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A Monitoring Framework to Communicate

Watershed Health in Iloilo Province,


Philippines
Prepared By:
Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) of the Iloilo
Provincial Government and University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV).

With technical support provided by the Canadian Urban Institute (CUI)

This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International
Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada

July 2016

www.canurb.org
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. iii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
2. WHAT GETS MEASURED GETS MANAGED: THE NEED FOR INFORMATION ........................................... 2
3. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................... 2
4. GETTING STARTED ........................................................................................................................................ 3
4.1. Pilot Surveys ................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2. Describing Monitoring Areas ...................................................................................................................... 3
5. WHAT GETS MONITORED ............................................................................................................................. 4
5.1 Natural Cover.................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.2. Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3. Agriculture and Land Use.......................................................................................................................... 23
5.4. Water ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
5.5. Waste Management ................................................................................................................................... 41
5.6. Governance ................................................................................................................................................ 41
6. CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................................44
7. LITERATURE CITED .....................................................................................................................................50

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of Iloilo Province (Panay Island) Showing the Tigum-Aganan and Jar-ao Guimbal Watersheds ........ iv
Figure 2: Illustration of Forest Cover Quantity by Watershed ...................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Permanent Forest Sampling Plots for Iloilo Province Watersheds ................................................................ 5
Figure 4: Permanent Forest Monitoring Station in Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal Watershed ............................................ 6
Figure 5: Permanent Forest Monitoring Station in Tigum-Aganan Watershed (Municipality of Maasin) ................... 6
Figure 6: Where to Measure Tree Diameter at Breast Height ....................................................................................... 9
Figure 7: Map of Iloilo Province with River Monitoring Stations Highlighted .......................................................... 11
Figure 8: Monitoring the Quantity of Forest Cover within the Riparian Zone ........................................................... 12
Figure 9: Monitoring the Quantity of Forest Cover within the Riparian Zone ........................................................... 13
Figure 10: Sampling Station Map for Biodiversity ..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 11: Illustration of a Transect Walk ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 12: Surveying Transect Cruise Routes by water .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 13: Agricultural Monitoring Stations for Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal Watershed ............................................. 23
Figure 14: Agricultural Monitoring Stations for the Tigum-Aganan Watershed. ....................................................... 23
Figure 15: Protection Forests of Central Panay Mountains......................................................................................... 26
Figure 16: Method for Collecting Shallow Water Samples ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 17: Kemmerer and Van Dorn Water Samplers for Deep Water ...................................................................... 32
Figure 18: Water Sampling Bottles ............................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 19: Laboratory Chain of Custody Form ........................................................................................................... 35
Figure 20: Sampling Stream Cross-Section for Base Flow ......................................................................................... 38
Figure 21: Watersheds in Iloilo Province .................................................................................................................... 42

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Inventory of Tree Species and Other Forest Products ..................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Percent Forest Cover and Corresponding Disasters ........................................................................................ 9
Table 3: List of Indicator Species Selected for Monitoring ........................................................................................ 16
Table 4: List of Flagship Species (Big Five) Selected for Monitoring .................................................................... 17
Table 5: Calculating Species Diversity ....................................................................................................................... 17
Table 6: Sample Data Sheet for a Transect Cruise ...................................................................................................... 20
Table 7: Patrol Report/ Field Diary Form for Aquatic Transects ................................................................................ 22
Table 8: Estimates of the distance for complete mixing in watercourses.................................................................... 27
Table 9: General Variables to Monitor (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996) ....................................................................... 29
Table 10: Standard Set of Water Quality Parameters (Toronto and Region ............................................................... 30
Table 11: Sampling Frequency as Recommended in Global Environmental Monitoring System .............................. 31
Table 12: Prescribed Water Sampling Containers ...................................................................................................... 33
Table 13: Sample Holding Time and Preservation ..................................................................................................... 34
Table 14: State of Ground Water Well Inventories ..................................................................................................... 39
Table 15: State of Ground Water Well Inventories by Municipality .......................................................................... 40
Table 16: List of Important Organizational Instruments for Watershed Management Councils ................................ 43
Table 17: List of Important Regulatory Instruments Used to Assess Watershed Management Council Effectiveness43
Table 18: List of Important Management Instruments Existing at Watershed Management Councils ....................... 43
Table 19: Selected Stakeholders Participating in Watershed Management Councils ................................................. 44
Table 20: Summary of Data Sources for Watershed Monitoring in Iloilo Province ................................................... 45

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
All of us live in a watershed. The health of our watersheds is unquestionably linked to healthy communities and
sustainable regions. The ongoing well-being of watersheds is strengthened with a systematic approach in place for
collecting and evaluating data on indicators that will tell a story about conditions over time. A common monitoring
framework will bring consistency across the region. Resultant information will facilitate decision-making, priority
setting, and short and long-term initiatives to protect, restore and celebrate watersheds.

