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1 Describing Motion
Edexcel AS Physics
Describing Motion Questions
1) A horse travels a distance of 500 m in 40 s. What is its average speed over this distance?
2) Nerve impulses travel at about 100 m s1. If a woman 1.8 m tall steps on a drawing pin:
a) roughly how long is it before she knows about it?
b) if she is walking along with a speed of 2 m s1, how far will she have travelled in this
time?
3) Figure 1.1.3 shows a speedtime graph for an object which starts from rest and then steadily
increases speed. Sketch speedtime graphs to show the motion of an object which:
a) has an initial speed of 5 m s1 at t = 0 and which then increases speed at a steady rate
b) starts at rest at t = 0, stays at rest for 5 s and then increases speed at a steady rate.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 1
Edexcel AS Physics
Describing Motion Answers
1)
12.5 m s1
2)
a) 0.018 s
b) 0.036 m
a)
Speed
3)
5 m s1
0
Speed
b)
Time t
M.Moazzam Hanif
t = 5s
Time t
Page 2
Edexcel AS Physics
Distance and Displacement Questions
1) A travel brochure says that two airports are 34 km apart, and that airport A lies due south of
airport B. The navigation system on board an aircraft travelling from airport A to airport B
shows that it covers 380 km. Write down:
a)
b)
2) An athlete running in a sprint race crosses the finishing line and slows from a speed of 10 m
s1 to rest in 4 s. What is her average acceleration?
380 km
b)
34 km North
2) 2.5 m s2
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 3
Edexcel AS Physics
A train travelling along a straight track starts from rest at point A and accelerates
uniformly to 20 m s1 in 20 s. It travels at this speed for 60 s, then slows down
uniformly to rest in 40 s at point C. It stays at rest at C for 30 s, then reverses direction,
accelerating uniformly to 10 m s 1 in 10 s. It travels at this speed for 30 s, then slows
down uniformly to rest in 10 s when it reaches point B.
a)
b)
1)
a)
Speed /m s1
20
10
0
50
100
150
200
Time/s
10
20
b)
i. 1800 m forwards
ii. 1400 m forwards
iii. 1 m s2; 0.5 m s2; 1 m s2; 1 m s2
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 4
Edexcel AS Physics
Equations of Motion Questions
1) A car is travelling along a road at 30 m s1when a pedestrian steps into the road 55 m ahead.
The driver of the car applies the brakes after a reaction time of 0.5 s and the car slows down
at a rate of 10 m s2. What happens?
2) The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. It can accelerate from rest to 20 m s1 in 2
s, and has a top speed of about 30 m s1, although it can only maintain this for a distance of
about 450 m before it has to stop to rest. In contrast, an antelope can run at around 22 m s1
for long periods.
a) What is a cheetah's average acceleration between rest and 20 m s1?
b) Assume that a cheetah accelerates up to its top speed with the acceleration in your answer
to a).
i)
How far will the cheetah travel when it accelerates from rest up to its top
speed?
ii)
c) If the cheetah continues at top speed, how long will it be before it has to stop to rest?
d) If an antelope starts from rest and accelerates to its top speed at the same rate as a
cheetah, how far will it travel in the time obtained in your answer to d)?
e) If a cheetah chases an antelope and both start from rest, what is the maximum head start
the cheetah can allow the antelope?
Equations of Motion Answers
1) Unless the pedestrian gets out of the way, there will be a collision.
2)
a) 10 m s2
b)
i)
45 m
ii) 3 s
c) 15 s
d) 24 m
e) 120 m (to 2 s.f.)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 5
Edexcel AS Physics
Equations of Motion Questions
3) A car is travelling along a road at 30 m s1when a pedestrian steps into the road 55 m ahead.
The driver of the car applies the brakes after a reaction time of 0.5 s and the car slows down
at a rate of 10 m s2. What happens?
4) The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. It can accelerate from rest to 20 m s1 in 2
s, and has a top speed of about 30 m s1, although it can only maintain this for a distance of
about 450 m before it has to stop to rest. In contrast, an antelope can run at around 22 m s1
for long periods.
a) What is a cheetah's average acceleration between rest and 20 m s1?
b) Assume that a cheetah accelerates up to its top speed with the acceleration in your answer
to a).
iii)
How far will the cheetah travel when it accelerates from rest up to its top
speed?
iv)
c) If the cheetah continues at top speed, how long will it be before it has to stop to rest?
d) If an antelope starts from rest and accelerates to its top speed at the same rate as a
cheetah, how far will it travel in the time obtained in your answer to d)?
e) If a cheetah chases an antelope and both start from rest, what is the maximum head start
the cheetah can allow the antelope?
