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Megacities
Pushing the Boundaries
of our Industry
Risk trends and insurance challenges
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
BOUNDARIES
OF OUR
INDUSTRY
Contents
Introduction
3
Natural Catastrophes
7
Pandemics
10
Conclusion
15
Bibliography
17
Credits and Acknowledgements
20
Terrorism and Cyber-Threats
12
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
BOUNDARIES
OF OUR
INDUSTRY
Introduction
A recent Allianz publication: The megacity state:
The worlds biggest cities shaping our future
received widespread recognition. The document
gives an insight into how human livelihood will
evolve over the next 15 years and touches upon the
challenges in risk and insurance, which society will
face. In accordance with the United Nations (UN),
Allianz defines megacities as urban areas exceeding
10 million inhabitants and describes them as highly
interconnected, dynamic and vibrant centers, which
will over time contribute higher income and living
standards for their citizens.1
Left: Tokyo
Above: Johannesburg
Allianz: The megacity state: The worlds biggest cities shaping our future.
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
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INDUSTRY
2
3
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2006. P.2. And: Allianz: The megacity state: The worlds biggest cities shaping our future. P.12.
McKinsey Global Institute, 2012. P.5. 4 World Economic Forum (1), 2016.
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
BOUNDARIES
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2015
population in
millions
2030
population in
millions
2030
population
growth
2010 population
density per km2
2015-2020 average
annual population
growth rate (%)
0-14
15-64
65+
Japan
38.00
37.19
(- 0.81)
12
69
Delhi
India
25.70
36.06
(10.36)
25
71
19
4,400
0.17
12,100
Shanghai
China
(7.01)
2.65
80
11
6,100
So Paulo
Brazil
21.07
23.44
(2.37)
2.67
22
71
7,500
Mumbai
India
21.04
27.80
0.98
(6.76)
22
72
32,400
Mexico City
Mexico
21.00
1.64
23.86
(2.86)
25
68
9,700
Beijing
China
0.81
20.38
27.71
(7.33)
80
11
5,500
Osaka
3.43
Japan
20.24
19.98
(-0.26)
13
67
20
5,400
0.28
Cairo
Egypt
18.77
24.50
(5.73)
26
69
8,900
1.83
New York-Newark
US
18.59
19.89
(1.3)
19
68
13
1,800
0.21
Dhaka
Bangladesh
17.60
27.37
(9.77)
30
65
43,500
3.52
Karachi
Pakistan
16.62
24.84
(8.22)
37
60
23,400
2.92
Buenos Aires
Argentina
15.18
16.96
(1.78)
23
65
12
5,300
0.92
Kolkata
India
14.86
19.09
(4.23)
26
69
12,200
1.13
Istanbul
Turkey
14.16
16.69
(2.53)
24
70
9,800
1.28
Chongqing
China
13.33
17.38
(4.05)
15
72
13
7,700
2.67
Lagos
Nigeria
13.12
24.24
(11.12)
32
65
14,500
4.17
Manila
Philippines
12.95
16.76
(3.81)
31
66
15,300
1.48
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
12.90
14.17
(1.27)
21
70
5,800
0.65
Guangzhou
China
12.46
17.57
(5.11)
11
82
6,000
3.94
Los Angeles
US
12.31
13.26
(0.95)
21
68
11
2,400
0.23
Moscow
Russia
12.17
12.20
(0.03)
12
74
14
3,500
0.50
Kinshasa
DRC
11.59
20.00
(8.41)
46
51
19,900
3.95
Tianjin
China
11.21
14.66
(3.45)
11
78
11
5,400
2.68
Paris
France
10.84
11.80
(0.96)
20
68
12
3,800
0.77
Shenzhen
China
10.75
12.67
(1.92)
91
6,900
0.98
Jakarta
Indonesia
10.32
13.81
(3.49)
24
73
9,500
1.81
London
UK
10.31
11.46
(1.15)
18
68
14
5,900
1.01
Bangalore
India
10.09
14.76
(4.67)
23
73
8,400
3.20
Megacity
Country
Tokyo
TABLE
23.74 ON THIS
30.75PAGE
Source: Allianz: The megacity state: The worlds biggest cities shaping our future. P.12.
5
6
On the low maturity of Indian megacities versus Chinas managed urbanization programs, see: Dobbs, 2010.
Allianz: The megacity state: The worlds biggest cities shaping our future. P.8 and P.12.
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
BOUNDARIES
OF OUR
INDUSTRY
Shanghai
Delhi
MEGACITIES:
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BOUNDARIES
OF OUR
INDUSTRY
Natural Catastrophes
Earthquakes, cyclones and flooding are the most
relevant natural catastrophe (NatCat) perils threatening
megacities. While earthquakes hitting major urban
areas, especially in Japan (Kumamoto 2016, Miyagi
2011, Kobe 1995, Tokyo 1923) and the United States
(Los Angeles 1994, San Francisco 1906), are ever
present through their shocking images and welldocumented in their impact, flooding threatens the
livelihood of significantly more people than earthquake
or any other NatCat peril.9
From ancient times urbanization has developed along
major waterways and in coastal areas. Water has been
the key for the emergence and success of the megacity,
and poses at the same time an eternal threat to it. Just
as for cyclones, the magnitude of flood related NatCat
events is exacerbated in recent decades by the effects
of global warming.