The document sets out a simple watershed monitoring framework in the Province of Iloilo, Philippines. The ultimate
goal is to increase the capacity for evidence-based planning on a watershed basis in Iloilo province. The monitoring
framework is intended to be a model for other local governments across the Philippines that are striving to improve
the state of the countrys watersheds and reduce the risk of natural disasters.
To start, the monitoring framework is targeted at the Tigum-Aganan and Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal watersheds
(Figure 1). The framework identifies baseline information where it exists, data collection methods, collection
frequency, sampling locations, data sources and responsibilities. Over time it is expected that this first generation
monitoring framework will evolve and be revised to keep pace with information needs, technology, and enhanced
resource allocation.
Although responsibility for monitoring may, in large part, be delegated to government agencies, support must be
shared for maximum results. Setting out roles for municipalities, educational institutions, businesses, associations,
interest groups and community volunteers is suggested. The best monitoring framework will benefit by cooperative
partnerships that bring together resources, knowledge and commitment.

This document builds a project completed in 2013 that included the development of A State of the Watershed Report
(SoWR). The SOWR summarized the current characteristics of the Tigum-Aganan watershed (TAW) a watershed
located in Iloilo province on Panay Island in the Western Visayas Region of the Philippines The SoWR was part of
the Metro Iloilo-Guimarus Sustainable Bioregion Initiative; a project made possible by a financial contribution of
Global Affairs Canada (then Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development) through the Canadian Urban
Institute (CUI). After producing the SoWR, the next logical step was to develop a Watershed Report Card
Program that included a monitoring framework. Local partners came together with the Canadian Urban Institute and
were awarded funding from Canadas International Development and Research Centre (IDRC) to deliver the
Evidence-Based Decision-Making for Watersheds in the Philippines.

The Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) of the Iloilo Provincial Government and
University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV) acted as the key partners responsible for research, consultation
and developing the final products. The Canadian Urban Institute (CUI) delivered technical advice and project
management. The Toronto Region and Conservation Authority also provided technical assistance through seconding
Gary Wilkins, a former TRCA staff person to the project; Mr. Wilkins also acted as principal author of this
document.

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Figure 1: Map of Iloilo Province (Panay Island) Showing the Tigum-Aganan and Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal Watersheds

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1. INTRODUCTION
The Canadian Urban Institute (CUI) received a financial contribution from the Government of Canada through the
International Development Research Centre (IDRC) to implement Evidence-Based Decision-Making for
Watersheds in the Philippines. One of the projects deliverables is the development of a template to guide the
preparation of report cards to communicate current watershed conditions based on important indicators of health and
sustainability. As watershed report cards depend on collecting and evaluating current data, the project also includes
the preparation of this monitoring framework to guide Philippine watershed managers in the collection of useful
information that can be presented in future watershed report cards and in other applications. This framework is a
starting point. As capacity increases over time, the framework will require modification to stay current with
information needs, technology and resource allocation.

The Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO) of the Iloilo Provincial Government and the
University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV) partnered with CUI and worked collaboratively to develop this
monitoring framework for urban and rural watersheds. Gary Wilkins, a former Toronto and Region Conservation
Authority (TRCA) staff person acted as principal author of this document.

Through the technical support of various Philippine agencies and Non-Government Agencies (NGOs), and the
experience of the Canadian Urban Institute in managing watersheds, the Iloilo Watershed Management District
(IWMC) started designing a watershed management strategy. This strategy addresses variables such forest cover,
biodiversity, water, governance, waste management and agriculture. The monitoring framework will guide the
collection of information about these variables. It is an offshoot of the efforts of the Iloilo Provincial Government
through the Iloilo Watershed Management Council in institutionalizing the protection and restoration of watersheds

Since 2013, the efforts of Iloilo Provinces Watershed Councils have been recognized through the Governors Prize
on Blue Waters Competition. With three years of experience in evaluating watersheds, this project was timely in
tapping into CUIs expertise in improving score cards on the health of watersheds by using an evidence-based
approach.