Equations of Motion Answers
3) Unless the pedestrian gets out of the way, there will be a collision.
4)
a) 10 m s2
b)
iii) 45 m
iv) 3 s
c) 15 s
d) 24 m
e) 120 m (to 2 s.f.)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 6
Edexcel AS Physics
1) The relative velocity against wind increases their wind speed for a comparatively
low ground speed. Thus they dont have to hit the ground so fast but still get
enough lift from the wind passing over the wings.
2) 58 cm (to 2 s.f.) at an angle of 37 (2 s.f.) north of west.
3) 5.4 m s1 with a bearing 30 east of north.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 7
Edexcel AS Physics
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 8
Edexcel AS Physics
Newtons First Law of Motion Questions
1) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on a racing car moving at constant
velocity along a track. Explain how Newtons First Law is satisfied for this racing car.
2) Draw a free-body diagram of a wooden block balanced on a persons finger. Label the
forces acting on the block and its centre of gravity.
Newtons First Law of Motion Answers
1)
reaction force
forward force
from engine
drag forces
weight of
racing car
2)
reaction force
centre of gravity
of block
weight of
ruler
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 9
Edexcel AS Physics
Drag Forces Questions
1) Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on a skydiver at the instant they
jump from a plane.
2) Describe and explain how the resultant force on a skydiver varies from the moment they
jump from a plane.
Drag Forces Answers
1)
weight
2) At first the only vertical force acting on the skydiver is their weight. As the
skydiver gains speed the air resistance increases until this drag force is equal to
the weight and the skydiver reaches a constant terminal velocity. When the
parachute is opened the air resistance increases hugely so there is a net force
upwards. This slows the skydiver down until once again the air resistance
balances the skydivers weight and the skydiver reaches a new, slower terminal
velocity.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 10
Edexcel AS Physics
Use the results in table 1.2.1 to plot a graph of acceleration against force.
b)
Calculate the value of 1/mass for each entry in the first column of table 1.2.2,
and plot acceleration against (1/mass) for this set of results.
c)
Calculate the gradient of the best fit line for each graph.
d)
2) A railway locomotive with a mass of 70 tonnes accelerates at a rate of 1 m s2. What force
does the locomotive exert?
3) A 60 kg woman involved in a car accident is accelerated by her seatbelt from 14 m s1 to
rest in 0.15 s.
a)
b)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 11
Edexcel AS Physics
Newtons Second Law of Motion Answers
1)
a)
Acceleration a /m s2
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0
b)
Acceleration a /m s2
1.00
0.50
0
0
c)
0.5
1.0
1.5
1/mass /kg 1
2.0
d) Acceleration is proportional to the applied force for constant mass, and also to the
reciprocal of mass for a constant force (it is inversely proportional to the mass).
Mass of woman = 60 kg
Acceleration = 14 m s2
Time = 0.15 seconds
v = u + at (equation 1)
14 = 0 + a 0.15
a = 14/0.15 = 93.3
Force = 60 kg 93.3 m s1 = 5600 N
b)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 12
Edexcel AS Physics
Inertia, Mass and Weight Questions
Assume g = 9.81 m s2.
1) A person standing on a bus is thrown towards the rear of the bus as it starts to move
forwards, and to the front as it slows down. Why?
2) A person standing on the side of a ship drops a coin and sees it splash into the water 2 s
later. How far above the water is the person standing?
3) An astronaut on the Moon has a weight of 128 N and a mass of 80 kg. What is the
gravitational field strength on the Moon?
4) In 2002 the Canary Wharf tower in London was scaled by French urban climber, Alain
Robert, using no safety devices of any kind. The top of the tower is 235 m above street
level. If Robert had dropped an apple as he reached the top of the tower:
a)
how long would it have taken the apple to fall to street level, assuming that air
resistance is neglected?
b)
assuming that he could shout loudly enough, would it be any use if Robert had
shouted to warn people below? (Speed of sound in air = 340 m s1.)
Inertia, Mass and Weight Answers
1) When the bus accelerates, if the person is to accelerate with it a force must be applied. For
someone seated this comes from the reaction of the seat, but for someone standing it must
come from friction with the floor. This can result in the person being thrown forward or
backward, as they experience the force as if their feet were being pulled out from under
them, while their body remains in its original position.
2) 19.6 m
3) 1.6 N kg1
4)
a) 6.9 s
b) Yes. Sound would only take 0.69 s to reach the ground.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 13
Edexcel AS Physics
Newtons Third Law of Motion Questions
1) A car is being towed by means of a rope connected to another car. Draw free-body
diagrams showing the horizontal forces acting on:
a)
b)
c)
the rope.
