If the "Intra-frequency cell re-selection indicator" IE in Cell Access Restriction IE

is set to value "allowed", the UE may select another cell on the same frequency if
selection/re-selection criteria are fulfilled.
If the UE is camping on another cell, the UE shall exclude the barred cell from the
neighbouring cell list until the expiry of a time interval Tbarred. The time interval
Tbarred is sent via system information in a barred cell together with Cell status
information in the Cell Access Restriction IE.
If the UE does not select another cell, and the barred cell remains to be the "best"
one, the UE shall after expiry of the time interval Tbarred again check whether the
status of the barred cell has changed.
If the "Intra-frequency cell re-selection indicator" IE is set to "not allowed" the UE

shall not re-select a cell on the same frequency as the barred cell. For emergency
call, the Intra-frequency cell re-selection indicator IE" shall be ignored, i.e. even if
it is set to "not allowed" the UE may select another intra-frequency cell.
If the barred cell remains to be the "best" one, the UE shall after expiry of the time
interval Tbarred again check whether the status of the barred cell has changed.
The reselection to another cell may also include a change of RAT.
VIII. Access Control

Information on cell access restrictions associated with the Access Classes is
broadcast as system information. Table 2-1 describes cell access restriction
information element.
Table 2-1 Cell Access Restriction Information Element
Information
Need
Type and Reference
Element/Group name
Cell Barred
MP
Enumerated(not barred, barred)
2-13
Semantics description
Feature Description
Information
Need
Type and Reference
Element/Group name
Intra-frequency cell
CV-
re-selection indicator
Barred
Tbarred
CV-
Integer
[4]
Barred
(10,20,40,80,160,320,640,1280)
[s]
MP
Enumerated(reserved, not
Cell Reserved for

operator use
Cell Reservation
Enumerated(not allowed, allowed)
reserved)
MP
Extension
Enumerated(reserved, not
reserved)
Access Class Barred
CV
Default is no access class
list
-SIB3-
barred is applied.
MD
The first instance of the

parameter corresponds to
Access Class 0, the
second to Access Class 1
and so on up to Access
Class 15. UE reads this IE
of its access class stored
in SIM.
>Access Class Barred
MP
Enumerated (not barred, barred)
Condition
Barred
Explanation
The IE is mandatory present if the IE "Cell Barred" has the value "Barred";
otherwise the element is not needed in the message.
SIB3-MD
The IE is mandatory and has a default value if the IE "Cell Access Restriction"
is included in SIB 3. Otherwise the IE is not needed.
The UE shall ignore Access Class related cell access restrictions when selecting a cell
to camp on, i.e. it shall not reject a cell for camping on because access on that cell is
not allowed for any of the Access Classes of the UE. A change of the indicated access
restriction shall not trigger cell re-selection by the UE.
Access Class related cell access restrictions shall be checked by the UE before
sending an RRC CONNECTION REQUEST message when entering Connected Mode
from UTRAN Idle mode. Cell access restrictions associated with the Access Classes
2-14
Feature Description
shall not apply when the initial access for entering Connected Mode is triggered by an
Inter-RAT cell re-selection to UTRAN, and for a UE which already is in Connected
Mode.
IX. Emergency Call

Emergency calls shall be allowed in all cells whose barred status is not barred,
independent of restrictions due to cell reservations.
A restriction on emergency calls, if needed, shall be indicated in the "Access class
barred list" IE. If access class 10 is indicated as barred in a cell, UEs with access class
0 to 9 or without an IMSI are not allowed to initiate emergency calls in this cell. For
UEs with access classes 11 to 15, emergency calls are not allowed if both access
class 10 and the relevant access class (11 to 15) are barred. Otherwise, emergency
calls are allowed for those UEs.
2.4.3 Cell Reselection

I. Measurement Rules for Cell re-Selection when HCS not Used
If the system information broadcast in the serving cell indicates that hierarchy cell
structure (HCS) is not used, then for intra-frequency and inter-frequency
measurements and inter-RAT measurements, the UE shall:
Use Squal for FDD cells and Srxlev for TDD for Sx and apply the following rules:
z
If Sx > Sintrasearch, UE need not perform intra-frequency measurements.

If Sx <= Sintrasearch, perform intra-frequency measurements.
If Sintrasearch is not sent for serving cell, perform intra-frequency measurements.
If Sx > Sintersearch, UE need not perform inter-frequency measurements

If Sx <= Sintersearch, perform inter-frequency measurements.
If Sintersearch is not sent for serving cell, perform inter-frequency measurements.
If Sx > SsearchRAT m, UE need not perform measurements on cells of RAT "m".

If Sx <= SsearchRAT m, perform measurements on cells of RAT "m".
If SsearchRAT m is not sent for serving cell, perform measurements on cells of RAT
"m".
II. Highest Ranked Cells with Access Restrictions

For the highest ranked cell (including serving cell) according to cell reselection criteria,
the UE shall check if the access is restricted according to the rules of cell reservations.
If that cell and other cells have to be excluded from the candidate list, the UE shall not
consider these as candidates for cell reselection. This limitation is removed when the
highest ranked cell changes.
2-15
Feature Description
III. Cell Reselection Criteria

The following cell re-selection criteria are used for intra-frequency cells,
inter-frequency cells and inter-RAT cells:
The quality level threshold criterion H for hierarchical cell structures is used to
determine whether prioritized ranking according to hierarchical cell re-selection rules
shall apply, and is defined by:
Hs = Qmeas,s - Qhcss
Hn = Qmeas,n - Qhcsn TOn * Ln
If it is indicated in system information that HCS is not used, the quality level threshold
criterion H is not applied.
The cell-ranking criterion R is defined by:
The cell-ranking criterion R is defined by:
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n - TOn * (1 Ln)
where:
TOn = TEMP_OFFSETn * W(PENALTY_TIMEn Tn)
Ln = 0
Ln = 1
if HCS_PRIOn = HCS_PRIOs
if HCS_PRIOn <> HCS_PRIOs
W(x) = 0
W(x) = 1
for x < 0
for x >= 0
TEMP_OFFSETn applies an offset to the R criteria for the duration of

PENALTY_TIMEn after a timer Tn has started for that neighbouring cell.
TEMP_OFFSETn and PENALTY_TIMEn are only applicable if the usage of HCS is
indicated in system information.
The UE shall perform ranking of all cells that fulfil the S criterion among
z
all cells that have the highest HCS_PRIO among those cells that fulfil the criterion
H >= 0. Note that this rule is not valid when UE high-mobility is detected.
all cells, not considering HCS priority levels, if no cell fulfil the criterion H >= 0.
This case is also valid when it is indicated in system information that HCS is not
used, that is when serving cell does not belong to a hierarchical cell structure.
The cells shall be ranked according to the R criteria specified above, deriving
Qmeas,n and Qmeas,s and calculating the R values using CPICH RSCP, P-CCPCH
2-16
Feature Description
RSCP and the averaged received signal level as specified in [10] and [11] for FDD,
TDD and GSM cells, respectively.
The offset Qoffset1s,n is used for Qoffsets,n to calculate Rn, the hysteresis Qhyst1s is
used for Qhysts to calculate Rs.
z
If the usage of HCS is indicated in system information, TEMP_OFFSET1n is used

for TEMP_OFFSETn to calculate TOn. If it is indicated in system information that
HCS is not used, TEMP_OFFSETn is not applied when calculating Rn. The best
ranked cell is the cell with the highest R value.
If a TDD or GSM cell is ranked as the best cell, then the UE shall perform cell
re-selection to that TDD or GSM cell.
If an FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and the quality measure for cell selection
and re-selection is set to CPICH RSCP, the UE shall perform cell re-selection to
that FDD cell.
If an FDD cell is ranked as the best cell and the quality measure for cell selection
and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No, the UE shall perform a second ranking of
the FDD cells according to the R criteria specified above, but using the
measurement quantity CPICH Ec/No for deriving the Qmeas,n and Qmeas,s and
calculating the R values of the FDD cells. The offset Qoffset2s,n is used for
Qoffsets,n to calculate Rn, the hysteresis Qhyst2s is used for Qhysts to calculate
Rs. If the usage of HCS is indicated in system information, TEMP_OFFSET2n is
used to calculate TOn. If it is indicated in system information that HCS is not used,
TEMP_OFFSETn is not applied when calculating Rn. Following this second
ranking, the UE shall perform cell re-selection to the best ranked FDD cell.
In all cases, the UE shall reselect the new cell, only if the following conditions are met:
z
The new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time interval
Treselection.
More than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving
cell.
2.4.4 Location Update and Routing Area Update[3]

I. State and State Transition in Location/Routing Area Update
Location registration can be described by a set of states, which are entered depending
on responses to location registration (LR) requests. Independent update states exist
for GPRS and for non-GPRS operation in MSs capable of GPRS and non-GPRS
services. The conditions of when a MS entering corresponding state are described in
Table 2-2.
2-17
Feature Description
Table 2-2 UE state list and enter condition

UE State
UE enter this state When
Updated
An LR request is accepted
MS receives an LR reject message with the cause:
a) PLMN not allowed;
Roaming
non-GPRS
not allowed
b) Location area not allowed;

c) Roaming not allowed in this location area;
d) No Suitable Cells In Location Area.
Any LR failure not specified for states Roaming not allowed or Idle,
Not
No IMSI occurs, in which cases the MS is not certain whether or not
Updated
the network has received and accepted the LR attempt.
Updated
Idle,
Same as non-GPRS
No
IMSI
There is no SIM.
Roaming
not allowed

e) illegal ME;
GPRS
f) illegal MS;
g) GPRS services and non-GPRS services not allowed;
h) GPRS services not allowed in this PLMN;
Not
Updated
Same as non-GPRS
Roaming
not allowed

2-18
Feature Description
Table 2-3 below summarizes the events in each state that trigger a new LR request.
The actions that may be taken while being in the various states are also outlined in this
table.
Table 2-3 LR Process States and Allowed Actions
Location registration
state
New LR request when

Changing
Changing
Changing
Cell
registration area (6)
PLMN(8)
Other
Updated, (5)
No
Yes
Yes
(2)
Idle, No IMSI (7)
No
No
No
No
a) Idle, PLMN not allowed
No
No
Yes
No
b) Idle, LA not allowed
No
Yes(7)
Yes
No
No
Yes(7)
Yes
No
No
Yes(7)
Yes
No
Yes(1)
Yes
Yes
(2)&(3)&(4)&(5)
Roaming not allowed:
c) Idle, Roaming not allowed

in this LA
d) No Suitable Cells In
Location Area
Not updated
2-19
Feature Description
Location registration
state
1):
New LR request when

Changing
Changing
Changing
Cell
registration area (6)
PLMN(8)
Other
for MS capable of GPRS and non-GPRS services when at least one of both update states is
NOT UPDATED.
2):
A new LR is made when the periodic registration timer expires including Periodic Location
Updating timer or Periodic Routing Area Update timer.

3):
If a normal call request is made, an LR request is made. If successful the updated state is
entered and the call may be made.

4):
a manual network reselection has been performed, an acceptable cell of the selected PLMN is
present, and the MS is not in the UPDATED state on the selected PLMN.
5):
An LR request indicating Normal Location Updating is also made when the response to an
outgoing request shows that the MS is unknown in the VLR or SGSN, respectively
6): That is to say a new registration area, i.e. the received registration area identity differs from the
one stored in the MS, and the LAI or the PLMN identity is not contained in any of the lists "forbidden
LAs for roaming", "forbidden LAs for regional provision of service", "forbidden PLMNs for GPRS
service" or "forbidden PLMNs" respectively
7):
A GPRS MS shall not perform a new LR when the new routing area is part of a LA contained in
the list of "forbidden LAs for regional provision of service".

8):
If a new PLMN is entered, a MS which is attached for PS services shall perform a routing area
update if the LAI or the PLMN identity is not contained in any of the lists "forbidden LAs for roaming",
"forbidden LAs for regional provision of service", "forbidden PLMNs for GPRS service" or "forbidden
PLMNs"
II. Periodic Location Registration

Periodic updating may be used to notify periodically the availability of the mobile
station to the network. A Periodic Location Updating timer (T3212 for non-GPRS
operation) and a Periodic Routing Area Update timer (T3312 for GPRS operation) with
the following characteristics:
1)
Upon switch on of the MS or when the system information indicates that periodic
location registration shall be applied, and the timer is not running, the timer shall
be loaded with a random value between 0 and the broadcast or signaled time-out
value and started. Namely, let t1 be the new T3212 timeout value, the new timer
shall be started at a value randomly, uniformly drawn between 0 and t1.
2)
The time-out value for T3212 shall be within the range of 1 deci-hour to 255
deci-hours with a granularity of 1 deci-hour.
2-20
Feature Description
3)
When the timer reaches its expiry value, it shall be initiated with respect to the
relevant time-out value, and the MS shall initiate the Periodic Location
Registration corresponding to the expired timer.
4)
The Periodic Location Updating timer shall be prevented from triggering Periodic
Location Updating during connected mode. When the MS returns to idle mode,
the Periodic Location Updating timer shall be initiated with respect to the
broadcast time-out value, then started. Thereafter, the procedure in iii) shall be
followed.
5)
The Periodic Routing Area Update timer shall be prevented from triggering the
Periodic Routing Area Update during Ready state. At transition from Ready to
Standby state the Periodic Routing Area Update timer shall be initiated with
respect to its time-out value, then started. Thereafter, the procedure in iii) shall be
followed.
6)
If the MS performs a successful combined Routing Area Update the Periodic

Location Updating timer shall be prevented from triggering the Periodic Location
Updating until the MS starts using Location Updating procedure, for example
because of a changed network operation mode or the MS uses non-GPRS
services only.
7)
When a change in the time-out value occurs (at a change of serving cell or a
change in the broadcast time-out value or a change in the signalled time-out
value), the related timer shall be reloaded so that the new time to expiry will be:
"old time to expiry" modulo "new time-out value".
Let t1 be the new T3212 timeout value and let t be the current timer value at the
moment of the change to the new T3212 timeout value; then the timer shall be
restarted with the value t modulo t1.
The value of timer T3212 is sent by the network to the MS in SIB 1.
The value of timer T3312 is sent by the network to the MS in the messages ATTACH
ACCEPT and ROUTING AREA UPDATE ACCEPT. The value of the timer T3312 shall
be unique within a RA.
III. IMSI Attach/Detach Operation

The system information will contain an indicator indicating whether or not IMSI
attach/detach operation is mandatory to use in the cell. The MS shall operate in
accordance with the received value of the indicator.
When IMSI attach/detach operation applies, a MS shall send the IMSI detach
message to the network when the MS is powered down or the SIM is removed while
being in the update state UPDATED. The IMSI detach message will not be
acknowledged by the network.
When the MS returns to the active state, the MS shall perform an LR request indicating
IMSI attach, provided that the MS still is in the same registration area. If the
registration area has changed, an LR request indicating Normal Location Updating.
2-21
Feature Description
IMSI attach for non-GPRS services when the MS is IMSI attached for GPRS services.
This procedure is used by GPRS MSs in MS operation modes A or B, if the network
operates in network operation mode I.
If the network operates in mode I, GPRS MSs that operate in mode A or B and wish to
be or are simultaneously IMSI attached for GPRS and non-GPRS services, shall use
the combined GPRS attach and the combined and periodic routing area updating
procedures instead of the corresponding IMSI attach and normal and periodic location
area updating.
If the network operates in mode II, a GPRS MSs that operate in mode A or B and wish
to be or are simultaneously IMSI attached for GPRS and non-GPRS services, shall
use location updating procedure and routing area updating procedure listed above
respectively.
IV. No Suitable Cells in Location Area

If during location registration the LR response "No Suitable Cells In Location Area" is
received:
The MS shall attempt to find another LA of the same PLMN on which it received the LR
response. If the MS is able to find another LA it shall attempt registration. If the MS is
unable to find an LA in the PLMN, Automatic or Manual Mode Selection Procedure of
shall be followed, depending on whether the MS is in automatic or manual mode.
2.4.5 Paging[4][5]
I. Discontinuous Reception
The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order to reduce
power consumption. When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one Page
Indicator, PI, in one Paging Occasion per DRX cycle.
For FDD, The DRX cycle length shall be 2k frames, where k is an integer and is
decided by three parameters: CN domain specific DRX cycle length for CS, CN
domain specific DRX cycle length for PS, and UTRAN DRX cycle length coefficient.
Their usage is described below.
z
CN domain specific DRX cycle lengths:The UE may be attached to different CN

domains with different CN domain specific DRX cycle lengths. The UE shall store
each CN domain specific DRX cycle length for each CN domain the UE is
attached to and use the shortest of those DRX cycle lengths. The CS CN specific
DRX cycle length coefficient shall be updated locally in the UE using information
given in system information. On the other hand, the PS CN specific DRX cycle
length coefficient shall be updated after the negotiation between the UE and PS
CN by NAS procedure. If no specific value "k" is negotiated in NAS procedure, the
UE and PS CN shall use the DRX cycle length given for PS CN domain in system
information.
2-22
Feature Description
z
UTRAN DRX cycle length: The UTRAN DRX cycle length is transferred to UE by
RRC CONNECTION SETUP message irrespective of CN domain.
For a UE in idle mode, the DRX cycle length equals to the value or the shortest value
of the following:
z
Any of the stored CN domain specific DRX cycle length for the CN domains the
UE is only attached to with no signaling connection established.
For a UE in CELL_PCH state or URA_PCH state, it equals to the shortest value of the
following:
z
UTRAN DRX cycle length;
Any of the stored CN domain specific DRX cycle length for the CN domains the
UE is only attached to with no signaling connection established.
In the UTRAN side, based on all the following information to determine the Paging
Occasions that is the actual frame number in the paging channel cycle length of 4096
frames:
z
IMSI
the number of available SCCPCHs that carry a PCH (K)
the Cell System Frame Number (SFN)
the DRX cycle length
The value of the Paging Occasion is determined as follows:

Paging Occasion= {(IMSI div K) mod DRX cycle length} + n * DRX cycle length
Where n = 0, 1, 2 as long as SFN is below its maximum value.
The actual Page Indicator within a Paging Occasion that the UE shall read is similarly
determined based on IMSI which is the actual position in the frame.
The Page Indicator to use is calculated by using the following formula:
PI = DRX Index mod Np
where DRX Index = IMSI div 8192
In the UE side, based the same information as UTRAN to determine and monitor its
paging indicator in the PICH frame with SFN given by the Paging Occasion.
In FDD mode, Np = (18,36,72,144) is the number of Page Indicators per frame, and is
given in IE "Number of PI per frame", part of system information in FDD mode. This
parameter describes the number of simultaneous users in a cell which can be paged in
the same paging occasion.
If the UE has no IMSI, for instance when making an emergency call without USIM, the
UE shall use as default numbers, IMSI = 0 and DRX cycle length = 256 (2.56 s), in the
formulas above.
2-23
Feature Description
2.4.6 System Information[5]

I. Structure of System Information
In the tree structure of system information, a master information block gives
references and scheduling information to a number of system information blocks in a
cell. The system information blocks contain the actual system information. The master
information block may optionally also contain reference and scheduling information to
one or two scheduling blocks, which give references and scheduling information for
additional system information blocks. Scheduling information for a system information
block may only be included in either the master information block or one of the
scheduling blocks.
Scheduling of each SIB, and SB (if existing) is performed by the RRC layer in UTRAN.
If segmentation to a SIB is used, it should be possible to schedule each segment
separately.
To allow the mixing of system information blocks with short repetition period and
system information blocks with segmentation over many frames, UTRAN may
multiplex segments from different system information blocks. Multiplexing and
de-multiplexing is performed by the RRC layer.
The scheduling of each system information block broadcast on a BCH transport
channel is defined by the following parameters:
z
the number of segments (SEG_COUNT); integer(116),default value 1
The repetition period (SIB_REP). The same value applies to all segments;
integer(4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512,1024,2048,4096) in frames
The position (phase) of the first segment within one cycle of the Cell System
Frame Number (SIB_POS(0)). Since system information blocks are repeated with
period SIB_REP, the value of SIB_POS(i), i = 0, 1, 2, SEG_COUNT-1 must be
less than SIB_REP for all segments;
The offset of the subsequent segments in ascending index order (SIB_OFF(i), i =

1, 2, SEG_COUNT-1). The position of the subsequent segments is calculated
using the following: SIB_POS(i) = SIB_POS(i-1) + SIB_OFF(i).
The scheduling is based on the Cell System Frame Number (SFN) which has the
period of 4096 frames in time. The scheduling information defined above decides the
segments of a SIB, the position of each segment, and repetition of each segment. The
SFN of a frame at which a particular segment, i, with i = 0, 1, 2,
SEG_COUNT-1 of a
system information block occurs, fulfils the following relation:

z
SFN mod SIB_REP = SIB_POS(i)
The scheduling of the master information block is fixed as defined in below.

z
SEG_COUNT = 1
SIB_POS = 0
SIB_REP = 8 (FDD)
2-24
Feature Description
z
SIB_OFF=2
It needs to be pointed out that the first two frames in each repetition of 8 frames is
used to transmit SFN of the cell.
The system information is continuously broadcast on a regular basis in accordance
with the scheduling defined for each system information block.
II. Reception of SYSTEM INFORMATION Messages by the UE

The UE shall read system information broadcast on a BCH transport channel in idle
mode and in the connected mode in states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH.
When switching off, The UE shall consider all stored system information blocks as
invalid except those stored in USIM for use in a stored information cell-selection.
When switching on, the UE may store system information blocks with cell, PLMN or
Equivalent PLMN area scope (including their value tag if applicable) for different cells
and different PLMNs, to be used if the UE returns to these cells.
When selecting a new cell within the currently used PLMN, the UE shall consider all
current system information blocks with area scope cell to be invalid and store and use
the new one.
After selecting a new PLMN, the UE shall consider all current system information
blocks with area scope cell and PLMN to be invalid and store and use the new one.
After selecting a new PLMN which is not indicated by higher layers to be equivalent to
the identity of the previously selected PLMN, the UE shall consider all system
information blocks with area scope Equivalent PLMN to be invalid and store and use
the new one.
III. Actions upon Reception of the Master Information Block and Scheduling
Block(s)
When selecting a new cell, the UE shall read the master information block. The UE
may use the pre-defined scheduling information to locate the master information block
in the cell. In the MIB, MIB value tag, PLMN types, PLMN identity, and scheduling
information to other SIBs are the most important IEs.
z
By reading the PLMN type, UE can know the type of PLMN of current network.
By reading the PLMN identity, UE can verify that it is the selected PLMN.
By comparing the value tag in the master information block with the value tag
stored for this cell and this PLMN, UE can know whether or not to read and store
scheduling information.
By reading the scheduling information to each SIB, UE can know the scope of
each SIB, the value tag of it, and the actual position of it. By comparing the value
tag to each SIB with the value tag stored for this cell and this PLMN, UE can know
whether or not to read and store the SIB. When everything is ok, UE is ready to
read them. For those SIBs that are not supported by UE, it will skip reading and
monitoring them.
2-25
Feature Description
IV. Actions upon Reception of SYSTEM INFORMATION Blocks

The UE may use the scheduling information included within the master information
block and the scheduling blocks to locate each system information block to be
acquired. If the UE receives a system information block in a position according to the
scheduling information and consider the content valid, it will read and store it for future
use. Below we will introduce the important IEs in each SIB in more detail.
1)
System information block 1
The UE should store all relevant IEs included in this system information block
irrespective of UEs mode. The system information block type 1 contains NAS system
information as well as UE timers and counters to be used in idle mode and in
connected mode, as described in Table 2-4.
If in idle mode, the UE should store all relevant IEs included in this system information
block if the "PLMN Type" in the variable SELECTED_PLMN has the value
"GSM-MAP" and the IE "PLMN type" in the Master Information Block has the value
"GSM-MAP" or "GSM-MAP and ANSI-41". The UE shall also:
forward the content of the IE "CN domain specific NAS system information" to the
non-access stratum entity indicated by the IE "CN domain identity";

use the IE "CN domain specific DRX cycle length coefficient" to calculate frame
number for the Paging Occasions and Page indicator as specified in 3GPP TS
25.304;
use the values in the IE "UE Timers and constants in idle mode" for the relevant
timers and counters.

If in connected mode the UE shall not use the values of the IEs in this system
information block except for the timers and constant values given by the IE "UE timers
and constants in connected mode".
Table 2-4 Important IEs in SIB1
Information
Element/
Need
Type and
Multi
reference
Group name
CN information elements
CN
common
GSM-MAP NAS
system
The first octet contains octet 1 of the NAS

MP
Octet
system information element, the second
string(1..8 )
octet contains octet 2 of the NAS system
information
CN
information element and so on.

1
domain
system
information list
MP
to
<maxCN
Send CN information for each CN domain.
domains
>
2-26
Feature Description
Information
Element/
Need
Multi
Group name
>CN
domain
identity
Type and
reference
Enumerated
(CS domain,
MP
PS domain)
>GSM-MAP
>>CN
domain
specific
NAS
system
The first octet contains octet 1 of the NAS

MP
Octet
system information element, the second
string(1..8 )
octet contains octet 2 of the NAS system
information
information element and so on.
UE information
Default value means that for all timers and
UE
UE Timers and
constants
in
Timers
and constants
MD
in idle mode,
idle mode
reference to
Table 2-6
constants
- For parameters with need MD, the defaults
specified in Table 3 apply and
- For parameters with need OP, the
parameters are absent
UE
UE Timers and
constants
connected
in
MD
mode
Timers
Default value means that for all timers and
and constants
constants
in connected
- For parameters with need MD, the defaults
mode,
specified in Table 2 apply and
reference to
- For parameters with need OP, the
0.0.0
parameters are absent
Table 2-5 UE Timers and constants in connected mode

Information
Element /
Need
Multi
Type and reference
Integer(100, 200... 2000
Value in milliseconds. Default value is
by step of 200, 3000,
4000.
4000, 6000, 8000)
One spare value is needed.
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 3.
Group name
T302
N302
MD
MD
2-27
Feature Description
Information
Element /
Need
Multi
Type and reference
Integer(100, 200, 400,
1000, 2000)
2000. Three spare values are needed.
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 2..
Integer(5, 10, 30, 60,
Value in minutes. Default value is 30.
120, 360, 720, infinity)
Infinity means no update
Integer(5, 10, 15, 20,
Value in seconds. Default value is 30.
30, 40, 50)
Group name
T304
MD
N304
MD
T305
MD
T307
MD
T308
MD
T309
MD
T310
MD
N310
MD
T311
MD
Integer(40,
80,
160,
320)
160.
Integer(18)
Integer(40 .. 320 by
step of 40)
160.
Integer(0 .. 7)
Default value is 4.
Integer(250 .. 2000 by
step of 250)
2000.
T312
MD
Integer (0..15)
The value 0 is not used in this version

of the specification.
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20,

N312
MD
50, 100, 200, 400, 600,
Default value is 1.
800, 1000)
T313
MD
N313
MD
T314
MD
T315
MD
Integer (0..15)
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20,
50, 100, 200)
Integer(0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,
16, 20)
Integer (0,10, 30, 60,
180, 600, 1200, 1800)
2-28

Default value is 20.
Feature Description
Information
Element /
Need
Multi
Type and reference
Group name
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20,
N315
50, 100, 200, 400, 600,
MD
Default value is 1.
800, 1000)
T316
MD
Integer(0, 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, infinity)
Table 2-6 UE Timers and constants in idle mode

Information
Element/Group
Need
Multi
Type and reference
name
Integer(100, 200... 2000 by
T300
MP
Value in milliseconds. Default
step of 200, 3000, 4000,
value is 1000.
6000, 8000)
N300
MP
Integer(0..7)
T312
MP
Integer(0 .. 15)
Default value is 3.
Value in seconds. Default value
is 1.
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50,

N312
MP
100, 200, 400, 600, 800,
Default value is 1.
1000)
2)
Table 2-7 describes the Important IEs in SIB2. If in connected mode the UE should
store all relevant IEs included in this system information block. If in idle mode, the UE
shall not use the values of the IEs in this system information block. The system
information block type 2 contains the URA identity.
Information Element/Group
name
Need
UTRAN mobility information

elements
2-29
Multi
Type and
Semantics
reference
description
Feature Description
Information Element/Group
name
Need
URA identity list
MP
>URA identity
MP
3)
Multi
1
Type and
Semantics
reference
description
<max
URA>
bit string(16)
Table 2-8 describes the Important IEs in SIB3. The UE should store all relevant IEs
included in this system information block. If in connected mode, and System
Information Block 4 is indicated as used in the cell, UE should read and act on
information sent in that block. Otherwise, UE should act on information sent in SIB3.
The system information block type 3 contains parameters for cell selection and
re-selection.
Information
Element/Group
Need
Type and
Multi
name
SIB4 Indicator
MP
reference
Boolean
TRUE
indicates
that
SIB4
is
broadcast in the cell.
UTRAN mobility information elements

Cell identity
MP
bit string(28)
Choice of measurement (CPICH
Cell selection and

reselection
quality
Enumerated
MP
measure
(CPICH Ec/N0,
CPICH RSCP)
Ec/N0 or CPICH RSCP) to use as

quality measure Q for FDD cells.
This IE is also sent to the UE in
SIB11/12. Both occurrences of the IE
should be set to the same value.
Sintrasearch
OP
Sintersearch
OP
Integer (-32..20
If a negative value is received the UE
by step of 2)
shall consider the value to be 0. [dB]
Integer (-32..20
by step of 2)
2-30
Feature Description
Information
Element/Group
Need
Type and
Multi
reference
name
In case the value 20 is received the

Ssearch,RAT
MP
Integer (-32..20
by step of 2)
UE shall consider this IE as if it was

absent.
Qqualmin
MP
Integer (-24..0)
Integer
Qrxlevmin
MP
(-115..-25
by
Ec/N0, [dB]
RSCP, [dBm]
step of 2)
Qhyst1s
MP
Integer (0..40 by
step of 2)
[dB]
CV-FD
Qhyst2s
D-Qua
Integer (0..40 by
Default value is Qhyst1s
lity-Me
step of 2)
[dB]
MP
Integer (0..31)
[s]
MP
Integer(-50..33)
In dBm
MP
Structure type
For future use
asure
Treselections
Maximum
allowed
UL TX power
Cell
Access
Restriction
4)
Table 2-9 describes the Important IEs in SIB5. UE should store all relevant IEs
Information Block 6 is indicated as used in the cell, UE should read and act on
information sent in that block. Otherwise, UE should act on information sent in SIB5.
The system information block type 5 contains parameters for the configuration of the
common physical channels in the cell.
2-31
Feature Description

Information
Need
Element/Group name
SIB6 Indicator
Multi
MP
Type and reference
TRUE indicates that SIB6
Boolean
is broadcast in the cell.
PhyCH information elements

Offset in dB. This is the
PICH Power offset
MP
power transmitted on the
Integer(-10 .. +5)
PICH minus power of the

Primary CPICH in FDD.
This AICH Power offset

AICH Power offset
MP
also indicates the power
AICH Power offset
offset for AP-AICH and for

CD/CA-ICH.
Primary CCPCH info

PRACH
system
information list
Secondary
CCPCH
system information
OP
Primary CCPCH info

PRACH
MP
system
information list
Secondary
MP
CCPCH
system information
CBS DRX Level 1
CV-CTC
CBS
information
information
5)
Note 1
DRX
Level
Table 2-10 describes the Important IEs in SIB7. The UE should store all relevant IEs
Information Block 8 is indicated as used in the cell, the UE should store all relevant IEs
included in this system information block and act on information sent in SIB8. If in idle
mode, the UE shall not use the values of the IEs in SIB8. The system information block
type 7 contains the fast changing parameters UL interference and Dynamic
persistence level.
Information
Element/Group name
CHOICE mode
Need
Multi
MP
2-32
Type and
Semantics
reference
description
Feature Description
Information
Element/Group name
Need
Multi
Type and
Semantics
reference
description
>FDD
>>UL interference
UL
MP
interference
>TDD
(no data)
PhyCH information elements

The
PRACHs listed in system
information block type 5
MP
order
of
the
PRACHs is the same
1 to <max
as
PRACH>
in
system
information block type

5.
Dynamic
>Dynamic persistence level
MP
persistence
level
The
PRACHs listed in system

information block type 6
1
OP
order
of
the
PRACHs is the same
to
<maxPRAC
as
in
system
H>
information block type

6.
Dynamic
>Dynamic persistence level
MP
persistence
level
Expiration
Expiration Time Factor
MD
Time
Factor
Default is 1.
10.3.3.12
6)
Table 2-11 describes the important IEs in SIB11. The UE should store all relevant IEs
included in this system information block. If in idle mode, the UE shall not use the
values of the IEs in this system information block. If in connected mode, the UE shall
use the values of the IEs in this system information block. The system information
block type 11 contains measurement control information to be used in the cell.
2-33
Feature Description

Information
Element/Group name
SIB12 Indicator
Need
Multi
Type and reference
MP
TRUE indicates that SIB12
Boolean
is broadcast in the cell.
Measurement
information elements
FACH
measurement
occasion info
Measurement
control
system information
FACH
OP
measurement
occasion info
Measurement
MP
control
system information
2.5 Interaction
Figure 2-2 shows interaction between PLMN selection, cell selection/ reselection and
location/routing updating.
Automatic mode
Manual Mode
Indication
to user
PLMN Selection
and Reselection
PLMNs
available
Location
Registration
response
PLMN
selected
NAS Control
Cell Selection
and Reselection
Radio measurements
Registration
Area
changes
CM requests
Location
Registration
Figure 2-2 Interaction in Idle Mode

PLMN ID, Cell selection/reselection criteria, Location/routing updating timer are
broadcast in system information. System information is updated by paging.
2-34
Feature Description
2.6 Implementation
2.6.1 Engineering Guideline
I. PLMN Selection
PLMN selection belongs to UE behavior, which is depending on UE vendor implement
and USIM card application. UE shall support variety kinds of PLMN selector with
Access Technology and other function e.g. User controlled PLMN selector with Access
Technology, Operator controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology, HPLMN
selector with Access Technology, HPLMN search period. Above USIM card
parameters shall be set according to user requirement.
II. Cell Selection

Cell selection is mostly controlled by two parameters, they are Qqualmin and
Qrxlevmin. Here an example is given to illustrate how to configure these two
parameters. To increase the possibility for UE to select a cell successfully, Qqualmin
and Qrxlevmin should be as low as possible. But some UE maybe couldnt finish
registration or any other RRC signaling procedure when Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin are
low enough. So to set Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin to their minimum value is not the best
solution. The recommended value of Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin are -18 dB and -115
dBm.
Besides Qqualmin and Qrxlevmin, UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH which is read in system
information is also influence cell selection. UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH should be set
higher in macro-cell and should be set lower in micro-cell or Pico-cell. So
UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH is related to network planning.
III. Cell Reselection

If HCS not used, cell reselection is mostly controlled by following parameters:
Sintrasearch, Sintersearch, SsearchRAT m, Treselections, Qoffset1s,n, Qoffset2s,n,
Qhyst1s, Qhyst2s.
In order to decrease network signaling load and to increase the possibility for UEs to
be paged, it is necessary to decrease the possibility of UE roaming to other cells with
different LAC /RAC or RAT. Supposing there was less possibility of same frequency of
two cells between different LAC/RAC than cells within same LAC/RAC. So the criteria
of cell reselection should make reselection to inter-frequency cells harder than
intra-frequency cells, and the hardest to inter-RAT cells.
To ensure good coverage, Sintrasearch, Sintersearch, SsearchRAT m should enable
UE to reselect to a better neighboring cell as soon as possible, but Treselections
shouldnt be too short that maybe cause ping-pong cell reselection. The
recommended values of these parameters are as following:
z
Sintrasearch: 10dB
2-35
Feature Description
z
Sintersearch: 8dB
SsearchRAT m: 4dB
Treselections: 1s
When cell reselection happens between two intra-frequency cells, Qoffset2s,n and
Qhyst2s should be used instead of Qoffset1s,n and Qhyst1s. When cell reselection
happens between any two cells of any other type instead of intra-frequency,
Qoffset1s,n and Qhyst1s should be used.
IV. Paging
Pay attention to the following aspects for paging in network deployment:
z
Control of paging success rate
Control of paging load
V. Roaming between UMTS and GSM

At the beginning of UMTS network establishment, UMTS cells will be dotted in some
important area, i.e. whose coverage will not be better and more continuum than GSM
system. If 3G high quality service shall be used as much as possible and normal voice
call service shall be guaranteed under such assumption, it is important to support
roaming from/to UMTS to/from GSM/GPRS service. Here are 2 scenarios
recommended according to PLMN ID planning and GSM capability.
Scenario I: GSM system support UMTS cells reselection. GSM and UMTS use
same PLMN ID
Scenario II: GSM system didnt support UMTS cells reselection. GSM and UMTS
use different PLMN ID

1)
Technical guideline for Scenario I:
For the purposes of UMTS to GSM cell reselection, UMTS network shall not only
configure 2G neighbor cells but also control parameters in Table 2-12 by
broadcast them in SIB3 and SIB11.
Table 2-12 Parameters for UMTS to GSM cell reselection

Parameter
Description
Range
name
Recommen
ded Value
Quality
Choice of measurement (CPICH Ec/N0 or CPICH RSCP) to CPICH Ec/N0 CPICH
measure
use as quality measure Q for FDD cells.
or CPICH
RSCP
(SIB3/11)
Integer
Ssearch,rat
Squal>Ssearch,rat, do not trigger inter-RAT system
(SIB3)
measurement, (Squal = Qqualmeas-Qqualmin)(Qqualmin is (-32..20 by

inSIB3 or 11)
Qhyst1s
RSCP
step of 2)
This specifies the hysteresis value (Qhyst) for service cell in 0~40 by step 2
R criteria. It is used for FDD cells if the quality measure for
2-36
Feature Description
Parameter
Description
Range
name
Recommen
ded Value
(SIB3)
cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH RSCP.
of 2 [dB]
Qhyst2s
This specifies the hysteresis value (Qhyst) for service cell in 0~40 by step 2
(SIB3)
R criteria. It is used for FDD cells if the quality measure for
of 2 [dB]
cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.

Treselection
In all cases, the UE shall reselect the new cell, only if the
Integer
(SIB3)
following conditions are met:
(0..31)[s]
the new cell is better ranked than the serving cell
during a time interval Treselection.

-
more than 1 second has elapsed since the UE
camped on the current serving cell.