Since the start of this project in June 2015, a series of consultations, workshops and validation activities were
designed and conducted to capture the opinion of subject experts and a wide range of community stakeholders.

In time, the cumulative body of information generated by regular monitoring will identify long-term changes,
provide the basis for statistical analysis of the possible causes, and demonstrate trends in measured conditions. This
information will aid in communicating to decision makers and the public about how watershed health may be getting
better or worse. Ultimately, the project will increase the capacity of the Province of Iloilo for evidence-based
planning on a watershed basis. The project also aims to establish a model that will be replicated by academic
institutions and other local governments in the Philippines that are striving to improve the state of the countrys
watersheds.

The recommended watershed monitoring framework is initially being tested in two watersheds in Iloilo Province:
the Tigum-Aganan watershed and the Jar-ao,Tangyan-Guimbal watershed. It is expected that the framework will be
rolled out through Iloilo province. The framework identifies baseline information where available and data sources,
and offers guidance on selecting sampling locations, variables to be measured, collection methods, frequency of
sampling, information management, and responsibilities.

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2. WHAT GETS MEASURED GETS MANAGED: THE


NEED FOR DATA
The overall aim of the monitoring framework is to help characterize the condition of entire watersheds. Sub-
watershed level reporting is often the most effective scale (Conservation Ontario, 2013) and communities better
relate to smaller units; especially those that are closest to where the target audience live or work.

Sub-watershed reporting allows environmental changes to be detected more easily over time and this facilitates
program targeting based on environmental need. The actual size and number of sub-watersheds chosen will vary
based on a variety of factors. The key is to identify sub-watersheds that are meaningful and identifiable to the
intended audiences. For example, a watershed that is known already by name and identified by the local public
would be an appropriate choice. Presenting information by a municipality wherever possible is also affective went
communicating to communities and decisionmakers. Government organizations benefit by knowing how their
jurisdiction fares against other units. Processes and human interventions affecting environmental quality and their
influences should also be considered when selecting sampling sites.

Monitoring programs can yield information that is valuable for understanding watershed health, decision-making,
priority setting, and for guiding actions (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996). Types of information that may be generated
include the following examples:

1. How watershed conditions relate to the expectations and requirements of the users;
2. How environmental conditions relate to established standards;
3. How environmental conditions are affected by natural processes and human induced interventions;
4. The effectiveness of management actions on watershed conditions;
5. Trends in environmental conditions as a result of human activities;
6. The chemical or biological variables that are discovered which impact beneficial uses;
7. Hazards that may occur due to poor environmental conditions; and
8. The effects that diminished environmental quality have on plant and animal life.

3. OBJECTIVES
The initial objectives of the monitoring framework are as follows:

1. Ensure information is collected using widely accepted procedures and protocols so that it is replicable and
defensible;
2. Select sampling stations that will yield information on actual and potential conditions over time;
3. Identification of baseline conditions;
4. Understanding how current conditions compare to national, provincial or other standards and criteria;
5. Detection of environmental deterioration or improvement over time; and
6. Evaluation of the effectiveness of management interventions to protect, restore and improve watershed
conditions.

It is important that the objectives of the monitoring framework be understood and accepted by those who are
expected to use it. In time, the framework will be revisited and amended based on the original findings, availability
of resources, and the need for more information or different kinds of data.

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4. GETTING STARTED
4.1. PILOT SURVEYS
Before embarking on an all-out monitoring campaign it is advisable to first test the sampling network. This gives an
opportunity for staff to be trained and small problems remedied before staff and volunteers are deployed to remote
areas. Consider how variations will be captured in the sampling due to annual cycles, climatic conditions, land-uses,
width and depth of watercourses, size and accessibility of terrestrial habitats. For groundwater, it is important to
sample from a single aquifer only. For indicators such as residential water use, agriculture, waste management and
governance it is important that background information, sources of data, and contacts be recorded so this can all be
retraced for the issuance of future environmental report cards. Operational considerations should be tested through a
pilot project. Validate details such as the ease of on-site collections, sample preservation and transport methods to
ensure samples reach test facilities in good condition so the quality of the data is not diminished.

4.2. DESCRIBING MONITORING AREAS


Managers should describe the watershed they are monitoring. In some cases, such as the Tigum-Aganan watershed,
this has been done in significant detail and is presented in a State of the Watershed Report (Tigum-Aganan
Watershed Management Board and Canadian Urban Institute, 2013). Brief reports of other watersheds need only
describe the existing general characteristics of the watershed.

At a minimum the watershed description should include the following details.