Newtons Third Law of Motion Answers
1)
a)
b)
c)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 14
Edexcel AS Physics
Statics Questions
1) If the bunting support rope from fig 1.2.21 is at 30 to the vertical and its tension force is
400 N, what is vertical component of the tension, and what is the horizontal pull from the
bunting?
Statics Answers
1) 30 N
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 15
Edexcel AS Physics
Projectiles Questions
its time of flight (the time between the point at which it leaves the throwers
hand and when it hits the ground) assuming that the ground is level
b)
its range
c)
2) At Acapulco, divers jump from a cliff 36 m high into the sea. At the base of the cliff
there is a ledge which sticks out a distance of 6.4 m. What must be a divers minimum
horizontal velocity in order to miss this ledge and enter the sea safely?
3) One record suggests that the maximum horizontal distance an arrow has been shot on
level ground is 889 m. Assuming that the arrow was shot at an angle of 45, at what
speed was it launched?
4) An aeroplane carrying out a parcel drop releases a parcel while travelling at a steady
speed of 90 m s1 at an altitude of 200 m. Calculate:
a)
the time between the parcel leaving the aeroplane and it striking the ground
b)
c)
1)
a) 1.5 s (2 s.f.)
b) 19.9 m
c) 2.87 m
2) 2.4 m s1 (2 s.f.)
3) 93.4 m s1
4)
a) 6.4 s
b) 570 m
c) 110 m s1
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 16
Edexcel AS Physics
The Concept of Energy Questions
1) We have seen that when a driving force is removed, a moving objects drag will slow
it down to a stop. This means it loses all its kinetic energy. Explain how this
disappearance of energy can be in keeping with the law of conservation of energy.
2) One way of storing surplus electrical energy from a power station is to use it to raise
water from a lower reservoir to a higher one. This water can then be released to
generate electricity again later. (This system is referred to as pumped storage.)
Explain how this system might be limited by the law of conservation of energy.
The Concept of Energy Answers
1) Energy is not lost, but is transferred to other forms such as heat and sound.
2) This method does not actually save energy, but simply allows energy generated
while there is less demand to be used to provide a source of energy when demand is
high. The energy is stored as gravitational potential energy of the water in the higher
reservoir.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 17
Edexcel AS Physics
Energy Transformations Questions
heating
b)
working.
2) A delivery driver lifts a carton with a mass of 6.5 kg onto the back of the lorry, a height
of 1.5 m from the ground. How much work is done in this energy transfer?
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 18
Edexcel AS Physics
Energy and Efficiency Questions
1) Legend has it that Galileo was only 17 years old when he started thinking about
pendulum movements, whilst watching a lamp hanging on a long cable in the cathedral in
Pisa, Italy. If the lamp had a mass of 1.2 kg and a draught imparted 10 J of kinetic energy
to it:
a)
b)
2) A cricketer hits a ball straight up in the air. It leaves the bat at 16.8 m s1 and has a mass
of 160 g.
a)
b)
Assuming air resistance is negligible, what is the maximum height the ball
reaches above the point it left the bat?
c)
If, in reality, flying up in the air and back down again is a process with an
efficiency of 88%, then how fast will the ball be travelling when it returns to
the start point?
Energy and Efficiency Answers
1)
a)
4.1 m s1
b)
0.85 m
a)
22.6 J
b)
14.4 m
c)
15.8 m s1
2)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 19
Edexcel AS Physics
Power Questions
1) What is the power of a kettle which transfers 264 kJ of energy in two minutes?
2) What is the power of a luxury motorboat which is moving at a constant 22 m s1 if the total
drag forces on it are 123 kN?
3) A crane lifts a steel girder with a mass of 800 kg. The girder rises 21 metres in 6 seconds.
What is the power of the crane?
Power Answers
1) 2.2 kW
2) 2710 kW
3) 27.5 kW
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 20
Edexcel AS Physics
HSW The Mechanics of Hockey Questions
1)
A hockey player passes the ball at 15 m s1 to a team mate who stops it completely in
0.1 s. What force does the receivers stick have to apply to the ball?
2) A penalty stroke is flicked from a distance of 6.40 m from the goal line. The striker
scoops it so that the ball leaves the ground at a 45 angle and a speed of 8 m s1. How
long does the goalkeeper have to make a save before the ball crosses the goal line?
3) The study of mechanics in sport is a popular and often profitable new area of scientific
study. Describe how a sports scientist could use ICT to collect data to study the
movement of players and equipment over time. Explain why technological
developments have made the data collected more valid and reliable than with
traditional methods of studying mechanics.
HSW The Mechanics of Hockey Answers
21 N
4) 1.13 s
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 21
Edexcel AS Physics
Eureka! Questions
1) A bottle of whiskey contains 1 litre of the drink. The mass of the liquid in the bottle is
0.915 kg. What is the density of this brand of whiskey?