Which is used to prevent Ping-pong reselection.
Inter-RAT cell Cell id;
info list
Cell individual offset(-50~50 [dB]);
(SIB11)
BSIC;
Band indicator(DCS 1800 band used/PCS 1900 band used);
BCCH ARFCN(0~1023)
Cell selection Qoffset1s,nQoffset2s,nFDD QqualminQrxlevmin
Qqualmin=-
and
14dB
GSM Qrxlevmin
re-selection
Qoffset1s,n
info(SIB11)
=0
Qoffset2s,n
=0
For the purposes of GSM to UMTS cell reselection, GSM network shall not only
configure 3G neighbor cells but also control parameters in Table 2-13 by
broadcast them in SI 2quater.
Table 2-13 Parameters for GSM to UMTS cell reselection,

Parameter
Description
Range Recommended
name
Qsearch_I
Value
Search for 3G cells if signal level is below (0-7) or above
(8-15) threshold
0-15
(always
search 3G cells)
0 = - 98 dBm, 1 = - 94 dBm, , 6 = - 74 dBm,

7 = (always search 3G cells)
2-37
Feature Description
Parameter
Description
Range Recommended
name
Value
8 = - 78 dBm, 9 = - 74 dBm, , 14 = - 54 dBm
15 = (never search 3G cells).
FDD_Qoffset Applies an offset to RLA_C for cell re-selection to access
0-15
0 dB.
0-7
-8dB
technology/mode FDD (one or more)

0 = - (always select a 3G cell if acceptable),
1 = -28 dB, 2 = -24 dB, 7= - 4dB select 3G in case of 2G
signal level is higher than 3G RSCP for FDD_Qoffset value;
8 = 0dB, 9= 4dB, 5 = 28 dB. select 3G in case of 2G signal
level is lower than 3G RSCP for FDD_Qoffset value
FDD_Qmin
A minimum threshold for Ec/No for UTRAN FDD cell

re-selection,
0= -20dB, 1= -6dB, 2= -18dB, 3= -8dB, 4= -16dB, 5= -10dB,
6= -14dB, 7= -12dB.
The MS shall then reselect a suitable UTRAN cell if its measured RSCP value
exceeds the value of RLA_C for the serving cell and all of the suitable non-serving
GSM cells by the value FDD_Qoffset for a period of 5 seconds and the UTRAN cells
measured Ec/No value is equal or greater than the value FDD_Qmin.
In case of a cell reselection occurring within the previous 15 seconds, FDD_Qoffset is
increased by 5 dB.
Cell reselection to UTRAN shall not occur within 5 seconds after the MS has
reselected a GSM cell from an UTRAN cell if a suitable GSM cell can be found.
In order to reduce Ping-pong inter-RAT cell reselection and keep MS camping on 3G
as much as possible, recommended value is listed above.
2)
Technical guideline for Scenario II:
UMTS to GSM: Same as Scenario I besides that equivalent PLMN shall be

included in Location Updating Accept message so that MS can use it as
mentioned to camp on GSM system.
GSM to UMTS: Cell reselection could not be used in this direction if GSM can not
support broadcast the UMTS information to MS. In order to ask MS turn back to
UMTS cell, HPLMN selection shall be used.
Suppose UMTS PLMN is HPLMN for the user while GSM PLMN is VPLMN. If the MS
is in a VPLMN, the MS shall periodically attempt to obtain service on its HPLMN. For
this purpose, a value T minutes may be stored in the SIM, T is either in the range 6
minutes to 8 hours in 6 minute steps. Considering to making MS turn back UMTS as
early as possible and save MS power consumption, 6 minutes are recommended.
2-38
Feature Description
VI. Standby Power Consumption

Standby power consumption is effected by following parameters:
The UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order to reduce
power consumption. When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one Page
Indicator, PI, in one Paging Occasion per DRX cycle.
The UE may use HPLMN timer to turn back to home network, the longer timer is,
the less PLMN selection is made, which will reduce power consumption.
The UE may try LR when LR timer expired, the longer LR timer is, the less LR
procedure is made, which will reduce power consumption.

z
The Larger LAC area is, the less does power consume.
Power will be consumed faster when radio coverage hole is existed or when the
handsets is at the edge of cells.
2.6.2 Parameters
I. PLMN selection[6]
1)
EFPLMNwAcT (User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology)
This EF contains the coding for n PLMNs, where n is at least eight. This information is
determined by the user and defines the preferred PLMNs of the user in priority order.
The first record indicates the highest priority and the nth record indicates the lowest.
The EF also contains the Access Technologies for each PLMN in this list.
Identifier: '6F60'
Structure: transparent
Optional
SFI: '0A'
File size: 5n (where n 8 bytes)
Update activity: low
Bytes
Description
M/O
Length
1 to 3
1st PLMN (highest priority)
3 bytes
4 to 5
1st PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
6 to 8
2nd PLMN
3 bytes
9 to 10
2nd PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
36 to 38
8th PLMN
3 bytes
39 to 40
8th PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
41 to 43
9th PLMN
3 bytes
44 to 45
2 bytes
2-39
Feature Description
Identifier: '6F60'
Optional
(5n-4) to (5n-2)
Nth PLMN (lowest priority)
3 bytes
(5n-1) to 5n
Nth PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
PLMN: Mobile Country Code (MCC) followed by the Mobile Network Code (MNC).
Access Technology Identifier: 2 bytes are used to select the access technology where
the meaning of each bit is as follows:
z
bit = 1: access technology selected;
bit = 0: access technology not selected.
Byte5n-1:
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
UTRAN
Byte 5n:
2-40
Feature Description
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
RFU
GSM COMPACT
GSM
2)
EFOPLMNwACT (Operator controlled PLMN selector with Access Technology)
This EF contains the coding for n PLMNs where n is determined by the operator. This
information is determined by the operator and defines the preferred PLMNs in priority
order. The first record indicates the highest priority and the nth record indicates the
lowest. The EF also contains the Access Technologies for each PLMN in this list.
Identifier: '6F61'
Optional
SFI: '11'
File size: 5n (where n 8 bytes)
Bytes
Description
M/O
Length
1 to 3
3 bytes
4 to 5
2 bytes
36 to 38
8th PLMN
3 bytes
39 to 40
2 bytes
41 to 43
9th PLMN
3 bytes
44 to 45
2 bytes
(5n-4) to (5n-2)
Nth PLMN (lowest priority)
3 bytes
2-41
Feature Description
(5n-1) to 5n
Nth PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
PLMN:Mobile Country Code (MCC) followed by the Mobile Network Code (MNC).
Access Technology Identifier: See EFPLMNwACT for coding.
3)
EFHPLMNwAcT (HPLMN selector with Access Technology)
The HPLMN Selector with access technology data field shall contain the HPLMN code,
or codes together with the respected access technology in priority order.
Identifier: '6F62'
Structure: Transparent
Optional
SFI: '13'
File size: 5n (n 1) bytes
Bytes
Description
M/O
Length
1 to 3
3 bytes
4 to 5
2 bytes
6 to 8
2nd PLMN
3 bytes
9 to 10
2nd PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
(5n-4) to (5n-2)
nth PLMN (lowest priority)
3 bytes
(5n-1) to 5n
nth PLMN Access Technology Identifier
2 bytes
PLMN: Mobile Country Code (MCC) followed by the Mobile Network Code
(MNC).
Access Technology:
The Access Technology of the HPLMN that the ME will
assume when searching for the HPLMN, in priority order. The first Access
Technology in the list has the highest priority. See EFPLMNwACT for coding.
4)
EFFPLMN (Forbidden PLMNs)
This EF contains the coding for n Forbidden PLMNs (FPLMN). It is read by the ME as
part of the USIM initialization procedure and indicates PLMNs which the UE shall not
automatically attempt to access.
A PLMN is written to the EF if a network rejects a Location Update with the cause
"PLMN not allowed". The ME shall manage the list as follows.
When n FPLMNs are held in the EF, and rejection of a further PLMN is received by the
ME from the network, the ME shall modify the EF using the UPDATE command. This
th
new PLMN shall be stored in the n position, and the existing list "shifted" causing the
previous contents of the first position to be lost.
2-42
Feature Description
When less than n FPLMNs exist in the EF, storage of an additional FPLMN shall not
cause any existing FPLMN to be lost.
Dependent upon procedures used to manage storage and deletion of FPLMNs in the
EF, it is possible, when less than n FPLMNs exist in the EF, for 'FFFFFF' to occur in
any position. The ME shall analyse all the EF for FPLMNs in any position, and not
regard 'FFFFFF' as a termination of valid data.
Identifier: '6F7B'
Mandatory
SFI: '0D'
File size: n*3 bytes (n>3)
Bytes
Description
M/O
Length
1 to 3
PLMN 1
3 bytes
4 to 6
PLMN 2
3 bytes
7 to 9
PLMN 3
3 bytes
10 to 12
PLMN 4
3 bytes
(3n-2) to 3n
PLMN n
3 bytes
PLMN: Mobile Country Code (MCC) followed by the Mobile Network Code
(MNC).
For instance, using 246 for the MCC and 81 for the MNC and if this is stored in PLMN
3 the contents is as follows:
Bytes 7-9: '42' 'F6' '18'.
If storage for fewer than n PLMNs is required, the unused bytes shall be set to 'FF'.
5)
EFHPLMN (HPLMN search period)
This EF contains the interval of time between searches for the HPLMN
Identifier: '6F31'
Mandatory
SFI: '12'
File size: 1 byte
Bytes
Description
M/O
Length
Time interval
1 byte
2-43
Feature Description
Time interval: the time interval between two searches. The time interval is coded in
integer multiples of n minutes. The range is from n minutes to a maximum value. The
value '00' indicates that no attempts shall be made to search for the HPLMN. The
encoding is:
z
'00': No HPLMN search attempts;
'01': n minutes;
'02': 2n minutes;
z
z
'YZ': (16Y+Z)n minutes (maximum value).
All other values shall be interpreted by the ME as a default period.

Only the service provider shall be able to set the timer value. The timer shall have a
value between 6 minutes and 8 hours, with a step size of 6 minutes. One value shall
be designated to indicate that no periodic attempts shall be made
II. Cell Selection Parameters

Parameters
Default value
Qqualmin
-18dB
Qrxlevmin
-115dBm
UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH
24dBm
III. Cell Reselection Parameters

Parameters
Default value
Sintrasearch
10dB
Sintersearch
8dB
SsearchRAT m
4dB
Qoffset1s,n
0 dB
Qoffset2s,n
0 dB
Qhyst1s
2dB
Qhyst2s
4dB
Treselections
1s
2-44
Feature Description
IV. Period Location Registration Parameter

Period Location Updating
T3212 = 6 minutes,
Period Routing Area Updating
T3312 = 54minutes.
2.6.3 Example
None
2.7 Reference Information

1)
3GPP, TS 22.011 "Service accessibility"
2)
3GPP, TS 23.122 "NAS Functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in idle mode"
3)
3GPP, TS 24.008 "Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Core Network

Protocols - Stage 3"
4)
3GPP, TS 25.304 "UE Procedures in Idle Mode and Procedures for Cell
Reselection in Connected Mode"
5)
3GPP, TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC)"
6)
3GPP, TS 31.102 "Characteristics of the USIM Application"
2-45
Feature Description
Chapter 3 URA UPDATE

3.1 Introduction
The URA update procedure serves several main purposes:
1)
To be used as a supervision mechanism in the URA_PCH state by means of

periodical URA update;
2)
To update UTRAN with the current URA the UE is camping on after URA
reselection.
3.2 Glossary
3.2.1 Terms
CELL_DCH: RRC connected mode in which DCCH and, if configured, DTCH are
available. DCCH and DTCH are mapped to DCH. The RNC maintains current camping
cell of UE.
CELL_FACH: RRC connected mode in which DCCH and, if configured, DTCH are
available. DCCH and DTCH are mapped to RACH/FACH. The RNC maintains current
camping cell of UE.
CELL_PCH: Neither DCCH nor DTCH are available. The RNC maintains current
camping cell of UE.
URA_PCH: Neither DCCH nor DTCH are available. The RNC maintains current
camping URA of UE.

DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
FACH
Forward Access Channel
RRC
Radio Resource Control
IE
Information element
RB
Radio Bearer
SIB
MD
Mandatory
3-1
Feature Description
3.3 Application
3.3.1 Availability
3.3.2 Benefit
After RRC connection is established successfully, in URA_PCH state, the RNC
maintains UEs current camping URA by means of URA UPDATE procedure. If the
RNC receives RANAP PAGING message from the CN, the RNC only need send
paging message in corresponding URA.

None

3.4.1 Type of URA UPDATE Procedure
URA UPDATE procedure can be grouped into following types:
1)
Periodical URA update: Upon entering URA _PCH state, the UE starts timer T305.
If the timer T305 expires, the UE performs URA update using the cause "periodic
URA update". Correspondingly, the RNC starts timer T305 for UE in URA _PCH
state. Upon receiving URA UPDATE message with cause as periodical URA
update, the RNC restarts T305 of this UE.
2)
URA reselection: if the UE is in URA _PCH state and the UE performs URA
re-selection, the UE performs URA update using the cause " change of URA ".
Upon receiving URA UPDATE message with cause as change of URA, the RNC
updates camping URA of the UE.
3-2
Feature Description
3.4.2 Procedure
I. Basic Flow
UE
RNC
URA UPDATE
URA UPDATE CONFRIM
UTRAN MOBILITY INFORMATION CONFIRM(Note 1)
Figure 3-1 URA UPDATE Procedure

Note1: Response of URA UPDATE CONFIRM is optional, and if present, Response
message of URA UPDATE CONFIRM is UTRAN MOBILITY INFORMATION
CONFIRM.
II. Interaction with SRNS Relocation Procedure

This example shows Inter-RNS URA Update with switching in the CN (SRNS
relocation).
UE
SRNC
DRNC
SGSN
EST PS RAB, in URA_PCH state

URA UPDATE
UPLINK SIGNALLING TRANSFER INDICATION
RELOCATION REQUIRED
RELOCATION REQUEST
RELOCATION REQUEST_ACK
RELOCATION COMMAND
RELOCATION COMMIT
RELOCATION DETECT
URA UPDATE CONFIRM
UTRAN MOBILITY INFORMATION CONFIRM
RELOCATION COMPLETE
IU RELEASE COMMAND
IU RELEASE COMPLETE
Figure 3-2 URA UPDATE Procedure with SRNS relocation procedure

Parameters such as T305 are broadcast in SIB 1 and can be updated in UTRAN
MOBILITY INFORMATION procedure.
3-3
Feature Description
3.5 Interaction
None
3.6 Implementation
To Tune the URA update functionality within UTRAN, configure all or parts of the
parameters described in the following section.
3.6.2 Parameter
UE Timers and Constants in Connected Mode (T302, T305, T307, T314, T315, T317,
N302) are broadcast in SIB 1 and can be modified by MML command SET
CONNMODETIMER. Table 3-1 describes the parameters.
Table 3-1 Timers of connected mode
Information
Need
Type and reference
Element
T301
MD
Integer(100, 200 .. 2000 by step of
Value in milliseconds. Default value is 2000. This
200, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000)
IE should not be used by the UE in this release

of the protocol.
N301
MD
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 2. This IE should not be used by

the UE in this release of the protocol.
T302
MD
Integer(100, 200... 2000 by step of
Value in milliseconds. Default value is 4000.
200, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000)
N302
MD
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 3.
T304
MD
Integer(100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000)

Three spare values are needed.
N304
MD
Integer(0..7)
T305
MD
Integer(5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720,
infinity)
Integer(5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50)
T307
MD

T308
MD
Integer(40, 80, 160, 320)
3-4
Feature Description
Information
Need
Type and reference
Element
T309
MD
Integer(18)
T310
MD
Integer(40 .. 320 by step of 40)
N310
MD
Integer(0 .. 7)
Default value is 4.
T311
MD
T312
MD
Integer (0..15)
Value in seconds. Default value is 1. The value 0

is not used in this version of the specification.
N312
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200,
Default value is 1.
400, 600, 800, 1000)

T313
MD
Integer (0..15)
N313
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100,
200)
T314
MD
Integer(0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20)
T315
MD
Integer (0,10, 30, 60, 180, 600,
1200, 1800)
N315
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200,
Default value is 1.
400, 600, 800, 1000)

T316
MD
Integer(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, infinity)

T317
MD
Integer (0,10, 30, 60, 180, 600,
Value in seconds
1200, 1800)
3.6.3 Example
SET CONNMODETIMER: T305=D10;

1)
3GPP TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specification"
2)
3GPP TS 25.931 UTRAN Functions, Examples on Signaling Procedures"
3)
3GPP TS 25.413 "UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signaling"
3-5
Feature Description
Chapter 4 CELL UPDATE

4.1 Introduction
The cell update procedure serves several purposes:
z
To be used as a supervision mechanism of UE in the CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH

state by means of periodical cell update;
To update the RNC with the current cell the UE is camping on after cell
reselection;
When triggered in the URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state, to notify the RNC of a

transition to the CELL_FACH state due to the reception of UTRAN originated
paging or due to a request to transmit uplink data;
To act on a radio link failure in the CELL_DCH state or RLC unrecoverable error
on an AM RLC entity.
To act on the transmission failure of the UE CAPABILITY INFORMATION

message.
4.2 Glossary
4.2.1 Terms
CELL_DCH state: RRC connected mode in which DCCH and, if configured, DTCH
are available. DCCH and DTCH are mapped to DCH. The RNC maintains current
camping cell of UE.
CELL_FACH state: RRC connected mode in which DCCH and, if configured, DTCH
are available. DCCH and DTCH are mapped to RACH/FACH. The RNC maintains
current camping cell of UE.
CELL_PCH state: Neither DCCH nor DTCH are available. The RNC maintains current
camping cell of UE.
URA_PCH state: Neither DCCH nor DTCH are available. The RNC maintains current
camping URA of UE.

DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
FACH
RRC

4-1
Feature Description
IE
Information Element
RB
Radio Bearer
SIB
4.3 Application
4.3.1 Availability
4.3.2 Benefit
After RRC connection is established successfully, the RNC maintains UEs current
camping cell by means of CELL UPDATE procedure. If the RNC receives RANAP
PAGING message from the CN, the RNC only need send paging message in
corresponding cell.
CELL UPDATE procedure in CELL_DCH state enables the UE to re-establish RRC
connection after radio link failure.

None

4.4.1 Type of CELL UPDATE Procedure
CELL UPDATE procedure can be grouped into following types:
1)
Periodical cell update: Upon entering CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state, the UE

starts timer T305. If the timer T305 expires, the UE performs cell update using the
cause "periodical cell update". Correspondingly, the RNC starts timer T305 for
UE in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state. Upon receiving CELL UPDATE
message with cause as periodical cell update, the RNC restarts T305 of this UE.
2)
Cell reselection: if the UE is in CELL_FACH or CELL_PCH state and the UE

performs cell re-selection, the UE performs cell update using the cause "cell
reselection". Upon receiving CELL UPDATE message with cause as cell
reselection, the RNC updates camping cell of the UE.
3)
Paging response: if the UE in URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state, receives a

PAGING TYPE 1 message, the UE performs cell update using the cause "paging
response". Upon receiving CELL UPDATE message with cause as paging
response, the RNC shall send CELL UPDATE CONFIRM message to the UE
and transit UEs state to CELL_FACH.
4-2
Feature Description
4)
Uplink data transmission: if the UE in URA_PCH or CELL_PCH state has uplink

RLC data PDU or uplink RLC control PDU on RB1 or upwards to transmit, the UE
performs cell update using the cause "uplink data transmission". Upon receiving
CELL UPDATE message with cause as uplink data transmission, the RNC shall
send CELL UPDATE CONFIRM message to the UE and transit UEs state to
CELL_FACH.
5)
Radio link failure: if the UE is in CELL_DCH state and the criteria for radio link
failure is met, the UE performs cell update using the cause "radio link failure".
Because of radio link failure, the RNC shall delete current radio link, establish
new radio link and send CELL UPDATE CONFIRM to the UE including parameter
of new radio link, then the UE can re-establish RRC connection on new radio link.
6)
Re-entering service area: if the UE runs out of service area, and then re-enter
service area, the UE performs cell update using the cause "Re-entering service
area". Upon receiving CELL UPDATE message with cause as Re-entering
service area, the RNC updates camping cell of the UE.
7)
RLC unrecoverable error: if the UE detects RLC unrecoverable error in an AM

RLC entity, the UE performs cell update using the cause "RLC unrecoverable
error". If CELL UPDATE message indicates AM_RLC unrecoverable error
occurred on RB2, RB3 or RB4 in the UE, the RNC shall release RRC connection
of the UE. If CELL UPDATE message indicates AM_RLC unrecoverable error
occurred on RB>4 in the UE, the RNC shall re-establish RLC entity of
corresponding RB.
4.4.2 Procedure
I. Basic Flow
Figure 4-1 illustrates the basic flow of CELL UPDATE procedure.
UE
RNC
CELL UPDATE
CELL UPDATE CONFRIM
RESPONSE MESSAGE
Figure 4-1 Basic flow of CELL UPDATE procedure

1)
To initiate CELL UPDATE procedure, the UE send CELL UPDATE message to

the RNC, and indicates cause of this CELL UPDATE procedure in Cell update
cause IE.
4-3
Feature Description
2)
RNC takes action according to the Cell update cause IE of the CELL UPDATE
message as described in 4.4.1 "Type of CELL UPDATE Procedure.
3)
The RNC sends CELL UPDATE CONFIRM message to the UE.
4)
Response of CELL UPDATE CONFIRM is optional, and if present, response

message may be the follows:
UTRAN MOBILITY INFORMATION CONFIRM
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
TRANSPORT CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION COMPLETER
RADIO BEARER RELEASE COMPLETE
II. Interaction with Other RRC Procedure

CELL UPDATE may interact with other RRC procedure including:
z
SECURITY MODE COMMAND
RADIO BEARER SETUP
RADIO BEARER RECONFIGURATION
RADIO BEARER RELEASE
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION
HANDOVER from UTRAN COMMAND
As an example, Figure 4-2 illustrates the CELL UPDATE interacting with RADIO
BEARER RELEASE.
UE
RNC
RADIO BEARER RELEASE
CELL UPDATE(New Cell)
CELL UPDATE CONFRIM(New Cell)
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATOIN

COMPLETE(New Cell)
RADIO BEARER RELEASE COMPLETE (New Cell)
Figure 4-2 CELL UPDATE interacts with RADIO BEARER RELEASE

As shown in Figure 4-2, in RADIO BEARER RELEASE procedure, if the UE reselects
a new cell after receiving RADIO BEARER RELEASE message, the UE shall initiate
CELL UPDATE procedure and then RADIO BEARER RELEASE procedure shall be
continued in new cell.
4-4
Feature Description
III. Interaction with SRNS Relocation Procedure

The example in Figure 4-3 shows Inter-RNS Cell Update with SRNS relocation.
1)
The UE sends CELL UPDATE to the RNC, after having made cell re-selection.
Upon reception of a CCCH message from a UE, target RNC allocates a C-RNTI
for the UE.
2)
Controlling target RNC forward the received message (on CCCH) via Uplink
Signalling Transfer Indication RNSAP message towards the SRNC. Message
includes, besides target RNC-ID, also the allocated C-RNTI, which is to be used
as UE identification within the C-RNC, and the D-RNTI. Upon reception of the
RNSAP message, SRNC decides to perform SRNS Relocation towards the target
RNC.
3)
Serving RNC relocation procedure is executed. After completing SRNS

Relocation, target RNC allocates a new S-RNTI for the UE, and becomes the new
serving RNC.
4)
Target RNC responds to UE by RRC Cell Update Confirm, including old S-RNTI
and SRNC ID as UE identifiers. Message contains also the new S-RNTI,
SRNC-ID and C-RNTI.
5)
UE acknowledges the RNTI reallocation by sending the RRC message

PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE.
UE
SRNC
DRNC
SGSN
EST PS RAB, in CELL_FACH CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state

CELL UPDATE
UPLINK SIGNALLING TRANSFER INDICATION
RELOCATION REQUIRED
RELOCATION REQUEST
RELOCATION REQUEST_ACK
RELOCATION COMMAND
RELOCATION COMMIT
RELOCATION DETECT
CELL UPDATE CONFIRM
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE
RELOCATION COMPLETE
IU RELEASE COMMAND
IU RELEASE COMPLETE
Figure 4-3 Cell Update with SRNS Relocation
4.5 Interaction
None
4-5
Feature Description
4.6 Implementation
To Tune the Cell Update functionality within UTRAN, configure all or parts of the
4.6.2 Parameter
UE Timers and Constants in Connected Mode(T302, T305, T307, T314, T315, T317,
N302) are broadcast in SIB 1 and can be modified by MML command SET
CONNMODETIMER. Table 4-1 describes the parameters.
Table 4-1 Timers of connected mode
Information
Need
Type and reference
Element
T301
MD
Integer(100, 200 .. 2000 by step of
Value in milliseconds. Default value is 2000. This
200, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000)
IE should not be used by the UE in this release

of the protocol.
N301
MD
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 2. This IE should not be used by

the UE in this release of the protocol.
T302
MD
Integer(100, 200... 2000 by step of
200, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000)
N302
MD
Integer(0..7)
Default value is 3.
T304
MD
Integer(100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000)

Three spare values are needed.
N304
MD
Integer(0..7)
T305
MD
Integer(5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720,
infinity)
Integer(5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50)
T307
MD

T308
MD
Integer(40, 80, 160, 320)
T309
MD
Integer(18)
T310
MD
4-6
Feature Description
Information
Need
Type and reference
Element
N310
MD
Integer(0 .. 7)
Default value is 4.
T311
MD
T312
MD
Integer (0..15)
Value in seconds. Default value is 1. The value 0

is not used in this version of the specification.
N312
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200,
Default value is 1.
400, 600, 800, 1000)

T313
MD
Integer (0..15)
N313
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100,
200)
T314
MD
Integer(0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20)
T315
MD
Integer (0,10, 30, 60, 180, 600,
1200, 1800)
N315
MD
Integer (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200,
Default value is 1.
400, 600, 800, 1000)

T316
MD
Integer(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, infinity)

T317
MD
Integer (0,10, 30, 60, 180, 600,
Value in seconds
1200, 1800)
4.6.3 Example
SET CONNMODETIMER: T305=D10;

1)
2)
3GPP TS 25.931 "UTRAN Functions, Examples on Signaling Procedures"
3)
4-7
Feature Description
Chapter 5 Soft Handover

5.1
Introduction
Soft handover was introduced by CDMA technology. Soft handover is different from
the traditional hard handover process. Hard handover happens on a time point, while
soft handover lasts for a period of time.
With hard handover, a definite decision is made on whether to handover or not and the
mobile terminal only communicates with one cell at a time.
With soft handover, a conditional decision is made on whether to handover or not,
depending on the changes in pilot signal strength from two or more cells involved. A
decision will eventually be made to communicate with only one and this normally
happens after it is clear that the signal coming from one cell is considerably stronger
than those come from others. In the interim period of soft handover, the UE
communicates with all the cells in the active set simultaneously.
Figure 5-1 shows the basic process of hard handover and soft handover. Assuming
there is a UE in a car moving from cell 1 to cell 2, Cell1 is the mobiles original serving
Cell. While moving, the UE continuously measures the pilot signal strength received
from the nearby cells. With hard handover shown in Figure 5-1, the trigger of the
handover can be simply described as:
if (Pilot Ec/I0)cell2 - (Pilot Ec/I0)cell1 > Hm, and cell1is the serving cell
handover to Cell2
else
do not handover
end
Where:
z
(pilot_ Ec/I0)cell1 and (pilot_ Ec/I0)cell2 are the received pilot Ec/I0 from Cell1 and
Cell2 respectively.
Hm is the hysteresis margin.
5-1
Feature Description
(Pilot Ec/Io)

(Pilot Ec/Io)
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 1
Cell 2
Hard handov er
Cell 1
Cell 2
Sof t handov er
Figure 5-1 Comparison between hard and soft handover

The reason for introducing the hysteresis margin in the hard handover algorithm is to
avoid a ping-pong effect, the phenomenon that when a UE moves in and out of the
cells boundary, frequent hard handovers occur. Apart from the mobility of the UE,
fading effects of the radio channel can also make the ping-pong effect more seriously.
By introducing the hysteresis margin, you can mitigate the ping-pong effect because
the UE does not handover immediately to the better cell. The bigger the margin is, the
less the ping-pong effects. However, a big margin introduces more delay. Moreover,
the UE causes extra interference to neighboring cells due to the poor quality link
during the delay. Therefore, for hard handover, the value of the hysteresis margin is
fairly important. When hard handover occurs, the original traffic link with Cell1 is
dropped before the setting up of the new link with Cell2.
In the case of soft handover, shown in Figure 5-1, before (pilot_ Ec/I0)cell2 goes beyond
(pilot_ Ec/I0)cell1, as long as the soft handover trigger condition is fulfilled, the UE
enters the soft handover state and a new link is set up. Before handover-dropping
condition is fulfilled and link to Cell1 is dropped, the UE communicates with both Cell1
and Cell2 simultaneously.
The soft handover process is not the same in the uplink and downlink transmission
directions. As shown in Figure 5-2, in the uplink, the UE transmits the signals to the air
through its omnidirectional antenna. The two cells in the active set receive the signals
simultaneously. Then, the signals are passed forward to the RNC for selection
combining. The better frame is selected and the other is discarded. Therefore, in the
uplink, there is no extra channel needed to support soft handover.
5-2
Feature Description
RNC
No extra uplink channel needed f or SHO,
Selection combination in RNC.
NodeB
NodeB
Extra downlink channels,

Maximum ratio combining in UE
UE
Figure 5-2 Principles of soft handover (2-way case)

In the downlink, the same signals are transmitted through both cells and the UE can
coherently combine the signals from the two cells since UE hears them as just
additional multipath components. Normally maximum ratio combining (MRC) algorithm
is used, which provides an additional benefit called macro diversity gain. However, to
support soft handover in the downlink, at least one extra downlink channel is needed
in case of 2-way SHO. This extra downlink channel is additional interference for other
users in the air interface. Thus, to support soft handover in the downlink, more
resource is required. As a result, in the downlink direction, the performance of the soft
handover depends on the trade-off between the macro diversity gain and the extra
resource consumption.
Compared to the traditional hard handover, soft handover shows some obvious
advantages, such as eliminating the ping-pong effect, and no break point in soft
handover. No Ping-Pong effect means lower load on the network signaling and with
soft handover, there is no data loss due to the momentary transmission break that
happens in hard handover.
Apart from handling mobility, there is another reason for implementing soft handover in
CDMA. Together with power control, soft handover is also used as an
interference-reduction mechanism. Figure 5-3 shows two scenarios. For hard
handover, only power control is applied; for soft handover, power control combining
with soft handover is supported. Assume that the UE is moving from Cell1 towards
Cell2. At the current position, the pilot signal the UE received from Cell2 is already
stronger than that from Cell1. This means Cell2 is better than Cell1.
5-3
Feature Description
UE transmit power
HHO
RNC
SHO
Cell 1
Cell 2
Figure 5-3 Interference-reduction by SHO in UL

In hard handover, the power control loop increases the UE transmit power to
guarantee the QoS in the uplink when the UE moves away from its serving Cell, Cell1.
In soft handover, the UE is in soft handover status: Cell1 and Cell2 both hear the UE
simultaneously. The received signals, then, are passed forward to the RNC for
combining. In the uplink direction, selection combining is used in soft handover. The
stronger frame is selected and the weaker one is discarded. Because Cell2 is better
than Cell1, to meet the same QoS target, the required transmit power from the UE is
lower compared to the power (shown in pink) needed in scenario of hard handover.
Therefore, the interference contributed by this UE in the uplink is lower under soft
handover because soft handover always keeps the UE linked to the best cell.
In the downlink direction, the situation is more complicated. Although the maximum
ratio combining algorithm gives macro diversity gain, extra downlink channels are
needed to support soft handover.
5.2 Glossary
5.2.1 Terms
None

ALCAP
Access Link Control Application Part
3G
3rd Generation
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project (produces WCDMA
5-4
Feature Description
standard)
CN
Core Network
DL
Downlink
DRNC
Drift RNC
DS-CDMA
Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
HHO
Hard Handover
HO
Handover
IE
Information Element
MS
Mobile Station
PC
Power Control
RNC
Radio Network Controller
RRM
Radio Resource Management
SHO
Soft Handover
SIR
Signal to Interference Ratio
SRNC
Serving RNC
TPC
Transmit Power Control
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
5.3 Application
5.3.1 Availability
5-5
Feature Description
5.3.2 Benefit
1)
Eliminate the ping-pong effect, leading to reduced load on the network signaling
and overhead
2)
Smoother transmission with no momentary stop during soft handover
3)
Reduced overall uplink interference, leading to:
Better communication quality for a given number of users
More users (greater capacity) for the same required QoS

Soft handover involves the following limitation:
1)
2)
More complexity in implementation than hard handover

Additional network resources are consumed in the downlink direction (code
resource and power resource)

5.4.1 Handover Measurements and Procedures
As illustrated in Figure 5-4, the handover procedure can be divided into three phases:
z
Measurement phase
Decision phase
Execution phases
In the handover measurement phase, the necessary information needed to make the
handover decision is measured. Typical downlink measurements performed by UEs
are the Ec/Io of the common pilot channel (CPICH) of its serving cell and neighboring
cells. In WCDMA FDD, the relative timing variance between the cells needs to be
measured in order to adjust the transmission timing in soft handover to allow coherent
combining in the Rake receiver. Otherwise, the transmissions from the different
NodeBs would be difficult to combine and the power control in soft handover would
suffer additional delay.
5-6
Feature Description
Measurement for handover decision, Including:

Ec/I0 of the CPICH of the serving and neighboring cells,
the relative timing variance between the cells
Measurement phase
No
Is handover criteria satisfied?
Decision phase
y es
Perform handover process

Update relative parameters
Execution phase
Figure 5-4 Handover procedures

In the handover decision phase, the measurement results are compared against the
predefined thresholds and then it is decided whether to initiate the handover or not.
Different handover algorithms have different trigger conditions.
In the execution phase, the handover process is completed and the relative
parameters are changed according to the different types of handover. For example, in
the execution phase of the soft handover, the UE enters or leaves the soft handover
state, a new NodeB is added or released, the active set is updated and the power of
each channel involved in soft handover is adjusted.
5.4.2 Example of a Soft Handover Algorithm

This section presents an example of soft handover algorithm, which exploits reporting
events 1A, 1B, and 1C. It also exploits the hysteresis mechanism and the time to
trigger mechanism.
For the description of the soft handover algorithm presented in this section the
following parameters are needed:
z
AS_Th: Threshold for macro diversity (reporting range);
AS_Th_Hyst: Hysteresis for the above threshold;
AS_Rep_Hyst: Replacement Hysteresis;
T: Time to Trigger;
AS_Max_Size: Maximum size of Active Set.
Figure 5-5 describes this Soft Handover Algorithm.
5-7
Feature Description
Measure ment
Quantity
CP ICH 1
As_Th + As_Th _Hy s
AS_Th AS_Th _Hy st
As_Rep_Hyst
CP ICH 2
CP ICH 3
Ti me
Cell 1 Connected
Ev ent 1C Ev ent 1B
Replace Cell 1 Remov e Cell 3
with Cell 3
Ev ent 1A
Add Cell 2
Figure 5-5 Example of Soft Handover Algorithm

Figure 5-6 shows a flow-chart of the above described Soft Handover algorithm.
Begin
Yes
(Event 1B)
Meas_Sign > Best_Ss

As_T h as_T h_H yst
for a period of T
Remove Worst_Bs
in the Acti ve Set
Yes
Meas_Sign >Best_Ss
As_Th + as_Th_H yst
for a period of T
Yes
(Event 1A)
No
Active Set F ull

Yes
No
Best_C and_Ss >
Worst_Old_Ss +
As_Rep_H yst
for a period of T
Yes
(Event 1C)
No
Add Best Cell in Ac tive Set

and Remove Worst Cell
from the Acti ve Set
Figure 5-6 A flow-chart of Soft Handover algorithm

As described in Figure 5-5 and Figure 5-6:
5-8
Add Best _Cell

in the Acti ve Set
Feature Description
z
If Meas_Sign is below (Best_Ss - As_Th - As_Th_Hyst) for a period of T remove

Worst cell in the Active Set.
If Meas_Sign is greater than (Best_Ss - As_Th + As_Th_Hyst) for a period of T

and the Active Set is not full add Best cell outside the Active Set in the Active Set.
If Active Set is full and Best_Cand_Ss is greater than (Worst_Old_Ss +

As_Rep_Hyst) for a period of T add Best cell outside Active Set and Remove
Worst cell in the Active Set.
Where:
z
Best_Ss: the best measured cell present in the Active Set;
Worst_Old_Ss: the worst measured cell present in the Active Set;
Best_Cand_Ss: the best measured cell present in the monitored set;
Meas_Sign: the measured and filtered quantity.
5.4.3 Typical Soft Handover signaling procedures

There are three types of soft handover:
z
soft handover or softer handover within a NodeB
inter NodeB soft handover within a RNC
inter RNC soft handover
I. Soft handover or Softer Handover within a NodeB
CN
CN
CN
SRNC
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB
CELL1
NodeB
NodeB
CELL2
Before soft handover
CELL1
CELL2
In soft handover
CELL1
CELL2
After soft handover
Figure 5-7 soft handover or softer handover within a NodeB

Figure 5-7 shows the soft handover procedure when a UE moves from one cell to
another cell. The two cells belong to the same NodeB, and soft handover or softer
handover happens between these two cells. Before handover the cell1 have
connection with the UE, in handover two cells have connections with UE, after
handover the cell2 have connection with UE. The active set of cell1 is removed by
network. Whether soft handover or softer handover happens depend on the IUB NBAP
IE: Diversity Control Field.
5-9
Feature Description
Figure 5-8 illustrates soft handover or softer handover signaling procedure within a
NodeB before soft handover and in soft handover.
UE
SRNC
Node B
Decision to setup
new RL
1. Radio Li nk Addition Request
NBAP
NBAP
Start RX
2. Radio Li nk Addition Respons e
NBAP
NBAP
3 ALC AP Iub D ata Transport Bearer Setup (SHO)

DCH-FP
DCH-FP
4. Downlink Sync hronization (SHO)

5.Uplink Synchronization (SHO)
DCH-FP
DCH-FP
Start TX
RRC
RRC
6.DCCH: Acti ve Set Update Command
7. DCCH : Acti ve Set Update Complete
RRC
RRC
Figure 5-8 Soft or softer handover signaling procedure within a NodeB before and in handover
1)
SRNC makes a soft handover decision. The decision usually depends on the
measurement report from the UE. For example, UE send a 1A measurement
report along with information, such as scramble code, time differences
information of the target cell. This report triggers the soft handover decision. If the
requirements for soft handover are satisfied, SRNC sends NBAP message Radio
Link Addition Request message to NodeB.
If the Diversity Control Field IE is set to "Must", the Node B shall combine the RL
with one of the other RL, softer handover (SHO) is triggered.
If the Diversity Control Field IE is set to "Must not", the Node B shall not combine
the RL with any other existing RL, soft handover is triggered.
If the Diversity Control Field IE is set to "May", it is for NodeB to decide whether
soft or softer handover be triggered.
2)
Node B configures its physical channel in the target cell and starts receiving the
signal from the UE to achieve UL synchronization. Then NodeB send Radio Link
Addition Response to SRNC. RNC knows whether the RL is combined or not by
Radio Link Addition Response message.
3)
For soft handover (SHO), SRNC establishes ALCAP DATA IUB Transport Bearer
between SRNC and NodeB for the new connection. Softer handover does not
need this procedure.
5-10
Feature Description
4)
For soft handover, SRNC sends downlink synchronization frame to NodeB via the
new ALCAP DATA IUB Transport Bearer. Softer handover does not need this
procedure.
5)
For soft handover case: NodeB sends uplink synchronization frame to SRNC via
the new ALCAP DATA IUB Transport Bearer. Softer handover does not need this
procedure. NodeB starts DL transmission.
6)
SRNC sends RRC message Active Set Update (Radio Link Addition) to UE on
DCCH.
7)
UE acknowledges with RRC message Active Set Update Complete.
Figure 5-9 illustrates soft handover signaling procedure within a NodeB after soft
handover.
UE
SRNC
NodeB
Decision to
delete a RL
RRC
RRC
RRC
3. Radio Li nk Deleti on Request
NBAP
RRC
NBAP
Stop RX and Tx
4. Radio Li nk Deleti on Res ponse
NBAP
NBAP
5 ALC AP Iub Transport Bearer release (SHO)
Figure 5-9 soft handover or softer handover signaling procedure within a NodeB(after handover)
1)
SRNC decides to remove a radio link. SRNC sends RRC message Active Set
Update (Radio Link Deletion) to UE on DCCH.
2)
UE deactivates DL reception via old branch, and acknowledges with RRC

message Active Set Update Complete.
3)
SRNC sends NBAP message Radio Link Deletion Request to NodeB.
4)
NodeB deallocates radio resources. Successful outcome is reported in NBAP

message Radio Link Deletion Response.
5)
For soft handover, SRNC initiates release of Iub Data Transport Bearer using
ALCAP protocol. Softer handover does not need this procedure.
There is not signaling procedure difference between soft handover and softer
handover from the UE point of view.
5-11
Feature Description
II. Inter NodeB Soft Handover within a RNC

Figure 10 shows the soft handover procedure when a UE moves from one cell to
another cell which is within the same RNC but different NodeB. The IUB connection is
changed between RNC and NodeB during soft handover.
CN
CN
CN
SRNC
SRNC
SRNC
NodeB1
NodeB2
NodeB1
NodeB2
NodeB1
In soft handover
NodeB2
After soft handover
Figure 5-10 soft handover within a RNC

Figure 5-11 illustrates soft handover signaling procedure within a RNC before soft
handover and in soft handover.
UE
SRNC
NodeB (new)
Decision to set up
new RL
NBAP
1. Radio Li nk Setup Reques t
NBAP
Start RX
NBAP
2. Radio Li nk Setup Respons e
NBAP
3 ALC AP I ub D ata Transport Bearer Setup

DCH-FP
DCH-FP
4. Downlink Sync hronization

5.Uplink Synchronization
DCH-FP
DCH-FP
Start TX
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
Figure 5-11 soft handover signaling procedure within a RNC(before handover and in handover)
1)
SRNC decides to setup a radio link via a new cell of another NodeB. SRNC sends
NBAP message Radio Link Setup Request message to NodeB.
5-12
Feature Description
2)
NodeB configures its physical channel, starts receiving the signal from the UE to
achieve UL synchronization, then NodeB send Radio Link Setup Response to
SRNC.
3)
SRNC establishes ALCAP DATA IUB Transport Bearer between SRNC and
NodeB for the new connection.
4)
SRNC sends downlink synchronization frame to NodeB via the new ALCAP
DATA IUB Transport Bearer.
5)
NodeB sends uplink synchronization frame to SRNC via the new ALCAP DATA
IUB Transport Bearer. NodeB starts DL transmission.
6)
SRNC sends RRC message Active Set Update (Radio Link Addition) to UE on
DCCH.
7)
UE acknowledges with RRC message Active Set Update Complete.
Figure 5-12 illustrates soft handover signaling procedure within a RNC after soft
handover.
UE
SRNC
NodeB (old)
Decision to
delete a RL
RRC
RRC

NBAP
3. Radio Li nk Deleti on Request
RRC
RRC
NBAP
Stop RX and Tx
NBAP
4. Radio Li nk Deleti on Res ponse
NBAP
5 ALC AP Iub Transport Bearer release
Figure 5-12 Soft handover signaling procedure within a RNC after handover
1)
SRNC decides to remove a radio link. SRNC sends RRC message Active Set
Update (Radio Link Deletion) to UE on DCCH.
2)
UE deactivates DL reception via old branch, and acknowledges with RRC

message Active Set Update Complete.
3)
SRNC sends NBAP message Radio Link Deletion Request to NodeB. NodeB
stop its UL reception and downlink transmission.
4)
NodeB deallocates radio resources. Successful outcome is reported in NBAP

5)
SRNC initiates release of Iub Data Transport Bearer using ALCAP protocol.
5-13
Feature Description
III. Inter RNC Soft Handover

Figure 13 shows the soft handover procedure when a UE moves from one cell to
another cell which belongs to another RNC. There is IUR connection establishment
between SRNC and DRNC during soft handover. It is a complex example: UE already
have two connections with two NodeB, after SRNC decide to do a soft handover,
SRNC establishes a new connection toward UE via another RNC and remove the old
connection of left-side NodeB. A normal simple signaling procedure is :
1)
First establishes a new connection toward UE via another RNC.
2)
Then remove the old connection toward UE.
3)
The IUR connection still exits until a RNC relocation procedure happens.
CN
SRNC
NodeB1
CN
RNC
NodeB2
SRNC
NodeB2
NodeB1
DRNC
NodeB2
NodeB2
After soft handover
Figure 5-13 soft handover inter RNC

Figure 5-14 illustrates inter RNC soft handover signaling procedure
5-14
Feature Description
UE
NodeB of DRNS
NodeB of SRNS
Drift RNC
Servi ng RNC
Decision to setup new
RL and release old RL

NBAP
Start RX
NBAP
RNSAP
RNSAP
NBAP
NBAP
RNSAP
5. ALCAP Iub Dat a Trans port Bearer Setup
RNSAP
ALCAP Iur Bearer Set up
6. Downlink Sync hronization
DCH-FP
DCH-FP
7. Uplink Synchr onizati on
DCH-FP
DCH-FP
Start TX
RRC
RRC
8. DCCH: Acti ve Set Update Command

RRC
[Radio Link Addition & Deletion]

10. Radi o Link Deletion R equest
NBAP
RRC
NBAP
Stop RX and TX
11. R adio Link Rel ease Response
NBAP
NBAP
12. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Release
Figure 5-14 Inter RNC soft handover signaling procedure

4)
SRNC decides to setup a radio link via a new cell controlled by another RNC.
SRNC requests DRNC for radio resources by sending RNSAP message Radio
Link Setup Request.
5)
If requested resources are available, DRNC sends NBAP message Radio Link
Setup Request to NodeB.
6)
NodeB allocates requested resources. Successful outcome is reported in NBAP

message Radio Link Setup Response.
7)
8)
DRNC sends RNSAP message Radio Link Setup Response to SRNC.

SRNC initiates setup of Iur/Iub Data Transport Bearer using ALCAP protocol.
This request contains the AAL2 Binding Identity to bind the Iub Data Transport
Bearer to DCH.
9)
6/7. NodeB and SRNC establish synchronism for the Data Transport Bearer(s) by
means of exchange of the appropriate DCH Frame Protocol frames Downlink
Synchronization and Uplink Synchronization, relative already existing radio link(s).
Then NodeB starts DL transmission.
10) SRNC sends RRC message Active Set Update (Radio Link Addition & Deletion)
to UE on DCCH.
11) UE deactivates DL reception via old branch, activates DL reception via new
branch and acknowledges with RRC message Active Set Update Complete.
5-15
Feature Description
12) SRNC sends NBAP message Radio Link Deletion Request to NodeB. NodeB
stop its UL reception and downlink transmission.
13) NodeB deallocates radio resources. Successful outcome is reported in NBAP
14) SRNC initiates release of Iub Data Transport Bearer using ALCAP protocol.
5.5 Interaction
None
5.6 Implementation
Adjacent cell planning and configuration must be made carefully. Intra frequency
Neighboring cells should be configured so that the UE can measure the adjacent cells
when needed and can handover to the cell in SHO mode.
5.6.2 Parameter
I. Add Intra-frequency Neighboring Cell
1)
RNC Command: ADD INTRAFREQCELL
2)
Parameters:
ID
CELLID
Name
Cell ID
Description
Value range: 0~65535
Physical unit: None
Content: Uniquely identifying a cell.
Recommended value: None
RNCID
RNC ID of
Value range: 0~4095
neighboring
Physical unit: None
cell
Content: Uniquely identifying an RNC.