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MEGACITIES:
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Event
Location
Deaths
Insured Loss
(USD)
Forest Fire
Indonesia
19
16.1bn
250m
Earthquake(s)
Nepal
9,120
8bn
200m
Flooding
United States
21
5bn
700m
China, Philippines
22
4.2bn
100m
Flooding
386
4bn
650m
May 23-28
Severe Weather
United States
32
3.8bn
1.4bn
February 16-22
Winter Weather
United States
30
3.3bn
2.1bn
August 2-9
Tropical Cyclone
China, Taiwan
34
3.2bn
100m
December 26-30
Severe Weather
United States
46
3bn
1.3bn
December 22-31
Flooding
United Kingdom
N/A
2.5bn
1.3bn
70bn
27bn
Totals
123.1bn
35.1bn
Tropical Cyclone
TABLE ON THIS PAGE
October 2-4
Nov-Dec
The World Bank, 2013. 13 Hallegatte, 2013. 14 AonBenfield, 2016. P.2. Latest reports from Sri Lankas flood losses again underline the notion of severe underinsurance in Asian emerging
countries. See: Asia Insurance Review, 2016 (May 23). 15 PWC, 2015. P.15. 16 On the concept of the emerging consumer, see: EY 2014. P. 5ff. 17 Schanz & Wang, 2015. P.15.
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MEGACITIES:
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19
20
21
On the difficulties of insuring flood exposures in Asia, see: Schanz & Wang, 2015. P.23ff.
MEGACITIES:
PUSHING THE
BOUNDARIES
OF OUR
INDUSTRY
Pandemics
A recent study by the Commission on a Global Health
Risk Framework for the Future (GHRF Commission)
states:
A range of factors, including increasing population,
economic globalization, environmental degradation,
and ever-increasing human interaction across the globe,
are changing the dynamics of infectious diseases. As a
consequence, we should anticipate a growing frequency
of infectious disease threats to global security.
The study continues to describe the impact of a
pandemic event to be catastrophic in terms of lives,
livelihoods and economic costs. The estimated,
annualized loss is to exceed more than $60bn, according
to the GHRF Commission.22
Population density, economic dependency,
environmental pollution as well as human interaction
including regional and trans-regional mobility and
logistics as key factors and breeding ground for
22
23
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24
26
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From 2013 to 2014, for instance, a global increase of 35% in numbers of terrorism incidents and 81% of lives lost in terrorist attacks has been recorded.
See: Marsh, 2015. P.2. See also: United States Department of State Bureau of Counterterrorism, 2015. 29 Safety and Security in Megacities, for instance, examines
the efficiency and effectiveness of Tokyos centralized emergency operations center (EOC) versus Washingtons decentralized approach. Branscom, 2006.
30
Bentele, 2016. 31 Felix & Wong, 2015. P.23. 32 Bagli, 2007. 33 Marsh, 2015. P.14. 34 World Economic Forum, 2016 (2). P.12 and P.18.
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Allianz Risk Barometer 2016. 36 McAfee, 2014. 37 NATO Review Magazine, 2013.
Wong, 2015. 40 Cerrudo, 2015. P.4ff. 41 Lloyds, 2015. P.7ff. 42 Barron, 2003.
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Smith, 2016, and Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty, 2015. P.5. 44 Hacker, 2016, and Krickhahn, 2016. 45 Lloyds, 2015. P.29ff. 46 The confusion caused by
semantics is best illustrated by the debate following the cyber-attack on Sony Pictures in 2014. See: Rothkopf, 2014. See also: Vitkowsy, 2014, and Yeo, 2015.
47
On the role and growing importance of Chief Security Officers, see: Schlein, 2015.
43
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Conclusion
Assessing the megacitys impact on the insurance
industry is a fascinating challenge. Following or even
better anticipating the trends, which can arise in the
dynamic environment of the megacity, will occupy the
mind of many future researchers. While this paper is
focused on and dedicated to major life-threatening risks,
there are plenty of other insurance relevant aspects in
the context of the megacity. At this point, two aspects,
household insurance and motor insurance, are worth a
brief mention:
In the digital age, Google, Amazon and Uber have been
noted as distribution channels or even providers for
insurance, which could because of their wide consumer
appeal and databases threaten and disrupt the
traditional players and business models. In a megacity,
however, where there are aggregations of business and
personal consumers, many different forms of distribution
or buying groups may emerge, whether deliberately
formed by an insurer or intermediary, or self-formed
because of proximity. For example, the residents of a
sixty-story condominium could form a buying group solely
15
MEGACITIES:
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INDUSTRY
PROPERTY
REVENUE
LIABILITIES
16
MEGACITIES:
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INDUSTRY
Bibliography
Allianz, 2015. Risk Pulse. The megacity state: The worlds
biggest cities shaping our future. Available from: https://
www.allianz.com/v_1448643898000/media/press/
document/Allianz_Risk_Pulse_Megacities_20151130EN.pdf
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MEGACITIES:
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CREDITS AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Publications/Content Specialist:
Joel Whitehead (joel.whitehead@agcs.allianz.com)
Design:
Kapusniak Design
Photos:
Adobe Stock
@AGCS_Insurance and
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