(1000 litres = 1 m3)
2) The radius of a hockey ball is 36 mm and its mass is 160 g. What is its density
a)
in g cm3
b)
in kg m3?
3) Estimate the mass of air in this room. (Assume density of air = 1 kg m3.)
4) A golf ball has a diameter of 4.72 cm. If a golfer hits it into a stream, what upthrust does
the ball experience when it is completely submerged? (Assume density of water = 1000 kg
m3.)
5) Explain why a ships Plimsoll Line has a mark for fresh water which is lower on the hull
than the mark for salt water. (Assume density of salt water = 1100 kg m3.)
6) A ball bearing of mass 180 g is hung on a thread in oil of density 800 kg m3. Calculate
the tension in the string, if the density of the ball bearing is 8000 kg m3.
Eureka Answers
1) 915 kg m3
2)
a) 0.82 g cm3
b) 820 kg m3
3) Suitable estimates. For a room 3 m 8 m 8 m the mass of air would be 192 kg.
4) 0.54 N
5) The line for fresh water is higher on the hull because fresh water is less dense than salt
water. For a certain load, a ship will sink its lowest in fresh water, so this line needs to
show the lowest the ship can float safely.
6) Volume = 0.18/8000 = 2.25 105 m2
Upthrust = (800 vol) 9.81 = 0.17658 N
Weight = 0.18 9.81 = 1.7658 N
Tension = Weight upthrust = 1.7658 0.17658 = 1.6 N
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 22
Edexcel AS Physics
Fluid Movement Questions
1) Give three examples of objects which are designed to reduce the amount of turbulent flow
of air or water over them.
2) Draw diagrams to illustrate the basic definitions of streamline flow and turbulent flow.
Explain how your diagrams show each type of flow.
3) Explain these poetic observations of the flow of a Lake District stream:
In the gentle time of a late summer, a creek over boulder flowed smooth.
As autumn fell, floating leaf after leaf skipped round the rock, chasing like giddy
schoolgirls playing Follow the leader.
In winters depth, all frozen stood, ice on stone, stone on ice.
The bright thaw springs a maelstrom, water currents churning and swirling as
drunken Maypolers.
Fluid Movement Answers
1) Hull of a racing yacht; racing bicycle; car body.
2)
streamline flow
turbulent flow
3) In summer the volume and rate of water flow is such that the creek flows smoothly
with streamline flow. In autumn, leaves floating on the water move following each
other exactly, indicating streamline flow. In winter there is no flow as the creek is
frozen, but with the spring and the thaw of snow the creek is full. The fast flowing
water flows turbulently, producing the eddies and currents described in the poem.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 23
Edexcel AS Physics
Drag Act Questions
1) Why is the world record for 100 m swimming slower than for 100 m sprinting?
2) Describe how temperature affects viscosity for liquids and gases.
3) How and why would holding a swimming competition in a warmer pool affect the times
achieved by swimmers?
4) Why might a chocolate manufacturer alter their machinery so it functioned at a higher
temperature?
Drag Act Answers
1) There is more resistance to movement in water than in air.
2) For gases there is an increase in viscosity with rise in temperature, but for liquids viscosity
decreases with rise in temperature.
3) Warmer water would be less viscous so swimmers could travel faster through the water.
4) The chocolate would flow more quickly at a higher temperature, allowing faster
production. It would also be thinner, so a thinner coating could be applied.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 24
Edexcel AS Physics
Terminal Velocity Questions
1) Use Stokes Law to calculate the viscous drag on a ball bearing with a radius of 1 mm,
falling at 1 mm s1 through liquid chocolate at 30 C.
2) Why is it difficult to calculate the terminal velocity for a cat falling from a high rooftop?
3) A spherical meteorite, of radius 2 m and made of pure iron, falls towards Earth.
a)
For its fall through the air, calculate the meteorites terminal velocity.
b)
c)
(See table 2.1.1 for density data and table 2.1.4 for viscosity data.)
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 25
Edexcel AS Physics
Terminal Velocity Answers
1.98 103 N
4) The cat does not have a fixed shape. It may be moving and so the air resistance
will be constantly changing. Stokes law only applies to small spheres moving at
slow speeds.
5)
3.8 109 m s1
6.0 108 m s1
6) The answers are clearly wildly wrong the meteorite is travelling faster than light! We
have assumed that the weight stays constant, that the gravitational force is constant,
that the meteorite has enough time to reach its terminal velocity, and that the
temperature of all the objects involved is constant at 20C. All these assumptions are
flawed. Stokes law does not apply for such a large object, or at such high speeds.
M.Moazzam Hanif
Page 26