NCELLID
Neighboring
cell ID
Physical unit: None

Content: Uniquely identifying a neighboring cell.
READSFNIND
Read SFN
Value range: NOT_READ, READ
indication
Physical unit: None
5-16
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
Content: Indicating whether to read the destination cell SFN.
Recommended value: NOT_READ
CELLINDIVIDAL
Cell offset
OFFSET
Value range: -20~20

Physical value range: -10~10; step: 0.5
Physical unit: dB
Content: Cell CPICH offset. The sum of this parameter value and the actual
value can be used for UE event evaluation. In the handover algorithm, it can
be used to change the cell edge. It is configured based on the actual
environment during network planning.
Recommended value: 0
CELLSFORBID
Affect 1A
Value range: NOT_AFFECT, AFFECT
DEN1A
threshold flag
Physical unit: None

Content: Indicating whether the cell will affect the event 1A relative threshold if
it is added into the active set.
Recommended value: AFFECT
CELLSFORBID
Affect 1B
Value range: NOT_AFFECT, AFFECT
DEN1B
threshold flag
Physical unit: None

Content: Indicating whether the cell will affect the event 1B relative threshold if
it is added into the active set.
Recommended value: AFFECT
3)
Example
Add an intra-frequency neighboring cell to a cell:

ADD
INTRAFREQCELL:
CELLID=1,
READSFNIND=READ,
RNCID=9,
NCELLID=100,
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET=0,
CELLSFORBIDDEN1A=AFFECT, CELLSFORBIDDEN1B=AFFECT,;
After the above operation, the cell 100 of RNC 9 is configured as the intra-frequency
neighboring cell of the cell 1:
z
The cell SFN need be read.
The cell will affect the event 1A/1B relative thresholds if it is added into the active
set.
II. Add Set RNC Oriented Handover Algorithm Common Parameters

1)
RNC Command: SET HOCOMM
2)
Parameters
5-17
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
MAXCELLINAC
Max number
Value range: 1~3
TIVESET
of cells in
Physical unit: none
active set
Content: The maximum number of cells in active set. This

parameter is decided by the product specification. Modification
is not suggested.
DIVCTRLFIELD
Softer
Value range: MAY, MUST, MUST_NOT
handover
Physical value range: MAY, MUST, MUST NOT
combination
indication
switch
Physical unit: none

Content: The indicator for the NodeB to do softer combination. If
it's set to "MAY", the NodeB can decide whether to do softer
combination (the softer combination can be done for the radio
links in different cells in the same NodeB). If it's set to "MUST",
the NodeB is forced to do softer combination for the radio links
in different cells. If it's set to "MUST NOT", the NodeB is not
allowed to do softer combination.
Recommended value: MAY
SHOMETHOD
SHO method
Value range: SHO_METHOD1, SHO_METHOD2

Physical unit: none
Content: There are two soft handover algorithms in this version.
Method 1 refers to a loose mode algorithm, which will add a cell
into the active set when the event 1A or 1E is received, and
delete a cell from the active set only when the events 1B and 1F
are received simultaneously. Method 2 refers to a relative
threshold algorithm, which will not use the event 1E or 1F, but
only use the event 1A for adding a cell, and use the event 1B
for removing a cell.
Recommended value: SHO_METHOD2
3)
Example:
Set soft handover algorithms to Method 1:

SET HOCOMM: SHOMETHOD=SHO_METHOD1;
After the above operation, the whole RNC s SHO Method is configured as Method 1.
5-18
Feature Description
III. Set RNC Oriented Intra-frequency Handover Measurement Algorithm

Parameters
1)
RNC Command: SET INTRAFREQHO
2)
Parameters
ID
FILTERCOEF
Name
Description
Intra-freq
Value range: D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D11, D13, D15, D17, D19
meas L3
Physical value range: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19
filter coeff
Physical unit: None

Content: The intra-frequency measurement L3 filter coefficient. The greater this
parameter is set, the greater the smoothing effect and the higher the anti fast
fading capability, but the lower the signal change tracing capability.
Recommended value: D5
PERIODMRREP
1A event to
Value range: D1, D2, D4, D8, D16, D32, D64, infinity
ORTNUMFOR1
periodical
Physical value range: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, infinity
rpt number
Physical unit: times

Content: The periodical reporting times for the event 1A. When the actual times
exceed this parameter, the periodical reporting comes to an end.
REPORTINTER
1A event to
Value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, D250, D500, D1000, D2000, D4000,
VALFOR1A
periodical
D8000, D16000
rpt period
Physical value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000,

8000, 16000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The reporting period for the event 1A. Generally the event 1A is
reported only once. However, to avoid measurement report loss, the event 1A
reporting can be turned to periodical report.
PERIODMRREP
1C event to
ORTNUMFOR1
periodical
rpt number

Content: The periodical reporting times for the event 1C. When the actual times
exceed this parameter, the periodical reporting comes to an end.
REPORTINTER
1C event to
Value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, D250, D500, D1000, D2000, D4000,
periodical
5-19
Feature Description
ID
VALFOR1C
Name
rpt period
Description
D8000, D16000
Physical value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000,
8000, 16000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The reporting period for the event 1C. Generally the event 1C is
reported only once. However, to avoid measurement report loss, the event 1C
reporting can be turned to periodical reporting.
INTRARELTHD
1A event
Value range: 0~29
FOR1A
relative
Physical value range: 0~14.5; step: 0.5
threshold
Physical unit: dB
Content: The relative threshold of the event 1A.
INTRARELTHD
1B event
Value range: 0~29
FOR1B
relative
threshold
Physical unit: dB
Content: The relative threshold of the event 1B.
INTRAABLTHD
1E event
Value range: -24~0
FOR1E
absolute
Physical unit: dB
threshold
Content: The absolute threshold of the event 1E.

Recommended value: -18
INTRAABLTHD
1F event
Value range: -24~0
FOR1F
absolute
Physical unit: dB
threshold
Content: the absolute threshold of the event 1F.

HYSTFOR1A
1A
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1A. This parameter value is related to
the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set, the less
ping-pong effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in this case, the
5-20
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
event cannot be triggered in time.
HYSTFOR1B
1B
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1B. This parameter value is related to
HYSTFOR1C
1C
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1C. This parameter value is related to
HYSTFOR1D
1D
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1D. This parameter value is related to
HYSTFOR1E
1E
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1E. This parameter value is related to
5-21
Feature Description
ID
HYSTFOR1F
Name
Description
1F
Value range: 0~15
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1F. This parameter value is related to
WEIGHT
Weighted
Value range: 0~20
factor
Physical value range: 0~2; step: 0.1

Physical unit: None
Content: This parameter is used to define the soft handover relative threshold
based on the measured value of each cell in the active set. The greater this
parameter is set, the higher the soft handover relative threshold. When this
parameter is set as 0, the soft handover relative threshold is only for the best cell
in the active set.
TRIGTIME1A
1A event
Value range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240,
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
Physical value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640,
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1A. This parameter value is related
to the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set, the smaller
the misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed of the event to
the measured signal changes.
TRIGTIME1B
1B event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
Physical value range: 0, 10,20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640,
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1B. This parameter value is related
5-22
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
TRIGTIME1C
1C event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1C. This parameter value is related
TRIGTIME1D
1D event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1D. This parameter value is related
TRIGTIME1E
1E event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1E. This parameter value is related
TRIGTIME1F
1F event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
5-23
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1F. This parameter value is related
3)
Example:
Set soft handover 1B event trigger time:

SET INTRAFREQHO: TRIGTIME1B=D2560;
After the above operation, the RNC oriented soft handover 1B event trigger delay time
is configured as 2560ms. If theree is a cell oriented soft handover parameter settings
for one cell, the cell oriented soft handover parameter is effective for that cell while the
RNC oriented soft handover parameter is not effective for that cell.
IV. Modify Cell Oriented Intra-frequency Handover Measurement Algorithm

Parameters
1)
RNC Command: MOD CELLINTRAFREQHO
2)
Parameters:
ID
CELLID
Name
Cell ID
Description
Physical unit: None
Content: Uniquely identifying a cell.
FILTERCOEF
Intra-freq
Value range: D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D11, D13, D15, D17,
meas L3 filter
D19
coeff

Physical unit: None
Content: The intra-frequency measurement L3 filter coefficient. The greater
this parameter is set, the greater the smoothing effect and the higher the anti
fast fading capability, but the lower the signal change tracing capability.
PERIODMRREPO
1A event to
periodical rpt
5-24
Feature Description
ID
RTNUMFOR1A
Name
number
Description
Content: The periodical reporting times for the event 1A. When the actual
times exceed this parameter, the periodical reporting comes to an end.
REPORTINTERVA
1A event to
Value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, D250, D500, D1000, D2000,
LFOR1A
periodical rpt
D4000, D8000, D16000
period
Physical value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, 250, 500, 1000, 2000,

4000, 8000, 16000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The reporting period for the event 1A. Generally the event 1A is
reported only once. However, to avoid measurement report loss, the event 1A
reporting can be turned to periodical report.
PERIODMRREPO
1C event to
RTNUMFOR1C
periodical rpt
number

Content: The periodical reporting times for the event 1C. When the actual
times exceed this parameter, the periodical reporting comes to an end.
REPORTINTERVA
1C event to
Value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, D250, D500, D1000, D2000,
LFOR1C
periodical rpt
D4000, D8000, D16000
period
Physical value range: NON_PERIODIC_REPORT, 250, 500, 1000, 2000,

4000, 8000, 16000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The reporting period for the event 1C. Generally the event 1C is
reported only once. However, to avoid measurement report loss, the event 1C
reporting can be turned to periodical reporting.
INTRARELTHDFO
1A event
Value range: 0~29
R1A
relative
threshold
Physical unit: dB
Content: The relative threshold of the event 1A.
5-25
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
INTRARELTHDFO
1B event
Value range: 0~29
R1B
relative
threshold
Physical unit: dB
Content: The relative threshold of the event 1B.
INTRAABLTHDFO
1E event
Value range: -24~0
R1E
absolute
Physical unit: dB
threshold
Content: The absolute threshold of the event 1E.

INTRAABLTHDFO
1F event
Value range: -24~0
R1F
absolute
Physical unit: dB
threshold
Content: the absolute threshold of the event 1F.

HYSTFOR1A
1A hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1A. This parameter value is
related to the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set, the
less ping-pong effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in this
case, the event cannot be triggered in time.
HYSTFOR1B
1B hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1B. This parameter value is
HYSTFOR1C
1C hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

5-26
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1C. This parameter value is
HYSTFOR1D
1D hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1D. This parameter value is
HYSTFOR1E
1E hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1E. This parameter value is
HYSTFOR1F
1F hysteresis
Value range: 0~15

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1F. This parameter value is
WEIGHT
Weighted
Value range: 0~20
factor

Physical unit: None
Content: This parameter is used to define the soft handover relative threshold
5-27
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
based on the measured value of each cell in the active set. The greater this
parameter is set, the higher the soft handover relative threshold. When this
parameter is set as 0, the soft handover relative threshold is only for the best
cell in the active set.
TRIGTIME1A
1A event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
Physical value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320,
640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1A. This parameter value is
smaller the misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed of the
event to the measured signal changes.
TRIGTIME1B
1B event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
Physical value range: 0, 10,20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640,
1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1B. This parameter value is
TRIGTIME1C
1C event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1C. This parameter value is
5-28
Feature Description
ID
Name
TRIGTIME1D
Description
1D event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1D. This parameter value is
TRIGTIME1E
1E event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1E. This parameter value is
TRIGTIME1F
1F event
trigger delay
D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
time
640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1F. This parameter value is
3)
Example:
Modify soft handover 1B event trigger time of one cell:

MOD CELLINTRAFREQHO: CELLID=10000, TRIGTIME1B=D640;
5-29
Feature Description
After the above operation, the cell 10000s soft handover 1B event trigger delay time is
configured as 640ms.

1)
3GPP, 25.331 "RRC Protocol Specification"
2)
3GPP, 25.931 " UTRAN Functions, Examples on Signalling Procedures"
3)
Yue Chen, Soft Handover Issues in Radio Resource Management for 3G

WCDMA, Doctor Degree Thesis, September 2003
5-30
Feature Description
Chapter 6 SRNS Relocation

6.1 Introduction
Relocation of SRNS is a UMTS functionality used to relocate the serving RNS role
from one RNS to another RNS. The SRNS relocation is realized by several elementary
procedures executed in several interfaces and by several protocols.
It may involve a change in the radio resources used between UTRAN and UE. It is
also possible to relocate the serving RNS role from one RNS within UMTS to another
relocation target external to UMTS.
CN
CN
Iu
SRNC
Iu
Iur
DRNC
RNC
Iur
SRNC
Cells
Cells
Before SRNC Relocation
After SRNC Relocation
Figure 6-1 Relocation of SRNS
6.2 Glossary
6.2.1 Terms
Serving RNS (SRNS): role an RNS can take with respect to a specific connection
between an UE and UTRAN. There is one serving RNS for each UE that has a
connection to UTRAN. The serving RNS is in charge of the radio connection between
a UE and the UTRAN. The serving RNS terminates the Iu for this UE.
Serving RNC (SRNC): SRNC is the RNC belonging to SRNS.
Drift RNS: The role an RNS can take with respect to a specific connection between a
UE and UTRAN. An RNS that supports the Serving RNS with radio resources when
the connection between the UTRAN and the User Equipment need to use cell(s)
controlled by this RNS is referred to as Drift RNS.
6-1
Feature Description
Controlling RNC: A role an RNC can take with respect to a specific set of UTRAN
access points. There is only one Controlling RNC for any UTRAN access point. The
Controlling RNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its UTRAN access
points.
Source RNS: A role with respect to a specific connection between UTRAN and CN
that RNS takes when it decides to initiate a relocation of SRNS.
Source RNC: source RNC is the RNC belonging to source RNS.
Target RNS: role an RNS gets with respect to a specific connection between UTRAN
and CN when it is being a subject of a relocation of SRNS which is being made
towards that RNS.
Target RNC: target RNC is the RNC belonging to target RNS.
Iur: A logical interface between two RNC. Whilst logically representing a point to point
link between RNC, the physical realization may not be a point to point link.

CN
Core Network
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UTRAN
RNC
SRNC
Serving RNC
CRNC
Controlling RNC
DRNC
Drift RNC
TRNC
Target RNC
UE
User Equipment
6.3 Application
6.3.1 Availability
6.3.2 Benefit
1)
Benefit with Iur interface
If the SRNC and DRNC are different RNCs, relocating the SRNC to the DRNC can
avoid data forwarding over the Iur interface and reduce the traffic over the Iur interface.
The benefits in this case are as follows:
6-2
Feature Description
Allowing more subscribers to perform soft handover between different RNCs so
as to ensure communication qualities.

z
Reducing data transit delay.
2)
Benefit in case of no Iur interface
When there is no Iur interface and simplex handover process is not available, the
relocation procedure can ensure the continuity of the communication when the UE is
moving to a cell that belongs to a different RNC.

SRNS relocation VS Soft
The static relocation procedure might occur only when all radio links
handover
are in the DRNC.
SRNS relocation VS Hard
The static relocation procedure might occur only when a radio link is
handover
in the DRNC.

6.4.1 Algorism of SRNC Relocation
The BSC6800 supports the SRNS relocation triggered by two kinds of algorithms. You
can use the SET CORRMALGOSWITCH MML command in the BSC6800 O&M
System to set two parameters:
z
RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMIZATION_SWITCH
IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH
That is, you can set whether to allow SRNS relocation based on delay optimization or
Iur transmission optimization.
I. SRNS Relocation Based on Delay Optimization

Figure 6-2 shows the algorism for SRNS relocation based on delay optimization.
If there are only DRNC radio links (RLs), the BSC6800 will calculate the transmission
delay of traffic data. If the calculated transmission delay is greater than the
corresponding threshold, the BSC6800 will initiate the SRNS relocation procedure.
You can use the SET SRNSR command to set this threshold.
6-3
Feature Description
Other Process
<for example,Soft
Handover>
Are all Rls

in the DRNC?
Yes
Is delay time greater

than Qos Thd?
Yes
No
No
Serving SRNS relocation
process based on delay
Optimization
Other Process
Figure 6-2 SRNS relocation based on delay optimization
II. SRNS Relocation Based on Transmission Optimization

Figure 6-3 shows the algorism for SRNS relocation based on transmission
optimization.
If there are only DRNC RLs, the BSC6800 will calculate the resource occupation of Iur
interface. If the resource occupation is greater than the corresponding threshold, the
BSC6800 will initiate the SRNS relocation procedure in batches until the resource
occupation is less than the threshold or there is no UE in this RNC for relocation. You
can use the MOD NRNC command to modify the two parameters, UP SRNSR start
threshold and UP SRNSR stop threshold.
6-4
Feature Description
Other Process
<for example, Soft
Handover>
Are all Rls

in the DRNC?
Yes
No
Is Iur Interface
over loading?
Yes
No
Serving SRNS relocation
Process based on Iur
Trans Optimization
Other Process
Figure 6-3 SRNS relocation based on transmission optimization
6.4.2 Scenarios of SRNC Relocation

There are three cases in which an SRNS relocation can be performed:
z
SRNS relocation: SRNS relocation serves to move the UTRAN to CN connection

point at the UTRAN side from the source SRNC to the target RNC.
Combined Hard Handover and SRNS relocation: This is used to move the
UTRAN to CN connection point at the UTRAN side from the source SRNC to the
target RNC, while performing a hard handover decided by the UTRAN as shown
in Figure 6-4.
CN
CN
Iu
SRNC
Iu
DRNC
RNC
SRNC
Cells
Cells
Before SRNC Relocation
After SRNC Relocation
Figure 6-4 Combined Hard Handover and SRNS relocation
6-5
Feature Description
z
Combined Cell/URA update and SRNS relocation: This is used to move the
UTRAN to CN connection point at the UTRAN side from the source SRNC to the
target RNC, while performing a cell re-selection in the UTRAN.
I. SRNS Relocation <CS>

The SRNC initiates the SRNS relocation process (CS) shown in Figure 6-5.
UE
SRNC
MSC
DRNC
EST RAB CS
RELOC_REQUIRED
RELOC_REQUEST
RELOC_REQUEST_ACK
RELOC_COMMAND
RELOC_COMMIT
RELOC_DETECT
UTRAN MOBILITY INFO(UM)
UTRAN MOBILITY INFO CONF(AM)
RELOC_COMPLETE
IU_REL_CMD
IU_REL_CMP
Figure 6-5 SRNS relocation procedure (CS)

1)
The SRNC sends the RELOC_REQUIRED message to the CN when all links are
in the DRNC and the SRNC detects that the transmission delay of traffic loading
is greater than the corresponding threshold.
2)
The CN sends RELOC_REQUEST to the DRNC according to the received

request.
3)
The DRNC sends RELOC_REQUEST_ACK to the CN after preparing for SRNC

relocation.
4)
The CN sends RELOC_COMMAND to the SRNC.
5)
The SRNC sends RELOC_COMMIT to the DRNC after preparing for the
relocation.
6)
The DRNC sends RELOC_DETECT to the CN and then carries out the internal
configuration flow related to the relocation. During this period the DRNC sends
6-6
Feature Description
UTRAN_MOBILITY _INFO to the UE and the UE sends UTRAN_MOBILITY

_INFO_CONF to the DRNC.
7)
The DRNC sends RELOC_COMPLETE to the CN after the relocation.
8)
The CN sends IU_REL_CMD to the SRNC.
9)
The SRNC sends IU_REL_CMP to the CN.
II. SRNS Relocation <CS + PS>

Similar to the SRNS relocation (CS), the SRNS relocation process (CS+PS) just adds
the interaction between the RNC and SGSN to the SRNS relocation (CS) process, as
shown in Figure 6-6.
UE
SRNC
MSC
SGSN
DRNC
EST RAB CS + PS
RELOC_REQUIRED
RELOC_REQUEST
RELOC_REQUIRED
RELOC_REQUEST
RELOC_REQUEST_ACK
RELOC_COMMAND
RELOC_REQUEST_ACK
RELOC_COMMAND
RELOC_COMMIT
RELOC_DETECT
RELOC_DETECT
UTRAN MOBILITY INFO(UM)

IU_REL_CMD
IU_REL_CMD
RELOC_COMPLETE
RELOC_COMPLETE
IU_REL_CMP
IU_REL_CMP
Figure 6-6 SRNS relocation procedure (CS + PS)
III. Combined Hard Handover and SRNS Relocation (PS)

Figure 6-7 illustrates the combined hard handover and SRNS relocation process (PS).
6-7
Feature Description
UE
SRNC
DRNC
SGSN
NodeB
EST RAB, CELL_DCH
MEAS_REPORT
RELOC_REQUIRED
RELOC_REQUEST
RL_SETUP_REQ
RL_SETUP_RSP
RELOC_COMMAND
RELOC_REQUEST_ACK
(PHY_CHL_RECFG)
(PHY_CHL_RECFG)
PHY_CHL_RECFG(AM)
FWD_SRNS_CNXT
FWD_SRNS_CNXT
RL_REST_IND
RELOC_DETECT
PHY_CHL_RECFG_COMP(AM)
RELOC_COMPLETE
IU_REL_CMD
IU_REL_CMP
UTRAN MOBILITY INFO(AM)
Figure 6-7 Combined hard handover and SRNS relocation procedure (PS)
1)
The SRNC sends RELOC_REQUIRED to the CN after receiving the hard

handover measurement report.
2)
The CN sends RELOC_REQUEST to the DRNC according to the received

request.
3)
The DRNC sends RELOC_REQUEST_ACK with PHY_CHL_RECFG to the CN

after preparing for SRNS relocation. During the preparation, the DRNC instructs
the NodeB to set up a link (RL_ SETUP_REQ, RL_SETUP_RSP).
4)
The CN sends RELOC_COMMAND with PHY_CHL_RECFG to the SRNC.
5)
The SRNC sends FWD_SRNS_CNXT to the CN and then PHY_CHL_RECFG to

the UE.
6)
If the DRNC first receives FWD_SRNS_CNXT from the CN and then

RL_REST_IND from the NodeB, it sends RELOC_DETECT to the CN. If the
DRNC
first
receives
RL_REST_IND
from
the
NodeB
and
then
FWD_SRNS_CNXT from the CN, it will not send RELOC_DETECT to the CN.
7)
The UE sends PHY_CHL_RECFG_ COMP to the DRNC.
8)
The DRNC sends RELOC_COMPLETE to the CN.
IV. Combined Cell/URA Update and SRNS Relocation

Figure 6-8 and Figure 6-9 illustrate the combined cell/URA update and SRNS
relocation process.
6-8
Feature Description
CN
y 3. Relocation Required
y 4.Relocation Request
y 6.Relocation Command
y 5. Relocation ACK
y 9. Iu Release Command
SRNC
y 8.Relocation Detect
7. Relocation Commit
TRNC
2.Iur UL Signal Transfer Ind

1.URA Update
UE
UE
Figure 6-8 Combined Cell/URA update and SRNS relocation
UE
SRNC
SGSN
DRNC
EST RAB PS, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH

CELL_UPD ATE / URA_UPDATE(TM)
UL_SIG _TRAN_IND
RELOC_REQUIRED
RELOC_REQUEST
RELOC_REQUEST_ACK
RELOC_COMMAND
RELOC_COMMIT
RELOC_DETECT
CELL_UPD ATE_CONF / URA_UPDATE_CONF(UM)
PHY_CHL_RECFG_COMP / UTRAN_MO BI_INFO _CONF(AM)
IU_REL_CMD
RELOC_COMPLETE
IU_REL_CMP
UTRAN MOBILITY INFO(AM)
Figure 6-9 Combined cell/URA update and SRNS relocation procedure
6-9
Feature Description
1)
After receiving CELL_UPDATE/URA_UPDATE from the UE, the DRNC sends

the SRNC the message UL_SIG_TRAN_IND to instruct the SRNC to initiate the
relocation procedure.
2)
The relocation procedure is similar to the basic SRNS relocation procedure.
3)
The DRNC sends RELOC_DETECT to the CN and then CELL_UPDATE_CONF

or URA_UPDATE_CONF to the UE.
4)
The UE sends the corresponding message PHY_CHL_RECFG_COMP or

UTRAN_MOBI_INFO_CONF to the DRNC.
5)
The DRNC sends RELOC_COMPLETE to the CN.
6.5 Interaction
Feature
Interaction
Combined Hard Handover
Along with the relocation, the hard handover also proceeds. Where, the
and SRNS relocation
PHY_CHL_RECFG message is sent by the originally SRNC to the UE
VS Hard handover
but PHY_CHL_RECFG_COMP is returned to the originally DRNC. The

original DRNC becomes SRNC. Finally, the new SRNC sends
RELOC_COMPLETE to the CN.
Combined Cell/URA
After receiving CELL_UPDATE/URA_UPDATE from the UE, the DRNC
update and SRNS
instructs the SRNC to initiate the relocation procedure. After the
relocation
relocation, the new SRNC (originally the DRNC) continues the
VS
cell/URA update procedure. Finally, it sends RELOC_COMPLETE to
Cell/URA update
the CN.
6.6 Implementation
None
6.6.2 Parameter
I. RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMIZATION_SWITCH
You can use the SET CORRMALGOSWITCH command to set this parameter to
determine whether the BSC6800 allows the SRSN relocation based on delay
optimization. This parameter values are as follows:
z
RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMIZATION_SWITCH-1 (Y)
RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMIZATION_SWITCH-0 (N)
6-10
Feature Description
II. IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH
You can use the SET CORRMALGOSWITCH parameter to set this parameter to
determine whether the BSC6800 allows the SRNS relocation based on Iur
transmission optimization. The parameter values are as follows:
z
IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH-1 (Y)
IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH-0 (N)
III. Estimated Non-Measurement Delay Offset

You can use the SET SRNSR command to set this parameter. In the case of
RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMIZATION_SWITCH-1,
the
value
of
this
parameter represents the allowed transmission delay of traffic data.

z
Value range: 0400 ms.
Default value: 400 ms.
IV. UP SRNSR Start Threshold

You can use the ADD NRNC command to set this parameter and then use MOD
NRNC to modify it. In the case of IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH-1, if
the resource occupation of Iur interface is greater than this parameter value, the
BSC6800 will relocate the UEs in this RNC to the DRNC in batches.
z
Value range: 50% 100%.
Default value: 60%.
V. UP SRNSR Stop Threshold

You can use the ADD NRNC command to set this parameter and then use MOD
NRNC to modify it. In the case of IUR_TRANS_OPTIMIZE_TRANSFER_SWITCH-1, if
the resource occupation of Iur interface is less than this parameter value, the
BSC6800 will stop the relocation.
z
Value range: 50%100%.
Default value: 50%.
VI. SRNSR Iur Reselection Timer

You can use the SET SRNSR command to set this parameter. The value of this
parameter specifies the time interval between two SRNS relocation procedures in the
case of SRNS relocation in batches.
z
Value range: 1100 s.
Default value: 100 s.
VII. Max Number of Users in One SRNS

You can use the SET SRNSR command to set this parameter. The value of this
parameter represents the number of UEs relocated in one SRNS relocation procedure
in the case of SRNS relocation in batches.
6-11
Feature Description
z
Value range: 1200.
Default value: 100.
6.6.3 Example
Parameter
RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTIMI
Value
1
ZATION_SWITCH
MML command example

SET CORRMALGOSWITCH:
HOSWITCH=RELOCATION_FOR_DELAY_OPTI
MIZATION_SWITCH-1;
Estimated non-measurement delay
400ms
SET SRNSR: SRNSRDELAYOFFSET=400;
offset

1)
2)
3GPP TS 25.413 UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signaling
3)
3GPP TR 21.905 Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications
6-12
Feature Description
Chapter 7 Inter-RAT Handover

7.1 Introduction
Handover is a critical function in a cellular mobile communication network. Handover
enables the continuous session of subscribers while moving around different cells.
Besides, handover can also adjust the traffic of the cell, thus allow optimization of the
overall performance.
After a connection is established in CS or PS or both CS and PS domain in UMTS, the
connection is occasionally required to transfer to another system with different radio
access technology (RAT), such as GSM. It can be caused by coverage limitation, or
service strategy, or load share, etc. This transfer procedure is defined in UMTS
specification as inter-RAT handover. With this procedure, the established connection
can be transferred from UMTS to GSM without interruption, which guarantees the
continuity of customer service.
7.2 Glossary
7.2.1 Terms
None

ALCAP
Access Link Control Application Protocol
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BS
Base Station
BSC
Base Station Controller
BSS
Base Station System
CN
Core Network
CS
Circuit Switched
DCH
Dedicated Channel
FACH
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS
General Packet Radio System
7-1
Feature Description
GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocol
HHO
Hard Handover
HLR
Home Location Register
HO
Handover
IMSI
IN
Intelligent Network
LAC
Link Access Control
LAI
MAP
Mobile Application Part
MC
Measurement Control
MCC
Mobile Country Code
MM
Mobility Management
MNC
Mobile Network Code
MR
Measurement Report
MS
Mobile Station
MSC
Mobile Services Switching Center
NAS
Non-Access Stratum
PCH
Paging Channel
PDP
Packet Data Protocol
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
PS
Packet Switched
QoS
Quality of Service
RAB
Radio Access Bearer
RANAP
Radio Access Network Application Part
RAT
Radio Access Technology
RNC
RRC
RSCP
Received Signal Code Power
7-2
Feature Description
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
RX
Receive
SNDCP
Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol
SRNC
Serving Radio Network Controller
SRNS
Serving RNS
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
UE
User Equipment
UMTS
URA
User Registration Area
UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN
WCDMA
7.3 Application
7.3.1 Availability
This is an optional feature for Huawei UMTS RAN. This feature is available on
BSC6800 V100R002 and later generic releases of the BSC6800 system.
7.3.2 Benefit
Inter-RAT handover from UTMS to GSM gives the service provider flexibility in
handling both UMTS and GSM network. With this feature, the service provider can :
z
Make full use of the existing GSM network, and decrease the investment of the
equipment.
Provide better service for the customer with no interruption connection.
Implement service relocation strategy and load share.

The inter-RAT handover service is restricted by license. The RNC provides inter-RAT
handover function only when the HANDOVER OR CELL CHANGE FROM 3G TO 2G
and HANDOVER OR CELL RESELECT FROM 2G TO 3G licenses are purchased.
UE must be dual mode to support inter-RAT handover from UMTS to GSM.
7-3
Feature Description

7.4.1 General Procedure of Inter-RAT Handover
I. Procedure
Generally, the procedure of handover includes the following three phases:
z
handover preparation,
handover decision,
Handover execution.
MS should cooperate with CN and RAN to implement this procedure. If the handover
procedure fails, penalty will be implemented. The general procedure of handover from
UMTS to GSM in UTRAN is illustrated in Figure 7-1.
UE
RAN
MC (Inter Freq Measurement Control)
MR (2D Event)
HO Preparation
Compress Mode (RAN and UE)
MC (inter-RAT Measurement Control)
MR (Quality of GSM Cell)
HO De cision
MR (Quality of GSM Cell)
HO Execution
Inter RAT HO Command
Figure 7-1 General procedure of inter-RAT HO in UTRAN
II. Handover Preparation

RAN informs UE to measure the quality of current frequency with inter-Frequency
Measurement Control, which indicates reporting criteria and threshold for 2D and 2F
event. Based on the quality of current frequency, UE will send RAN measurement
report including 2D or 2F event. If RAN receives a Measurement Report including 2D
event, RAN will optionally notify NodeB and UE to start Compressed Mode in order to
measure GSM cell quality. All the adjacent GSM cells information and reporting criteria
are sent in another Measurement Control, which is called inter-RAT Measurement
Control. Upon reception this Measurement Control, UE knows which GSM cells to be
tested, how to test them and how to report the results.
7-4
Feature Description
III. Handover Decision

UE sends the measurement report to RAN with specified period, which is defined by
the inter-RAT Measurement Control. Based on the GSM cell's quality satisfying
threshold within a period time, RAN will initiate the handover procedure. The related
parameters are detailed in clause 7.6.2 .
IV. Handover Execution

After the handover condition is satisfied, RAN will initiate the handover procedure.
Firstly, RAN sends Relocation Required to inform source MSC to communicate with
the target MSC handling the target GSM cell to prepare resource for the upcoming
handover. Source MSC sends Relocation Command to RAN after all the resource is
prepared ready. Then RAN sends handover command to MS to execute handover.
Then MS gets access into GSM and continue the connection. All the resource that
occupied by MS in UMTS should be released after handover execution.
V. Handover Penalty
If the handover fails, penalty will be implemented. Handover penalty is oriented to the
handover target cell by a specified period of time, which can be set through OMC.
7.4.2 UMTS to GSM Inter-MSC Handover

This example shows how Hard Handover is performed from UTRAN to GSM/BSS
between a UMTS CN and a 2G-MSC. Figure 7-2 shows the process of UMTS to GSM
Inter-MSC Handover.
7-5
Feature Description
UE
Node B

CN
RNC
Serv ing
RANAP
1. Relocation
Required
MSC
BSC
BTS
RANAP
2. Prepare
Handover
MAP/E
MAP/E
BSSMAP
BSSMAP
5. Prepare Handover
Respons e
MAP/E
MAP/E
3. Handover
Request
BSSMAP
4. Handover
Request Ack
BSSMAP
6. Relocation
Command
RANAP
RANAP
7. DCCH : Handover from
UTRAN Command
RRC
RRC
BSSMAP
8. Handover
Detect
BSSMAP
9. Handover Com plete

RRC
RRC
BSSMAP
MAP/E
RANAP
RANAP
12. Iu Release
Command
13. Iu Release
Complete
10. Handover
Complete
BSSMAP
11. Send End Signal

Request
MAP/E
RANAP
RANAP
MAP/E
14. Send End

Signal Response
MAP/E
Figure 7-2 UTRAN to GSM/BSS Handover

1)
Upon detection of a trigger, SRNC sends RANAP message Relocation

Required to the CN.
2)
The UMTS CN will forward this request to the GSM MSC (indicated in the
received message) over the MAP/E interface (MAP message Prepare
Handover).
3)
Step 3 follow the normal GSM procedures and are shown only for clarity.
4)
Step 4 follow the normal GSM procedures and are shown only for clarity.
5)
Once initial procedures are complete in GSM MSC/BSS the MSC returns MAP/E
message Prepare Handover Response.
6)
CN responds to the initial request from SRNC by sending RANAP message

Relocation Command to the SRNC.
7)
Via existing RRC connection, SRNC sends RRC message Handover from
UTRAN command to the UE. One or several message from the other system can
be included in this message.
8)
Procedures related to synchronisation etc. to GSM BSS are not shown.
9)
Steps 8 & 10 follow normal GSM procedures and are shown only for clarity.
7-6
Feature Description
10) Detection of the UE within the GSM coverage results in the MSC sending MAP/E
message Send End Signal Request to the CN.
11) CN initiates release of resources allocated by the former SRNC (Iu Release
Command).
12) Previously allocated bearer resources are released within UMTS (e.g. using
RANAP and ALCAP protocols [ALCAP not shown]) (Iu Release Complete).
13) Procedure is concluded from UMTS point of view by CN sending MAP/E
message Send End Signal Response (this message is not sent until the end of
the call).
7.4.3 UMTS to GSM Inter-SGSN Change

I. General Procedure for UMTS to GSM Inter-SGSN Change
An inter-SGSN inter-system change from UMTS to GSM takes place when an MS in
PMM-IDLE or PMM-CONNECTED state changes from UTRAN to GSM radio access
and the GSM radio access node serving the MS is served by a different SGSN. In this
case, the RA changes. Therefore, the MS shall initiate a GSM RA update procedure.
The RA update procedure is either combined RA / LA update or only RA update. These
RA update cases are illustrated in Figure 7-3.
A combined RA /LA update takes place in network operation mode I when the MS
enters a new RA or when a GPRS-attached MS performs IMSI attach. The MS sends
a Routing Area Update Request indicating that an LA update may also need to be
performed, in which case the SGSN forwards the LA update to the VLR. This concerns
only idle mode (see 3G TS 23.122), as no combined RA / LA updates are performed
during a CS connection.
7-7
Feature Description
MS
BSS
SRNS
new
2G-SGSN
old
3G-SGSN
GGSN
new
MSC/VLR
HLR
old
MSC/VLR
1. Intersystem change
decision
2. Routing Area Update Request
3. SGSN Context Request
4. SRNS Context Request
4. SRNS Context Response
5. SGSN Context Response
6. Security Functions
7. SGSN Context Acknowledge
C1
8. SRNS Data Forward Command
8a. Forward Packets
9. Forward Packets
10. Update PDP Context Request
10. Update PDP Context Response
11. Update GPRS Location
12. Cancel Location
13. Iu Release Command
13. Iu Release Complete
12. Cancel Location Ack
14. Insert Subscriber Data
14. Insert Subscriber Data Ack
15. Update GPRS Location Ack
16. Location Update Request
17a. Update Location
17b. Cancel Location
17c. Cancel Location Ack
17d. Insert Subscriber Data
17e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack
18. Location Update Accept
C2
19. Routing Area Update Accept
C3
20. Routing Area Update Complete
21. TMSI Reallocation Complete
22. BSS Packet Flow Context Procedure
Figure 7-3 UMTS to GSM Inter-SGSN Change
7-8
17f. Update Location Ack
Feature Description
1)
The MS or BSS or UTRAN decides to perform an inter-system change, which

makes the MS switch to a new cell that supports GSM radio technology, and
stops transmission to the network.
2)
The MS sends a Routing Area Update Request (old RAI, old P-TMSI Signature,
Update Type, MS Network Capability) message to the new 2G-SGSN. Update
Type shall indicate RA update or combined RA / LA update, or, if the MS wants to
perform an IMSI attach, combined RA / LA update with IMSI attach requested.
The BSS shall add the Cell Global Identity including the RAC and LAC of the cell
where the message was received before passing the message to the new
2G-SGSN.
3)
The new 2G-SGSN sends an SGSN Context Request (old RAI, TLLI, old P-TMSI
Signature, and New SGSN Address) message to the old 3G-SGSN to get the MM
and PDP contexts for the MS. The old 3G-SGSN validates the old P-TMSI
Signature and responds with an appropriate error cause if it does not match the
value stored in the old 3G-SGSN. If the received old P-TMSI Signature does not
match the stored value, the security functions in the new 2G-SGSN should be
initiated. If the security functions authenticate the MS correctly, the new
2G-SGSN shall send an SGSN Context Request (old RAI, TLLI, MS Validated,
New SGSN Address) message to the old 3G-SGSN. MS Validated indicates that
the new 2G-SGSN has authenticated the MS. If the old P-TMSI Signature was
valid or if the new 2G-SGSN indicates that it has authenticated the MS correctly,
the old 3G-SGSN starts a timer. If the MS is not known in the old 3G-SGSN, the
old 3G-SGSN responds with an appropriate error cause.
4)
If the MS is PMM-CONNECTED the old 3G-SGSN sends an SRNS Context

Request (IMSI) message to the SRNS. Upon receipt of this message the SRNS
buffers and stops sending downlink PDUs to the MS and returns an SRNS
Context Response (GTP-SNDs, GTP-SNUs, PDCP-SNDs, PDCP-SNUs)
message. The SRNS shall include for each PDP context the next in-sequence
GTP sequence number to be sent to the MS and the GTP sequence number of
the next uplink PDU to be tunneled to the GGSN. For each active PDP context
using lossless PDCP, the SRNS also includes the uplink PDCP sequence
number
(PDCP-SNU)
downlink
PDCP
sequence
number (PDCP-SND).
PDCP-SNU shall be the next in-sequence PDCP sequence number expected

from the MS. PDCP-SND is the PDCP sequence number for the first downlink
packet for which successful transmission has not been confirmed. The 3G-SGSN
shall strip off the eight most significant bits of the passed PDCP sequence
numbers, thus converting them to SNDCP N-PDU numbers and, subsequently,
storing these N-PDU numbers in its PDP contexts.
5)
The old 3G-SGSN responds with an SGSN Context Response (MM Context,
PDP Contexts) message. For each PDP context the old 3G-SGSN shall include
the GTP sequence number for the next uplink GTP PDU to be tunneled to the
GGSN and the next donwlink GTP sequence number for the next in-sequence
7-9
Feature Description
N-PDU to be sent to the MS. Each PDP Context also includes the SNDCP Send
N-PDU Number (the value is 0) for the next in-sequence downlink N-PDU to be
sent in acknowledged mode SNDCP to the MS and the SNDCP Receive N-PDU
Number (= converted PDCP-SNU) for the next in-sequence uplink N-PDU to be
received in acknowledged mode SNDCP from the MS. The new 3G-SGSN shall
ignore the MS Network Capability contained in MM Context of SGSN Context
Response only when it has previously received an MS Network Capability in the
Routing Area Request.
6)
Security functions may be executed.
7)
The new 2G-SGSN sends an SGSN Context Acknowledge message to the old
3G-SGSN. This informs the old 3G-SGSN that the new 2G-SGSN is ready to
receive data packets belonging to the activated PDP contexts. The old SGSN
marks in its context that the MSC/VLR association and the information in the
GGSNs and the HLR are invalid. This triggers the MSC/VLR, the GGSNs, and the
HLR to be updated if the MS initiates a RA update procedure back to the old
SGSN before completing the ongoing RA update procedure.
8)
If the MS is PMM-CONNECTED, the old 3G-SGSN sends an SRNS Data

Forward Command (RAB ID, Transport Layer Address, Iu Transport Association)
message to the SRNS. For each indicated RAB the SRNS starts duplicating and
tunneling the buffered GTP PDUs to the old 3G-SGSN. For each radio bearer
which uses lossless PDCP, the SRNS shall start tunneling the GTP-U PDUs
related to transmitted but not yet acknowledged PDCP-PDUs to the old
3G-SGSN together with the corresponding downlink PDCP sequence numbers.
Upon receipt of the SRNS Data Forward Command message from the 3G-SGSN,
the SRNS shall start the data-forwarding timer.
9)
The old 3G-SGSN tunnels the GTP PDUs to the new 2G-SGSN. In the case of
GTPv1, the conversion of PDCP sequence numbers to SNDCP sequence
numbers (the eight most significant bits shall be stripped off) shall be done in the
new SGSN. No N-PDU sequence numbers shall be indicated for these N-PDUs.
If GTPv0 is used between the SGSNs, the conversion of PDCP sequence
numbers to SNDCP numbers shall be done in the old 3G-SGSN (by stripping off
the eight most significant bits).
10) The new 2G-SGSN sends an Update PDP Context Request (new SGSN Address,
TEID, QoS Negotiated) message to each GGSN concerned. Each GGSN
updates its PDP context fields and returns an Update PDP Context Response
(TEID) message.
11) The new 2G-SGSN informs the HLR of the change of SGSN by sending an
Update GPRS Location (SGSN Number, SGSN Address, IMSI) message to the
HLR.
12) The HLR sends a Cancel Location (IMSI) message to the old 3G-SGSN. The old
3G-SGSN acknowledges with a Cancel Location Ack (IMSI) message. The old
3G-SGSN removes the MM and PDP contexts if the timer described in step 3 is
7-10
Feature Description
not running. If the timer is running, the MM and PDP contexts shall be removed
when the timer expires.
13) When the MS is PMM-CONNECTED, the old 3G-SGSN sends an Iu Release
Command message to the SRNS. When the RNC data-forwarding timer has
expired, the SRNS responds with an Iu Release Complete message.
14) The HLR sends an Insert Subscriber Data (IMSI, GPRS Subscription Data)
message to the new 2G-SGSN. The 2G-SGSN constructs an MM context and
PDP contexts for the MS and returns an Insert Subscriber Data Ack (IMSI)
message to the HLR.
15) The HLR acknowledges the Update GPRS Location by returning an Update
GPRS Location Ack (IMSI) message to the new 2G-SGSN.
16)
If the association has to be established i.e., if Update Type indicates combined

