Chemistry and Society

Chemistry
Study of matter which is anything that has mass and occupies space and
especially of chemical reactions including composition, structure and its
properties
Study of substances when they react or change when they are mixed with
other substances

Practical Arts 600 BC

Purified ores to get the metal, they also had pottery and dyes

Greek Theory 600-300 BC

All things are made up of the 4 elements fire, air, water and earth

Alchemy 300-1650 AD
Greeks and Egyptians united
Magic and occultism
Turn anything to gold (philosophers toad)
Cure diseases and give you immortal life (elixr of life)

Phlogiston 1650-1790
The fire principle
All things can be burned
Wood phlogiston+ashes

Modern Chemistry
By Antoine Lavoisier
Til present

5 Major branches of Chemistry:

Analytical
To find out what is present (qualitative) and how much is present
(quantitative) in a sample

Organic
The study of carbon-containing substances mostly found in nature

Inorganic
The study of substances without carbon but there are some exceptions

Biochemistry
Refers to the chemistry in all living things, composition of the body, its
structures and how it changes

Physical Chemistry

Concerned with the physical properties of chemicals

*Chemistry is considered the central science because it overlaps all the other
branches of studies. Even in Physics, Biology etc. it is the study of everything
around you
Role of Chemistry
Advancement of human civilization
Crop-enhancing agricultural chemicals
Eradication of deadly diseases (medicine)
Innovative plastics and synthetic fibers
Provides work
Impacts of Chemistry
Environmental pollution
Depleting resources
Health impact (disease)
Rules for determining significant figures
All nonzero digits are significant
All zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant; they are
merely decimal placeholders to show the position of the decimal point
Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant
Zeros that follow nonzero digits and are on the right of the decimal point are
significant digits
Trailing zeros are ambiguous; they may or may not be significant. These are
zeros to the right of nonzero digits in numbers that contain no decimal point
Mg, g, kg weight gravity
Mass amount of liquid
L, ml volume (liquid)
Rounding off:
4 and below remain the same
5 and above add 1
Significant figures used for accuracy
*when moving the decimal point to the left, the exponent is positive while moving
the decimal point to the right, the exponent is negative
The formula when you get the volume:
V=bxhxp
=lxhxw
For volume:
V = M/P

For mass:
M = VP

For density:
P = M/V

Celsius to Fahrenheit:
o
F = oC (1.8) + 32

Fahrenheit to Celsius:
o
C = oF 32
1.8

Celsius to Kelvin:
K = oC + 273

Kelvin to Celsius:
o
C = K 273

Fahrenheit to Kelvin:
K = oF + 273
Conversion Table
1 in 2.54
cm
1 mi 1.609
km
1 gal 3.79 l
1 ft 0.30 m

1 kg 2.2 lbs
1 oz 28.35 g
1 yd 0.915 m

1 m 39.37 in
1 km
0.62137 mi
1 qt 946 ml

1 L - 1.057 qt
1 lb 454 g
1 kg 1000 g

1 g 1000
mg
1 m 100 cm
1 km 1000
m

Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space; either be living or nonliving;
detected using our senses
States:
Bose Einstein Condensate
(BEC)
Solid

Liquid
Gas
Plasma

*the temperature is increasing

Properties
Distinguishing characteristics that we use to identify different samples of
matter
2 main kinds of properties:
Physical property
Can be observed without changing the substance into another
substance
Melting point, boiling point, odor, color, taste, solubility, density,
hardness, softness, volatility, ductility, malleability, viscosity, physical
state, heat conductivity, electrical conductivity

Chemical property
Can be observed when the substance undergoes a change in its
composition

Other properties:

Intensive Property
Do not depend on the sample size
Sugar, color, taste, malleability, hardness, density, conductivity,
freezing point, reactivity, luster, melting point, boiling point

Extensive Property
depend on the sample size
mass, volume, width, length, surface area

Physical Change
one that involves no change in the fixed composition of the substance in
question
change in physical state (size, shape)
dissolves; change in phase
Chemical Change
chemical reaction occurs when the composition of a substance is changed
into a substance having physical and chemical properties completely different
from the original
precipitate is formed
process involves the production of heat
gaseous product is involved
mechanical/ electrical energy is produced

PHYSICAL
Brown sugar
dissolved in
water
Naphthalene
balls placed
inside a
cabinet
Soap solution
blown into
bubbles
Cloud
condenses to
rain
Formation of
clouds
Melting of
sugar
Making ice
candy

CHEMICAL
Rust
Water
undergo
electrolysis
Green
unripe
banana
ripens to
yellow
Meat is
barbequed
Scrambled
egg
Yeast
forming CO2
in water
Heat
changes
sugar to

INTENSIVE
Sugar
Color
Taste
Luster
Malleability
Hardness
Density
Conductivity
Freezing
point
Reactivity
Melting point
Boiling point

EXTENSIVE
Mass
Volume
Width
Length
Surface area

Water
freezes/boils

caramel
Burning of
plastic
Toast burned
to charcoal
Tanning of
leather

Pure Substances

Forms of matter that have the same properties throughout but unlike
solutions that have variable composition, these have definite and unchanging
chemical composition
Substance is the same no matter where it is found
All elements and compounds

Elements
Substances that are made up of only one type of atom
Cannot be further separated into simpler substances
Compound
Substances that are made up of more than one type of atom
When you mix 2 substances, something new is formed
The amount is fixed
2 elements combine chemically
Mixture
Made up of 2 or more substances that are physically combined
When you mix together its still the same
You can change the amount
Heterogeneous
These mixtures are made up of more than one phase or of different parts and
can be separated physically
Has one or more visible boundaries between components
No uniform substances/ number of substances
Varies from one region to another
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in variable composition
No visible boundaries
Compounds are mixed as individual atoms, ions or molecules
Uniform through out (if you get a portion of it, its the same)
Aqueous
Solution with water as solvent

Mixture differ from compounds:

Proportions of components can vary
Individual properties of components are observable
Components can be separated by physical means
Decantation
Separating substances physically/manually;
Pouring out unwanted liquid
Filtration
Separating small solid particles from liquid by passing through a porous
medium
Evaporation
Evaporating a substance to separate it from another
Chromatography
Separating colors
Distillation
Involves boiling the mixtures to vaporize the liquid then cooling the vapor to
condense it
Separate a liquid substance from another

COMPOUND
Baking soda
Sugar
Salt
H2O
Rust
CO2

MIXTURE
Seawater
Mud
Sugar in water
Vinegar
Rubbing alcohol
Fresh milk
Gold alloy
Saltwater
Tea
Salad
Coffee
Pizza
Air
Halu halo
Chocolate chip cookie
Granite
Cereal
Oil
Piece of quartz containing a rein
of gold