RA / LA update with IMSI attach requested, or if the LA changed with the routing
area update, the new 2G-SGSN sends a Location Update Request (new LAI,
IMSI, SGSN Number, Location Update Type) to the VLR. Location Update Type
shall indicate IMSI attach if Update Type in step 1 indicated combined RA / LA
update with IMSI attach requested. Otherwise, Location Update Type shall
indicate normal location update. The VLR number is translated from the RAI by
the 2G-SGSN. The 2G-SGSN starts the location update procedure towards the
new MSC/VLR upon receipt of the first Insert Subscriber Data message from the
HLR in step 14). The VLR creates or updates the association with the 2G-SGSN
by storing SGSN Number.
17) If the subscriber data in the VLR is marked as not confirmed by the HLR, the new
VLR informs the HLR. The HLR cancels the old VLR and inserts subscriber data
in the new VLR (this signaling is not modified from existing GSM signaling and is
included here for illustrative purposes):
a) The new VLR sends an Update Location (new VLR) to the HLR.
b) The HLR cancels the data in the old VLR by sending Cancel Location (IMSI) to the
old VLR.
c) The old VLR acknowledges with Cancel Location Ack (IMSI).
d) The HLR sends Insert Subscriber Data (IMSI, GSM subscriber data) to the new
VLR.
e) The new VLR acknowledges with Insert Subscriber Data Ack (IMSI).
f) The HLR responds with Update Location Ack (IMSI) to the new VLR.
18) The new VLR allocates a new TMSI and responds with Location Update Accept
(VLR TMSI) to the 2G-SGSN. VLR TMSI is optional if the VLR has not changed.
19) The new 2G-SGSN validates the MS's presence in the new RA. If due to roaming
restrictions the MS is not allowed to be attached in the RA, or if subscription
checking fails, the new 2G-SGSN rejects the routing area update with an
appropriate cause. If all checks are successful, the new 2G-SGSN constructs MM
and PDP contexts for the MS. A logical link is established between the new
7-11
Feature Description
2G-SGSN and the MS. The 2G-SGSN initiates the establishment procedure. The
new 2G-SGSN responds to the MS with a Routing Area Update Accept (P-TMSI,
P-TMSI Signature, Receive N-PDU Number (= converted PDCP-SNU)) message.
Receive N-PDU Number contains acknowledgements for each NSAPI which
used lossless PDCP before starting the update procedure, thereby confirming all
mobile-originated N-PDUs that were successfully transferred. If Receive N-PDU
Number confirms the reception of N-PDUs, the MS shall discard these N-PDUs.
20) The MS acknowledges the new P-TMSI by returning a Routing Area Update
Complete (Receive N-PDU Number (= converted PDCP-SND)) message to the
SGSN. Receive N-PDU Number contains the acknowledgements for each
lossless PDCP used by the MS before starting the update procedure, thereby
confirming all mobile-terminated N-PDUs successfully transferred. If Receive
N-PDU Number confirms the reception of N-PDUs that were forwarded from the
old 3G-SGSN, the new 2G-SGSN shall discard these N-PDUs. The MS deducts
Receive N-PDU number from PDCP-SND by stripping off the eight most
significant bits. PDCP-SND is the PDCP sequence number for the next expected
by the MS in-sequence downlink per radio bearer, which used lossless PDCP.
The new 2G-SGSN negotiates with the MS the use of acknowledged or
unacknowledged SNDCP for each NSAPI regardless whether the SRNS used
lossless PDCP or not.
21) The new 2G-SGSN sends TMSI Reallocation Complete message to the new VLR
if the MS confirms the VLR TMSI.
22) The 2G-SGSN and the BSS may execute the BSS Packet Flow Context
procedure.
If the new SGSN is unable to update the PDP context in one or more GGSNs, the new
SGSN shall deactivate the corresponding PDP contexts. This shall not cause the
SGSN to reject the routing area update.
If the new SGSN is unable to support the same number of active PDP contexts as
received from old SGSN, the new SGSN shall first update all contexts in one or more
GGSNs and then deactivate the context(s). This shall not cause the SGSN to reject
the routing area update.
II. Cell DCH

Generally when MS is in Cell DCH state, the inter-SGSN Change from UMTS to GSM
is triggered by UTRAN sending cell change order command.
III. Cell FACH/CELL PCH/URA PCH

Generally when MS is in Cell FACH, CELL PCH or URA PCH state, the inter-SGSN
Change from UMTS to GSM is triggered by UE cell reselection.
7-12
Feature Description
7.4.4 Combined Service Inter-RAT Handover

I. Inter-RAT Handover with Simultaneous PS and CS Domain Services
For a UE in CELL_DCH state using both CS and PS Domain services the Inter-RAT
handover procedure is based on measurement reports from the UE but initiated from
UTRAN.
The UE performs the Inter-RAT handover from UTRA RRC Connected Mode to GSM
Connected Mode first. When the UE has sent handover complete message to GSM /
BSS the UE initiates a temporary block flow towards GPRS and sends a RA update
request.
If the Inter-RAT handover from UTRA RRC Connected Mode to GSM Connected Mode
was successful the handover is considered as successful regardless if the UE was
able to establish a temporary block flow or not towards GPRS.
In case of Inter-RAT handover failure the UE has the possibility to go back to UTRA
RRC Connected Mode and re-establish the connection in the state it originated from.
II. Suspension of GPRS Services

The ability for a GPRS user to access circuit-switched services depends on the
subscription held, the network capabilities, and the MS capabilities.
The MS shall request the network for suspension of GPRS services when the MS or
the network limitations make it unable to communicate on GPRS channels in one or
more of the following scenarios:
During CS connection, the MS performs handover from UMTS to GSM, and the MS or
the network limitations make it unable to support CS/PS mode of operation, e.g. an
MS in CS/PS mode of operation in Iu mode during a CS connection reverts to class-B
mode of operation in A/Gb mode.
III. Inter-System (UMTS-GSM) Suspend and Resume Procedure (Intra-SGSN)

The Suspend and Resume procedure for intra SGSN is illustrated in Figure 7-4.
1)
During CS connection, the MS performs handover from UMTS to GSM and the
MS or the network limitations are unable to support CS/PS mode of operation.
7-13
Feature Description
MS
BSS
2G/3G SGSN
SRNS
MSC/VLR
1. Intersystem Handover
2. Suspend
3. Suspend
3. SRNS Context Req/Resp.
3. Suspend Ack
4. Resume
4. Resume Nack
5. Channel Release
Figure 7-4 Suspend and Resume Procedure for intra-SGSN

2)
The MS sends an RR Suspend (TLLI, RAI) message to the BSS.
3)
The BSS sends a Suspend (TLLI, RAI) message to the SGSN.
The SGSN will then request the SRNS to stop sending downlink PDU's by the
SRNS Context Request message. The SRNS then starts buffering the downlink
PDUs.
The SRNS responds with an SRNS Context Response message.
The SGSN then returns Suspend Ack to the BSS.
4)
After CS connection is terminated, the BSS may send a Resume (TLLI, RAI)
message to the SGSN, but resume is not possible since the MS has changed the
radio system, so the SGSN acknowledges the resume by Resume Nack.
5)
The BSS sends an RR Channel Release message to the MS, indicating that the
BSS has not successfully requested the SGSN to resume GPRS services for the
MS.
6)
The MS shall resume GPRS services by sending a Routeing Area Update

Request message to the SGSN. The Update Type depends on the mode of
operation of the network in use e.g. in mode I Combined RA/LA Update is made
and in mode II or III Routeing Area Update is made.
IV. Inter-System (UMTS-GSM) Suspend and Resume Procedure (Inter-SGSN)

This section describes the scenario when the suspend message is received in an
SGSN that is different from the SGSN currently handling the packet data transmission
and would be valid for at least the following cases:
MS performs inter-system handover from UMTS to GSM during CS connection and
the SGSN handling the GSM cell is different from the SGSN handling the UMTS cell,
i.e. the 2G and 3G SGSNs are separated.
The Suspend and Resume procedure for inter SGSN is illustrated in 2).
7-14
Feature Description
1)
During CS connection, the MS performs handover from UMTS to GSM, and the
MS or the network limitations make it unable to support CS/PS mode of
operation.
MS
BSS
2G SGSN
3G SGSN
SRNS
MSC/VLR
1. Intersystem Handover
2. Suspend
3. Suspend
3. Suspend Ack
4. Resu me
4. Resu me Nack
5. Channel Release
Figure 7-5 Suspend and Resume Procedure for inter-SGSN

2)
Suspend and Resume Procedure for inter-SGSN
3)
The MS sends an RR Suspend (TLLI, RAI) message to the BSS.
4)
The BSS sends a Suspend (TLLI, RAI) message to the SGSN.
The 2G SGSN then returns Suspend Ack to the BSS.

5)
After CS connection is terminated, the BSS may send a Resume (TLLI, RAI)
message to the 2G SGSN, but since resume is not needed against the 3G SGSN
the 2G SGSN acknowledges the resume by Resume Nack.
(Resume is not needed in this case since the MS always will perform an RA
Update for updating of GPRS services when the CS connection is terminated and
the MM context will be moved from 3G to 2G SGSN.)
6)
The BSS sends an RR Channel Release message to the MS, indicating that the
BSS has not successfully requested the SGSN to resume GPRS services for the
MS.
7)
The MS shall resume GPRS services by sending a Routeing Area Update

Request message to the SGSN. The Update Type depends on the mode of
operation of the network in use e.g. in mode I Combined RA/LA Update is made
and in mode II or III Routeing Area Update is made.
7.5 Interaction
7.5.1 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection in Idle Mode
When the UE based on received system information makes a cell reselection to a
radio access technology other than UTRAN, e.g. GSM/GPRS, according to the criteria
specified in [3], the UE shall roam to the new cell and initiate a registration in the new
cell. This procedure is applicable in idle mode.
7-15
Feature Description
7.5.2 Inter-RAT Cell Reselection from UTRAN

The purpose of the inter-RAT cell reselection procedure from UTRAN is to transfer,
under the control of the UE and to some extent the UTRAN, a connection between the
UE and UTRAN to another radio access technology (e.g. GSM/GPRS).
This procedure is applicable in states CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH.
When the UE based on received system information makes a cell reselection to a
radio access technology other than UTRAN, e.g. GSM/GPRS, according to the criteria
specified in [3], the UE shall:
1)
If the NAS procedures associated with inter-system change specified in [2]

require the establishment of a connection:
Initiate the establishment of a connection to the target radio access technology

according to its specifications.
2)
If the inter-RAT cell reselection fails, the UE shall:
Resume the connection to UTRAN using the resources used before initiating the
inter-RAT cell reselection procedure.
7.5.3 Co-exist between Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT

Inter-frequency measurement and inter-RAT measurement can co-exist at the same
time. When signal of current cell is under 2d threshold, inter-frequency measurement
and inter-RAT measurement can be started simultaneously.
UE shall report either inter-frequency measurement report or inter-RAT measurement
report to RNC according to the criteria specified in [3].
7.6 Implementation
I. E-interface and Gn Interface Configuration
To process inter-RAT handover, E-interface and Gn interface should be configured.
E-interface is the interface between MSC and MSC. Gn interface is the interface
between SGSN and SGSN.
II. UE Ability Requirement

To process inter-RAT handover between GSM and WCDMA, the UE should support
GSM and WCDMA and the network mode should be set automatic.
III. Adjacent Cell Planning and Configuration

GSM cells should be configured as adjacent Cells to the WCDMA cell. Then the UE
can measure the adjacent cells when needed and can handover to the cell.
7-16
Feature Description
IV. Measurement Strategy

Both RSCP and Ec/Io can be measured as the measurement criteria according to the
network planning.
7.6.2 Parameters
I. Add a GSM Cell Neighboring to the WCDMA Coverage.
1)
RNC Command
ADD GSMCELL: BANDIND=GSM900_DCS1800_BAND_USED;

2)
Parameters
ID
MCC
Name
Description
Mobile
Value range: 000~999.
country code
Physical unit: None.

Content: The code of the country to which the GSM cell belongs
Recommended value: None.
MNC
Mobile
Value range: 00~99 or 000~999.
network code

Content: The code of the mobile communication network to which the
GSM cell belongs.
LAC
Location area
Value range: H'0000~H'FFFF(0~65535), except for H'0000 and
code
H'FFFE.
Content: The code of the location area to which the GSM cell belongs.
Note: H'0000 and H'FFFE are reserved. Recommended value: None.
CID
GSM cell ID
Value range: H'0000~H'FFFF(0~65535).

Content: Identifying a GSM cell. Recommended value: None.
NCC
Network color
Value range: 0~7.
code

Content: Uniquely identifying a different network in the neighboring
area. Recommended value: None.
BCC
BS color code
Value range: 0~7.

7-17
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
Content: Uniquely identifying a neighboring base station with the same
carrier. Recommended value: None.
BCCHARF
Inter-RAT cell
CN
frequency
number
Content: BCCH frequency number of the inter-RAT cell.

BANDIND
Inter-RAT cell
Value range: GSM900_DCS1800_BAND_USED,
frequency
PCS1900_BAND_USED.
band indicator

Content: Indicating whether the inter-RAT cell frequency number
belongs to DCS1800 or PCS1900 when it is between 512 and 810.
Value range: GSM, GSM_OR_GPRS
Content: Indicating whether the inter-RAT cell is a GSM or
GSM/GPRS cell. Recommended value: None.
3)
Examples
Add the basic information of a GSM cell to the RNC.

ADD GSMCELL: MCC="460", MNC="01", LAC=H'1234,CID=H'0002, NCC=1, BCC=1,
BCCHARFCN=512,
BANDIND=GSM900_DCS1800_BAND_USED,RATCELLTYPE=GSM_OR_GPRS;
After the above operation, a GSM cell is added as follows.
z
The mobile country code of the cell is 460, mobile network code is 01, and
location area code is H'1234.
The GSM cell ID is H'0002.
The network color code is 1 and BS color code is 1.
The inter-RAT cell frequency number is 512.
The
inter-RAT
cell
frequency
band
indicator
GSM900_DCS1800_BAND_USED.
z
The inter-RAT cell type is GSM/GPRS.
II. Add the Information of a GSM Neighboring Cell of the WCDMA Cell.
1)
RNC Command
ADD INTERRATNCELL:;
2)
Parameters
7-18
is
Feature Description
ID
CELLID
Name
Cell ID
Description
Content: Uniquely identifying a WCDMA cell.
MCC
Mobile
country code

Content: The code of the country to which the inter-RAT cell belongs.
MNC
Mobile
Value range: 00~99 or 000~999.
network code

Content: The code of the mobile communication network to which the
inter-RAT cell belongs. Recommended value: None.
LAC
Location area
Value range: H'0000~H'FFFF(0~65535), except for H'0000 and
code
H'FFFE.
Content: The code of the location area to which the inter-RAT cell
belongs. Note: H'0000 and H'FFFE are reserved.
CID
GSM cell ID
Value range: H'0000~H'FFFF(0~65535).

Content: Identifying a GSM cell.
CELLINDI
Cell individual
Value range: -50~50.
VIDUALO
offset
Physical unit: dB.
FFSET
Content: Cell individual offset based on the geographical features of

the GSM cell. It is used in inter-RAT handover decision process. The
greater the value is, the higher the priority of handover to the GSM cell.
It is generally configured as 0.
Recommended value: 0.
QOFFSET
1SN
Qoffset1sn
Value range: -50~50.

Physical unit: dB.
Content: Offset between the inter-RAT neighboring cell and the
7-19
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
WCDMA cell. It is used for cell selection and reselection. The greater
the value is, the less the probability of reselecting the inter-RAT
neighboring cell. Default value is 0.
QRXLEVM
Min RX level
IN
Value range: -58~-13.

Physical value range: -115~-25; step: 2.
Physical unit: dBm.
Content: The minimum required RX level of the inter-RAT neighboring
cell.
BLINDHO
Flag of Blind
Value range: true, false.
FLAG
Handover Cell

Content: The flag blind handover cell of the inter-RAT neighboring cell.
3)
Examples
Add the information of an inter-RAT neighboring cell.

ADD
INTERRATNCELL:
CELLID=1,
MCC="460",
MNC="01",LAC=H'1234,
CID=H'0002, CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET=0,QOFFSET1SN=0, QRXLEVMIN=-55;

After the above operations, a GSM neighboring cell with the following information, is
added to the WCDMA cell 1:
z
The MCC is 460, MNC is 01, and LAC is H'1234.
The GSM cell ID is H'0002.
The Cell individual offset is 0.
The offset is 6 dB.
The minimum RX level is -55 (-109 dBm).
The cell is not considered as a blind handover cell.
III. Set the Connection Oriented Algorithm Switches.

1)
RNC Command
SET
CORRMALGOSWITCH:
HOSWITCH=INTERRAT_HO_OUT_SUPP_SWITCH-1&INTERRAT_HO_IN_SUPP_
SWITCH-1&CMCF_SUPP_SWITCH-1&INTERRAT_PS_HO_SUPP_SWITCH-1;
2)
Parameters
7-20
Feature Description
ID
Name
HOSWITCH
Description
Handover
32-bit unsigned integer.
algorithm switch
INTERRAT_HO_OUT_SUPP_SWITCH. When it is checked

and the license is enabled, inter-RAT handover from UTRAN is
allowed.
INTERRAT_HO_IN_SUPP_SWITCH. When it is checked and
the license is enabled, inter-RAT handover to UTRAN is
allowed.
CMCF_SUPP_SWITCH. When it is checked, Downlink
Compressed Mode Configuration control is allowed.
INTERRAT_PS_HO_SUPP_SWITCH. When it is checked, PS
traffic inter-RAT handover from UTRAN is allowed.
3)
Examples
Set the connection oriented algorithm switches.

SET CORRMALGOSWITCH: PCSWITCH=OLPC_SWITCH-0;
After the above operation, outer loop power control will be disabled.
IV. Set the RNC Oriented Inter-RAT Handover Measurement Algorithm

Parameters.
1)
RNC Command
SET INTERFREQHO:;
Parameters
2)
ID
Name
Description
FILTERC
Inter-freq
Value range: D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D11, D13, D15,
OEF
meas L3
D17, D19
filter coeff

Physical unit: None
Content: The inter-frequency measurement L3 filtering coefficient. The
greater this parameter is set, the greater the filtering effect and the higher
the anti fast fading capability, but the lower the signal change tracing
capability.
PERIODR
Periodic
Value range: D250, D500, D1000, D2000, D4000, D8000, D16000,
EPORTIN
report
D20000, D24000, D28000, D32000, D64000
TERVAL
interval
Physical value range: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000, 20000,
7-21
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
24000, 28000, 32000, 64000
Physical unit: ms
Content: Inter-frequency measurement reporting period.
HYSTFOR
2D
Value range: 0~29
2D
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 2D. This parameter value is
related to the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set,
the less ping-pong effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in
this case, the event cannot be triggered in time.
HYSTFOR
2F
Value range: 0~29
2F
hysteresis

Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 2F. This parameter value is
the less ping-pong effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in
this case, the event cannot be triggered in time.
HYSTFOR
Hard
Value range: 0~29
HHO
handover
hysteresis
Physical unit: dB
Content: The hysteresis value of the hard handover.
WEIGHTF
Weighted
Value range: 0~20
ORUSEDF
factor for
REQ
used
frequency
Physical unit: None

Content: The weighted factor required for comprehensive quality
calculation of the used frequency. The greater this parameter is set, the
higher the comprehensive quality the active set possesses. When this
parameter is set as 0, the comprehensive quality of the active set refers
to the quality of the best cell in the set.
7-22
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
TRIGTIME
2D trigger
Value range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200,
2D
time
D240, D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000

640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 2D. This parameter value is
the less the misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed
of the event to the measured signal changes.
TRIGTIME
2F trigger
Value range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200,
2F
time
D240, D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000

640, 1280, 2560, 5000
Physical unit: ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 2F. This parameter value is
the less the misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed
of the event to the measured signal changes.
TRIGTIME
Hard
HHO
handover
Physical unit: ms
trigger time
Content: The trigger delay time of hard handover .

CELLPRO
Cell
Value range: NONLAYERED_CELL_CARRIER_FREQUENCY_VERGE,
PERTY
property
NONLAYERED_CELL_CARRIER_FREQUENCY_CENTER
Physical unit: None
Content: If there are intra-frequency neighboring cells in all directions of
the cell, it can be considered that the cell is at the center of the carrier
frequency coverage. Otherwise, it is considered that the cell is on the
verge of the carrier frequency coverage. This parameter determines
whether RSCP or Ec/No will be taken as the measurement object of the
events 2D and 2F.
7-23
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
INTERFR
Inter-freq
Value range: -24~0
EQTHDFO
measure
Physical unit: dB
R2DECNO
start Ec/No
THD
Content: If Ec/No acts as the measurement object according to the setting

of the parameter [Cell property], the UE will report event 2D and then the
RNC will send a signaling to start the compressed mode (CM) and
inter-frequency measurement when the measured value is lower than this
threshold.
INTERFR
Inter-freq
Value range: -24~0
EQTHDFO
measure
Physical unit: dB
R2FECNO
end Ec/No
THD

of the parameter [Cell property], the UE will report event 2F and then the
RNC will send a signaling to stop the compressed mode (CM) and
inter-frequency measurement when the measured value is higher than
this threshold.
INTERRA
Inter-rat CS
Value range: -24~0
TCSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dB
OR2DECN
start Ec/No
THD

inter-rat measurement when the measured value of CS traffic is lower
than this threshold.
INTERRA
Inter-rat CS
Value range: -24~0
TCSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dB
OR2FECN
end Ec/No
THD

inter-rat measurement when the measured value of CS traffic is higher
INTERRA
Inter-rat PS
Value range: -24~0
TPSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dB
OR2DECN
start Ec/No

7-24
Feature Description
ID
O
Name
THD
Description
inter-rat measurement when the measured value of PS traffic is lower
INTERRA
Inter-rat PS
Value range: -24~0
TPSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dB
OR2FECN
end Ec/No
THD

inter-rat measurement when the measured value of PS traffic is higher
INTERRA
Inter-rat
Value range: -24~0
TSIGTHD
SIG
Physical unit: dB
FOR2DEC
measure
NO
start Ec/No
THD

inter-rat measurement when the measured value of signal is lower than
this threshold.
INTERRA
Inter-rat
Value range: -24~0
TSIGTHD
SIG
Physical unit: dB
FOR2FEC
measure
NO
end Ec/No
THD

inter-rat measurement when the measured value of signal is higher than
this threshold.
INTERFR
Inter-freq
Value range: -115~-25
EQTHDFO
measure
Physical unit: dBm
R2DRSCP
start RSCP
THD
Content: If RSCP acts as the measurement object according to the

setting of the parameter [Cell property], the UE will report event 2D and
then the RNC will send a signaling to start the compressed mode (CM)
and inter-frequency measurement when the measured value is lower than
7-25
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
this threshold.
INTERFR
Inter-freq
EQTHDFO
measure
Physical unit: dBm
R2FRSCP
end RSCP
THD

setting of the parameter [Cell property], the UE will report event 2F and
then the RNC will send a signaling to stop the compressed mode (CM)
and inter-frequency measurement when the measured value is higher
INTERRA
Inter-rat CS
TCSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dBm
OR2DRSC
start RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of CS traffic is lower
INTERRA
Inter-rat CS
TCSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dBm
OR2FRSC
end RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of CS traffic is
higher than this threshold.
INTERRA
Inter-rat PS
TPSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dBm
OR2DRSC
start RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of PS traffic is lower
7-26
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
INTERRA
Inter-rat PS
TPSTHDF
measure
Physical unit: dBm
OR2FRSC
end RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of PS traffic is
higher than this threshold.
INTERRA
Inter-rat
TSIGTHD
SIG
Physical unit: dBm
FOR2DRS
measure
CP
start RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of signal is lower
INTERRA
Inter-rat
TSIGTHD
SIG
Physical unit: dBm
FOR2DRS
measure
CP
start RSCP
THD

and inter-rat measurement when the measured value of signal is lower
HHOTHDT
Inter-freq
Value range: -24~0
OMACRO
HHO to
Physical unit: dB
FORECN
Macro cell
Ec/No THD
Content: If the candidate cell is macro cell, and the measured quality of
this cell is higher than this absolute threshold, the cell can serve as the
destination cell for inter-frequency hard handover.
HHOTHDT
Inter-freq
OMACRO
HHO to
Physical unit: dBm
FORRSCP
Macro cell
RSCP THD
Content: If the candidate cell is macro cell, and the measured quality of
7-27
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
HHOTHDT
Inter-freq
Value range: -24~0
OMICROF
HHO to
Physical unit: dB
ORECNO
Micro cell
Ec/No THD
Content: If the candidate cell is micro cell, and the measured quality of
HHOTHDT
Inter-freq
OMICROF
HHO to
Physical unit: dBm
ORRSCP
Micro cell
RSCP THD
Content: If the candidate cell is micro cell, and the measured quality of
3)
Examples
Set the RNC oriented inter-frequency handover measurement algorithm parameters.

SET
INTERFREQHO:
FILTERCOEF=D6,
CELLPROPERTY=NONLAYERED_CELL_CARRIER_FREQUENCY_CENTER,
INTERFREQTHDFOR2DECNO=-18,
INTERFREQTHDFOR2FECNO=-15,
HHOTHDTOMACROFORECNO=-16, HHOTHDTOMICROFORECNO=-16;
After the above operation, the parameters are set as follows:
z
The inter-freq meas L3 filter coeff is 6
The cell is at the center of the carrier frequency coverage.
The inter-freq measure start Ec/No thresholds is -18 dB.
The inter-freq measure end Ec/No thresholds is -15 dB.
The inter-freq hard handover RSCP threshold is -85 dBm.
The inter-freq hard handover to macro cell Ec/No threshold is -16 dB.
The inter-freq hard handover to micro cell Ec/No threshold is -16 dB.
V. Set the RNC Oriented Inter-RAT Handover Measurement Algorithm

Parameters
1)
RNC Command
SET INTERRATHO:;
2)
Parameters
7-28
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
FILTERC
Inter-RAT
Value range: D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D11, D13,
OEF
meas L3
D15, D17, D19.
filter coeff
Physical value range: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19.

Content: The greater this parameter is, the greater the filtering effect
and the higher the anti slow fading capability, but the lower the signal
change tracing capability.
Recommended value: D4.
RPTINTE
Report
Value range: D250, D500, D1000, D2000, D3000, D4000, D6000,
RVAL
interval
D8000, D12000, D16000, D20000, D24000, D28000, D32000,

D64000.
Physical value range:
250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000, 16000,
20000, 24000, 28000, 32000, 64000.
Physical unit: ms.
Content: Inter-RAT measurement reporting period.
Recommended value: D1000.
GSMRSSI
GSM RSSI
Value range: 0~63.
CSTHD
CS Traffic
Physical value range: -110~-48 (1: -110; 2: -109; ...; 63:-48).
threshold
Physical unit: dBm.

Content: Requirement for the quality of the GSM cell in the CS traffic
inter-RAT handover. Note: 0 indicates that this threshold is smaller
than -110 dBm. Recommended value: 21.
GSMRSSI
GSM RSSI
Value range: 0~63.
PSTHD
PS traffic
threshold
Physical unit: dBm.

Content: Requirement for the quality of the GSM cell in the PS traffic
than -110 dBm. Recommended value: 21.
GSMRSSI
GSM RSSI
Value range: 0~63.
SIGTHD
signaling
threshold
Physical unit: dBm.

Content: Requirement for the quality of the GSM cell in the signaling
7-29
Feature Description
ID
Name
Description
than -110 dBm.
HYSTTHD
Hysteresis
Value range: 0~15.

Physical value range: 0~7.5; step: 0.5.
Physical unit: dB.
Content: Used to decide whether to trigger the inter-RAT handover
decision together with [GSM RSSI threshold]. The value can be
decreased to some degree in areas with smaller shadow fading and
increased in areas with greater shadow fading. Recommended value:
4.
TIMETOT
Time To
Value range: 0~64000, 65535.
RIGFORN
Trigger For
Physical unit: ms.
ONVERIF
non-verified
GSM Cell
Content: The inter-RAT handover to GSM procedure will be started if

the current status of the GSM cell is non-verified and the GSM cell
quality always satisfies the inter-RAT handover condition during the
specified period of this parameter. Value 65535 means RNC would
never initiate inter-Rat handover to non-verified GSM cell.
TIMETOT
Time To
RIGFORV
Trigger For
Physical unit: ms.
ERIFY
Verified
GSM Cell
Content: The inter-RAT handover to GSM procedure will be started if

the current status of the GSM cell is verified and the GSM cell quality
always satisfies the inter-RAT handover condition during the
specified period of this parameter.
PENALTY
Penalty
Value range: 0~60.
TIMEFOR
Time For
Physical unit: s.
SYSHO
Inter-RAT
Handover
Content: If UE fails to perform inter-RAT handover to a GSM cell,

RNC shall not initiate handover to the GSM cell again during the
specified period of this parameter until the penalty time expire.
3)
Examples
Set the RNC oriented inter-RAT handover algorithm parameters.
7-30
Feature Description
SET
INTERRATHO:
RPTINTERVAL=D1000,
GSMRSSICSTHD=26,
TIMETOTRIGFORSYSHO=5000;
After the above operations, the inter-RAT handover algorithm parameters are modified
as follows:
z
The reporting period is 1000 ms.
The GSM RSSI CS threshold is -85 dBm.
The inter-RAT handover trigger time is 5000 ms.

1)
3GPP TS 23.122 "Non Access Stratum functions related to Mobile Station (MS) in
idle mode"
2)
3GPP TS 24.008 "Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Core Network

Protocols Stage 3"
3)
3GPP TS 25.304 "UE Procedures in Idle Mode and Procedures for Cell
Reselection in Connected Mode"
4)
3GPP TS 25.331 "RRC Protocol Specification"
5)
3GPP TS 23.060 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description
6)
3GPP TS 25.931 UTRAN Functions, Examples on Signalling Procedures
7-31
Feature Description
Chapter 8 PDCP Header Compression

8.1 Introduction
As the networks evolve to provide more bandwidth, the applications, services and the
consumers of those applications all compete for that bandwidth. For the network
operators it is important to offer a high quality of service (QoS) in order to attract more
customers and encourage them to use their network as much as possible, thus
providing higher average revenue per user (ARPU).
As for wireless networks with their high bit error rates (highly prone to interference)
and high latency (long round trip times), it is difficult to attain those high bandwidths
required. When all these factors are taken into account it means that the available
resources must be used as efficiently as possible.
In many services and applications, for example, Voice over IP, interactive games,
messaging and so on, the payload of the IP packet is almost of the same size or even
smaller than the header. Over the end-to-end connection comprised of multiple hops,
these protocol headers are extremely important but over just one link (hop-to-hop)
these headers serve no useful purpose. It is possible to compress those headers,
providing in many cases more than 90% savings, and thus save the bandwidth and
use the expensive resources efficiently.
IP header compression also provides other important benefits, such as reduction in
packet loss and improved interactive response time.
In short, IP header compression is the process of compressing excess protocol
headers before transmitting them on a link and uncompressing them to their original
state on reception at the other end of the link.
It is possible to compress the protocol headers due to the redundancy in header fields
of a packet as well as consecutive packets of the same packet stream.
8.2 Glossary
8.2.1 Terms[RFC2507-2]
Subheaders: An IPv6 base header, an IPv6 extension header, an IPv4 header, a UDP
header, or a TCP header.
Header: A chain of subheaders.
Compress: The act of reducing the size of a header by removing header fields or
reducing the size of header fields. This is done in a way such that a decompressor can
reconstruct the header if its context state is identical to the context state used when
compressing the header.
8-1
Feature Description
Decompress: The act of reconstructing a compressed header.

Context identifier (CID): A small unique number identifying the context that should be
used to decompress a compressed header. Carried in full headers and compressed
headers.
Context: The state which the compressor uses to compress a header and the
decompressor uses to decompress a header. The context is the uncompressed
version of the last header sent (compressor) or received (decompressor) over the link,
except for fields in the header that are included "as-is" in compressed headers or can
be inferred from, e.g., the size of the link-level frame. The context for a packet stream
is associated with a context identifier. The context for non-TCP packet streams is also
associated with a generation.
Generation: For non-TCP packet streams, each new version of the context for a given
CID is associated with a generation: a small number that is incremented whenever the
context associated with that CID changes. Carried by full and compressed non-TCP
headers.
Packet stream: A sequence of packets whose headers are similar and share context.
For example, headers in a TCP packet stream have the same source and final
destination address, and the same port numbers in the TCP header.
Similarly,
headers in a UDP packet stream have the same source and destination address, and
the same port numbers in the UDP header.
Full header (header refresh): An uncompressed header that updates or refreshes
the context for a packet stream. It carries a CID that will be used to identify the context.
Full headers for non-TCP packet streams also carry the generation of the context they
update or refresh.
Regular header: A normal, uncompressed, header.
Does not carry CID or
generation association.
Incorrect decompression: When a compressed and then decompressed header is
different from the uncompressed header. Usually due to mismatching context between
the compressor and decompressor or bit errors during transmission of the
compressed header.
Differential coding: A compression technique where the compressed value of a
header field is the difference between the current value of the field and the value of the
same field in the previous header belonging to the same packet stream. A
decompressor can thus obtain the value of the field by adding the value in the
compressed header to its context. This technique is used for TCP streams but not for
non- TCP streams.
8.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation

ARPU
Average Revenue Per User
BER
Bit Error Rate

8-2
Feature Description
CN
Core Network
FTP
File Transport Protocol
HC
Header Compression
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for Mobile telecommunication
IP
Internet Protocol
MTU
Maximum Transfer Unit
PDCP
Packet data convergence Protocol
QoS
Quality of Service
RAB
Radio Access Bears
RB
Radio Bears
RFC
Request For Comments
RLC
Radio Link Control
RNC
RTP
Real-Time Transport Protocol
RTT
Round Trip Time
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UE
User Equipment
UTRAN
WCDMA
8.3 Application
8.3.1 Availability
Support for IPv6 header is available on BSC6800 V100R005 and later version.
8.3.2 Benefit[RFC2507-1]
I. Decrease Header Overhead
A common size of TCP segments for bulk transfers over medium-speed links is 512
octets today. When TCP segments are tunneled, for example because Mobile IP is
8-3
Feature Description
used, the IPv6/IPv6/TCP header is 100 octets. Header compression will decrease the
header overhead for IPv6/TCP from 19.5 per cent, namely 100 divided by 512, to less
than 1 per cent, and for tunneled IPv4/TCP from 11.7 to less than 1 per cent. This is a
significant gain for line-speeds as high as a few Mbit/s. The IPv6 specification
prescribes path MTU discovery, so with IPv6 bulk TCP transfers should use segments
larger than 512 octets when possible. Still, with 1400 octet segments (RFC 894
Ethernet encapsulation allows 1500 octet payloads, of which 100 octets are used for
IP headers), header compression reduces IPv6 header overhead from 7.1% to 0.4%.
II. Improve Interactive Response Time

For very low-speed links, echoing of characters may take longer than 100-200 ms
because of the time required to transmit large headers. 100-200 ms is the maximum
time people can tolerate without feeling that the system is sluggish.
III. Allow Using Small Packets for Bulk Data with Good Line Efficiency
This is important when interactive (for example Telnet) and bulk traffic (for example
FTP) is mixed because the bulk data should be carried in small packets to decrease
the waiting time when a packet with interactive data is caught behind a bulk data
packet. Using small packet sizes for the FTP traffic in this case is a global solution to a
local problem. It will increase the load on the network as it has to deal with many small
packets. A better solution might be to locally fragment the large packets over the slow
link.
IV. Allow Using Small Packets for Delay Sensitive Low Data-Rate Traffic
For such applications, for example voice, the time to fill a packet with data is significant
if packets are large. To get low end-to-end delay small packets are preferred. Without
header compression, the smallest possible IPv6/UDP headers (48 octets) consume
19.2kbit/s with a packet rate of 50packets/s. 50packets/s is equivalent to having 20ms
worth of voice samples in each packet. IPv4/UDP headers consume 11.2k bit/s at 50
packets/s. Tunneling or routing headers, for example to support mobility, will increase
the bandwidth consumed by headers by 10-20kbit/s. This should be compared with
the bandwidth required for the actual sound samples, for example 13kbit/s with GSM
encoding. Header compression can reduce the bandwidth needed for headers
significantly, in the example to about 1.7kbit/s. This enables higher quality voice
transmission over 14.4 and 28.8kbit/s modems.
V. Reduce Packet Loss Rate over Lossy Links

Because fewer bits are sent per packet, the packet loss rate will be lower for a given
bit-error rate. This results in higher throughput for TCP as the sending window can
open up more between losses, and in fewer lost packets for UDP.
8-4
Feature Description

This function is restricted by license. The RNC provide PDCP header compression
function only when PDCP HEADER COMPRESSED license is purchased.
RFC3095 is not supported on BSC6800 V100R002 and BSC6800 V100R005.

8.4.1 Method of Header Compression [RFC2507-3]
The IP protocol together with transport protocols like TCP or UDP and optional
application protocols like RTP are described as a packet header. The information
carried in the header helps the applications to communicate over large distances
connected by multiple links or hops in the network. The information comprises of
source and destination addresses, ports, protocol identifiers, sequence numbers, error
checks etc. As long as the applications are communicating most of this information
carried in packet headers remains the same or changes in specific patterns. For
non-TCP packet streams almost all fields of the headers are constant. For TCP many
fields are constant and others change with small and predictable values. By observing
the fields that remain constant or change in specific patterns it is possible either not to
send them in each packet or to represent them in a smaller number of bits than would
have been required originally. This process is described as compression.
The process of header compression uses the concept of flow context, which is a
collection of information about field values and change patterns of field values in the
packet header. This context is formed on the compressor and the decompressor side
for each packet flow. Once the context is established on both sides, the compressor
compresses the packets as much as possible.
Figure 8-1 shows the header compression principle. To initiate compression of the
headers of a packet stream, a full header carrying a context identifier, CID, is
transmitted over the link. The compressor and decompressor store most fields of this
full header as context. The context consists of the fields of the headers whose values
are constant and thus need not be sent over the link at all, or change little between
consecutive headers so that it uses fewer bits to send the difference from the previous
value compared to sending the absolute value. Any change in fields that are expected
to be constant in a packet stream will cause the compressor to send a full header
again to update the context at the decompressor. As long as the context is the same at
compressor and decompressor, headers can be decompressed to be exactly as they
were before compression. However, if a full header or compressed header is lost
during transmission, the context of the decompressor may become obsolete as it is
not updated properly. Compressed headers will then be decompressed incorrectly. So
a header compression scheme provides mechanisms to update the context at the
decompressor and to detect or avoid incorrect decompression.
8-5
Feature Description
Figure 8-1 Header Compression Principle
8.4.2 Architecture
I. UMTS Structure for Packet Switch Domain
The network structure of packet switch domain is shown in Figure 8-2. The header
compression function is located in RNC. Packet data is transferred from INTERNET or
other external networks to RNC by GGSN and SGSN via GPRS Tunnel Protocol. RNC
relay the packet data to UE and UE present data to the end user.
Uu
lu
VLR
USIM
Cu
lub
HLR
Node B
RNC
ME
SGSN
GGSN
Node B
UE
UTRAN
CN
INTERNET
External Networks
Figure 8-2 UMTS Structure for Packet Switch Domain
II. Protocol Stack in User Plan for Packet Switch Domain

As shown in Figure 8-3, the user plane consists of a layered protocol structure
providing user information transfer, along with associated information transfer control
procedures. The header compression is performed by PDCP.
8-6
Feature Description
Application
E.g., IP,
PPP
E.g., IP,
PPP
Relay
Relay
PDCP
PDCP
GT P-U
GT P-U
GT P-U
GT P-U
RLC
RLC
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
UDP/IP
MAC
MAC
AAL5
AAL5
L2
L2
L1
AT M
AT M
L1
L1
Uu
UE
Iu-PS
UT RAN
L1
Gn
3G-SGSN
Gi
3G-GGSN
Figure 8-3 Protocol Stack in User Plan for Packet Switch Domain (Rel99)
III. PDCP in the Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

PDCP in the Radio Interface Protocol Architecture is shown in Figure 8-4.
Every PS domain RAB is associated with one RB, which in turn is associated with one
PDCP entity. Each PDCP entity is associated with one or two (one for each direction)
RLC entities depending on the RB characteristic (namely uni-directional or
bi-directional) and RLC mode. The PDCP entities are located in the PDCP sub-layer.
PDCP in RNC and UE perform the function of header compression and
decompression of IP data streams (e.g., TCP/IP and RTP/UDP/IP headers for IPv4
and IPv6) at the transmitting and receiving entity, respectively. Every PDCP entity uses
zero, one or several different header compression protocol types.
8-7
Feature Description

Radio Bearers
PDCP-SDU
PDCP-SAPs
...
C-SAP
PDCP
entity
PDCP
entity
HC Protocol
Type1
HC Protocol
Type2
SDU
numbering
HC Protocol
Type1
HC Protocol
Type2
PDCP
entity
PDCPsublayer
HC Protocol
Type1
RLC-SDU
...
UM-SAP
AM-SAP
TM-SAP
RLC
Figure 8-4 PDCP Structure in the radio interface protocol architecture[2]
8.4.3 Algorithm
I. Overview of the Header Compression Algorism
Figure 8-5 shows the composition and procedure of header compression algorisms.
8-8
Feature Description
INPUT
OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
Header Request
Algorithm
Compressor
YES
Compressible chain
of subheaders
Judge Algorithm
fail again
Packet Flow Judge

Algorithm
NO
Twice Algorithm
YES
Packet Flow
Type
NONTCP
Slow-Start
Algorithm
Decompress
fail
NO
TCP
Decompressor
Periodic Header
Refresh Algorithm
Figure 8-5 Algorithms in an entire compress-decompress procedure
II. Compressible Chain of Subheaders Judge Algorithm[RFC2507-7]

Subheaders that may be compressed include IPv6 base and extension headers, TCP
headers, UDP headers, and IPv4 headers. The compressible chain of subheaders
extends from the beginning of the header
a) up to but not including the first header that is not an IPv4 header, an IPv6 base or
extension header, a TCP header, or a UDP header, or
b) up to and including the first TCP header, UDP header, Fragment Header,
Encapsulating Security Payload Header, or IPv4 header for a fragment,
Whichever gives the shorter chain. For example, rules a) and b) both fit a chain of
subheaders that contain a Fragment Header and ends at a tunneled IPX packet. Since
rule b) gives a shorter chain, the compressible chain of subheaders stops at the
Fragment Header.
8-9
Feature Description
III. Packet Flow Judge Algorithm

Compressor uses criterion it finds appropriate to group packets into packet streams.
To determine what packet stream a packet belongs to, a compressor :
a) examine the compressible chain of subheaders,
b) examine the contents of an upper layer protocol header such as TCP or UDP,
c)examine whether the defining fields of compressible chain of subheaders are
changed
IV. The Twice Algorithm for TCP Packet Flow[RFC2507 10.1]

In this algorithm the decompressor computes a checksum to determine if its context
information has been updated properly. All failed checksums are assumed to result
from a lost header-compressed packet. Assuming that the lost packets delta is the
same as the current packets delta, the context data is then adjusted by adding the
delta of the current packet. The decompressor recomputes the checksum and, if
successful, continues to deliver packets as if nothing had happened. If it is not
successful, the delta is applied a second time, which means adding the delta and
recomputing the checksum again.
Analysis of traces of various TCP bulk transfers show that applying the delta of the
current segment one or two times will repair the context for between 83 and 99 per
cent of all single-segment losses in the data stream. For the acknowledgment stream,
the success rate is smaller due to the delayed ack mechanism of TCP. The "twice"
mechanism repairs the context for 53 to 99 per cent of the losses in the
acknowledgment stream.
V. Header Request Algorithm for TCP Packet Flow[RFC2507 10.2]

When TWICE fails, another recovery mechanism called Header Request is available
for repairing the context at the decompressor. When the decompressor fails to repair
the context after a loss, the decompressor will optionally request a complete header
from the compressor. This is possible only when bi-directional links are used, since the
decompressor must communicate with its compressor. The decompressor sends a
context state message to the compressor when making a header request. The context
state message can include all compressed packet streams that need a context update.
VI. Compression Slow-Start Algorithm for NONTCP Packet Flow[RFC2507 3.3.1]

To allow the decompressor to recover quickly from loss of a full header that would
have changed the context, full headers are sent periodically with an exponentially
increasing period after a change in the context as shown in Figure 8-6. This technique
avoids an exchange of messages between compressor and decompressor. Such
exchanges can be costly for wireless mobiles as more power is consumed by the
transmitter and delay can be introduced by switching between sending and receiving.
8-10
Feature Description
| . | . ...| . . . . | . . . . . . . . |. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | ..............................
| : full header
. : compressed header
Figure 8-6 Exponentially increasing period after a change

Figure 8-6 shows how packets are sent after change. The compressor keeps a
variable for each non-TCP packet stream, F_PERIOD, which keeps track of how many
compressed headers may be sent between full headers. When the headers of a
non-TCP packet stream change so that its context changes, a full header is sent and
F_PERIOD is set to one. After sending F_PERIOD compressed headers, a full header
is sent. F_PERIOD is doubled each time a full header is sent during compression
slow-start.
VII. Periodic Header Refresh Algorithm for NONTCP Packet Flow[RFC2507 3.3.2]
To avoid losing too many packets if a receiver has lost its context, there is an upper
limit, F_MAX_PERIOD, on the number of non-TCP packets with compressed headers
that may be sent between header refreshes. If a packet is to be sent and
F_MAX_PERIOD compressed headers have been sent since the last full header for
this packet stream was sent, a full header must be sent.
To avoid long periods of disconnection for low data rate packet streams, there is also
an upper bound, F_MAX_TIME, on the time between full headers in a non-TCP packet
stream. If a packet is to be sent and more than F_MAX_TIME seconds have passed
since the last full header was sent for this packet stream, a full header must be sent.
8.5 Interaction
None
8.6 Implementation
8.6.1 Engineering guideline
None
8.6.2 Parameter [RFC2507 14]

Header
compression
parameters
are
negotiated
between
compressor
and
decompressor. RNC configures the header compression parameters according to

RFC2507 and 25.306(UE Radio Access capabilities).
The following parameter is fixed for all implementations of this header compression
scheme.
8-11
Feature Description
MIN_WRAP - minimum time of generation value wrap around.
The following parameters can be negotiated between compressor and decompressor.

If not negotiated, the values must be as specified by DEFAULT.
F_MAX_PERIOD: Largest number of compressed non-TCP headers that may be
sent without sending a full header.

F_MAX_TIME: Compressed headers may not be sent more than F_MAX_TIME
seconds after sending last full header.

z
MAX_HEADER: The largest header size in octets that may be compressed
TCP_SPACE: Maximum CID value for TCP
NON_TCP_SPACE: Maximum CID value for non-TCP
EXPECT_REORDERING: Whether use the reordering mechanisms.
See Table 8-1 for more details about these parameters.

Table 8-1 Header compression parameter
Parameter Name
Default
Recommended
Minimum
Maximum
Value
Value
Value
Value
Unit
MIN_WRAP
F_MAX_PERIOD
256
256
65535
F_MAX_TIME
255
MAX_HEADER
168
168
60
65535
byte
TCP_SPACE
15
15
255
NON_TCP_SPACE
15
15
65535
EXPECT_REORDERING
No
No
8.6.3 Example
None

1)
RFC2507
Some information is from RFC2507, as marked in the documents. The copyright

statement of RFC2507 is as follows:
Full Copyright Statement(RFC2507)
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
8-12
Feature Description
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and
derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation
may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without
restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may
not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to
the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose
of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined
in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into
languages other than English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the
Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis
and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE
DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN
WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
2)
3GPP TS 25.323 V5.2.0 (2002-09) "Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)

Specification"
8-13
Feature Description
Chapter 9 LoCation Service

9.1 Introduction
Location based service is one of most exciting dimensions in UMTS. UE position
knowledge can be used for example in support of Radio Resource Management
functions, location-based services for operators, subscribers and third party service
providers.
There are all together three mobile positioning methods standardized in WCDMA:
z
CELL-ID
OTDOA
A-GPS
This description gives a brief introduction of LCS services, methods by which location
information is obtained, and parameters required to fulfill the UE positioning
procedure.
This description is mainly confined to the UTRAN Access Stratum. Meanwhile, some
CN related terms will be referred when needed.
9.2 Glossary
9.2.1 Terms
LCS: LoCation Services (LCS) is a service concept in system (e.g. GSM or UMTS)
standardization. LCS specifies all the necessary network elements and entities, their
functionalities, interfaces, as well as communication messages, to implement the
location service functionality in a cellular network.
LCS Feature: the capability of a PLMN to support LCS Client/server interactions for
locating Target UEs.
LCS Server: a software and/or hardware entity offering LCS capabilities. The LCS
Server accepts services requests, and sends back responses to the received requests.
The LCS server consists of LCS components, which are distributed to one or more
PLMN and/or service provider.
LCS Client: a software and/or hardware entity that interacts with a LCS Server for the
purpose of obtaining location information for one or more UEs. LCS Clients subscribe
to LCS in order to obtain location information. LCS Clients may or may not interact with
human users. The LCS Client is responsible for formatting and presenting data and
managing the user interface (dialogue). The LCS Client may reside in the UE.
9-1
Feature Description
Location (Based) Application: a location application is an application software

processing location information or utilizing it in some way. The location information can
be input by a user or detected by UTRAN or UE. Navigation is one location application
example.
LBS: Location Based Service (LBS) is a service provided either by telecom operator
or a 3rd party service provider that utilizes the available location information of the
terminal. Location Application offers the User Interface for the service. LBS is either a
pull or a push type of service (see Location Dependent Services and Location
Independent Services).
Position Estimate: the geographic position of a UE expressed in latitude and
longitude data, and optionally altitude data. The Position Estimate shall be
represented in a well-defined universal format. Translation from this universal format
to another geographic positioning system may be supported, although the details are
considered outside the scope of the primitive services.
Positioning: positioning is a functionality, which estimates a geographical position (of
e.g. a UE).
Positioning method: a principle and/or algorithm that the estimation of geographical
position is based on, e.g. AOA, TOA, TDOA. For example, GPS is based on TOA, and
E-OTD (on GSM) or OTDOA (on UMTS) are based on TDOA. Currently, AOA is not
standardized on 3GPP.
Global Positioning System: the Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three
functional elements: Space Segment (satellites), User Segment (receivers), and
Control Segment (maintenance etc.). The GPS receiver estimates its own location
based on the observed times of arrival of the satellite signals.

A-GPS
network Assisted GPS
AOA
Angular Of Arrival
CN
Core Network
CRNC
Controlling RNC
DGPS
Differential Global Positioning Systems
DRNC
Drift RNC
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
GDP
Geometric Dilution of Position
GMLC
Gateway MLC
GPS
Global Positioning System
IPDL
Idle Period Downlink
LCS
LoCation Services
9-2
Feature Description
LMU
Location Measurement Unit
LMU-A
LMU type A
LMU-B
LMU type B
OTDOA
Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
QoS
Quality of Service
RAN
Radio Access Network
RNC
RTD
Real Time Difference
RTT
Round Trip Time
SAI
Service Area Identifier
SMLC
Servicing Mobile Location Centre
SRNC
Serving RNC
TOA
Time Of Arrival
TOW
Time Of Week
UE
User Equipment
UMTS
UTC
Universal Time Coordinates
UTRAN
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
9.3 Application
9.3.1 Availability
9.3.2 Benefit
The LCS feature gives the service provider capability to supply location information to
CN according to requested QoS.
By using hybrid method which combines individual UE positioning method, it can be
expected that relatively high location accuracy could be achieved.
9.3.3 Limitations and Restrictions

These LCS methods are restricted by license. The RNC supports the three standard
mobile positioning methods only when the CELLID POSITION, OTDOA POSITION,
and AGPS POSITION licenses are purchased.
9-3
Feature Description
The number of simultaneous LCS users is confined to 24*176. 24 denotes max

number of rack per RNC, and 176 denotes max LCS users allowed per rack, which is
one tenth of max numbers of simultaneous calls allowed per rack (SPU).
The uncertainty of the position measurement is network implementation dependent
and at the choice of the network operator. The uncertainty may vary between networks
as well as areas within a network. The uncertainty may be hundreds of meters in some
areas and only a few meters in others.
To make full use of mobile positioning methods, it is preferable that UE to be located
should has ability to support kinds of UE positioning capability, for instance support for
Network Assisted GPS, and Support for Rx-Tx time difference type2 measurement, as
well as Support for IPDL which serves as an enhancement for OTDOA method.

There are all together three mobile positioning methods standardized in WCDMA:
z
CELL-ID
OTDOA
A-GPS
These methods are complementary with each other rather than competing, and suited
for different purposes.
The above methods may be operated in two modes: UE-assisted and UE-based. The
two modes differ in where the actual position calculation is carried out.
z
In the UE-assisted mode, the UE makes the measurements and direct the
measures to RNC where the position calculation are carried out, taking into
consideration the measures from NodeB, LMU as well as from UE.
In the UE-based mode, the UE makes the measurements and also carries out the
position calculation, and thus requires additional information, such as the position
of the measured NodeBs, or GPS navigation data that is required for the position
calculation. It should be noted that currently only UE based AGPS method is
supported in this mode.
Generally, positioning an UE involves two main steps:

1)
Signal measurements; and
2)
Position estimate computation based on the measurements.
The signal measurements may be made by the UE, the NodeB or an LMU. The basic
signals measured are typically the UTRA radio transmissions; however, A-GPS
method also makes use of GPS radio navigation signals in addition to UTRA radio
transmissions.
The position estimate computation may be made by the UE or by the UTRAN.
9-4
Feature Description
9.4.1 QoS of LCS

The QoS of LCS service contains several aspects, for instance: horizontal accuracy,
vertical accuracy, response time, positioning priority. Currently, only horizontal
accuracy and response time are took into consideration in deciding positioning method
to be used in a specific location request from CN.
I. Horizontal accuracy
The horizontal accuracy is subject to the method used, and the activity of network
elements as well as the position of the UE within the coverage area.
Different positioning methods render various positioning accuracy under the same
environment. Generally, AGPS method can give out best positioning performance with
highest horizontal accuracy, whereas CELL ID method could only produce coarse
result with lowest horizontal accuracy.
The accuracy of positioning related measurements also contributes significantly to the
positioning accuracy. Typically, positioning related measurements are provided by
NodeB, UE, or LMU. And their accuracy depends on the capability of corresponding
network elements as well as the multi-path propagation delay environment where
these measurements are carried out or where UE is in.
For example, A-GPS can give out highest accurate result if UE is under a clear sky, but
it fails to function normally when UE is in an in-door condition.
There is no method which can always produce acceptable result on all kind of radio
environments, Hence, hybrid method is proposed to combine various methods to get
more attractive result.
Table 9-1 gives a general estimate of various methods with respect to horizontal
accuracy. In this table, the figure under 67% denotes the worst horizontal deviation in
meter within the best 67% performance of all attempts; 95% denotes the worst
horizontal deviation in meter within the best 95% performance of all attempts. As
shown in this table, only hybrid method can give out satisfying outcome to meet FCC
requirement (67% is 50m, and 95% is 150m).
Table 9-1 Horizontal Accuracy (m)
Method
67%
95%
CELL ID
500
3000
OTDOA
76
281
AGPS
33
262
HYBRID
49
147
9-5
Feature Description
II. Response time

The response time is dependent on the method used. Different method would require
different measurements. And each measurement has it own specific measurement
durations. Hence, different method would take different period to fulfill the positioning
procedure.
Table 9-2 gives a general estimate of various methods with respect to response time.
As shown in this table, AGPS or hybrid method consumes more time than OTDOA and
CELL ID method do.
Table 9-2 Response Time (s)
Method
Response Time (s)
CELL ID
0.5 ~ 1.5
OTDOA
1.5 ~ 4
AGPS
5~8
HYBRID
5~9
From the above, you can conclude that there is trade-off between two major aspects of
QoS of LCS: horizontal time and response time.
9.4.2 Brief Descriptions of Possible Location Based Services [1]

I. Public Safety Services
Service providers offer these location-based services for the good of the public. They
are made available without pre-subscription, for instance, the Emergency Services.
II. Location Based Charging

Location Based Charging allows a subscriber to be charged different rates depending
on the subscriber's location or geographic zone, or changes in location or zone. The
rates charged may be applicable to the entire duration of the call, or to only a part of
call's duration. This service may be provided on an individual subscriber basis, or on a
group basis.
For example, when provided on an individual basis this service could apply reduced
rates to those areas most often frequented by the subscriber by taking into
consideration the subscriber's daily route and life style.
III. Tracking Services

Tracking services allow the tracking of location and status of specific service group
users. Examples may include supervisors of a delivery service who needs to know the
9-6
Feature Description
location and status of their employees, parents who need to know where their children
are, animal tracking, and tracking of assets.
IV. Enhanced Call Routing

Enhanced Call Routing (ECR) allows subscriber or user calls to be routed to the
closest service client based on the location of the originating and terminating calls of
the user. The user may optionally dial a feature or service code to invoke the service
(*GAS for closest gas station, etc).
V. Location Based Information Services

Location-Based Information services allow subscribers to access information for which
the information is filtered and tailored based on the location of the requesting user.
Service requests may be initiated on demand by subscribers, or automatically when
triggering conditions are met, and may be a singular request or result in periodic
responses.
The following subsections provide some examples of possible location based
information services.
1)
Navigation
The purpose of the navigation application is to guide the handset user to his/her
destination. The destination can be input to the terminal, which gives guidance how to
reach the destination. The guidance information can be e.g. plain text, symbols with
text information (e.g. turn + distance) or symbols on the map display. The instructions
may also be given verbally to the users by using a voice call.
2)
City Sightseeing
City Sightseeing would enable the delivery of location specific information to a

sightseer. Such information might consist of combinations of the services described
throughout this document to describe historical sites, provide navigation directions
between sites, facilitate finding the nearest restaurant, bank, airport, bus terminal,
restroom facility, etc.
3)
Location Dependent Content Broadcast
An example of such a service may be localized advertising. For example, merchants

could broadcast advertisements to passersby based on location / demographic /
psychographic information (for example "today only, 30% off on blue jeans").
VI. Network Enhancing Services

The Network Enhancing Services described in this section are for further study and
privacy issues will require further consideration.
1)
Applications for Network Planning
The network operator may be able to use location information to aid network planning.
The operator may be able to locate calls in certain areas to estimate the distribution of
9-7
Feature Description
calls and user mobility for network planning purposes. These applications may be
used for hot spot detection and user behavior modeling
2)
Applications for Network QoS Improvements
The network operator may be able to use location services to improve the Quality of
Service of the network. The location system may be used to track dropped calls to
identify problematic areas. The system may also be used to identify poor quality areas.
3)
Improved Radio Resource Management
The location of the handset may be used for more intelligent handovers and more
efficient channel allocation techniques.
9.4.3 LCS Architecture

I. Overview of LCS Architecture
Figure 9-1 shows general arrangement of UE positioning in UTRAN. The General UE
positioning procedure in UTRAN starts with a request over Iu from the CN. UTRAN
then determines the UE position by selecting a suitable positioning method. UTRAN
then responds to the request with the estimated position and possible an associated
accuracy.
GPS satellite syst em
NodeB
(LMU-B)
AGPS receiver
AGPS receiver
UE
NodeB
(LMU-B)
LCS Client
MSC
GMLC
RNC
(LMU-B)
LMU-A
NodeB
(LMU-B)
Uu
Iub
Iu
Figure 9-1 General arrangement of UE Positioning in UTRAN

Communication among the UTRAN UE Positioning entities makes use of the
messaging and signaling capabilities of the UTRAN interfaces (Iub, Uu). Currently, Iur
interface is not supported with respect to UE positioning function.
The functionality of each kind of UTRAN positioning entity is presented as following
sections.
9-8
Feature Description
II. RNC
RNC manages the UTRAN resources (including NodeBs, LMUs), the UE and location
calculation functions, to estimate the position of the UE and return the result to the CN.
The RNC provides the following functionality:
z
positioning method selection according to required QoS from CN, and method
option configured in database as well as LCS license purchased by the network
operator;
Request dedicated measurements for only one UE, typically from the UE itself
and one or more related NodeB in which are supposed to be near the target UE;
The RNC should provide UE positioning assistance data in the support of various
positioning methods;
regularly request UE Positioning related common measurements for a number of

UE, typically from several LMU and several NodeB under control of RNC;
Regularly request UE Positioning related AGPS reference information for a

number of UE, typically from AGPS receiver resided either in NodeB or in RNC.
perform location calculating function and estimate the accuracy of the position
estimate;
Controlling the IPDL mechanism for OTDOA measurements. This functionality is

optional and depends highly on whether the target cell supports IPDL or not. It is
not mandatory for NodeB to support IPDL mechanism;
perform any needed co-ordinate transformations between different geographic

reference systems;
Send the results to the LCS entities in the CN.
As part of its operation, the UTRAN UE Positioning calculating function resided in RNC
may require additional information, for instance, location information of NodeBs or
LMUs. This is obtained by the function directly by communication with database in
RNC.
III. NodeB
NodeB is a network element of UTRAN that may provide measurement results for
position estimation and makes measurements of radio signals and reports these
measurements to the RNC.
The NodeB provides the following functionality:
z
Performing RTT measurement and reporting its result to RNC on demand.
It should be noted that parts of functionality of NodeB are shifted to LMU entity which
sometimes is a supplementary part of NodeB, for instance LMU type B (LMU-B).
IV. LMU
The main reason to introduce LMU in UMTS positioning architecture is that WCDMA is
not a synchronous communication system. It is necessary to get the exact
9-9
Feature Description
asynchronous information before the UE position is determined. Hence, LMU is

responsible to perform Radio Interface Timing measurements and report the exact
timing difference between NodeBs or between NodeB and GPS radio signals to RNC.
The LMU provides the following functionality:
z
Performing UTRAN GPS timing of cell frames measurement.
Performing SFN-SFN Observed Time Difference measurement. Currently, this

functionality is not supported.
LMU could report to RNC the measurement results in response to requests from the
RNC, or it may be instructed by RNC to measure and report regularly or when there
are significant changes in radio conditions (e.g. changes in the UTRAN GPS timing of
cell frames or SFN-SFN Observed Time Difference).
The LMU has two types: type A (LMU-A in short) and type B (LMU-B in short).
z
LMU-A is also called stand alone LMU. It is indeed an independent element

rather than an auxiliary one that interacts with controlling RNC via Uu interface.
Currently, LMU-A is not supported mainly due to its drawback of difficulty to
maintain.
LMU-B is logical resource rather than a real appliance that adheres to a NodeB
and communicates with controlling RNC via Iub interface. Currently, LMU-B can
only perform and report to RNC the UTRAN GPS timing of cell frames
measurement.
There may be one or more LMUs associated with the UTRAN and an UE Positioning
request may involve measurements by one or more LMU. The RNC will select the
appropriate LMUs depending on the UE Positioning method being used and the
location of the target UE.
V. UE
The UE may make measurements of downlink signals determined by the chosen
positioning method.
The UE provides the following functionality:
z
Performing OTDOA type 2 measurements as in OTDOA method.
Performing UE Rx-Tx type 2 measurements as in OTDOA method or enhanced

CELL ID method.
Performing UE GPS timing of cell frames measurement as in AGPS method.
Performing AGPS related measurement such as Doppler frequency and

pseudo-range measurement for the particular satellite as in AGPS method.
Performing related measurements and calculation of UE position as in UE based

methods, for instance in UE based AGPS method.
Reporting the measurement results to RNC.
It should be noted here that UE may also contain LCS applications, or access an LCS
application, for example, for the purpose of self navigation.
9-10
Feature Description
VI. AGPS receiver

To make UE easier to acquire the GPS satellite, it is recommended for the UTRAN to
provide the GPS related assistance information to UE. Thus, AGPS receiver is
introduced to gain original GPS satellite related data for UTRAN positioning purpose.
The AGPS receiver provides GPS related data in response of RNC and reporting to
RNC periodically until RNC send an explicit command to stop requiring GPS related
data.
There are two different ways to connect the AGPS receiver to UTRAN:
z
One way is to attach the AGPS receiver to NodeB so that original GPS satellite
related data can be directed to RNC via Iub interface by Information Exchange
Procedure. This solution has been standardized within 3GPP, but currently, this
functionality is not supported due to difficulty to implement among various kind of
NodeB.
Another way is to link the AGPS receiver directly to RNC. In this solution, the
AGPS receiver provides the same kind of data to RNC just as what is
interchanged via Iub interface by Information Exchange Procedure.
9.4.4 CELL ID + RTT

The principle of CELLID + RTT positioning method is shown in Figure 9-2.
TOA
UE1
NodeB
NodeB
UE2
NodeB
Figure 9-2 CELLID + RTT positioning method

The position of an UE is estimated with the knowledge of its serving NodeB. The
estimated position of the UE can be indicated as the Service Area Identity or as the
geographical center of the serving cell coverage area.
The geographical position can also be obtained by combining information on the cell
geographical center with some other available information, such as RTT measured by
NodeB and UE Rx-Tx type 2 measured by UE itself.
9-11
Feature Description
In some circumstance, for instance, during soft handover, the RNC have to make
decision to select which cell would be best suitable cell for final calculation of UE
position. Or RNC can combine these cells to determine final UE position.
Figure 9-3 illustrates the operations for the CELL ID + RTT when the request for
position information is initiated by a LCS application signaled from the Core Network.
UE
Node B
RNC
RNSAP
2. Meas Ctrl
RRC
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
3. Dedi Meas Init Req
4. Dedi Meas Init Rsp
5. Meas Rprt
CN
1. Loc Rprt Ctrl
RNSAP
RRC
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
6. Loc Rprt
RNSAP
RNSAP
Figure 9-3 General flow of CELL ID + RTT method

1)
The operation begins with an authenticated request from CN via LOCATION

REPORT CONTROL message in Iu interface to RNC. The RNC considers the
location request, the UTRAN and UE capabilities, the SMLC license, as well as
method configured in database. Supposing in this time, RNC select UE assisted
CELL ID + RTT method.
2)
The RNC requests from the UE the measurement of the UE Rx-Tx type 2 for the
signals in the active sets via MEASUREMENT CONTROL message in Uu
interface. These measurements are made while the UE is in connected mode
CELL_DCH state, otherwise they will not be sent (skip to step 6 directly).
3)
The RNC requests the RTT measure for the UE from cells in the active sets via
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message in Iub
interface.
4)
The UE returns the UE Rx-Tx type 2 measures to the RNC via MEASUREMENT
REPORT message in Uu interface.
5)
Cells in active sets return the RTT measures to the RNC via DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REPONSE message in Iub interface.
9-12
Feature Description
6)
The RNC passes the position estimate to the CN via LOCATION REPORT
message in Iu interface after it has finished a position calculation using above
measures, if any.
The calculation may include a co-ordinate transformation to the geographic system or

Service Area Identity requested by the application. The position estimate includes the
position, the estimated accuracy of the results and the time of day of the estimate.
9.4.5 OTDOA-IPDL
I. Principle
The principle of OTDOA-IPDL positioning method is shown in Figure 9-4.
NodeB
(LMU-B)
NodeB
(LMU-B)
TOA
OTDOA Hyperbola
UE
OTDOA Hyperbola
NodeB
(LMU-B)
Figure 9-4 OTDOA positioning method

The primary standard OTDOA measurement is the "SFN-SFN observed time
difference" observed at the UE. These measurements, together with other information
concerning the surveyed geographic position of the transmitters and the RTD of the
actual transmissions of the downlink signals may be used to calculate an estimate of
the position of the UE.
Each OTDOA measurement for a pair of downlink transmissions describes a line of
constant difference (a hyperbola) along which the UE may be located. The UE's
position is determined by the intersection of these hyperbola lines for at least two pairs
of NodeBs.
As an enhanced solution, according to its capability, the NodeB may provide idle
periods in the downlink instructed by RNC, so that UE can detect signals more easier
from neighboring NodeBs. The support of these idle periods in the UE is optional. The
9-13
Feature Description
simplest case of OTDOA-IPDL is without idle periods. In this case the method can be
referred to as simply OTDOA.
The OTDOA-IPDL method involves measurements made by the UE (OTDOA type 2)
and LMU (e.g. LMU-B) of the UTRAN frame timing (e.g. UTRAN GPS timing of cell
frames). These measures are then sent to the RNC where the position of the UE is
calculated.
In order to support the OTDOA method, the positions of the UTRAN transmitters
needs to be accurately known by the calculation function in RNC. This can be done by
a kind of conventional technique for instance a GPS receiver.
Furthermore, the RTD of the DL transmissions must also be known to perform the
calculation. Since generally the UTRAN transmitters are unsynchronized, the RTD will
change over time as the individual clocks drift. Thus, RTD estimations may need to be
made regularly and the calculation function updated appropriately. Generally, RTD is
calculated by RNC upon the know position of the UTRAN transmitters and the know
position of the LMU as well as the measurement results observed by the LMU.
The accuracy of the position estimates made with this technique depends on the
precision of the timing measurements, the relative position of the NodeBs involved
(Geometric Dilution of Position, in short GDP), and is also subject to the effects of
multi-path radio propagation. Thus it is preferable that UE would provide SFN-SFN
observed time difference measurements for as many cells as it can receive so that
some kind of deviation reduction technique could be used such as Least Mean Square
method.
II. OTDOA-IPDL Operations Message Flow

Figure 9-5 illustrates the operations for the OTDOA-IPDL when the request for position
information is initiated by a LCS application signaled from the Core Network.
9-14
Feature Description
UE
Node B
RNC
RNSAP
CN
1. Loc Rqrt Ctrl
RNSAP
2.3. Meas Ctrl

RRC
RRC
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
4. Dedi Meas Init Req
5. Dedi Meas Init Rsq
6.7. Meas Rprt
NBAP
NBAP
RRC
8. Loc Rprt
RNSAP
RNSAP
Figure 9-5 General flow of OTDOA-IPDL method

1)

OTDOA-IPDL method with CELL ID + RTT method as a supplement.
2)
The RNC requests from the UE the measurement of the OTDOA for the signals in
the active and neighborhood sets via MEASUREMENT CONTROL message in
Uu interface.
3)
If it is considered advantageous to do so, the RNC requests the UE Rx-Tx timing

difference type 2 information of reference cell from the UE via MEASUREMENT
CONTROL message in Uu interface. Note that a prerequisite in this step is that
reference cell must be in active set, otherwise this measurement request will not
be sent.
It should be noted that only one MEASUREMENT CONTROL message in Uu interface

is actually sent which combines two measurement requirements in step 2, and step 3,
if any.
4)
If it is considered advantageous to do so, the RNC requests the RTT measure of

reference cell for the UE from the serving NodeB via DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message in Iub interface. Note
that a prerequisite in this step is same as step 3.
5)
The NodeB returns the RTT measure of reference cell to the RNC via
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message in Iub
interface, if it was requested.
9-15
Feature Description
6)
The UE returns the UE Rx-Tx timing difference type 2 information of reference

cell to the RNC, together with a time stamp of when the value was obtained via
MEASUREMENT REPORT message in Uu interface, if it was requested.
7)
The UE returns the OTDOA measures to the RNC via MEASUREMENT

REPORT message in Uu interface.
It should be noted that only one MEASUREMENT REPORT message in Uu interface

is actually sent which combines two measurement results in step 7, and step 6, if any.
8)
message in Iu interface after RNC has finished a position calculation using the
OTDOA type 2 measures, RTD, the known position of NodeBs antenna and if
necessary, RTT and UE Rx-Tx timing difference type 2 measure.
The calculation may include a co-ordinate transformation to the geographic system

requested by the application. The position estimate includes the position, the
estimated accuracy of the results and the time of day of the estimate.
To support above procedure, Information to be transferred from UTRAN to UE in air
interface is listed as table 3. In this table, No means that the relative information is
only needed in UE based OTDOA mode, which now is not supported. Yes, if active
means that if IPDL is active in servicing NodeB, IPDL information is preferable to be
sent to UE to assist it to observe more neighbor NodeBs.
Table 9-3 Information to be transferred from UTRAN to UE
Information
needed
Intra frequency Cell Info (neighbour list)
Yes
Ciphering information for UE Positioning
No
Sectorisation of the neighbouring cells
No
RTD values for Intra frequency Cell Info
Yes
RTD accuracy
No
Measured roundtrip delay for primary serving cell
No
Geographical position of the primary serving cell
No
Relative neighbour cell geographical position
No
Accuracy range of the geographic position values
No
IPDL parameters
Yes, if active
9-16
Feature Description
The data that may be signaled from UE to RNC in air interface is listed in table 4. In
this table, No means that the relative information is only needed in UE based OTDOA
mode, which now is not supported.
Table 9-4 Information to be transferred from UE to SRNC
Information
needed
OTDOA measurement results
Yes
OTDOA measurement accuracy
Yes
UE geographical position
No
Position accuracy indicator
No
III. Common measurement message flow for obtaining RTD

In order to obtain RTD of pairs of DL transmissions which is indispensable for
OTDOA-IPDL method, RNC must first get measures from LMU. Currently, only LMU-B
and GPS frame timing measurement is supported to support RTD calculation.
The common measurement procedure in order to get GPS frame timing measures in
Iub interface between LMU-B and RNC is illustrated in figure 6.
UE
Node B
RNC
CN
1. Comm Meas Init Req

NBAP
NBAP
NBAP
NBAP
NBAP
2. Comm Meas Init Rsp
NBAP
3. Comm Meas Rprt
4. Comm Meas Term
NBAP
NBAP
Figure 9-6 Common measurement procedure between LMU-B and RNC

1)
RNC
initialize
the
common
measurement
procedure
via
COMMOM
MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message in Iub interface to
9-17
Feature Description
instruct LMU-B to start UTRAN GPS timing of cell frames measurement with
proper parameters, for instance, reporting mode.
2)
LMU-B respond to RNC with COMMOM MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION

RESPONSE message in Iub interface to indicate that it now started to work.
3)
LMU-B makes measurement and reports to RNC the UTRAN GPS timing of cell
frames measures via COMMOM MEASUREMENT REPORT message in Iub
interface, in a regular interval or in a condition when a significant change occurred
among measurements according to threshold parameter set by RNC previously.
4)
When
explicitly
instructed
by
RNC
via
COMMOM
MEASUREMENT
TERMINATION message in Iub interface, LMU-B stop reporting to RNC, and stop
measuring, if necessary.
9.4.6 AGPS
I. Principle
The principle of AGPS positioning method is shown in Figure 9-7.
AGPS receiver
GPS satellite
system
AGPS receiver
UE
NodeB
NodeB
RNC
(SMLC)
Figure 9-7 AGPS positioning method

Assisted GPS (AGPS) methods make use of UE, which is equipped with radio receiver
capable of receiving GPS signals.
The originality of introducing AGPS method is to provide higher positioning accuracy
while decreasing the complexity of UE which is capable of observing GPS
transmissions by supplying assistant GPS data from RNC to UE, thus quickening GPS
related measure, reducing power consuming as well as improving the UE GPS
receivers sensitivity.
9-18
Feature Description
The AGPS methods rely on signaling between UE GPS receiver and a continuously
operating GPS reference receiver network, which has clear sky visibility of the same
GPS constellation as the assisted UE.
When the UE is unable to detect a sufficient number of satellites, the assisted GPS
method can be combined with other information, for instance, TOA or altitude
assistance which can compensate for one satellite measurement respectively, to make
the position calculation possible.
II. UE search
Provided that timing assistance, data assistance, and/or frequency reference is
available in the UE, they should be applied in the GPS signal search procedure. The
UE search procedure involves a three-dimensional search for a satellite
pseudo-random code, time of arrival of a signal and the associated carrier Doppler.
"Modulation wipe-off" is defined here to mean a removal of the GPS navigation data bit
modulation to GPS signals received at the UE, through the application of UTRAN
timing and data assistance provided from the UTRAN to the UE. This process allows
the UE to coherently integrate received GPS signals beyond 1 data bit period (i.e., 20
milliseconds).
III. Position Determination

There are two types of AGPS methods, namely UE-based and UE-assisted, which
differ according to where the actual position calculation is carried out.
The UE-based method maintains a full GPS receiver functionality in the UE, and the
position calculation is carried out by the UE, thus allowing stand-alone position fixes.
In the UE-assisted method, the UE employs a reduced complexity GPS receiver
functionality. This carries out the pseudo-range (code phase) measurements. These
are signaled, using RRC signaling, to the RNC that estimates the position of the UE
and carries out the remaining GPS operations. In this method, accurately timed code
phase signaling is required on the downlink.
IV. Assistance GPS Data

The assistance GPS data signaled from RNC to the UE may include information listed
below:
z
Data assisting the measurements; e.g. reference time, visible satellite list,
satellite signal Doppler, code phase, Doppler and code phase search windows.
This data can be valid for a few minutes (e.g., less than 5 minutes) or longer
depending on the code phase and Doppler search window size that can be
accommodated by the UE;
Data providing means for position calculation; e.g. reference time, reference
position, satellite ephemeris, clock corrections. Satellite ephemeris and clock
corrections data can be used for up to six hours.
9-19
Feature Description
z
If DGPS is utilized, then differential corrections may also be transmitted. If

Selective Availability is turned off, these corrections can be valid for a few
minutes or more. The DGPS data is valid for a large geographical area, so one
centrally located reference receiver can be used to service this large region.
Notes:
Certain types of GPS Assistance data may be derived, wholly or partially, from other types of GPS
Assistance data.
V. AGPS Operations Message Flow

Figure 8 illustrates the operations for the AGPS when the request for position
information is initiated by a LCS application signaled from the Core Network.
UE
RNC
Node B
RNSAP
RRC
RRC
2. Meas Ctrl
3.4 Meas Rprt
CN
1. Loc Rprt Ctrl
RNSAP
RRC
RRC
RNSAP
5. Loc Rprt
RNSAP
Figure 9-8 General flow of AGPS method

1)

or UE based AGPS method
2)
Depending on the UE capabilities, the RNC may prepare certain GPS assistance
data. This information may include: the reference time for GPS, the satellite IDs,
the Doppler frequency, the pseudo-range search window and its center, the
ephemeris and clock corrections, etc.
For UE-based method, the RNC may prepare additional information, such as: the
almanac. Then jump to step 4.
9-20
Feature Description
For UE-assisted method, the RNC may optionally request the following
information: the time difference between the NodeB and the GPS (e.g. UTRAN
GPS timing of cell frames) obtained from LMU-B and RTT measurement obtained
from NodeB.
After AGPS assistance data got prepared, the RNC requests from the UE the
measurement of GPS satellite pseudo-ranges and other information such as Doppler
frequency via MEASUREMENT CONTROL message in Uu interface.
Additionally, the RNC may request Rx-Tx timing difference type 2 information from the
UE via another MEASUREMENT CONTROL message in Uu interface as a
supplement to AGPS measures.
3)
In case of UE assisted method, the UE returns to the RNC the measurement of

GPS satellite pseudo-ranges and other information via MEASUREMENT
REPORT message in Uu interface. If requested, the UE may also return the
Rx-Tx time difference type 2 information, together with a time stamp of when this
value were obtained via another MEASUREMENT REPORT message in Uu
interface.
4)
In case of UE based method, UE returns the position estimate to the RNC. This
estimate includes the position, the estimated accuracy of the results and the time
of the estimate.
5)
message in Iu interface after The UE position is calculated in the RNC.
The calculation may include a co-ordinate transformation to the geographic system

requested by the application. The position estimate includes the position, the
estimated accuracy of the results and the time of day of the estimate.
Table 5 lists information that may be sent from RNC to UE according to the procedure
specified above.
Table 9-5 Information that may be transferred from UTRAN to UE
Information
UE-assisted
UE-based
Number of satellites for which assistance is provided
Yes
Yes
reference time for GPS (TUTRAN-GPS)
Yes
Yes
3-d reference position
No
Yes
ionospheric corrections
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ephemeris & clock corrections
Yes
Yes
UTC offset
No
Yes
satellite ID for identifying the satellites for which assistance

data is provided
9-21
Feature Description
Information
UE-assisted
UE-based
DGPS corrections
No
Yes
almanac data
No
Yes
real-time integrity (e.g. a list of unusable satellites)
No
Yes
doppler (0th order term)
Yes
No
Doppler Search Window width
Yes
No
doppler (1st order term)
Yes
No
azimuth
Yes
No
elevation
Yes
No
code phase
Yes
No
code phase centre and search window width
Yes
No
The information that may be signaled from UE to RNC is listed in table 6.

Table 9-6 Information that may be transferred from UE to RNC
Information
UE-assisted
UE-based
reference time for GPS (TUE-GPS)
Yes
Yes
serving cell information
No
Yes
Latitude/Longitude/Altitude/Error ellipse
No
Yes
velocity estimate in the UE
No
Yes
satellite ID for which measurement data is valid
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
pseudo-range RMS error
Yes
No
multipath indicator
Yes
No
Whole/Fractional chips for information about the code-phase

measurement
C/N0 of the received signal from the particular satellite used in
the measurements
Doppler frequency measured by the UE for the particular
satellite
9-22
Feature Description
Information
UE-assisted
number of Pseudo-ranges
Yes
UE-based
No
The specific AGPS assistant data will be brief described as following[3]

z
Almanac data
The almanac parameters specify the coarse, long-term model of the satellite positions
and clocks. These parameters are a subset of the ephemeris and clock correction
parameters in the Navigation Model, although with reduced resolution and accuracy.
The almanac model is useful for receiver tasks that require coarse accuracy, such as
determining satellite visibility. The model is valid for up to one year, typically.
Optionally, "SV Global Health" information may accompany this almanac information
to indicate the health condition of specific satellite.
z
DGPS corrections
DGPS corrections can be used to adjust biases in the pseudo-range measurements

by UE or RNC in a simpler and more accurate way. This kind of data typically contains
biases and changing rates of biases of pseudo-range measurements.
z
Ionospheric corrections
The ionospheric Model contains information needed to model the propagation delays
of the GPS signals through the ionosphere. Proper use of this information allows a
single-frequency GPS receiver to remove approximately 50% of the ionospheric delay
from the range measurements. The ionospheric Model is valid for the entire
constellation and changes slowly relative to the Navigation Model.
z
Ephemeris data and clock correction
Ephemeris data and clock corrections provide an accurate model of the satellite
positions to the UE.
z
Real Time integrity monitor function
An Integrity Monitor (IM) function in the network should detect unhealthy (i.e.,
failed/failing) satellites.
f)GPS reference time
GPS reference time may be used to provide a mapping between UTRAN and GPS
time.
z
UTC
UTC parameters may be used to provide Coordinated Universal Time to the UE.
z
Reference Location
9-23
Feature Description
The Reference Location contains a 3-D location (without uncertainty) of UE. The
purpose of this field is to provide the UE with a priori knowledge of its position in order
to improve GPS receiver performance.
VI. Information Exchange Procedure for AGPS Assist Data

In order to obtain AGPS assist data which is indispensable for AGPS method, RNC
shall first initiate Information exchange procedure in Iub interface.
Information exchange procedure between RNC and NodeB is illustrated in figure 9.
UE
Node B
RNC
CN
1. Info Ex Init Req

NBAP
NBAP
2. Info Ex Init Rsp
NBAP
NBAP
3. Info Ex Rprt
NBAP
NBAP
4. Info Ex Term
NBAP
NBAP
Figure 9-9 Information Exchange procedure between RNC and NodeB

1)
RNC initialize the Information Report Control Exchange procedure via

INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION REQUEST message in Iub
interface, to instruct NodeB to start report AGPS assistant data with proper
parameters, for instance, reporting mode.
2)
NodeB respond to RNC with INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION

RESPONSE message, to indicate that it now started to work.
3)
NodeB makes measurement and reports to RNC AGPS assistant data via
INFORMATION EXCHANGE REPORT message, in a regular interval or in a
condition when a significant change occurred among measurements according to
threshold parameter set by RNC previously.
4)
When
explicitly
instructed
by
RNC
via
INFORMATION
EXCHANGE
TERMINATION message in Iub interface, NodeB stop reporting to RNC, and stop
measuring, if necessary.
Currently, only RNC AGPS receiver is supported, thus there is indeed no Information
Report Control Exchange procedure in Iub interface. The AGPS receiver resided in
9-24
Feature Description
RNC totally takes place of AGPS receiver resided in NodeB and works just the same
way as the Information Report Control Exchange procedure over Iub interface.
In order to get the AGPS assistant data, RNC shall first get the AGPS assistant data
from AGPS receiver. Table 7 shows the information that may be transferred from
AGPS receiver to its RNC.
Table 9-7 Information that may be transferred from AGPS receiver to RNC
Information
UE-assisted
UE-based
GPS Navigation Model & Time Recovery
Yes
Yes
GPS Ionospheric Model
Yes
Yes
GPS UTC Model
Yes
Yes
GPS Almanac
Yes
Yes
GPS Real-Time Integrity
Yes
Yes
DGPS Corrections
Yes
Yes
GPS Recerver Position
Yes
Yes
In order to get higher timing accuracy, RNC may request the UTRAN GPS Timing of
Cell Frame from NodeB (LMU-B). Information that may be transferred from LMU-B to
RNC is illustrated in figure 8.
Table 9-8 Information that may be transferred from LMU-B to RNC
Information
UE-assisted
reference time for GPS (TUTRAN-GPS)
Yes
UE-based
Yes
9.4.7 Assistance Data Delivery to UE

When requested by CN, RNC shall provide UE positioning related assistance data to
target UE after it has successfully obtained the required assistance data.
Typically, there are two kind of UE positioning related assistance data:
z
UE based AGPS assistance data, this kind of assistance data is same as

assistance data sent over air interface if the positioning method is UE based
AGPS.
UE based OTDOA assistance data, this kind of assistance data is same as

assistance data sent over air interface if the positioning method is UE based
OTDOA.
9-25
Feature Description
Figure 9-10 shows how the assistance data shall be sent to UE.
UE
Node B
RNC
CN
1. Loc Rel Data Req
RNSAP
RNSAP
2. Assist Data Deliv ery
RRC
RRC
3. Loc Rel Data Rsp

RNSAP
RNSAP
Figure 9-10 Assistance Data Delivery to UE

1)
When requested by CN via LOCATION RELATED DATA REQUEST message in

Iu interface, RNC start to collect required assistance data form LMU, NodeB or
AGPS receiver depend on which data CN instructs RNC to forward to UE.
2)
RNC deliver to UE assistance data via ASSISTANCE DATA DELIVERY message

in Uu interface after it has successfully obtained the required assistance data.
3)
RNC reply to CN via LOCATION RELATED DATA RESPONSE message in Iu

interface, indicating that requested assistance data has been successfully sent to
target UE.
9.5 LCS Interaction with Soft Handover

In UE assisted enhanced CELL ID method, SMLC should decide which cells could be
required from NodeBs (cells) and UE to get RTT and corresponding UE Rx-Tx type 2
measures.
Since those measures can only be performed in connection mode CELL_DCH state
and RLs in active set is maintained in soft handover module. Thus, SMLC need to
communicate with soft handover module to get the information about cells in active
set.
9.6 Implementation
To activate LCS functionality within UTRAN, configure all or part of following
parameters first.
z
SMLC algorithm parameters. This kind of data specifies the overall SMLC
algorithm parameters, mainly concerned with timer length of individual procedure
required to fulfill whole positioning procedure.
Cell positioning information. This kind of data specifies cell position information as
well as cell coverage knowledge.
9-26
Feature Description
z
SMLC neighboring cell. This kind of data specifies the neighboring cell set to be
used especially in OTDOA method.
GPS Frame Timing measurement parameters. This kind of data specifies how
GPS Frame Timing measurement shall be performed in Iub interface.
IPDL Information: This kind of data specifies IPDL parameters to be used

especially in OTDOA method.
GPS Reference Receiver. This kind of data specifies GPS reference receiver
position information and describes how GPS reference receiver works and
reports to SMLC. Those data is used only in AGPS method.
Before part of parameters (in Cell positioning information) was configured, one
should first carry out some kind of field test to get those parameters, including:
Delay Measurement of Cell TX Channel.
Delay Measurement of Cell RX-TX Channel.
In the following section, more details information about above set of parameters will be
described as well as the way how to configure them.
9.6.2 Parameter
I. set SMLC algorithm parameters
Table 9 shows parameters and their implications in order to set proper values for RNC
SMLC algorithm.
Those parameters can be configured or modified by MML command:
z
SET SMLC
Table 9-9 location service algorithm parameters
ID
SMLCAUDITTI
MERLEN
Range
Name
Comments
(Recommend)
Resource audit timer
1~720 min
To insure conformity of LSC related internal
(720)
resources within RNC

Max allowed duration of one positioning
SHORTUPTIME
Short
RLEN
procedure timer
position
1~60 s
procedure. It is used only if there applies no
(6)
retransmission mechanism in case of failure of

Uu measurement
Max allowed duration of one positioning
LONGUPTIMER
Long position procedure
1~60 s
LEN
timer
(12)
procedure. It is used only if there applies

Uu measurement
9-27
Feature Description
ID
Range
Name
UESTATTRANT
UE
IMERLEN
timer
status
Comments
(Recommend)
transition
1~60 s
Max allowed duration of UE RRC state transition
(4)
when it is thought to be needed

If there applies retransmission mechanism in
UPMEASRESE
Measurement message
1~6 s
NDTIMERLEN
resending timer
(1)
case of failure of Uu measurement, this

parameter specifies the period that must elaped
before sending another request of measurement
to UE
CELLINFOQUE
Cell information query
1~6 s
Max allowed duration to gather necessary
RYTIMERLEN
timer
(1)
assistance data.
DATARESPTIM
Assistance
1~6 s
Max allowed duration for L2 to respond to SMLC
ERLEN
delivery response timer
(3)
of Assistance data delivery message to UE
WAITMEASRSL
Waiting
1~6 s
Offset added to timer length when sending
TCONS
result timer offset
(1)
request of measurement to UE
MAXRESENDN
Max times of resending
0~8
UM
measurement
(2)
RTTMEASFILT
RTT
ERCOEFF
filtering coefficient
NOIPDLTDOAM
OTDOA measurement
NOTE1*
EASPERIOD
period without IPDL
(500 ms)
data
measurement
measurement
If there applies retransmission mechanism in

case of failure of Uu measurement, this
parameter specifies max retransmission times
0 to 9, 11, 13,
Default value mean no filtering applying on RTT
15, 17, 19.
measures mainly because a rapid reponse of
(0)
RTT measures is preferred

Max allowed duration for UE to respond to
SMLC of UE
assisted OTDOA measure
without IPDL
IPDLTDOAMEA
Short
SSHORTPERIO
measurement
with IPDL
OTDOA
period
SMLC of UE assisted OTDOA measure with
NOTE1*
(1000 ms)
IPDL, It is used only if there applies no

Uu measurement
IPDLTDOAMEA
SLONGPERIOD
Long
measurement
with IPDL
OTDOA
period
SMLC of UE assisted OTDOA measure with
NOTE1*
(2000 ms)
IPDL, It is used if there applies retransmission

mechanism
measurement
9-28
in
case
of
failure
of
Uu
Feature Description
Range
ID
Name
Comments
CELLIDMEASP
Cell ID measurement
NOTE1*
ERIOD
period
(500 ms)
SMLC of UE assisted CELL ID measure
(Recommend)

GPSMEASSHO
Short
GPS
RTPERIOD
measurement period
SMLC of UE assisted APGS measure, It is
NOTE1*
(2000 ms)
used only if there applies no retransmission

mechanism
in
case
of
failure
of
Uu
measurement
GPSMEASLON
Long
GPS
GPERIOD
measurement period
NOTE1*
SMLC of UE assisted APGS measure, It is
(4000 ms)
used if there applies retransmission mechanism

in case of failure of Uu measurement
UEBASEDMEA
UE
SPERIOD
measurement period
EMPHERISSEN
GPS
DFLAG
sending flag
ALMANACSEN
GPS almanac sending
DFLAG
flag
SMLCMETHOD
based
ephemeris
SMLC method
NOTE1*
(4000 ms)
SMLC of UE based AGPS measure
NODELIVERY,
Default value means GPS ephemeris data shall
DELIVERY
not be sent in air interface in order to reduce
(NODELIVERY)
traffic flow
NODELIVERY,
Default value means GPS almanac data shall
DELIVERY
not be sent in air interface in order to reduce
(NODELIVERY)
traffic flow
enum *{0 ~11 }

(11)
Default value means a UE assisted hybrid

method incorporated with CELL ID, OTDOA,
AGPS will be supported in RNC
Possible value of measurement period of Uu interface is listed as following: [250, 500,

1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000, 8000, 12000, 16000, 20000, 24000, 28000, 32000,
64000] ms.
9-29
Feature Description
Notes:
There implies some constraints on above parameters as following:

z
The value of [Short position procedure timer] must be smaller than that of [Long position procedure
timer].
The value of [OTDOA measurement period without IPDL] must be smaller than that of [Short
OTDOA measurement period with IPDL].
The value of [Short OTDOA measurement period with IPDL] must be smaller than that of [Long
OTDOA measurement period with IPDL].
The value of [Short GPS measurement period] must be smaller than that of [Long GPS
measurement period].
Details of enumeration of SMLC method is listed and explained at table 10.

Table 9-10 SMLC method configuration
Enum
ID
Name
Comments
NONE
No method
No method is supported
CID
Basic CELLID
The position of UE is known only at cell level
ASS_ECID
Enhanced CELLID
ASS_OTDOA
ASS_AGPS
UE assisted AGPS
BAS_AGPS
UE based AGPS
ASS_AGPS_CI
UE assisted AGPS
and basic CELL ID
BAS_AGPS_CI
UE based AGPS
and basic CELL ID
GEN_AGPS_CI
Generic AGPS and
basic CELL ID
UE
assisted
OTDOA
UE assisted CELL ID possiblely making use of RTT and UE

Rx-Tx type 2 measures
UE assisted OTDOA only. It is not allowed to degrade SMLC
method to carry out a coraser result if OTDOA has failed.
UE assisted AGPS only. It is not allowed to degrade SMLC
method to carry out a coraser result if AGPS has failed.
UE based AGPS only. It is not allowed to degrade SMLC
method to carry out a coraser result if AGPS has failed.
UE assisted AGPS plus basic CELL ID. It is allowed to
degrade SMLC method to carry out a coraser result if AGPS
has failed.
UE based AGPS plus basic CELL ID. It is allowed to
has failed.
Generic (UE assisted or UE based) AGPS plus basic CELL
ID. It is allowed to degrade SMLC method to carry out a
coraser result if Generic AGPS has failed.
9-30
Feature Description
Enum
10
11
ID
ASS_OTDOA_E
CID
ASS_AGPS_EC
ID
Name
UE
Comments
assisted
UE assisted OTDOA plus enhanced CELL ID. It is allowed to
and
degrade SMLC method to carry out a coraser result if
OTDOA
enhanced CELL ID
OTDOA has failed.
UE assisted AGPS
UE assisted AGPS plus enhanced CELL ID. It is allowed to
and
enhanced
CELL ID
ASS_AGPS_OT
DOA_ECID
has failed.
UE assisted AGPS,
OTDOA
and
enhanced CELL ID
Hybrid method incorporated with UE assisted AGPS,

OTDOA and enhanced CELL ID. It is most promising
method which is expected to be effective under all
circumstances.
It should be emphasized here that SMLC is not bound to use the method configured
form table 10. Other factors may be also taken into consideration in method selection,
such as:
z
UE positioning capability, especially Network Assisted GPS support and

Support for Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement.
License purchased by network operator. License of SMLC is divided into three

parts: license of CELL ID, license of OTDOA, license of AGPS. If license of
OTDOA or AGPS is purchased, then CELL ID functionality will automatically be
taken into effect without any more purchase of license of CELL ID.
QoS of location request from CN, for instance, horizontal accuracy and response
time.
II. Set cell positioning information

Table 11 shows parameters of cell positioning information.
Only when those parameters are properly configured, can LCS service be provided to
network operator correctly. Those parameters can be configured, modified, or listed by
following MML command:
z
ADD SMLCCELL
MOD SMLCCELL
RMV SMLCCELL
LST SMLCCELL
9-31
Feature Description
Table 9-11 parameters of cell positioning information
ID
CELLID
Name
Range
Comments
(Recommend)
Cell ID
0~65535
Cell antenna latitude
-90~90 degree
Degree of cell antenna latitude
LONGITUDE
Cell
-180~180
DEGREE
longitude
degree
Cell antenna altitude
-10000~10000m
Cell antenna height
1~100000 m
Max cell antenna coverage distance
LATITUDEDE
GREE
ALTITUDEME
TER
antenna
MAXANTENN
Cell antenna max
ARANGE
coverage
ANTENNAOR
Cell
IENTATION
orientation
ANTENNAOP
ENING
CELLAVERA
GEHEIGHT
antenna
Cell antenna opening
Cell average altitude
CELLHEIGHT
Cell altitude standard
STD
deviation
Degree of cell antenna longitude
0~360 degree
0~360 degree
-10000~10000
m
0 ~10000 m
Cell antenna main-lobe direction angle (the offset

angle between the antenna main-lobe and the North).
Cell antenna coverage opening angle
Average height of cell coverage area
Standard deviation of cell height

Cell environment type is listed as following:
NLOS: Non-Line-of-sight transmission
CELLENVIRO
Cell
NMENT
case
environment
NLOS,
LOS,
MIXED (MIXED)
LOS: Line-of-sight transmission.

MIXED: both of above exist in the cell.
This information is usful to determine achieved
accuracy of OTDOA.
transmission
cell
AY
channel delay
(0)
RXTXCHAND
cell
0~65535 ns
ELAY
channel delay
transceiver
Cell TX channel delay. This parameter is introduced
0~65535 ns
TXCHANDEL
In order to compensate measurement deviation of

GPS frame timing measurement reported by LMU-B
Total delay of RX and TX channel of the cell. This
parameter is introduced In order to compensate
(0)
measurement deviation of RTT reported by NodeB
9-32
Feature Description
ID
Range
Name
Comments
(Recommend)
This parameter reveals whether there exists

MASKREPEA
Repeater flag
TEXIST
TRUE, FALSE
repeaters or not in the cell. This information is usful to
(FALSE)
determine achieved accuracy of OTDOA.

Default value means there is no repeater in this cell.
OTDOAACTI
OTDOA active flag
VATEFLAG
AGPSACTIV
AGPS active flag
ATEFLAG
TRUE, FALSE
(TRUE)
This parameter reveals whether OTDOA shall be

supported or not in the cell. This is indeed an
algorithm switch in cell level.
TRUE, FALSE
(TRUE)
This parameter reveals whether AGPS shall be

supported or not in the cell. This is indeed an
algorithm switch in cell level.
Notes:

z
This cell must have been configured.
The value of [cell transmission channel delay] must be less than or equal to that of [cell transceiver
channel delay].
III. Set SMLC Neighboring Cell

Table 12 shows parameters of SMLC Neighboring Cell to a reference cell.
z
ADD SMLCNCELL
RMV SMLCNCELL
LST SMLCNCELL
One could used above command several times to configure an adequate number of
neighboring cells. Neighboring cells should be chosen in such way that UEs in any
position within the reference cell could hear at least 2 neighboring cells.
9-33
Feature Description
Table 9-12 SMLC Neighboring Cell parameters
ID
Name
REFCELLID
Reference cell ID
Neighboring cell ID
NCELLID
for UE positioning
Range
0~65535
Comments
Uniquely identifying a location reference cell
Uniquely identifying a location neighboring cell. It is
0~65535
recommended to configure five to six netigbor cells per

reference cell.
Notes:

z
Both the reference cell and neighboring cell must have been configured with location configuration
information.
The reference cell and neighboring cell cannot be located in the same NodeB.
One cell can be configured with 6 location neighboring cells at most. It should be noted also that one
must configure more than 2 neighboring cell in order to take OTDOA method into effect.
IV. Set Cell GPS Frame Timing measurement parameters

Table 13 shows parameters of Cell GPS Frame Timing measurement configuration to
a cell.
z
ADD CELLGPSFRMTIMING
MOD CELLGPSFRMTIMING
RMV CELLGPSFRMTIMING
LST CELLGPSFRMTIMING
Table 9-13 Cell GPS Frame Timing measurement parameters
ID
Name
Range
Comments
(Recommend)
Uniquely identifying the reference cell which regularly
CELLID
Cell ID
0~65535
REPORT
GPS frame timing
10ms~20000ms;
UTRAN GPS frame timing measurement reporting
PERIOD
meas report period
(100)
interval.
reports to RNC the GPS frame timing measures
9-34
Feature Description
Range
ID
Name
MEASFILTE
GPS frame timing
RCOEFF
meas filter coef
STARTFLAG
Comments
(Recommend)
0 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17,
Physical layer measurement filtering coefficient value.
19.
Default value means no L1 filtering is used on this
(0)
measure
GPS frame timing
INACTIVE, ACTIVE
Default value means UTRAN GPS frame timing
active flag
(ACTIVE)
measurement is to be activated.
Notes:

Only after the cell has been configured with location information can UTRAN GPS frame timing
measurement information be added.
V. Set or activate IPDL Information

Table 14 shows IPDL parameters of a cell.
Only when those parameters are properly configured, can enhanced OTDOA method
(with IPDL mechanism) be provided to network operator correctly. Those parameters
can be configured, modified, or listed by following MML command:
z
ADD IPDL
MOD IPDL
RMV IPDL
LST IPDL
ACT IPDL
DEA IPDL
LST IPDLCELL
Table 9-14 IPDL parameters
ID
Name
NODEB
NodeB
NAME
name
IPSPACING
IP
spacing
Range
Comments
(Recommend)
1~31 characters.
5, 7, 10, 15, 20,

30, 40, 50 frames
(10)
NodeB name which specify the NodeB to be configured with IPDL

parameters
Number of radio frames between two idle periods.
The larger this number, the less compact to system capacity, but
the longer for UE to complete OTDOA measures in case when it
need aid from IPDL
9-35
Feature Description
ID
Name
Range
Comments
(Recommend)
Length of an idle period.
IPLENGTH
IP length
5, 10 symbols
The larger this number, the more compact to system capacity, but
(10)
more efficient to apply cohensive detection in case when it need

aid from IPDL.
Pseudo-random sequence generator seed to decide series of IP
occurance.
SEED
Seed
0~63
It should be noted that no value of this set has advantage over
(0)
others. It is recommended to attribute different value to cells

nearby this NodeB in order to homogenize or randomize IP
occurance.
Notes:
there implies some constraints on above parameters as following:

IPDL information of the home NodeB of the cell must have been configured before attempting to activate
IPDL.
It should be pointed out that currently, only IPDL mechanism in continuous mode is
supported. The burst mode IPDL pattern is left for further consideration.
VI. set GPS Reference Receiver

Table 15 shows parameters of GPS Reference Receiver.
Only when those parameters are properly configured, can AGPS method be provided
to network operator correctly. Those parameters can be configured, modified, or listed
by following MML command:
z
ADD GPS
MOD GPS
RMV GPS
LST GPS
ACT GPS
DEA GPS
DSP RNCGPS
RST RNCGPS
9-36
Feature Description
Table 9-15 Parameters of GPS Reference Receiver
ID
Range
Name
GPSID
GPS ID
0~65535
CFGT
GPS type
RNC, NODEB
CELLID
Cell ID
0~65535
GPSPERIOD
DGPSPERIOD
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
ALTITUDE
GPS
data
report
period
DGPS
Uniquely identifying a GPS receiver
report
configured on RNC or NodeB
installed in NodeB.
1~60 min
GPS data reporting period. This parameter

specify how often should the GPS data be
reported to SMLC
1~60 min
period
(1)
GPS antenna latitude
-90~90 degree
GPS
-180 ~180.
antenna
Indicating whether the GPS receiver is
ID of the home cell of the GPS receiver, if it is
(1)
data
Comments
(Recommend)
Differential GPS data reporting period. This

parameter specify how often should the DGPS
data be reported to SMLC
longitude
degree
GPS antenna altitude
-10000~10000 m
Notes:
there implies some constraints on above parameters as following:

z
The GPS receiver can be configured on RNC or NodeB according to [GPS type].
The RNC can be configured with one GPS receiver at most while one NodeB can be configured with
five GPS receivers at most.
If the GPS receiver is configured in the WRBS of the RNC, its control shelf is the RFN source shelf.
The physical connection between the GPS receiver and the WRBS must satisfy this relation.
If the GPS receiver is configured on the NodeB, the ID of the home cell of the GPS receiver must be
specified. This cell must have been configured and be in active state.
It should be noted again that currently, only AGPS receiver resided in RNC is
supported.
9-37
Feature Description
VII. Delay Measurement of Cell TX Channel

Table 16 shows Parameter of Delay Measurement of Cell TX Channel.
This functionality is introduced In order to compensate measurement deviation of GPS
frame timing measurement reported by LMU-B. It could be fulfilled by following MML
command:
TST CELLTXDELAY
Table 9-16 Parameter of Delay Measurement of Cell TX Channel
ID
Name
CELLID
Cell ID
IMSI
IMSI ID
Range
0~65535
digits 0~9 with
length of 6~15
Comments
Uniquely identifying a cell
Uniquely identifying a UE
Notes:
Before using this functionality, one must check carefully to meet the following conditions and constraints:
z
The cell to be tested must have been configured with cell location information. Where, [AGPS active
flag] must be configured as "ACTIVE".
The specified UE must have the A-GPS measurement ability and UE GPS frame timing
measurement ability.
The specified UE must be located in the coverage of the cell and must be in line-of-sight
transmission mode with the antenna of the cell. In addition, it can well receive GSP satellite signals
within its air domain.
The specified UE must be accessed into the cell first and must be in CELL_DCH status before above
MML command is activated.
The principle of delay measurement of cell TX channel will be briefly described as

following:
1)
NodeB (LMU-B) reports to RNC UTRAN GPS frame timing measures requested
by RNC.
2)
UE reports to RNC UE GPS frame timing measures requested by RNC.
3)
UEs position is determined by UE assisted AGPS method. Because UE is

located under clear sky, one can believe UEs position could be very accuracy in
this case.
4)
Lets denote Delta-GPS-Timing as the timing difference between UTRAN GPS

frame timing measures and UE GPS frame timing measures; and denote
9-38
Feature Description
Distance-Timing as the timing difference between UE and NodeB derived from

the known position of UE and NodeB (cell) and the velocity of light c.
5)
Subtracts Distance-Timing form Delta-GPS-Timing, one can get cell TX

channel delay, supposing that UE has given us an accurate UE GPS frame timing
measures.
Typically, cell TX channel delay is in a scale about several micro seconds.
VIII. Delay Measurement of Cell RX-TX Channel

Table 17 shows Parameter of Delay Measurement of Cell RX-TX Channel.
This functionality is introduced In order to compensate measurement deviation of RTT
reported by NodeB, and it could be fulfilled by following MML command:
TST CELLRXTXDELAY
Table 9-17 Parameter of Delay Measurement of Cell RX-TX Channel
ID
Name
CELLID
Cell ID
IMSI
IMSI ID
Range
0~65535
digits 0~9 with
length of 6~15
Comments
Uniquely identifying a cell
Uniquely identifying a UE
Notes:
Before using this functionality, one must check carefully to meet the following conditions and constraints:
z
The cell to be tested must have been configured with cell location information. Where, [AGPS active
flag] must be configured as "ACTIVE".
The specified UE must have the A-GPS measurement ability and UE RX-TX Type 2 measurement
ability.
The specified UE must be located in the coverage of the cell and must be in line-of-sight
transmission mode with the antenna of the cell. In addition, it can well receive GSP satellite signals
within its air domain.
The specified UE must be accessed into the cell first and must be in CELL_DCH status before above
MML command is activated.
The principle of delay measurement of cell RX-TX channel will be briefly described as
following:
1)
NodeB reports to RNC RTT measures requested by RNC.
2)
UE reports to RNC UE Rx-Tx type 2 measures requested by RNC.
9-39
Feature Description
3)
UEs position is determined by UE assisted AGPS method. Because UE is

located under clear sky, one can believe UEs position could be very accuracy in
this case.
4)
Lets denote RTT-Timing as timing difference which is subtraction of UE Rx-Tx

type 2 measures from RTT measures; and denote Round-Distance-Timing as
twice of the timing difference between UE and NodeB derived from the known
position of UE and NodeB (cell) and the velocity of light c.
5)
Subtracts Round-Distance-Timing form RTT-Timing, one can get cell RX-TX

channel delay, supposing that UE has given us an accurate UE Rx-Tx type 2
measures.
Typically, cell RX-TX channel delay is in a scale about several micro seconds.
9.6.3 Example
I. Set SMLC Algorithm Parameters
SET
SMLC:
SMLCAUDITTIMERLEN=720,
LONGUPTIMERLEN=12,
SHORTUPTIMERLEN=6,
UESTATTRANTIMERLEN=4,
UPMEASRESENDTIMERLEN=1,
DATARESPTIMERLEN=3,
CELLINFOQUERYTIMERLEN=1,
WAITMEASRSLTCONS=1,
RTTMEASFILTERCOEFF=D0,
MAXRESENDNUM=2,
NOIPDLTDOAMEASPERIOD=D500,
IPDLTDOAMEASSHORTPERIOD=D1000, IPDLTDOAMEASLONGPERIOD=D2000,
CELLIDMEASPERIOD=D500,
GPSMEASSHORTPERIOD=D2000,
GPSMEASLONGPERIOD=D4000,
EMPHERISSENDFLAG=NODELIVERY,
UEBASEDMEASPERIOD=D4000,
ALMANACSENDFLAG=NODELIVERY,
BAMCONFIGSMLCMETHOD=ASS_AGPS_OTDOA_ECID;
Explanation: After the above operation, RNC is configured with default parameters as
specified in previous section to run LCS service within UTRAN.
II. Set Cell Position Information

ADD
SMLCCELL:
CELLID=1,
LATITUDEDEGREE=31232120,
LONGITUDEDEGREE=121000000,
ALTITUDEMETER=0,
MAXANTENNARANGE=1000,
ANTENNAOPENING=120,
ANTENNAORIENTATION=0,
CELLAVERAGEHEIGHT=0,
CELLENVIRONMENT=MIXED_ENVIRONMENT,
RXTXCHANDELAY=0,
CELLHEIGHTSTD=250,
TXCHANDELAY=0,
MASKREPEATEXIST=NOREPEATER,
OTDOAACTIVATEFLAG=ACTIVE, AGPSACTIVATEFLAG=ACTIVE;
Explanation: After the above operation, cell 1 has configured with its own position
information.
III. Set SMLC Neighboring Cell

ADD SMLCNCELL: REFCELLID=1, NCELLID=2;
9-40
Feature Description
Explanation: After the above operation, Cell 2 is configured as a location neighboring

cell of Cell 1.
IV. Set Cell GPS Frame Timing Measurement Parameters

ADD
CELLGPSFRMTIMING:
CELLID=1,
REPORTPERIOD=100,
MEASFILTERCOEFF=D0, STARTFLAG=ACTIVE;
Explanation: After the above operation, the UTRAN GPS frame timing measurement is
started, the measurement period is 1 second, and the measurement filtering
coefficient is 0.
V. Set or Activate IPDL Information

ADD IPDL: NODEBNAME="NODEB1", IPSPACING=D10, IPLENGTH=D10, SEED=1;
Explanation: Add IPDL information to NodeB 1. The IPDL interval is 10 radio frames;
the IPDL length is 10 symbols; and the pseudo-random sequence generator seed is 1.
ACT IPDL: CELLID=1;
Explanation: Activate the IPDL function of Cell 1.
VI. Set GPS Reference Receiver

ADD GPS: GPSID=1, CFGT=RNC, LATITUDE=10000000, LONGITUDE=20000000,
ALTITUDE=100;
Explanation: Add a GPS receiver to the RNC with the antenna latitude of 10 degrees,
longitude of 20 degrees and height of 100 meters.
ACT GPS: ACTT=RNC_GPS, GPSID=1;
Explanation: Activate the RNC GPS of GPS1.
VII. Delay Measurement of Cell TX Channel

TST CELLTXDELAY: CELLID=1, IMSI="460071234567000";
Explanation: After the above operation, the TX channel delay of Cell 1 can be obtained.
The unit is ns.
VIII. Delay Measurement of Cell RX-TX Channel

TST CELLRXTXDELAY: CELLID=1, IMSI="460071234567000";
Explanation: After the above operation, the RX/TX channel delay of Cell 1 can be
obtained. The unit is ns.

1)
3GPP TS 22.071 "Location Services (LCS); Service description, Stage 1"
2)
3GPP TS 23.171 "Functional stage 2 description of location services in UMTS".
9-41
Feature Description
3)
3GPP TS 25.305 "Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE)

positioning in UTRAN"
4)
3GPP TS 25.215 "Physical layer Measurements (FDD)"
5)
3GPP TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC)"
6)
3GPP TS 25.433 "UTRAN Iub interface NBAP signaling"
7)
9-42
Feature Description
Chapter 10 Power Control

10.1 Introduction
The third-generation mobile communication systems are based on CDMA technique.
In this radio network users share a common frequency. Therefore, interference control
is crucial issue.
Power control is especially important for the uplink direction, since a mobile station
that is close to the NodeB and transmitting with excessive power can easily overshout
mobiles that are at the cell edge or even block the whole cell. This is referred to as the
near-far effect. The control mechanism to the control the uplink power is referred as
uplink power control.
In downlink the system capacity is directly determined by the required code power for
each connection. Therefore it is essential to keep the transmission powers at a
minimum level while ensuring adequate signal quality at the receiving end. The control
mechanism to the control the downlink power is referred as downlink power control.
In the WCDMA system, power control includes the following types:
z
open-loop power control
inner-loop power control (also called fast closed-loop power control)
outer-loop power control in both uplink and downlink
downlink power balancing and so on
These types of power control are employed in uplink power control and downlink
power control. As an example, Figure 10-1 illustrates the uplink power control.
Inner Loop Power Control
SIR target
UE
SIR
BLER
FER/BER
NodeB
RNC
TPC co mmand
Outer Loop Power Control
Figure 10-1 Uplink Power Control

By adjusting the powers, Power Control maintains the link quality in uplink and
downlink, mitigates the near far effect by providing minimum required power level for
each connection, provides protection against shadowing and fast fading, minimizes
the interference in the network, and thus improves system capacity and quality.
10-1
Feature Description
10.2 Glossary
10.2.1 Terms
None

BER
Bit error rate
BLER
Block error rate
FER
Frame error rate
RSCP
Received Signal Code Power
SHO
Soft HandOver
SIR
Signal to interference ratio
SRNC
Serving Radio Network Controller
UE
User equipment
10.3 Application
10.3.1 Availability
10.3.2 Benefit
1)
2)
Maintain the link quality in uplink and downlink by adjusting the powers;
Mitigate the near far effect by providing minimum required power level for each
connection;
3)
Provide protection against shadowing and fast fading;
4)
Minimize the interference in the network, thus improve capacity and quality.

None

10.4.1 Open-Loop Power Control
I. Uplink Open-Loop Power Control
The uplink open-loop power control function is located both in the terminal and in the
UTRAN.
10-2
Feature Description
The uplink open-loop power control function requires some control parameters being
broadcast in the cell and the received signal code power (RSCP) being measured by
the terminal on the active P-CPICH.
Based on the calculation for the open-loop power control, the terminal sets:
z
the initial powers for the first PRACH preamble
the initial powers for the uplink DPCCH before starting the inner-loop power
control (See Figure 10-2)
1)
During the random access procedure, the power of the first transmitted preamble
is set by the UE as:
Preamble_Initial_Power = Primary CPICH DL TX power -CPICH_RSCP + UL

interference + Constant Value, where Primary CPICH DL TX power, UL
interference and Constant Value are broadcasted in the System Information, and
CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE.
2)
When establishing the first DPCCH, the UE starts the uplink inner-loop PC at a
power level according to:
DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP, where the

DPCCH_Power_offset is calculated in the RNC, and the CPICH_RSCP is
measured by the terminal.
BCH :
CPICH channel pow er
UL interference level
RACH
Measure CPICH_RSCP
Determine the initial transmitted power
Figure 10-2 Uplink Open-Loop Power Control
II. Downlink Open-Loop Power Control

In the downlink, the open-loop power control is used to set the initial power of the
downlink channels based on the downlink measurement reports from the UE. This
function is located in both UTRAN and UE (See Figure 10-3). A possible algorithm for
calculating the initial power of the DPDCH when the first bearer service is set up is
10-3
Feature Description
Pinitial
R
Eb
CPICH
=
( ) DL
PTotal
W N0
Ec
( ) CPICH
N0
Where R is the user bit rate, W is the chip rate, (Ec/N0)CPICH is reported by the UE, is
the downlink orthogonality factor, and PTotal is the carrier power measured at the
NodeB and reported to the RNC.
DCH
RACH reports the measured value
Measure CPICH Ec/N0

Determine the downlink initial pow er control
Figure 10-3 Downlink Open-Loop Power Control
10.4.2 Inner-Loop Power Control

The inner-loop power control, also referred to as fast closed-loop power control, relies
on the feedback information at Layer 1 from the opposite end of the radio link. This
allows the UE/NodeB to adjust its transmitted power based on the received SIR level
at the NodeB/UE for compensating the fading of the radio channel.
The inner-loop power control function in UMTS is used for the dedicated channels in
both the uplink and downlink directions and for the CPCH in uplink.
In WCDMA fast power control with 1.5 kHz frequency is supported.
I. Uplink Inner-Loop Power Control

The uplink inner-loop power control is used to set the power of the uplink DPCH. The
RNC sends the target SIR to NodeB. The NodeB compares the SIR target with the
estimated SIR calculated on the pilot symbol of the uplink DPCCH once every slot. If
the estimated SIR is greater than the target SIR, the NodeB transmits a TPC
command down to the UE on the downlink DPCCH. If the received SIR is below the
target, a TPC command up is sent. The benefits of fast power control are showed in
Figure 10-4.
10-4
Feature Description
Figure 10-4 BLER vs. Eb/N0 for 12.2 kbps speech in multipath Case 1 channel
II. Downlink Inner-Loop Power Control

The downlink inner-loop power control sets the power of the downlink DPCH. The UE
receives from higher layers the SIR target for the downlink outer-loop power control
together with other control parameters. UE estimates the downlink SIR from the pilot
symbols of the downlink DPCH. This SIR estimation is compared with a target SIR. If
the estimation is greater than the target, the UE transmits the TPC command down to
the NodeB, otherwise the UE transmits the TPC command up.
III. Downlink Power Balancing

When the UE is in SHO only one single TPC command is sent on the uplink to all cells
participating in the SHO. Since it would introduce too much delay to combine all the
received TPC commands in the RNC and send one combined command back, each
cell detects the TPC command independently. Due to, for example, signaling errors in
the air interface it is possible that each cell is interpreting this TPC command differently.
As a consequence one cell lowers its transmission power to that mobile while the other
cell might increase it, and therefore the downlink powers are drifting apart.
Since power drifting degrades the performance in downlink, methods to combat this
effect are need. The transmission code power levels of the connection from the cells in
SHO are forwarded to the RNC after they have been averaged. From these
measurements the RNC derives a reference power value, Pref, which is sent to the
cells (See Figure 10-5). This is then used to periodically calculate a small power
adjustment towards the reference value, which balances the link powers of the SHO
connections and therefore reduces the power drifting.
10-5
Feature Description
SRNC can receive information from the

NodeB about the transmission power
levels of the soft handover connections,
and start downlink power balancing to
reduce the amount of power drifting if
necessary.
SRNC
NodeB
NodeB
UE
Figure 10-5 Downlink power balancing
10.4.3 Outer-Loop Power Control

The aim of the outer-loop power control algorithm is to maintain the quality of the
communication at the level defined by the quality requirements of the bearer service in
question. To achieve the quality, outer-loop power algorithm adjusts the target SIR for
the inner-loop power control. This operation is done for each DCH belonging to the
same RRC connection. The SIR target needs to be adjusted when the UE speed or
the multipath propagation environment change. The higher the variation of the
received power is, the more necessary it is to adjust the SIR target. If a fixed SIR
target was selected, the resulting quality of the communication would be too low or too
high, causing an unnecessary power rise in most situations.
The uplink quality is observed after macrodiversity selection combining in the RNC,
and the target SIR is provided to all cells participating in the SHO. During SHO the Iub
and Iur DCH data streams coming from the different cells are combined in the SRNC
into one data stream in uplink. In downlink the DCH data stream is split between the
NodeBs. This combining and splitting in the RNC is performed by the Macro Diversity
Combiner (MDC). The MDC in the RNC is based on the information received from the
NodeB in FP frames, namely transport block-specific CRC results and possibly
estimated quality information. Reliable SHO is based on the CFN information included
in the Iub/Iur data streams. At the UE the MRC of the received signals is performed at
symbol level (data and pilots).
I. Uplink Outer-Loop Power Control

The uplink outer-loop power control operates within the SRNC and is responsible for
setting a target SIR in the NodeB for each individual uplink inner-loop power control.
This target SIR is then updated on an individual basis for each UE according to the
10-6
Feature Description
estimated uplink quality, e.g. BLER or BER, for that particular RRC connection. If the
received BLER is greater than the BLER target, the SIR target is increased by a
certain amount, otherwise it is lowered by a certain amount.
II. Downlink Outer-Loop Power Control

The downlink outer-loop power control function is implemented in the UE, and the
target SIR for the downlink inner-loop PC is adjusted by the UE using a proprietary
algorithm to approach the target quality (BLER) set by the RNC.
10.5 Interaction
None
10.6 Implementation
None
10.6.2 Parameter
Constant Value: This parameter is for the calculation of Preamble_Initial_Power. It is
the required C/I in uplink. Greater Constant Value produces greater interference, while
smaller Constant Value results in lower access probability. The default value is -20.
Initial SIR target: Initial SIR target is service dependent. Greater Initial SIR target
produces greater interference, but if it is too small, a UE can not access. For example,
the default value is 2dB for 12.2kbps speech.
10.6.3 Example

1)
2)
3GPP, 25.214 "Physical layer procedures (FDD)"

3GPP, 25.427 "UTRAN Iub/Iur interface user plane protocol for DCH data
streams"
3)
Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker and Tomas Novosad, Radio Network Planning and
Optimisation for UMTS, John Wiley & Sons, LTD, 2002
4)
3GPP, 25.331 "RRC Protocol Specification"
10-7
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
Chapter 11 DCCC
11.1 Introduction
The interactive or background service has its own particular characters. The traffic
volume can vary rapidly, sometimes the volume is huge and sometimes the volume is
little. So, during an interactive or background service connection, because of the
above character, we should dynamic allocate the OVSF channel code resource
according the current volume. If the volume is huge, the more channel code resource
is allocated, while the volume is little, the less channel code is allocated. If there is no
volume, the UE state can transit from CELL_DCH state to CELL_FACH state and
CELL_PCH/URA_PCH state.
11.2 Glossary
11.2.1 Terms
Best Effort: The Best Effort services indicate the interactive or background services.
OVSF code: The OVSF code is an Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor code, it is
used as the downlink channel code.
DCCC: Adjust the DCH rate based on the source traffic requirement (DCH user).
RRC State Control: Control the RRC state transition, different amount of resource is
consumed in different state.
Request Rate: The maximum rate limit threshold that the code resources can be
allocated.
DCCC threshold Rate: If the request rate is below than or equal to this rate, the
dynamic allocated algorithm dont work.

BE
Best Effort
DCCC
Dynamic Channel Configuration Control
DL
Downlink
OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
RAB
Radio Access Bearer
RB
Radio Bearer
RL
Radio Link
RLC
Radio Link Control

11-1
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
RNC
RRC
TFC
Transport Format Combination
TFCS
Transport Format Combination Set
TVM
Traffic Volume Measurement
UE
User Equipment
UL
Uplink
UMTS
11.3 Application
11.3.1 Availability
11.3.2 Benefit
Through the dynamic allocating channel resource, the system resources can be
optimized. Because the OVSF code is limited, the Iub and Iur band resource is limited,
if the resource can be allocated by the actual traffic volume, the channel code using
rate can be enhanced, the more UE call can be admitted.
Through the state transition, the UE state can transmit from CELL_DCH to
CELL_FACH and from CELL_FACH to CELL_PCH/URA_PCH, in the CELL_FACH or
CELL_PCH/URA_PCH state, the code resource can be saved and the UE battery
consumption can decrease.

The DCCC function is restricted by license. The RNC provides DCCCC function only
when DYNAMIC CHANNEL CONFIGURATION CONTROL license is purchased.

11.4.1 Architecture
The DCCC and state transition algorithms are embedded in the SRNC as shown in
Figure 11-1.
11-2
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
DCCC
algorithm
NodeB
Uu
CRNC
Iub
SRNC
Iur if needed
CN
Iu
Figure 11-1 Network architecture
11.4.2 Procedure and Algorism

The DCCC algorithm performs rate re-allocation for UEs having best effort (BE)
services, (that is interactive and background) which are in the CELL_DCH RRC state.
The DCCC algorithm serves the following purposes:
z
In the uplink the data rate is modified according to the volume of traffic to be
transmitted, this information is obtained from traffic volume measurements (TVM)
that are made by the UE. A TVM is triggered if the RLC buffer payload rises
above an upper threshold (event 4a) for a predefined time period. A TVM is also
triggered if the RLC buffer payload drops below a lower threshold (event 4b) for a
predefined time period.
In the downlink, the DCCC requests a CDMA channel code which is

commensurate with the volume of traffic that is being transmitted. In this way, the
DCCC algorithm makes efficient use of the code resource. In order to achieve this,
the RNC makes traffic volume measurements for the DL. A TVM is triggered if the
RLC buffer payload rises above an upper threshold (event 4a) for a predefined
time period. A TVM is also triggered if the RLC buffer payload drops below a
lower threshold (event 4b) for a predefined time period.
If a service request rate is below than or equal to a DCCC control threshold, the
dynamic allocated channel code resource algorithm dont work. The threshold can be
configured.
DCCC algorithm can send the MEASURMENT CONTROL to configure the uplink
TVM upper threshold and TVM lower threshold.
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Figure 11-2 Measurement Control[1]
11-3
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
The UE can send the MEASUREMENT REPORT to report the Event 4a and Event
4b.
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Figure 11-3 Measurement Report[1]

The downlink measure report is the same to uplink, but it is a inter primitive in UTRAN.
11.4.3 Uplink DCCC

The same to the downlink DCCC, the down limit threshold and the up limit threshold
can also be configured to UE. When the UE observes that the uplink Transport
Channel Traffic Volume stays a certain time below the down limit threshold (event 4b)
or above the up limit threshold (event 4a), it can report to UTRAN and the UTRAN can
allocate the appropriate channel resource.
The example of triggered by an up limit threshold report (event 4a):
UL Transport Channel
Traffic Volume
Threshold
for Report
Configuration in L2
UTRAN
UE
DCH/DCH
substate
DCCH: Measurement Report
Signalling
bearer
MAC-d
Evaluation
RB1
RLC
RLC
DCCH
DTCH
Channel Switching
DCCH: Radio bearer Reconfiguration

TFC Select
Change of MAC MUX at Action Time

DCCH: Radio bearer Reconfiguration Complete
DCH1
DCH2
Figure 11-4 Transport channel reconfiguration triggered by increased UL data[2]
11.4.4 Downlink DCCC

Since downlink channelisation codes are a scarce resource a UE with a too high,
allocated gross bit rate (low spreading factor) must be reconfigured and use a more
appropriate channelisation code (with higher spreading factor). While a UE with too
low, allocated insufficient bit rate (higher spreading factor) must also be reconfigured
and use a more appropriate channelisation code (with lower spreading factor).
This could be triggered by a down limit threshold or an up limit threshold for the
Transport Channel Traffic Volume and some inactivity timer, i.e. that the Transport
Channel Traffic Volume stays a certain time below the down limit threshold (event 4b)
11-4
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
or above the up limit threshold (event 4a). After the RB has been reconfigured, some
of the transport formats and transport format combinations that require a new SF can
be used.
The example of triggered by a down limit threshold (event 4b):
UTRAN
UE
DCH/DCH
substate
DL Transport Channel
Configuration in L2
Traffic Volume
Signalling
RB1
bearer
Threshold
RLC
RLC
+ Timer
MAC-d DCCH
DTCH
Channel Switching

TFC Select
DCH1
DCH2
Figure 11-5 Physical channel reconfiguration triggered by decreased DL data[2]

The example of triggered by an up limit threshold (event 4a):
UTRAN
UE
DCH/DCH
substate
DL Transport Channel
Traffic Volume
Threshold
Configuration in L2
Signalling
RB1
bearer
MAC-d
RLC
RLC
DCCH
DTCH
Channel Switching
TFC Select
DCH1
DCH2
Figure 11-6 Physical channel reconfiguration triggered by increased DL data[2]
11.4.5 UE State Transition

The UE state transition algorithm perform the state transition, when the RRC is setup,
the UE activity is observed, if the activity is lower, UE can transit from CELL_DCH
state to CELL_FACH or from CELL_FACH to CELL_PCH/URA_PCH, while if the
activity is higher, it can transit from CELL_PCH/URA_PCH to CELL_FACH or from
CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH. Figure 11-7 shows the RRC states and state transitions.
If the UE have the BE service and CS domain service at the same time, the state
transition algorithm dont work.
z
When the current state is CELL_DCH, the RNC will monitor the UE activity. An
RNC timer is started if a low activity report is received. The RNC then determines
the maximum number of the low activity reports, if the number of the low activity
reports exceed the maximum number, RNC will trigger the move to CELL_FACH
from CELL_DCH.
11-5
Feature Description
z
Chapter 11 DCCC
The transition from CELL_FACH to CELL_PCH is the same as the transition from
CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH.
In CELL_PCH state, an RNC timer is started to monitor the number of CELL

UPDATE message (if the cell reselection occurs, the UE will report the CELL
UPDATE message), if the number exceeds a threshold, the UE transits from
CELL_PCH to URA_PCH. In CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UE transits to
the CELL_FACH state when there is date needed to transfer or the UE is paged
by UTRAN. In CELL_FACH state, when the uplink or downlink TVM report (event
4a) is received by UTRAN, the UE transits to the CELL_DCH state.
The following is state transition figure from 25.331 protocol.

UTRA RRC Connected Mode
URA_PCH
out of
service
in
service
CELL_DCH
out of
service
in
service
Establish RRC Release RRC

Connection
Connection
in
service
GSM
Connected
Mode
GPRS
Packet
Transfer
Mode
CELL_FACH
out of
service
Release RRC
Connection
GSM:
Handover
UTRA:
Inter-RAT
Handover
CELL_PCH
Cell reselection
Establish RRC
Connection
Release of
temporary
block flow
Release RR
Connection
Establish RR
Connection
Initiation of
temporary
block flow
GPRS Packet Idle Mode1

Camping on a UTRAN cell1
Camping on a GSM / GPRS cell1
Idle Mode
Figure 11-7 RRC States and State Transitions Including GSM[1]
11.5 Interaction
None
11.6 Implementation
To Tune the DCCC functionality within UTRAN, configure all or parts of the parameters
described in the following section.
11.6.2
Parameter
UlRateThresForDCCC: The DCCC algorithm capability may be very low for some
Best Effort (BE) service with very low applied maximum rate. The UL DCCC algorithm
11-6
Feature Description
Chapter 11 DCCC
does not activate for the BE service whose applied uplink maximum rate is smaller
than or equal to the threshold. Default value: 64k.
DlRateThresForDCCC: The DCCC algorithm capability may be very low for some
Best Effort (BE) service with very low applied maximum rate. The DL DCCC algorithm
does not activate for the BE service whose applied downlink maximum rate is smaller
than or equal to the threshold. Default value: 32k.
Event4AThd: Event 4A trigger threshold. Default value: 1024bytes.
Event4BThd: Event 4B trigger threshold. Default value: 64bytes.
DtoFStateTransTimer: This parameter is used to detect the stability of a UE in low
activity state in CELL_DCH state. Default value: 180s.
FtoDTVMthd: The parameter is used to define the traffic volume measurement
threshold for event 4a when the state transition form FACH to DCH will be triggered.
Default value: 1024bytes.
FtoPStateTransTimer: This parameter is used to detect the stability of a UE in low
activity state in CELL_FACH state. Default value: 180s.
CellReselectTimer: This parameter is used to detect whether a UE is in the state of
frequent cell reselection. Default value: 180s.
CellReselectCounter: For a UE in CELL_PCH, if the number of cell reselections
exceeds this parameter within the [cell reselection timer], it can be considered that the
UE is in the state of frequent cell reselection. Default value: 9 (this value is not
reasonable).
11.6.3 Example
Through the below command the uplink DCCC control threshold is set 64k and the
downlink DCCC threshold is set 32k.
SET DCCC: ULDCCCRATETHD=D64, DLDCCCRATETHD=D32;

1)
3GPP, TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC)
2)
3GPP, TR 25.922 "Radio Resource Management Strategies"
11-7
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
Chapter 12 AMRC
12.1 Introduction
The AMR speech codec consists of the multi-rate speech codec with eight source
rates from 4.75 kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s. The change between the AMR specified rates
could occur in the WCDMA in downlink, when the link power exceeds an acceptable
value. In uplink the corresponding change can be made when there is need to extend
the uplink coverage area for speech by using several AMR modes.
12.2 Glossary
12.2.1 Terms
PCM sample 8-bit value representing the A_Law or _Law coded sample of a
speech or audio signal; sometimes used to indicate the time interval between two
PCM samples (125s).

AMR
Adaptive Multi-Rate
AMRC
Adaptive Multi-Rate control algorithm
DSCS
Distant Supported Codec Set
DL
Downlink
GBR
Guaranteed Bit Rate
ICM
Initial Codec Mode
PCM
Pulse Coded Modulation
RAN
RRC
RRM
Radio Resource Management
SF
Spreading Factor
SID
Silence Insertion Descriptor
TRAU
Transcoder and Rate Adaptor Unit
UL
Uplink
12-1
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
12.3 Application
12.3.1 Availability
12.3.2 Benefit
Through the AMRC, the Cell capacity can be enhanced in Downlink, the coverage
range can be expanded in Uplink.
12.3.3
Limitation and Restriction

This feature is restricted by license. The RNC provides the AMRC function only when
AMR SPEECH CODING RATE CONTROL license is purchased.
12.4
Technical description
12.4.1
Architecture
The AMRC algorithm is embedded in SRNC as shown in Figure 12-1.
AMR
algorithm
NodeB
Uu
CRNC
Iub
SRNC
Iur if needed
CN
Iu
Figure 12-1 Network architecture of AMRC

The AMRC algorithm controls uplink and downlink respectively according to link
qualities. Uplink and downlink can adopt different AMR modes.
12.4.2 Uplink AMRC Algorithm

After establishing a service, the UTRAN sends the MEASUREMENT CONTROL
signaling to the UE and the UE sends the Tx power measurement report through air
interface to UTRAN. The UE can measure the Tx power through UE internal
measurement.
The UE Tx power is the total Tx power over the carrier. The referential measurement
point is the antenna connector. When the UE Tx power is higher or lower than the
12-2
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
threshold, the UE will report a corresponding measurement event to the network side.
At present, the reported events include 6A1, 6B1, 6A2, and 6B2. Correspondingly, four
thresholds need be set. When an event is triggered, the uplink AMRC algorithm makes
a corresponding adjustment, as shown Figure 12-2.
UE Tx power
Delta_6a1
Tx power
threshold 6A1
Delta_6b1
Tx power
threshold 6B1
Delta_6b2
Delta_6a2
Tx power
threshold 6A2
Tx power
threshold 6B2
Reporting
ev ent 6A1
Reporting
ev ent 6B1
Reporting
ev ent 6B2
Reporting
ev ent 6A2
Ti me
Figure 12-2 UE Tx Power threshold and reporting event

The uplink AMRC algorithm adjusts the uplink rate as follows:
z
When receiving event 6A1, the uplink AMRC algorithm reduces the uplink rate by
a level.
When receiving event 6B2, the uplink AMRC algorithm increases the uplink rate
by a level.
When receiving events 6A2 or 6B1, the uplink AMRC algorithm does not make
any adjustment for the current uplink AMR mode is appropriate.
AMRC algorithm can send the MEASURMENT CONTROL to configure the 6a1, 6b1,
6a2, 6b2 threshold as shown in Figure 12-3.
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Figure 12-3 Measurement control[1]

The UE can send the MEASUREMENT REPORT to report the Event 6a1, 6b1, 6a2,
6b2, as shown in Figure 12-4.
12-3
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Figure 12-4 measurement report[1]
12.4.3 Downlink AMRC Algorithm

After establishing a service, the UTRAN sends a measurement request to the NodeB
for measuring downlink code Tx power values periodically.
The RNC converts the reported downlink code Tx power values into an average, and
compares this value with the E1, E2, F1, and F2 thresholds that are set in the RNC.
When the average power is higher or lower than a threshold, the downlink AMRC
algorithm makes a corresponding adjustment, as shown Figure 12-5.
Maxi mum DL
DPDCH Power
DL DPDCH
Tx Power
Delta_E1
Delta_E2
Delta_F2
Delta_F1
Tx Power
threshold E1
Tx Power
threshold E2
Tx Power
threshold F2
Tx Power
threshold F1
Time
Rate-Down
Normal
Rate-Up
Normal
Figure 12-5 Downlink AMRC Algorithm

The downlink AMRC algorithm adjusts the downlink rate as follows:
z
When the average power is higher than the E1 threshold, the downlink AMRC
algorithm reduces the downlink rate by a level.
When the average power is lower than the F1 threshold, the downlink AMRC
algorithm increases the downlink rate by a level.
12-4
Feature Description
z
Chapter 12 AMRC
When the average power is lower the E2 threshold or lower than the F2 threshold,
the downlink AMRC algorithm does not make any adjustment for the current
downlink AMR mode is appropriate
AMRC algorithm can send the DEDICATED MEASURMENT INITIATION REQUEST

to configure the period measurement report as shown in Figure 12-6.
NodeB
CRNC
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIATION

REQQUEST
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIATION
RESPONE
Figure 12-6 Dedicated measurement procedure[2]

The NodeB can report the measurement result through the DEDICATED
MEASUREMENT REPORT as shown in Figure 12-7.
NodeB
CRNC
DEDICATED MEASUREMENT REPORT
Figure 12-7 Dedicated measurement report[2]
12.5
Interaction
None
12.6
Implementation
12.6.1
Engineering guideline
None
12.6.2
Parameter
I. UlThd6a1
Measurement report threshold at which the event 6a1 is triggered. For UL
measurement, event report mode is used. The event 6a1 refers to the event triggered
when the measured value is higher than the UL 6a1 event absolute threshold. When
the event 6a1 is triggered, AMRC will decide to decrease the AMR speech rate by one
12-5
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
level. What defined via this parameter is a kind of relative threshold. The absolute
threshold = [MaxUlTxPower] - [UlTh6a1]. The greater this parameter is valued, the
lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there are more possibilities of triggering
the request for AMR speech rate decrease. Accordingly the ARM speech rate is more
likely to be decreased.
II. UlThd6b1
Measurement report threshold at which the event 6b1 is triggered. For UL
measurement, event report mode is used. The event 6b1 refers to the event triggered
when the measured value is lower than the UL 6b1 event relative threshold. When the
event 6b1 is triggered, AMRC will stop adjusting the UL AMR speech rate. What
defined via this parameter is a kind of relative threshold. The absolute threshold =
[MaxUlTxPower] - [UlTh6b1].The greater this parameter is valued, the lower the
absolute threshold is. In this case, there are fewer possibilities of reaching the value at
which the AMR speech rate decrease can stop. Accordingly the ARM speech rate is
more likely to be decreased.
III. UlThd6b2
Measurement report threshold at which the event 6b2 is triggered. For UL
measurement, event report mode is used. The event 6b2 refers to the event triggered
when the measured value is lower than the UL 6b2 event relative threshold. When the
event 6b2 is triggered, AMRC will decide to increase the AMR speech rate by one
level. What defined via this parameter is a kind of relative threshold. The absolute
threshold = [MaxUlTxPower] - [UlTh6b2]. The greater this parameter is valued, the
lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there are fewer possibilities of triggering
the request for AMR speech rate increase. Accordingly the ARM speech rate is less
likely to be increased.
UlThd6a2: Measurement report threshold at which the event 6a2 is triggered. For UL
measurement, event report mode is used. The event 6a2 refers to the event triggered
when the measured value is higher than the UL 6a2 event relative threshold. When the
event 6a2 is triggered, AMRC will stop adjusting the UL AMR speech rate. What
defined via this parameter is a kind of relative threshold. The absolute threshold =
[MaxUlTxPower] - [UlTh6a2]. The greater this parameter is valued, the lower the
absolute threshold is. In this case, there are more possibilities of reaching the value at
which the AMR speech rate increase can stop. Accordingly the ARM speech rate is
less likely to be increased.
IV. DlThDE1
Threshold E1 of DL AMR mode adjustment. For DL measurement, period report mode
is used. When the measured value is higher than the upper threshold E1, AMRC will
decide to decrease the DL AMR mode by one level. What defined via this parameter is
a kind of relative threshold. The absolute threshold = [MaxDlTxPower] - [DlThE1]. The
12-6
Feature Description
Chapter 12 AMRC
greater this parameter is valued, the lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there
are more possibilities of satisfying the request for AMR mode decrease. Accordingly
the ARM speech mode is more likely to be decreased.
V. DlThDE2
Threshold E2 of DL AMR mode adjustment. For DL measurement, period report mode
is used. When the measured value is lower than the upper threshold E2, AMRC will
stop adjusting the DL AMR mode. What defined via this parameter is a kind of relative
threshold. The absolute threshold = [MaxDlTxPower] - [DlThE2]. The greater this
parameter is valued, the lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there are fewer
possibilities of satisfying the request for AMR mode decrease stop. Accordingly the
ARM speech rate is more likely to be decreased.
VI. DlThDF1
Threshold F1 of DL AMR mode adjustment. For DL measurement, period report mode
is used. When the measured value is lower than the lower threshold F1, AMRC will
decide to increase the DL AMR mode by one level. What defined via this parameter is
a kind of relative threshold. The absolute threshold = [MaxDlTxPower] - [DlThF1]. The
greater this parameter is valued, the lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there
are fewer possibilities of satisfying the request for AMR mode increase. Accordingly
the ARM speech rate is less likely to be increased.
VII. DlThDF2
Threshold F2 of DL AMR mode adjustment. For DL measurement, period report mode
is used. When the measured value is higher than the lower threshold F2, AMRC will
stop adjusting the DL AMR mode. What defined via this parameter is a kind of relative
threshold. The absolute threshold = [MaxDlTxPower] - [DlThF2]. The greater this
parameter is valued, the lower the absolute threshold is. In this case, there are more
possibilities of satisfying the request for AMR speech mode increase stop. Accordingly
the ARM mode is less likely to be increased.
12.6.3 Example
Through the below command the UlThd6a1 is set as two.
SET AMRC: ULTHD6A1=2;
12.7
Reference information
1)
2)
3GPP TS 25.433 "UTRAN Iub interface NBAP signaling"
12-7
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Chapter 13 Load Control

13.1 Introduction
Load control is a series of algorithms which can control the cells total load and keep it
in a stable region. Figure 13-1 provides the relationship of noise rise and the user
number per cell. Noise rise can be seen as an estimating metric of cells load.
Figure 13-1 Relationship between noise rise and load factor

Load control is comprised by 6 sub features:
z
Call Admission Control (CAC)
Load Congestion Control (LCC)
Inter-frequency load balancing (LDB)
Cell Breathing
Potential User Control (PUC)
Directed Retry Decision and redirection (DRD)
The algorithms application realm and inter-action relationship can be expressed as

follows.
I. Seeing from the Point of Individual Call

As shown in Figure 13-2:
1)
For users in the idle status, PUC takes effect;
2)
If a user initiates a new call, CAC does the checking and admission;
3)
For rejected users, RNC use DRD mechanism to assign them another chance;
13-1
Feature Description
4)
Chapter 13
Load Control
For the accepted users, they will be managed or impacted by LCC, cell breathing
or inter-frequency load balancing algorithms.
PUC
1. Idle
CAC
2. Call Access
DRD
LCC,
Cell breathing,
Inter-freq load balancing
3. Call rejected
4. Call admitted
time
Figure 13-2 The algorithms application realm and Inter-action relationship (individual call)
II. Seeing from the Point of Neighboring Cells

As shown in Figure 13-3, PUC, DRD and inter-frequency load balancing will transfer
some users from cell A (the serving cell) to the neighboring cell B in another carrier.
Cell breathing algorithm will move some users between cell A and cell B (they are in
the same carrier). CAC and LCC only manage the users just inside cell A.
Carrier II: Cell B
PUC, DRD, Inter-frequency LDB
Carrier I: Cell C
Carrier I: Cell A
(CAC, LCC)
Ce ll Breathing
Figure 13-3 The algorithms application realm and Inter-action relationship (neighboring cells)
III. Seeing from the Point of Load Variety

Along with the increase of the cell load, different algorithm will become effective in
order as shown in Figure 13-4.
13-2
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
NodeB TX Power (Noise)
Load (user no.)

Many users drop
LCC begins: BE services' rate will be reduced
and some victims will be selected and dropped.
CAC begins: New calls will be rejected by the heavy
cell. DRD begins: Direct the rejected users to
neighboring cells or GSM cells.
Cell breathing and inter-freq load balancing begin:
Hot-spot load can be distributed to other cells
need NO load control
PUC begins: Idle users can camp on light cells
Figure 13-4 The algorithms application realm and Inter-action relationship (load variety)
The algorithms of load control will perform real-time monitoring on the load of the cell,
indicate the idle users to camp on the light-loaded cells (PUC), accept or deny the new
calls based their impact to the total load (CAC), expand or shrink the coverage of
CPICH depending on the load (Cell breathing), select and then handover some users
to an inter-frequency neighboring cell (Inter-frequency load balancing), direct the
rejected users to retry in other cells (DRD), detect the cells congestion and relieve it
(LCC). These can guarantee the cells coverage and capacity, make the network stay
in a stable status and keep the customers QoS (Quality of Service).
13.2 Glossary
13.2.1 Terms
PN: Background noise of base station receiver. It is the sum of thermal noise and base
station receiver noise.
JUL: Uplink load factor. The uplink load factor is related to RTWP, it can be calculated
by formula
UL = 1
PN
.
RTWP
13-3
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Eb/No: Bit energy divided by the noise spectral density. It means the required SNR for
demodulating the transmitted signal. Uplink and downlink have different value.
Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. The
CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI. Measurement shall be
performed on the Primary CPICH.
Quality of Service: The collective effect of service performances which determine the
degree of satisfaction of a user of a service. It is characterized by the combined
aspects of performance factors applicable to all services, such as:
z
service operability performance;
service accessibility performance;
service retainability performance;
service integrity performance; and
Other factors specific to each service.

BE
Best Effort
CAC
Call Admission Control
CN
Core Network
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
CRNC
Controlling RNC
CS
Circuit Switch
DCCC
Dynamic Channel Configuration Control
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DRD
Directed Retry Decision and Redirection
DRNC
Drift RNC
HO
Hand Over
LCC
Load Congestion Control
LDB
Load Balancing
PCPICH Physical Common Pilot Channel

PS
Packet Switch
PUC
Potential User Control
QoS
Quality of Service
RAN
RNC
RTWP
Received Total Wideband Power
SIB
13-4
Feature Description
Chapter 13
SNR
Signal Noise Rate
SRNC
Serving RNC
TCP
Transmitted Carrier Power
UE
User Equipment
UMTS
UTRAN
Load Control
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
13.3 Application
13.3.1 Availability
These features are available on BSC6800 V100R002 and later generic releases of the
BSC6800 system.
Intra-system DRD, Inter-system DRD, Inter-system Redirection, PUC, Intra-frequency
cell LDB, Inter-frequency cell LDB are optional features for Huawei UMTS RAN.
13.3.2 Benefit
The load control feature can guarantee the cells coverage and capacity, make the
network stay in a stable status, and keep the customers Quality of Service (QoS).

Intra-system DRD, Inter-system DRD, Inter-system Redirection, PUC, Intra-frequency
cell LDB, Inter-frequency cell LDB are restricted by license. The RNC provides these
functions
only
INTER-SYSTEM
when
the
INTRA-SYSTEM
REDIRECTION,
PUC,
DRD,
INTER-SYSTEM
INTRA-FREQUENCY
CELL
DRD,
LDB,
INTER-FREQUENCY CELL LDB licenses are purchased.

For PUC, only inter-frequency neighboring cell will become the camping target. There
is no impact to intra-frequency neighboring cells. This function is done mainly by the
cell selection and re-selection process in UE. So what the network can do is just
adjusting some parameters. This function needs the supporting from UE.
Cell breathing adjusts the power of CPICH only depending on the TCP. But CPICH
power is a sensitive metric, many parameters are set relative to this metric, so the
adjustment of it will cause magnitude impact. This function should be used very
carefully.
As inter-frequency LDB, the handover is blind handover which needs no measurement.
Therefore the target cells coverage has to be larger than or the same as the source
cell, this function is only applied to concentric cells.
13-5
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
The RAB Retry Procedure is only applied to CS speech (identified through the traffic
class setting within the UEs RAB request) and encompasses redirection to GSM.

13.4.1 Architecture
The algorithms of Load Control are mainly embedded in the CRNC/SRNC, as shown
in Figure 13-5.
Load control
algorithm
NodeB
Uu
CRNC
Iub
SRNC
Iur if needed
CN
Iu
Figure 13-5 The location of Load Control feature

Measurements reported from NodeB will be looked as an input for these algorithms.
They get the information about cell load from NodeB and act on RNC itself. As a
ultimate result of these algorithms, UE will be the beneficiary.
13.4.2 Call Admission Control

Figure 13-6 shows the basic CAC flow chart.
13-6
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Request Arrive
Uplink call admission
control
admitted?
no
yes
Downlink call
admission control
admitted?
no
yes
request admitted
request rejected
end
Figure 13-6 Basic CAC flow

Generally, a request is admitted only when uplink and downlink CAC are both
admitted.
Figure 13-7 shows basic uplink call admission control.
Uplink admission control request
Get measured RTWP and calculate

the current uplink load factor.
UL = 1
Calculate the increment of the

uplink load due to the request.
U L
Get the predicted uplink load

factor.
PN
RTWP
UL, predicted = UL + U L
Compare the predicted value with

admission threshold
Figure 13-7 Basic uplink call admission control
13-7
Feature Description
1)
Chapter 13
Get the measured RTWP and then use formula
UL = 1
Load Control
PN
to calculate
RTWP
the current uplink load factor UL .

2)
Calculate the increment of the uplink load U L based on the characteristic of

the request.
UL , predicted = UL + U L .
3)
Calculate the predicted uplink load factor
4)
Compare the predicted uplink load factor
UL, predicted
with the corresponding
threshold to determine whether admit the request or not.

Basic downlink call admission control has a similar flow chart with uplink.
5)
Get the measured TCP, and multiple with the maximum downlink transmit power
to get the downlink load.
6)
Calculate the increment of the downlink load based on the characteristic of the
request and current load.
7)
Calculate the predicted downlink load.
8)
Compare the predicted downlink load with the corresponding threshold to

determine whether admit the request or not.
13.4.3 Potential User Control

Figure 13-8 shows the algorithm for potential user control.
Monitoring the serving

cell's current load periodically
Label the serving cell and
its neighboring cells based on
their load:
HEAVY, NOR MAL, LIGHT
Update the system

information of the serving cell
and its neighboring cell, and
broadcast it.
Adjust the parameters for

the cell selection and
reselection in UE.
No
Are these
parameters changed?
Yes
Figure 13-8 Potential User Control
13-8
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Potential User Control (PUC) is used by RNC to manage traffic load amongst overlaid
cells with different carrier frequencies.
The cell load is labeled HEAVY, NORMAL or LIGHT by comparison of the load with
some thresholds.
Load is managed by altering the cell selection and reselection parameters, which are
broadcasted in system information. If the cell load is labeled as HEAVY, these
parameters are adjusted to make users in serving cell easier to select neighboring
cells; if the cell load is labeled as LIGHT, these parameters are modified to make users
in neighboring cells easier to camp in the serving cell.
UEs in Idle mode or CELL_FACH state will be affected.
13.4.4 Cell Breathing

I. Principle of Cell Breathing
Figure 13-9 shows the principle of cell breathing.
Cell A
Cell B
If Cell As load is heavy while Cell B is load is light, decrease PCPICH power of Cell A to let
some UEs handover to Cell B or reselect to Cell B, and thus balance the load the two cells.
Figure 13-9 Cell breathing
II. Algorism of Cell Breathing

Figure 13-10 describes the cell breathing algorithm.
13-9
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Monitoring the serving cell's

current load periodically
If the load is greater

than a certain
threshold?
No
If the load is less than

a certain threshold?
Yes
Yes
If the power of
PCPICH has reached
its maximum value?
If the power of PCPICH

has reached its minimum
value?
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Decrease the power of PCPICH
by a step.
Increase the power of

PCPICH by a step.
Figure 13-10 Cell breathing algorithm

1)
Monitoring the current load of the serving cell periodically;
2)
If the current load is greater than a certain threshold, go to Step 3. Otherwise, go

to Step 4;
3)
If PCPICH power has already reached its minimum value, go to Step 1; otherwise
decrease the power of PCPICH by a step;
4)
If the current load is less than a certain threshold, go to Step 5; otherwise go to

Step 1;
5)
If PCPICH power has already reached its maximum value, go to Step 1;

otherwise increase the power of PCPICH by a step.
13.4.5 Inter-frequency Load Balancing

Inter-frequency load balancing focuses on the heaviest-loaded cell and distributes its
load into the lightest-loaded cell by selecting some UEs and handover them, which
can balance the load between cells in the same region.
The handover is blind handover which needs no measurement. Therefore the target
cells coverage has to be larger than or the same as the source cell, this function is
only applied to concentric cells. Figure 13-11 shows the Inter-frequency load balancing
algorism.
13-10
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Monitoring the serving cell's current

load periodically
No
Within the cells covering the same

area, select the heaviest-loaded one
and the lightest-loaded one.
If the load of the heaviest-loaded

cell is greater than a certain threshold?
No
Yes
If the load difference of these two

cells is greater than a certain threshold?
Yes
Select some UEs from the heaviest-loaded

cell and hand them over to the lightestloaded cell.
Figure 13-11 Inter-frequency load balancing
13.4.6 Directed Retry Decision and Redirection

This algorithm includes three key levels of functionality, namely:
z
RRC Retry Decision Algorithm
Redirection Algorithm
RAB Retry Decision Algorithm
Figure 13-12 illustrates the RRC and RAB establishment procedures incorporating the
three components of the DRD algorithm.
13-11
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
RNC
UE
CN
1RRC CONNECTION REQUEST

(Containing RACH measurement report)
2. RRC Retry
Decision Algorithm
RRC CONNECTION SETUP

(Containing (new) cell information)
RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE
3. Redirection
Algorithm
RRC DIRECT T RANSFER
RANAP DIRECT TRANSFER

RANAP RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST
4. RAB Retry
Decision Algorithm
RANAP RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE
Figure 13-12 Directed Retry Decision and Redirection

1)
When a UE wants to establish an RRC connection it must first send an RRC

CONNECTION SETUP REQUEST message to the UTRAN (RNC) to establish an
SRB on a DCH. To invoke the DRD algorithm, the UE should include a RACH
measurement report (containing the CPICH Ec/No measurements of several
neighboring/candidate cells). This list of candidate cells is then ranked in
descending order, based on the Ec/No measurements;
2)
If the UE cannot establish an RRC connection with its preferred cell, the
candidate list is then sequentially examined in a top-down manner until a suitable
cell is obtained. Then the selected cell information is sent to UE by RRC
CONNECTION SETUP. This is so called RRC Retry Decision Algorithm;
3)
If none of the cells in the list satisfy the criteria of the RRC Retry Decision
Algorithm, the UE fails in its attempt to establish an RRC connection and the
Redirection Algorithm is invoked. The latter algorithm will use the Redirection
IE in RRC CONNECTION REJECT message to redirect UE to another frequency
or other system (e.g. GSM);
4)
If the UE is successful in its attempt to establish the requested RRC connection,

the CN then initiates the RAB assignment procedure. If the assignment procedure
is not successful, the RAB Retry Decision Algorithm is invoked to retry the
procedure in an inter-frequency cell or a GSM cell.
13-12
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
13.4.7 Load Congestion Control

Congestion is an emergent status. Once RNC detects such a status, what it should do
is to reduce the cells load as quickly as possible. Figure 13-13 shows the Load
Congestion Control algorithm.
Monitoring the serving cell's

current load periodically.
If the load is greater

than a certain threshold?
No
If the congestion is
relieved?
No
Yes
Yes
Do some post-congestion
actions. For example,
recover the BE users'
bandwidth.
The congestion status is

detected.
Choose some actions to resist

the congestion:
y
Reduce the BE users'
bandwidth temporarily.
y
Selective user dropping.
Figure 13-13 Load Congestion Control Algorithm

The candidate action includes the follows:
z
reducing the BE users bandwidth temporarily
dropping some users
13.5 Interaction
Feature
Interaction
In the case that the DCCC desires to increase a user's transmission data rate on
either up or downlink or both, a reconfiguration requests is sent to CAC for admission
DCCC
checking. If the admission is granted by the CAC, the reconfiguration may be

successful. If the reconfiguration request is rejected by the CAC, the call will continue
with its current data rate. When LCC wants to reduce the BE users bandwidth, it
should have to ask DCCC to perform the actual operation.
HO
If inter-frequency load balancing wants to handover some UEs, it should have to

revoke HO to do the actual action.
13-13
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
13.6 Implementation
The algorithms of Load Control are mainly integrated and embedded in the
CRNC/SRNC.
To Tune the Load Control functionality within UTRAN, configure all or parts of the
13.6.2 Parameter
I. Potential User Control
SET CERRMTIMER
Parameter
LDCPUCPERIOD
TIMERLEN
Parameter name
Comments
PUC Period Timer
A timer used for identifying Potential User Control (PUC)

adjustment period.
ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLPUC
Parameter
SPUCLIGHT
SPUCHEAVY
SPUCHYST
Parameter name
Comments
Load level division

threshold 2
used to decide whether the cell load level is "Light" or

not.
Load level division

threshold 1
Another threshold used to judging cell load level, it is

used to decide whether the cell load level is "Heavy" or
not.
Load level division

hysteresis
One of the thresholds used to judging cell load level, it is
The hysteresis used while judging cell load level, it is

used to avoid the unnecessary ping-pong of a cell
between two load levels due to tiny load change.
II. Cell Breathing

SET CERRMTIMER
Parameter
LDCINTRAFREQ
LDBPERIODTIME
RLEN
Parameter name
Comments
Intra-Frequency
A timer used for identifying intra-frequency LDB
LDB Period Timer
adjustment period.
13-14
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLLDB
Parameter
Parameter name
Comments
PCPICHPOWERP
Pilot
ACE
adjustment step
CELLOVERRUNT
Cell
HD
threshold
CELLUNDERRUN
Cell under load
THD
threshold
power
overload
Pilot power adjustment step.

If the cell downlink load exceeds this threshold, the
algorithm can decrease the pilot transmit power of the
cell so as to increase the whole system's capacity.
If the cell downlink load is lower than this threshold, the
algorithm can increase the pilot transmit power of the cell
so as to share the load of other cells.
III. Inter-frequency Load Balancing

SET CERRMTIMER
Parameter
LDCINTERFREQ
LDBPERIODTIME
RLEN
Parameter name
Comments
Inter-Frequency
A timer used for identifying inter-frequency Load Balance
LDB Period Timer
(LDB) adjustment period.
ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLLDB
Parameter
Parameter name
Comments
The inter-frequency handover can be implemented when
INTERCARRIERL
OADDIFFTHD
Inter-freq cell load
the load difference between the cell with the maximum
difference
load and the cell with the minimum load exceeds this
threshold
threshold and the load of the former exceeds

[Inter-frequency cell load adjustment threshold].
INTERCARRIERL
OADADJUSTTHD
Inter-freq cell load
The inter-frequency handover can be implemented when
adjustment
the load of the cell with the maximum load exceeds this
threshold
threshold.
IV. Directed Retry Decision and Redirection

SET DRD
Parameter
ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLDRD
Parameter name
Comments
13-15
Feature Description
SET DRD
DRMAXNUMBER
REFCSMAXNUM
RABDRMAXNUM
BER
Chapter 13
Load Control
ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLDRD
Max number of
The maximum allowed number of reattempts initiated by
direct reattempts
the system after the first access failure.
Max number of
reference cell set
Max number of RAB direct reattempts reference cell set.
Max number of
RAB
direct
Max number of RAB direct reattempts.
reattempts
When the cell signal quality exceeds the threshold, the
CSTHRESHOLD
Candidate
set
absolute threshold
cell will be put into the DRD candidate set. When the UE
fails to access the cell, the DRD algorithm will
automatically originate access to another cell in the
candidate set.
The minimum requirement for the CPICH Ec/No received
MINSIGNALREQ
UIRED
when the UE demodulates normally. In DRD algorithm,

Min Ec/No
the cell will be taken into consideration only when the cell
signal quality exceeds this parameter value. Otherwise,
the cell with poor signal quality will be neglected.
V. Load Congestion Control

ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLLCC
Parameter
LCCMRTHD1
LCCMRTHD2
Parameter name
Measurement
threshold 1
Measurement
threshold 2
Comments
This parameter represents the percentage of the total DL
transmit power to the total BTS transmit power. It is used
to decide whether the LCC is triggered or not.
This parameter represents the percentage of the total DL
transmit power to the total BTS transmit power. It is used
to decide whether the LCC is triggered or not.
VI. Call Admission Control

ADD/MOD/RMV/LST CELLCAC
Parameter
Parameter name
Comments
13-16
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
Uplink admission control threshold for handover
ULHOTHD
handover
request. [UlHoThd] should be set higher than
admission threshold
[UlConvThd] to give handover request higher priority
UL
than conversation request.

UL
ULCONVTHD
threshold
of
conversation
UL
request. [UlConvThd] should be set higher than

[UlOtherThd] to give conversation request higher
service
ULOTHERTHD
Uplink admission control threshold for conversation
priority than other request.
threshold
of
other services
Uplink admission control threshold for other request.

Downlink admission control threshold for handover
DLHOTHD
handover
request. [DlHoThd] should be set higher than
admission threshold
[DlConvThd] to give handover request higher priority
DL
than conversation request.

DL
DLCONVTHD
threshold
of
conversation
DL
request. [DlConvThd] should be set higher than

[DlOtherThd] to give conversation request higher
service
DLOTHERTHD
Downlink admission control threshold for conversation
priority than other request.
threshold
of
other services
Downlink admission control threshold for other request.

Background noise for uplink load factor calculation
BACKGROUNDN
OISE
when auto-adaptive background noise update algorithm

is switched off.
Background noise
Initial background noise value when auto-adaptive

background noise update algorithm is switched on.
BGNSWITCH
Auto-Adaptive
When the parameter is '0', the auto-adaptive
Background Noise
background noise update algorithm will be switched off,
Update Switch
otherwise, the algorithm wiil be switched on.

Only when the measured background noise's duration
reaches this parameter, the ouput of the auto-adaptive
BGNADJUSTTIM
ELEN
Background Noise
background noise update filter could be regarded as
Update
effect background noise, and replace the current value,
Continuance Time
at the same time, the auto-adaptie status should be

restarted; otherwise, the output could not be regarded
as the effective background noise.
13-17
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
When the Uplink equivelent user number is not larger
than this parameter, the RTWP could be regarded as
User
background noise, so the measured RTWP could be
BGNEQUSERNU
Number Threshold
input to the auto-adaptive background noise update
MTHD
for
filter; otherwise, the RTWP could not be regarded as
Equivalent
Background
Noise Update
background noise, and should not be input to the filter,

and at the same time, the auto-adaptive status should
be reset.
13.6.3 Example
I. Modify PUC Algorithm Parameters of Cell 1.
MOD CELLPUC: CELLID=1, SPUCLIGHT=45, SPUCHEAVY=70, SPUCHYST=5;
After the above operation, the parameters are added as follows: the Load level division
threshold 2 is 45%; the Load level division threshold 1 is 70%; the Load level division
hysteresis is 5%.
II. Modify Cell Breathing Algorithm Parameters of Cell 1.

MOD CELLLDB: CELLID=1, PCPICHPOWERPACE=2, CELLOVERRUNTHD=55,
CELLUNDERRUNTHD=45;
After the above operation, the parameters are set as follows: the pilot power
adjustment step is 0.2dB; the cell overload threshold is 55%; the cell under load
threshold is 45%.
3. Modify inter-frequency load balancing algorithm parameters of cell 1.
MOD
CELLLDB:
CELLID=1,
INTERCARRIERLOADDIFFTHD=10,
INTERCARRIERLOADADJUSTTHD=55;
After the above operation, the parameters are set as follows: the inter-frequency cell
load difference threshold is 10%; the inter-frequency cell load adjustment threshold is
55%.
III. Modify the Cell Oriented DRD Algorithm Parameters to the Cell 1.
MOD
CELLDRD:
CELLID=1,
DRMAXNUMBER=
2,
REFCSMAXNUM=2,
RABDRMAXNUMBER=2, CSTHRESHOLD=-18, MINSIGNALREQUIRED=-18;

After the above operations, the DRD algorithm parameters of the cell 1 are modified as
follows: the Max number of RRC direct reattempts is 2; the Max number of reference
cell set is 2; the Max number of RAB direct reattempts is 2; the Candidate set absolute
threshold is -18; the minimum Ec/No when the UE works normally is -18 dB.
13-18
Feature Description
Chapter 13
Load Control
IV. Modify LCC Algorithm Parameters of Cell 1.

MOD CELLLCC: CELLID=1, LCCMRTHD1=90, LCCMRTHD2=80;
After the above operation, the parameters are added as follows: the measurement
threshold 1 is 90%; the measurement threshold 2 is 80%.
Suppose the maximum transmit power of this cell is 43dBm (20W), then the power
threshold 1 is 42.5dBm (about 18W) and the power threshold 2 is 42dBm (about 16W).
V. Modify CAC Algorithm Parameters of Cell 1.

MOD CELLCAC: CELLID = 1, ULCONVTHD = 700, ULOTHERTHD = 650,
DLCONVTHD = 75, DLOTHERTHD = 65, ULHOTHD = 750, DLHOTHD = 80,
BGNSWITCH = ON, BGNADJUSTTIMELEN = 5, BGNEQUSERNUMTHD = 2;
After the above operation, we change the uplink admission threshold as flowing:
handover threshold=0.75, conversation threshold=0.7, other threshold=0.65;
Change the downlink admission threshold as flowing: handover threshold=0.8,
conversation threshold=0.75, other threshold=0.65;
Turn on the auto-adaptive background noise update function, and set the adjust
time=5minutes, Equivalent user number for background noise update=2.

1)
3GPP, TS 25.133 "Requirements for Support of Radio Resource Management

(FDD)"
2)
3GPP, TS 25.215 "Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)"
3)
3GPP, TS25.304 UE Procedures in Idle Mode and Procedures for Cell

Reselection in Connected Mode
4)
5)
3GPP TS 25.413 "UTRAN Iu Interface RANAP Signaling"
13-19
Feature Description
Chapter 14 Integrity Protection and Encrypt

14.1 Introduction
In order to prevent user data from illegal intercepting or input to the network and keep
safety of the network and user, ciphering and integrity protection functions are used in
WCDMA system. Comparing to GSM, WCDMA enhances the integrity protection
functionality, the property that the receiving entity (MS or SN) is able to verify that
signalling data has not been modified in an unauthorized way since it was sent by the
sending entity (SN or MS) and that the data origin of the signalling data received is
indeed the one claimed. Ciphering key length has been increased in 3G, more robust
ciphering algorithm and integrity algorithm are used to make sure safety of the network
and user. If ciphering and integrity protection are set in the network, they will be
executed in radio interface.
14.2 Glossary
14.2.1 Terms
Quintet, UMTS authentication vector: temporary authentication and key agreement
data that enables a VLR/SGSN to engage in UMTS AKA with a particular user. A
quintet consists of five elements: a) a network challenge RAND, b) an expected user
response XRES, c) a cipher key CK, d) an integrity key IK and e) a network
authentication token AUTN.
Triplet, GSM authentication vector: temporary authentication and key agreement
data that enables a VLR/SGSN to engage in GSM AKA with a particular user. A triplet
consists of three elements: a) a network challenge RAND, b) an expected user
response SRES and c) a cipher key Kc.
Data integrity: The property that data has not been altered in an unauthorized
manner.
UMTS security context: a state that is established between a user and a serving
network domain as a result of the execution of UMTS AKA. At both ends "UMTS
security context data" is stored, that consists at least of the UMTS cipher/integrity keys
CK and IK and the key set identifier KSI. One is still in a UMTS security context, if the
keys CK/IK are converted into Kc to work with a GSM BSS.
GSM security context: a state that is established between a user and a serving
network domain usually as a result of the execution of GSM AKA. At both ends "GSM
security context data" is stored, that consists at least of the GSM cipher key Kc and the
cipher key sequence number CKSN.
14-1
Feature Description
Authentication vector: either a quintet or a triplet.

R98-: Refers to a network node or ME that conforms to R97 or R98 specifications.
R99+: Refers to a network node or ME that conforms to R99 or later specifications.
R99+ ME capable of UMTS AKA: either a R99+ UMTS only ME, a R99+ GSM/UMTS
ME, or a R99+ GSM only ME that does support USIM-ME interface.
R99+ ME not capable of UMTS AKA: a R99+ GSM only ME that does not support
USIM-ME interface.
14.2.2 Symbol
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
f1
Message authentication function used to compute MAC
f8
encryption algorithm
f9
Integrity algorithm

AKA
Authentication and key agreement
AUTN
Authentication Token
BSS
Base Station System
BTS
Base Transceiver Station
CK
Cipher Key
CKSN
Cipher key sequence number
CS
Circuit Switched
HE
Home Environment
HLR
Home Location Register
IK
Integrity Key
IMSI
KSI
Key Set Identifier
LAI
MAC
The message authentication code included in AUTN, computed using f1
ME
Mobile Equipment
MS
Mobile Station
14-2
Feature Description
MSC
Mobile Services Switching Center
PS
Packet Switched
RAND
Random challenge
RNC
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
SQN
Sequence number
SN
Serving Network
UEA
UMTS Encryption Algorithm
UIA
UMTS Integrity Algorithm
UMTS
USIM
User Services Identity Module
UTRAN
Uu
Radio interface between UTRAN and UE
VLR
Visitor Location Register
XRES
Expected Response
14.3 Application
I. Availability
II. Benefit
This feature enhances network and user data security, effectively keeps data between
user and network from intercepted and illegal modified, effectively prevents imitation
behavior.
III. Limitation and Restriction

Ciphering and integrity algorithm should be supported by both network and handsets.
14-3
Feature Description

14.4.1 Architecture
UE
Integrity Proce dure
RNC
Signalling
Encrypt Procedur e
Signalling and Data
Figure 14-1 Integrity and Encrypt Procedure

As shown in Figure 14-1, Ciphering and integrity protection procedure are completed
on Uu interface. The object of integrity protection is signalling while ciphering is used
in not only signalling but also data.
14.4.2 Integrity Protection and Ciphering Algorithm

I. Integrity Protection and Ciphering Algorithm Keys
Integrity Protection and Ciphering Algorithm include the following key parameters:
z
UIA: UMTS Integrity Algorithm, According to the protocol, the RNC supports only
UIA1 currently, i.e., f9 integrity protection
UEA: UMTS Encryption Algorithm, According to the protocol, the RNC supports
only two encryption algorithms currently, UEA0 and UEA1. UEA0: Not encrypted.
UEA1: f8 encryption algorithm.
Integrity Key (IK): The integrity key IK is 128 bits long. There may be one IK for
CS connections (IKCS), established between the CS service domain and the user
and one IK for PS connections (IKPS) established between the PS service domain
and the user. For UMTS subscribers IK is established during UMTS AKA,.IK is
stored in the USIM and a copy is stored in the ME. IK is sent from the USIM to the
ME upon request of the ME. IK is sent from the HLR/AuC to the VLR/SGSN and
stored in the VLR/SGSN as part of a quintet. It is sent from the VLR/SGSN to the
RNC in the (RANAP) security mode command.
Cipher Key (CK): The cipher key CK is 128 bits long. There may be one CK for
CS connections (CKCS), established between the CS service domain and the user
and one CK for PS connections (CKPS) established between the PS service
domain and the user. For UMTS subscribers, CK is established during UMTS
AKA. CK is stored in the USIM and a copy is stored in the ME. CK is sent from the
USIM to the ME upon request of the ME. CK is sent from the HLR/AuC to the
14-4
Feature Description
VLR/SGSN and stored in the VLR/SGSN as part of the quintet. It is sent from the
VLR/SGSN to the RNC in the (RANAP) security mode command.
II. UTRAN Encryption

Once the user and the network have authenticated each other they may begin secure
communication. A cipher key CK is shared between the core network and the terminal
after a successful authentication event.
Before encryption can begin, the communicating parties have to agree on the
encryption algorithm also. Fortunately, in UMTS implemented according to 3GPP R99,
only one algorithm is defined.
The encryption/decryption takes place in the terminal and in the RNC on the network
side. This means that the cipher key CK has to be transferred from CN to the radio
access network. This is done in a specific RANAP message called security mode
command. After the RNC has obtained CK it can switch on the encryption by sending
an RRC security mode command to the terminal.
The UMTS encryption mechanism is based on a stream cipher concept as described
in Figure 14-2.This means the plain text data is added bit-by-bit to random-looking
mask data, which are generated based on the cipher key CK and a few other
parameters. This type of encryption has the advantage that the mask data can be
generated even before the actual plaintext is known. Then the final encryption is a very
fast bit operation. The decryption on the receiving side is done in exactly the same
way since adding the mask bits twice has the same result as adding zeros.
DIRECTION/
1
BEARER/5
LENGTH
DIRECTION/
1
BEARER/5
LENGTH
COUNT-C/32
CK/128
f8
COUNT-C/32
CK/128
KEYSTREAM
BLOCK(MASK)
PLAINTEXT
BLOCK
f8
KEYSTREAM
BLOCK(MASK)
CIPHERTEXT
BLOCK
Sender
UE or RNC
PLAINTEXT
BLOCK
Receiver
RNC or UE
Figure 14-2 Ciphering of user and signalling data transmitted over the radio access link
As the mask data does not depend on the plaintext at all there has to be another input
parameter, which changes every time a new mask is generated. Otherwise two
different plaintexts, say P1 and P2, would be protected by the same mask. Then the
following unwanted phenomenon would happen: if we add P1 to P2 bit-by-bit, and we
do the same to their encrypted counterparts, then the result bit string is exactly the
14-5
Feature Description
same in both cases. This is, again, due to the fact that two identical masks cancel
each other in the bit-by-bit addition. Therefore, the bit-by-bit sum of P1 and P2 would
become known to any attacker who eavesdrops on the corresponding encrypted
messages on the radio interface. Typically, if two bit strings of meaningful data are
added to each other bit-by-bit, both of them can be totally revealed from the result bit
string. Hence, this would imply a break of the encryption for the two messages P1 and
P2.
III. UMTS Intergrity Protection of RRC Signalling

The purpose of the integrity protection is to authenticate individual control messages.
This is important since a separate authentication procedure gives assurance of the
identities of the communicating parties only at the time of the authentication.
The integrity protection is implemented at the RRC layer, i.e. radio interface. Thus it is
used between the terminal and RNC, just like encryption. The integrity key IK is
generated during the authentication and key agreement procedure, again similar to
the cipher key. Also, IK is transferred to the RNC together with CK in security mode
command.
Figure 14-3 illustrates the use of the integrity algorithm f9 to authenticate the data
integrity of a signalling message.
COUNT-I/32
MESSAGE
IK/128
COUNT-I/32 DIRECTION/1
DIRECTION/1
f9
FRESH/32
MESSAGE
IK/128
MAC I/32
FRESH/32
f9
XMAC I/32
Sender
UE or RNC
Receiver
RNC or UE
Figure 14-3 Derivation of MAC-I (or XMAC-I) on a signalling message

The input parameters to the algorithm are the Integrity Key (IK), the integrity sequence
number (COUNT-I), a random value generated by the network side (FRESH), the
direction bit DIRECTION and the signalling data MESSAGE. Based on these input
parameters the user computes message authentication code for data integrity MAC-I
using the integrity algorithm f9. The MAC-I is then appended to the message when
sent over the radio access link. The receiver computes XMAC-I on the message
received in the same way as the sender computed MAC-I on the message sent and
verifies the data integrity of the message by comparing it to the received MAC-I.
14-6
Feature Description
IV. Summary of Access Security
SQNAuC
HLR/AUC
AKA Algorithms
Authentication Vectors
VLR
SGSN
CKcs, I Kcs
CKps, IKps
RNC
Encryption and Integrity

Protection Algorithms
RES RAND, AUTN
Secure communication
Encryption and Integrity

Protection Algorithms
ME
CKps,IKps
CKcs,IKcs
K SQNUSIM
AKA
USIM
Algorithms
Figure 14-4 UMTS access security summary

Figure 14-4 concludes this section by presenting a schematic overview of the most
important access security mechanisms and their relationships to each other. For the
sake of clarity, many parameters are not shown in this figure.
V. Ciphering and Integrity Mode Negotiation

When an MS wishes to establish a connection with the network, the MS shall indicate
to the network in the MS/USIM Classmark which cipher and integrity algorithms the
MS supports. This information itself must be integrity protected. As it is the case that
the RNC does not have the integrity key IK when receiving the MS/USIM Classmark
this information must be stored in the RNC. The data integrity of the Classmark is
14-7
Feature Description
performed, during the security mode set-up procedure by use of the most recently
generated IK
The network shall compare its integrity protection capabilities and preferences, and
any special requirements of the subscription of the MS, with those indicated by the MS
and act according to the following rules:
1)
If the MS and the network have no versions of the UIA algorithm in common, then
the connection shall be released.
2)
If the MS and the network have at least one version of the UIA algorithm in
common, then the network shall select one of the mutually acceptable versions of
the UIA algorithm for use on that connection.
The network shall compare its ciphering capabilities and preferences, and any special
requirements of the subscription of the MS, with those indicated by the MS and act
according to the following rules:
3)
If the MS and the network have no versions of the UEA algorithm in common and
the network is not prepared to use an unciphered connection, then the connection
shall be released.
4)
If the MS and the network have no versions of the UEA algorithm in common and
the user (respectively the user's HE) and the network are willing to use an
unciphered connection, then an unciphered connection shall be used.
5)
If the MS and the network have at least one version of the UEA algorithm in
common, then the network shall select one of the mutually acceptable versions of
the UEA algorithm for use on that connection.
Because of the separate mobility management for CS and PS services, one CN

domain may, independent of the other CN, establish a connection to one and the same
MS. Change of ciphering and integrity mode (algorithms) at establishment of a second
MS to CN connection shall not be permitted. The preferences and special
requirements for the ciphering and integrity mode setting shall be common for both
domains. (e.g. the order of preference of the algorithms).
In case of a UE with Radio Access Bearers towards both core networks, the user data
towards CS shall always be ciphered with the ciphering key received from CS and the
user data towards PS with the ciphering key received from PS. The signalling data
shall always be ciphered with the last received ciphering key and integrity protected
with the last received integrity protection key from any of the two CNs.
14.5 Interaction
14.5.1 Relation and Influence with Authentication Procedure
IK and CK used in integrity protection and ciphering are interacted in authentication
procedure, which will be stored in USIM card after authentication successes.
14-8
Feature Description
14.5.2 Relation and Influence with Intersystem Handover Procedure

I. Intersystem Handover for CS Services from UTRAN to GSM BSS
If ciphering has been started when an intersystem handover occurs from UTRAN to
GSM BSS, the necessary information (e.g. Kc, supported/allowed GSM ciphering
algorithms) is transmitted within the system infrastructure before the actual handover
is executed to enable the communication to proceed from the old RNC to the new
GSM BSS, and to continue the communication in ciphered mode. The RNC may
request the MS to send the MS Classmarks 2 and 3 which include information on the
GSM ciphering algorithm capabilities of the MS. This is necessary only if the MS
Classmarks 2 and 3 were not transmitted from UE to UTRAN during the RRC
Connection Establishment. The intersystem handover will imply a change of ciphering
algorithm from a UEA to a GSM A5. The GSM BSS includes the selected GSM
ciphering mode in the handover command message sent to the MS via the RNC.
The integrity protection of signalling messages is stopped at handover to GSM BSS.
1)
UMTS security context
A UMTS security context in UTRAN is only established for a UMTS subscriber with a
R99+ ME that is capable of UMTS AKA. At the network side, three cases are
distinguished:
z
In case of a handover to a GSM BSS controlled by the same MSC/VLR, the

MSC/VLR derives the GSM cipher key Kc from the stored UMTS cipher/integrity
keys CK and IK (using the conversion function) and sends Kc to the target BSC
(which forwards it to the BTS).
In case of a handover to a GSM BSS controlled by other R98- MSC/VLR, the

initial MSC/VLR derives the GSM cipher key from the stored UMTS
cipher/integrity keys (using the conversion function) and sends it to the target
BSC via the new MSC/VLR controlling the BSC. The initial MSC/VLR remains the
anchor point throughout the service.
In case of a handover to a GSM BSS controlled by another R99+ MSC/VLR, the

initial MSC/VLR sends the stored UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK to the
new MSC/VLR. The initial MSC/VLR also derives Kc and sends it to the new
MSC/VLR. The new MSC/VLR store the keys and sends the received GSM
cipher key Kc to the target BSC (which forwards it to the BTS). The initial
MSC/VLR remains the anchor point throughout the service.
At the user side, in either case, the ME applies the derived GSM cipher key Kc
received from the USIM during the last UMTS AKA procedure.
2)
GSM security context
A GSM security context in UTRAN is only established for a GSM subscriber with a
R99+ ME. At the network side, two cases are distinguished:
14-9
Feature Description
In case of a handover to a GSM BSS controlled by the same MSC/VLR, the
MSC/VLR sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the target BSC (which forwards
it to the BTS).
In case of a handover to a GSM BSS controlled by another MSC/VLR (R99+ or
R98-), the initial MSC/VLR sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the BSC via
the new MSC/VLR controlling the target BSC. The initial MSC/VLR remains the
anchor point throughout the service.
If the non-anchor MSC/VLR is R99+, then the anchor MSC/VLR also derives and
sends to the non-anchor MSC/VLR the UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK. The
non-anchor MSC/VLR stores all keys. This is done to allow subsequent handovers in a
non-anchor R99+ MSC/VLR.
At the user side, in either case, the ME applies the stored GSM cipher key Kc.
II. Intersystem Change for PS Services from UTRAN to GSM BSS

1)
A UMTS security context in UTRAN is only established for UMTS subscribers. At the
network side, three cases are distinguished:
z
In case of an intersystem change to a GSM BSS controlled by the same SGSN,

the SGSN derives the GSM cipher key Kc from the stored UMTS cipher/integrity
keys CK and IK (using the conversion function) and applies it.
In case of an intersystem change to a GSM BSS controlled by another R99+

SGSN, the initial SGSN sends the stored UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK
to the new SGSN. The new SGSN stores the keys, derives the GSM cipher key
Kc and applies the latter. The new SGSN becomes the new anchor point for the
service.
In case of an intersystem change to a GSM BSS controlled by a R98- SGSN, the

initial SGSN derives the GSM cipher key Kc and sends the GSM cipher key Kc to
the new SGSN. The new SGSN stores the GSM cipher key Kc and applies it. The
new SGSN becomes the new anchor point for the service.
At the user side, in all cases, the ME applies the derived GSM cipher key Kc received
from the USIM during the last UMTS AKA procedure.
2)
GSM security context
A GSM security context in UTRAN is only established for GSM subscribers. At the
network side, two cases are distinguished:
z
In case of an intersystem change to a GSM BSS controlled by the same SGSN,

the SGSN starts to apply the stored GSM cipher key Kc.
In case of an intersystem change to a GSM BSS controlled by another SGSN, the

initial SGSN sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the (new) SGSN controlling
the BSC. The new SGSN stores the key and applies it. The new SGSN becomes
the new anchor point for the service.
14-10
Feature Description
At the user side, in both cases, the ME applies the GSM cipher key Kc that is stored.
III. Intersystem Change for PS Services from GSM BSS to UTRAN

1)
A UMTS security context in GSM BSS is only established for UMTS subscribers with
R99+ ME that is capable of UMTS AKA and connected to a R99+ VLR/SGSN. At the
network side, two cases are distinguished:
In case of an intersystem change to a UTRAN controlled by the same SGSN, the
stored UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK are sent to the target RNC.
In case of an intersystem change to a UTRAN controlled by another SGSN, the
initial SGSN sends the stored UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK to the (new)
SGSN controlling the target RNC. The new SGSN becomes the new anchor point
for the service. The new SGSN then stores the UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK
and IK and sends them to the target RNC.
At the user side, in both cases, the ME applies the stored UMTS cipher/integrity keys
CK and IK.
2)
GSM security context- Established for a UMTS subscriber
A GSM security context for a UMTS subscriber is established in case the user has a
R98- ME or R99+ ME not capable of UMTS AKA, where intersystem change to
UTRAN is not possible or in case the user has a R99+ ME but the SGSN is R98-,
where intersystem change to UTRAN implies a change to a R99+ SGSN.
As result, in case of intersystem change to a UTRAN controlled by another R99+
SGSN, the initial R98- SGSN sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the new SGSN
controlling the target RNC.
Since the new R99+ SGSN has no indication of whether the subscriber is GSM or
UMTS, a R99+ SGSN shall perform a new UMTS AKA when receiving Kc from a R98SGSN. A UMTS security context using fresh quintets is then established between the
R99+ SGSN and the USIM. The new SGSN becomes the new anchor point for the
service.
At the user side, new keys shall be agreed during the new UMTS AKA initiated by the
R99+ SGSN.
3)
GSM security context-Established for a GSM subscriber
Handover from GSM BSS to UTRAN for GSM subscriber is only possible with R99+
ME. At the network side, three cases are distinguished:
z
In case of an intersystem change to a UTRAN controlled by the same SGSN, the

SGSN derives UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK from the stored GSM cipher
key Kc (using the conversion functions) and sends them to the target RNC.
In case of an intersystem change from a R99+ SGSN to a UTRAN controlled by

another SGSN, the initial SGSN sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the (new)
14-11
Feature Description
for the service. The new SGSN stores the GSM cipher key Kc and derives the
UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK which are then forwarded to the target
RNC.
z
In case of an intersystem change from an R98-SGSN to a UTRAN controlled by

another SGSN, the initial SGSN sends the stored GSM cipher key Kc to the (new)
for the service. To ensure use of UMTS keys for a possible UMTS subscriber
(superfluous in this case), a R99+ SGSN will perform a new AKA when a
R99+ ME is coming from a R98-SGSN.
At the user side, in all cases, the ME derives the UMTS cipher/integrity keys CK and IK
from the stored GSM cipher key Kc (using the conversion functions) and applies them.
In case c) these keys will be over-written with a new CK, IK pair due to the new AKA.
14.6 Implementation
Huawei WCDMA network support integrity protection algorithm UIA0 and ciphering
algorithm UEA0, UEA1. According to protocol specification, those algorithms shall be
set same in both CS and PS Core network domain, RNC select at least one of integrity
protection algorithm and one of ciphering algorithm, further more, intersection between
CN and RNC should be existed.
Default Value:
z
Integrity algorithm: support UIA0
Encryption Algorithms: support UEA0 and UEA1
14.6.2 Parameters
If handsets support UIA1, UEA0 and UEA1 algorithm, the parameters in Table 14-1
must be kept consistency.
Table 14-1 Integrity protection and encrypt parameters
NE
Command
Name
algorithm
Integrity
SET UIA
protection
Description
Set the UMTS Integrity Algorithm (UIA) supported
UIA1
by an RNC. According to the protocol, the RNC
algorithm
supports only UIA1 currently.

Set the UMTS Encryption Algorithms (UEAs)
RNC
SET UEA
Encryption
UEA0,
algorithm
UEA1
supported by an RNC. According to the protocol,

the RNC supports only two encryption algorithms
currently, UEA0 and UEA1. UEA0: Not encrypted.
UEA1.
14-12
Feature Description
NE
MSC
SGSN
Command
Name
algorithm
Description
CIPHER
YES
Whether encrypt the transferred information
CIPHER
NOCIPH3G
This parameter is used to specify the ciphering
ALGORITHM
UEA1
algorithm to be used.
Cipher
YES
Cipher
NO_ENCRYPT
This parameter is used to specify the ciphering
algorithm
ION, UEA1
algorithm to be used.
MOD
MAPACCFG
Indicates whether ciphering is required for the

service.
SET PMM

1)
3GPP TS 33.102 "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification

Group Services and System Aspects; 3G Security; Security Architecture"
2)
3GPP TS 31.111 "USIM Application Toolkit (USAT)"
14-13
Feature Description
Chapter 15
Clock
Chapter 15 Clock
15.1 Introduction
The RAN clock features include clock features of both RNC and NodeB.
The stability of the 8.192 MHz RNC master clock should be enhanced clock on
stratum 3, while that of the 10 MHz NodeB master clock should be kept at +/-0.05
ppm.
There are three optional external reference sources for RNC system clock:
z
Iu clock
GPS clock
BITS clock (2 MHz or 2 Mbit/s)
There are three optional external reference clocks for NodeB system clock:
z
Iub clock
GPS clock
BITS clock (2 MHz)
To organize RAN clock network, select any one of the three reference clocks for RNC
and any one of the three reference clocks for NodeB.
15.2 Glossary
15.2.1 Terms
None
15.2.2 Acronyms and Abbreviation

AGPS
Assistant GPS
BITS
Building Integrated Timing Supply System
GLONASS
GLObal Navigation Satellite System
DAC
Digit-Analog Converter
GPS
Global Position System
LCS
Location Services
NMPT
NodeB Main Processing & Timing Unit
OCXO
Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator
PFD
Phase-Frequency Detector
OTDOA
Observed Time Difference Of Arrival
15-1
Feature Description
Chapter 15
WCLK
RNC Clock Board
WLPU
RNC Line Process Board
WNET
RNC Network Switch Board
WRBS
RNC Business Subrack
WRSS
RNC Switch Subrack
Clock
15.3 Application
15.3.1 Availability
This is a basic feature for Huawei UMTS RAN.
15.3.2 Benefit
By using digital phase-locked loop and reliable phase locking technique controlled by
software, the system clock can reliably trace signals of satellite clock, BITS clock, or
upper-level clock.
The enhanced clock on stratum 3 precedes the international standards, and provides
clock source for the RNC. The receiver tracing satellite signals meets the clock
standards on stratum 1, and its frequency precision is better than 2.0 E-11.
The software is powerful with the functions of display, alarm reporting and
maintenance for system clock. You may set the internal parameters of the clock
through the local maintenance terminal.
RNC and NodeB provide several choices of clock reference sources. You may decide
which reference source to use by comparing the performance and cost of the following
clock reference sources. See Table 15-1 and Table 15-2 for detailed comparison.
Table 15-1 Comparison between RNC clock reference sources
Reference
Strong Point
Weak Point
It operates with higher precision and works
It operates with greater cost and
relatively independently. When AGPS is used or Iu
makes
clock stability is not good, GPS clock is preferred.
complex.
It operates with easy networking and without
It operates with larger jitter
additional costs. It is in common use.
affected by Iu transmission.
It is higher precision.
It operates with the greatest cost
Source
GPS clock
Iu clock
BITS clock
equipment,
perhaps,
When you have had BITS

it will be used.
15-2
engineering
and requires external cable.
more
Feature Description
Chapter 15
Clock
Table 15-2 Comparison between NodeB clock reference sources

Reference
Strong Point
Weak Point
It operates with higher precision and works relatively
It operates with greater cost
independently. When OTDOA is used or Iub clock
and
stability is not good, GPS clock is preferred.
more complex.
It operates with easy networking and without
It operates with larger jitter
additional costs. It is in common use.
affected by Iub transmission.
Source
GPS clock
Iub clock
makes
engineering
Generally it is seldom used

BITS clock
It operates with higher precision. When there are
because It operates with the
BITS equipment already, perhaps, it is used.
greatest cost and requires

external cables.

The stability of the 8.192 MHz RNC master clock should be enhanced clock on
stratum 3. Otherwise, voice quality and network capacity will decrease.
The 10 MHz NodeB master clock should be kept at +/-0.05 ppm. Otherwise, the
success rate of access and handover will decrease.

15.4.1 Architecture
As illustrated in Figure 15-1, the timing generation module in the WRSS subrack is the
WCLK on the WNET.
15-3
Feature Description
Chapter 15
Clock
BITS CLK
GPS CLK
Iu CLK( 2 MHz)
WCLK
W
M
P
U
8 kHz
NodeB
Iub
W
B
I
E
W
N
E
T
WRSS
W
L
P
U
W
H
P
U
8 kHz
32 MHz
W
S
P
U
W
F
M
R
W
M
U
X
W
M
U
X
WRBS
32 MHz
W
F
M
R
W
S
P
U
W
B
I
E
Iu
CN
WRBS
Iu CLK (8 kHz)
Function signals
Iu
CN
Clk Signal
RNC
Figure 15-1 RNC system clock
The reference sources for the RNC system clock can be the satellite synchronization
clock, BITS clock, 8 KHz Iu clock, and 2 MHz Iu clock.
The RNC master clock is obtained from the above clock sources, which are input and
phase locked on the WCLK. Transmitted from the WRSS to the WLPU, this clock
synchronizes the clocks at the optical interfaces. The 8 KHz and 32 MHz clocks in the
WRBS subracks are obtained from the reference source, which is extracted from the
optical interface of the WLPU and phase locked by the WMUX.
15-4
Feature Description
Chapter 15
NodeB
RNC
BITS GP S
Iub ClK
NMPT
Other
baseband
boards
ClK
Sof tware
Clock
Iub board
ClK
hardware
Baseband subrack
RF subrack
Function signals
Clk signals
Figure 15-2 NodeB system clock

As illustrated in Figure 15-2, the NodeB clock generation module is the NMPT in the
baseband subrack. The reference sources for the NodeB system clock can be the
satellite synchronization clock, BITS clock, and 8 KHz Iub clock. The 10 MHz NodeB
master clock is obtained from the above clock reference sources, which are input and
phase locked on the NMPT. This master clock performs frequency synthesis on the
NMPT to provide the working clocks for the baseband subrack and RF subrack of the
NodeB.
15.4.2 Procedure and Algorism

RNC supports handover between clock reference sources. The higher stratum the
clock source is at, the higher priority the clock source has.
To make algorism easy, NodeB does not support the handover between reference
sources. When the reference sources are lost or unavailable, the NodeB system clock
works in free-run mode and can provide precise clock for a month. At the same time,
NodeB will report the alarm.
15.5 Relationship and Interaction with Other Features

Clock interacts with other service is demonstrated in Table 15-3.
Table 15-3 Clock interacts with other service
Service
LCS
Interaction
The higher the clock precise is, the higher nicety the LCS is.
15-5
Feature Description
Chapter 15
Clock
15.6 Implementation
To choose GPS as the reference source, install GPS feeders first.
If NodeB uses Iub clock as its clock reference source, the cascading of NodeBs must
be not more than five levels. Otherwise, the NodeB clock will not meet the
requirements.
15.6.2 Parameter
The clock parameters of RNC and NodeB can be set through MML commands as
described in Table 15-4 and Table 15-5.
Table 15-4 NodeB clock parameter
Parameter
MML Command
Description
This command can be used to start clock source quality
test.
After successful command execution, the system will report
Clock
Source
Quality
STR CLKTST
"Clock Quality Test Report-Phase Discrimination Value" or

"Clock Quality Test Report-DA Value". Phase Discrimination
Value is the comparative value of system clock frequency
and the standard 10MHz. It indicates the drift of the system
clock.
Use this command to modify the reference clock source.
When NodeB is in normal operation, it is necessary for it to
Reference
Clock Source
MOD CLKSRC
trace an external clock to correct the master clock

frequency. That clock is called clock source. The referenced
clock source can be GPS clock source, external clock
source and Iub clock source.
This command can be used to modify central DA of the
MASTER cabinet clock.
When NodeB is in normal operation, the main clock
Central DA
MOD
frequency is about 10MHz, which is output from OCXO.
CENTERDA
Fine tuning can be realized for the main clock frequency by

adjusting voltage on OCXO. When the main clock
frequency is 10MHz, the voltage employed on OCXO is
called central frequency.
15-6
Feature Description
Parameter
Chapter 15
MML Command
Clock
Description
This command can be used to modify current DA of the
MASTER cabinet clock.
Current DA
MOD CURRDA
When NodeB is in normal operation, the main clock

frequency is about 10MHz, which is output from OCXO.
Fine tuning can be realized for the main clock frequency by
adjusting voltage on OCXO.
Clock work
MOD CLKMODE
This command can be used to modify clock work mode of

the MASTER cabinet as LOCK or FREE.
Table 15-5 RNC clock parameter

Parameter
MML Command
Description
Add a system clock source. Clocks in the board are selected or
traced according to handover strategy of the clock source.
1. The higher the clock source stratum is, the higher priority the
clock source has.
2. The stratum 0 clock source is set as default local oscillator
Reference
Clock
Source
ADD CLKSRC
clock source.
3. A clock source can only correspond to one stratum, and a
grade can only correspond to one clock source.
4. The SDH clock source is extracted from the WLPU. Only one
clock input can be selected for one WLPU, and therefore, clock
sources of different stratums can only correspond to different
WLPUs.
15-7
Feature Description
Parameter
Chapter 15
MML Command
Clock
Description
The clock sources are classified as current clock source and
non-current clock source. According to a certain handover
strategy, the system clock can be fixed to the current clock source
or handed over between the current and the non-current clock
sources. 1. [System clock working mode] has two types: (1)
Manual handover: The user specifies a clock source and inhibits it
Handover
Strategy
SET CLKMODE
from automatically be handed over to other sources. (2)

Preemptive automatic handover: The user need not to specify a
clock source and the system is able to select the clock source with
the highest priority automatically.
2. If the system clock works in the preemptive automatic handover
mode, the stratum of the currently used clock source need not be
specified and the system shall choose the clock of the highest
stratum automatically.
15.6.3 Example
If you need to set GPS as the clock reference source of the RNC and NodeB, and if
you need to set handover strategy of the RNC clock reference source as the manual
handover, you may use the MML commands below:
1) RNC MML commands:
ADD CLKSRC: SRCGRD=4, SRCT=GPS1;
SET CLKMODE: CLKWMODE= PREEMPTIVE_AUTO_HANDOVER_STRATEGY;
2) NodeB MML commands:
MOD CLKSRC:CLKSRC=GPS;
MOD CLKMODE: MODE=LOCK.
When you set GPS as the RNC highest clock source stratum, as RNC master clock,
the 8.192 MHz OCXO on the WCLK traces the GPS signals. If GPS fails, RNC will
choose to synchronize with the BITS clock or the Iu clock in the preset sequence.
When you set the NodeB clock mode as LOCK and clock source reference as GPS,
as NodeB master clock, the 10 MHz OCXO on the NMPT traces the GPS signals. If
GPS fails, the OCXO will not follow it. The 10 MHz OCXO on NMPT board will work in
the free-run mode.

None
15-8
Feature Description
Chapter 16 STS
Chapter 16 STS
16.1 Introduction
Statistics and Traffic measurement subsystem (STS) is one of the important functions
of BSC6800, which is also called performance management function. The BSC6800
Performance Management System measures the BSC6800 performance and
manages the measurement result.
Many activities in the daily operation, UTRAN network planning and optimization
require STS data for decision making. System behavior evaluation is based on the
performance data collected and recorded by BSC6800.
One function of the performance management system is to collect data, which can be
used to verify the physical and logical configuration of the network and to locate
potential problems as early as possible.
Another function of the performance management system is to transfer the data to an
external system, e.g. M2000, for further evaluation.
In M2000, the performance management is executed by setting performance
management task, collecting the statistics data, exporting the statistics results.
16.2 Glossary
16.2.1 Terms
None

RNC
STS
Statistics and Traffic measurement subsystem
UMTS
UTRAN
16-1
Feature Description
Chapter 16 STS
16.3 Application
16.3.1 Availability
16.3.2 Benefit
The performance management covers the domains of traffic load, quality of service,
resource availability etc. It monitors the performance data a RNC, a cell, a link etc, and
is an important tool for routine maintenance, fault handling, network optimization and
network management.

None

16.4.1 Architecture
M2000
RNC
BAM
Performance Measurement
Measurement item (counter)
Performance Measurement
Figure 16-1 System architecture of Performance Management

Figure 16-1 illustrates the architecture of the performance management. It contains
M2000, BAM, and RNC.
The M2000 system includes the M2000 Server and the M2000 Client. It is used to
implement centralized management of configurations, alarms and performances of
various WCDMA Network Elements. BSC6800 connects the M2000 via BAM. M2000
handles
performance
measurement
measurement data query functions.
16-2
task
management
and
performance
Feature Description
Chapter 16 STS
The performance measurement task management is used to collect, manage and

analyze measurement data. The measurement items are selected and the attribute of
measurement period is set.
The performance Measurement Data Query function facilitates the retrieval of
measurement data that defined in the measurement task.
The results of measurement data are created from the RNC running system. All the
counters related to the measurement item are sent to the M2000 periodically.
16.4.2 Measurement Items

In order to collect the data, the BSC6800 defines the measurement items which
comprise all the raw counters and adopts a tree structure for counter management.
The structure is as below:
Measurement object type
-> Measurement set
-> Measurement unit
-> Measurement item
The measurement items provided by the system are classified as original item and
calculation item that is derived from the original items.
BSC6800 defines the following object types which covers all the functions of
BSC6800:
z
RNC measurement
Iu interface measurement
GTPU measurement
SCCP measurement
CPU measurement
Iur interface measurement
Cell measurement
SAAL link measurement
MTP3B link measurement
MTP3B link set measurement
MTP3B destination signal point measurement
QAAL2 adjacent node measurement
Cell relation measurement
Notes:
For all the meaning description of each item and counter, refer to HUAWEI UMTS Radio Access Network
Performance Measurement Item Reference Manual.
16-3
Feature Description
Chapter 16 STS
I. RNC Measurement
RNC measurement object contains all the performance measurement of RNC basic
signaling procedure. Measurement units are defined according to different signaling
procedure, which may be the paging procedure, RRC connection setup and release,
RAB setup and release, RB setup and release, handover procedure, inter-RAT
handover procedure, SRNC relocation procedure, CBS and LCS function
measurement.
II. Iu Interface Measurement

Iu interface measurement object contains the measurement items relating to the Iu
interface signaling procedure. It measures the inter-operation procedure between
RAN and CN via Iu interface, including the Iu signaling setup, release procedure.
III. GTPU Measurement

Measure the number of messages and bytes transmitted/received by RNC GTPU.
GTPU is the entity that handles the PS data plane.
IV. SCCP Measurement

Measure the SCCP error performance and SCCP utilization performance.
V. CPU Measurement
Measure the usage of the CPU in WSPU subsystem.
VI. Iur Interface Measurement

Iur interface measurement contains measurement items of signaling procedures
through Iur interface.
VII. Cell Measurement

Cell measurement contains the counterparts of RNC measurements.
VIII. SAAL Link Measurement

Measure SAAL link performance.
IX. MTP3B Link Measurement

Measure the performance of MTP3B link.
X. MTP3B Link Set Measurement

Measure the performance of MTP3B link sets.
XI. MTP3B Destination Signal Point Measurement

Measure the performance of MTP3B destination signaling point (DSP).
16-4
Feature Description
Chapter 16 STS
XII. QAAL2 Adjacent Node Measurement

Measure the performance of QAAL2 adjacent nodes.
XIII. Cell Relation Measurement

Measure the handover performance between neighbor cells.
16.5 Interaction
None
16.6 Implementation
None
16.6.2 Parameter
None
16.6.3 Example
None

None
16-5
Feature Description
Chapter 17 Interface Tracing

17.1 Introduction
Interface tracing function of BSC6800 can be grouped into following types:
z
Radio network layer standard interface tracing: including Iu interface tracing, Iur
interface tracing, Iub interface tracing and Uu interface tracing;
Transport network layer tracing: including QAAL2 protocol tracing, SCCP protocol
tracing, MTP3B protocol tracing and SAAL protocol tracing;
UE standard interface message tracing;
Sample tracing.
17.2 Glossary
17.2.1 Terms
None

RNL
Radio Network Layer
TNL
Transport Network Layer
IMSI
TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
P-TMSI
Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity
KPI
Key Performance Indicator
DPC
Destination Point Code
17.3 Application
17.3.1 Availability
17.3.2 Benefit
UE standard interface message tracing enables operator to monitor message of four
standard interfaces (Iu, Iub, Iur, Uu) of one specific IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI or IMEI.
17-1
Feature Description
Sample tracing enables operator to monitor message of four standard interface(Iu, Iub,
Iur, Uu) of specific cell(s).

The interface tracing function is restricted by license. The RNC provides interface
tracing function only when INTERFACE TRACE and UE TRACE licenses are
purchased.

17.4.1 RNL Standard Interface Tracing
I. Iu Interface Tracing
This function is used to trace RANAP message between the RNC and specified DPC
or all DPCs of CN.
II. Iur Interface Tracing

This function is used to trace RNSAP message between the RNC and specified DPC
or all DPCs of DRNC.
III. Iub Interface Tracing

This function is used to trace NBAP message between the RNC and a specified port of
a specified NodeB, or all NodeBs.
IV. Uu Interface Tracing

This function is used to trace RRC message of specified cell(s).
17.4.2 TNL Tracing

I. QAAL2 Protocol Tracing
This function is used to trace QAAL2 protocol messages, mainly used to locate the
problems of AAL2 setup failure and AAL2 abnormal release.
II. SAAL Protocol Tracing

This function is used to trace SAAL protocol messages, mainly used to locate the
problem of SAAL link unavailability.
III. SCCP Protocol Tracing

This function is used to trace SCCP protocol messages, including connection-oriented
messages and connectionless messages.
17-2
Feature Description
IV. MTP3B Protocol Tracing

This function is used to trace MTP3B protocol messages, including MTP3B upper
layer (QAAL2 and SCCP) messages, MTP3B signaling link test messages, and
MTP3B signaling network management messages.
17.4.3 UE Standard Interface Message Tracing

This function is used to trace Iu, Iur, Iub and Uu interfaces signalling messages of a
specified UE.
For the "Iu interface message" (RANAP protocol message) and "Iur interface
message" (RANSAP protocol message) options, only the connection-oriented
messages can be traced.
For the "Iub interface message" (NBAP protocol message) option, the task will trace
only the dedicated NBAP messages.
17.4.4 Sample Tracing

This function traces four standard interfaces (Iu, Iub, Iur, Uu) of specific cell(s). It is
mainly used in KPI analysis. If KPI of one or more cells is not acceptable, operator can
start sample tracing of these cells and find reason of unacceptable KPI by means of
signaling analysis.
17.5 Interaction
None
17.6 Implementation
None
17.6.2 Parameter
None
17.6.3 Example
None
17.7 Reference information

None
17-3
Feature Description
Index
Index
context identifier, 8-1
CPU measurement, 16-3
acceptable cell, 2-1
AGPS
receiver, 9-11
DCCC, 11-1
AMRC, 12-1
differential coding, 8-1
implementation, 12-5
directed retry decision and redirection, 13-1
parameter, 12-5
downlink power balancing, 10-1
technical description, 12-2
DRD, 13-1
APGS, 9-18
available PLMN, 2-1
encrypt, 14-1
EPLMN, 2-1
CAC, 13-1
call admission control, 13-1

camped normally, 2-1
fast closed-loop power control, 10-1
camped on a cell, 2-1
feature list, 1-1
camped on any cell, 2-1

cell breathing, 13-1
cell measurement, 16-3
GPS, 9-1
cell relation measurement, 16-3
GTPU measurement, 16-3
cell reselection, 2-1

engineering guideline, 2-35
cell selection, 2-1
handover
inter-RAT handover, 7-1
cell update, 4-1

implementation, 4-6
soft handover, 5-1
parameter, 4-6
softer handover, 5-1

HPLMN, 2-1
procedure, 4-3
technical description, 3-2, 4-2
clock
BITS clock, 15-1
idle mode behavior, 2-1
GPS clock, 15-1
interaction, 2-34
Iu clock, 15-1
parameter, 2-39
Iub clock, 15-1
inner-loop power control, 10-1
parameter, 15-6
integrity protection, 14-1
integrity protection and encrypt
i-1
Feature Description
Index
parameter, 13-14
interface tracing, 17-1

inter-frequency load balancing, 13-1
location registration, 2-1
inter-RAT handover, 7-1
location service, 9-1
location update, 2-1
parameter, 7-17

Iu interface measurement, 16-3
measurement
Iu interface tracing, 17-2
cell, 16-3
Iub interface tracing, 17-2
cell relation, 16-3
Iur interface measurement, 16-3
CPU, 16-3
Iur interface tracing, 17-2
Iur interface, 16-3

MTP3B destination signal point, 16-3
MTP3B link, 16-3
LBS, 9-6
QAAL2 adjacent node, 16-3
LCC, 13-1
RNC, 16-3
LCS
SAAL link, 16-3

SCCP, 16-3
A-GPS, 9-1
cell ID + RTT, 9-11
MTP3B destination signal point measurement, 16-3
cell-ID, 9-1
MTP3B link measurement, 16-3
client, 9-1
MTP3B protocol tracing, 17-2
enhanced call routing, 9-7

horizontal accuracy, 9-5
open-loop power control, 10-1
location based charging, 9-6
location based information service, 9-7

network enhancing service, 9-7
paging, 2-1
OTDOA, 9-1
OTDOA-IPDL, 9-13
PDCP header compression, 8-1
parameter, 9-27
public safety service, 9-6
parameter, 8-11
response time, 9-6
server, 9-1
PLMN selection, 2-1
tracking service, 9-6
position method, 9-1
LDB, 13-1
potential user control, 13-1
list
power control, 10-1
feature, 1-1
LMU, 9-9
parameter, 10-7
load congestion control, 13-1
load control, 13-1
PUC, 13-1
i-2
Feature Description
Index

state transition
QAAL2 adjacent node measurement, 16-3
in connected mode, 11-5
QAAL2 protocol tracing, 17-2
in idle mode, 2-8

statistics and traffic measurement subsystem, 16-1
STS, 16-1
reserved cell, 2-1
restricted cell, 2-1
RNC measurement, 16-3
suitable cell, 2-1
roaming
system information, 2-1

routing area updating, 2-1
tracing
Iu interface, 17-2
SAAL link measurement, 16-3
Iub interface, 17-2
SAAL protocol tracing, 17-2
Iur interface, 17-2
SCCP measurement, 16-3
MTP3B protocol, 17-2
SCCP protocol tracing, 17-2
QAAL2 protocol, 17-2
security context
SAAL protocol, 17-2
GSM, 14-1
SCCP protocol, 17-2
UMTS, 14-1
Uu interface, 17-2
soft handover, 5-1

parameter, 5-16
UMTS authentication vector, 14-1
URA update, 3-1
softer handover, 5-1
implementation, 3-4
SRNS relocation, 6-1
parameter, 3-4
procedure, 3-3
parameter, 6-10
type, 3-2
Uu interface tracing, 17-2
standby power consumption
i.
i-3

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Chapter 1 About This Manual .........................................................................

1.1 Overview of This Manual ........................................................................

Chapter 2 UE Idle Mode Behavior ..................................................................

Chapter 3 URA UPDATE ..................................................................................

3.6 Implementation .......................................................................................

Chapter 4 CELL UPDATE ................................................................................

Chapter 5 Soft Handover.................................................................................

5.6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................

Chapter 6 SRNS Relocation ............................................................................

Chapter 7 Inter-RAT Handover .......................................................................

7.6.1 Engineering Guideline ....................................................................

Chapter 8 PDCP Header Compression ..........................................................

Chapter 9 LoCation Service ............................................................................

9.5 LCS Interaction with Soft Handover .......................................................

Chapter 10 Power Control ...............................................................................

10.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

Chapter 11 DCCC .............................................................................................

11.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

11.4.5 UE State Transition ......................................................................

Chapter 12 AMRC ............................................................................................

12.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

Chapter 13 Load Control .................................................................................

13.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

13.4.4 Cell Breathing ..............................................................................

Chapter 14 Integrity Protection and Encrypt ................................................

14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

Chapter 15 Clock .............................................................................................

15.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

15.5 Relationship and Interaction with Other Features ................................

Chapter 16 STS ................................................................................................

16.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

Chapter 17 Interface Tracing ..........................................................................

17.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................

17.6 Implementation .....................................................................................

HUAWEI UMTS Radio Access Network

HUAWEI UMTS Radio Access Network

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Copyright 2004 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved

, HUAWEI, C&C08, EAST8000, HONET,

, ViewPoint, INtess, ETS, DMC,

TELLIN, InfoLink, Netkey, Quidway, SYNLOCK, Radium,

About This Manual

About This Manual

Idle state behavior feature description

URA update feature description

CELL update feature description

Soft handover feature description

SRNS Relocation feature description

Inter-RAT handover feature description

PDCP header compression feature description

LCS feature description

Power control feature description

DCCC feature description

AMRC feature description

Load control feature description

Integrity protection and encrypt feature description

Clock feature description

STS feature description

Interface tracing feature description

RAN Network Operator

RAN System Engineer

Normal paragraphs are in Arial.

Warnings, cautions, notes and tips are in Arial Narrow.