1. Definition of the boundaries of the subject area.


Clearly articulate using maps and written descriptions the limits of the catchment being monitored.
2. Summary of the environmental characteristics, processes and human activities that may be affecting the
condition of the watershed.
Watershed characteristics (i.e. natural cover) may have an impact on quality, which is helpful when
evaluating monitoring data.
Note natural processes since they may affect watershed conditions and the interpretation of monitoring
data.
Describe watercourses and map features such as waterfalls and rapids. Include details on man-made
structures such as dams and bridges.
Describe lakes, reservoirs and other impoundments. These will have an effect on the condition of
watercourses.
Describe aquifers including details on soil/rock types, water levels, recharge areas and discharge areas.
3. Summary of the actual and potential uses of the watershed resources.
Human population, settlement areas, industry, mining, agriculture forestry, fisheries and recreation will all
have an impact on watershed condition.
Note present uses such as water withdrawals and quantities taken.
4. Weather and hydrological information.
Rainfall and runoff are important when evaluating parameters such as total suspended solids and flow.
Reliable data for mean annual flow and monthly flow can be achieved by establishing permanent gauging
stations. Measured values are better than making estimates.

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5. WHAT GETS MONITORED


5.1 NATURAL COVER
5.1.1.FOREST QUANTITY
Monitoring natural cover can be done using geographic information systems (GIS) to get current data for analysis of
the relative health of the natural heritage system. Desired cover types such as forest need to be identified and clearly
defined in the records so data can be collected in a consistent fashion each time it is measured for analysis. The most
current imagery should be used. Since imagery is not updated very often changes in forest quantity may not be
determined and reported as often as desired.

Authorities have determined the amount of natural cover that is considered necessary (targets) to provide meaningful
form and function for a healthy natural heritage system. The long-term forest cover target for Iloilo Province is 45%
or greater of the total watershed area. Actual numbers can be compared to long-term targets to form the basis of
communicating the health of forest cover or other components of the natural heritage system. When historical data
are available comparisons can be made and trends observed.

There are considerations to be noted in conducting forest inventories. Philippine partners have determined the
frequency of data collection to be every five years. The following will be reviewed before every inventory.

1. Location of all tract corners and boundary lines


2. Relative costs, size and density of forest resources
3. Area to be covered
4. Precision desired
5. Number of people available for field work
6. Time available

The monitoring framework needs to identify baseline information availability and data sources. It offers guidance on
selecting sampling locations, variables to be measured, collection methods, frequency of sampling, information
management and responsibilities.

Google Earth imagery can be imported into GIS software if applicable. Begin monitoring forest cover by delineating
all forest cover patches within the watershed that are greater than 0.5 hectares in area, at least 10% closed canopy
with trees a minimum of 5 meters tall. Ensure the geometry is clean with no overlapping polygons, slivers or gaps.
Store the GIS data in a geo-database. Changes in forest quantity can vary between sets of data, not because of real
loss or gain in forest cover, but due to polygon delineation by those people doing the work. This needs to be
considered when evaluating and reporting on the data.

Collect forest cover data so that it can be retrieved on a watershed, sub-watershed and municipal basis. Municipal
boundaries are usually not well aligned to watershed boundaries. Therefore, the municipal data within the subject
watershed or sub-watershed needs to be separated from the municipality as a whole.

Delineate forest cover in all parts of the watershed including the Alien and Disposable land-use designation. A
sample illustration of all the forest cover greater than 0.5 hectares in a watershed is illustrated in Figure 2. Add sub-
watershed and municipal boundaries, and a sufficient number of place names as reference points so readers can
relate to the map within a larger geographic context. Place names will include, watershed, sub-watershed, and
watercourse names, and some primary urban settlements as a minimum.

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Figure 2: Illustration of Forest Cover Quantity by Watershed

Forest cover data is available from the Iloilo Provincial Environment and Natural Resource Office (PENRO),
Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO), and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR). Municipal data are also to be used as baseline for the Watershed Management Councils in producing
watershed-based forest maps. These offices are reliable sources of forest cover data. The validated forest cover map
will be checked against the desk-truthed data to set the accuracy level. Selected sampling plots are identified in
each watershed area to guide future validation activities (Figure 3). These sampling plots will be monitored every
five years to document changes in quantity and quality of the forest.

Figure 3: Permanent Forest Sampling Plots for Iloilo Province Watersheds

a) Establishment of Permanent Sampling Plots

The permanent sampling sites must be marked on a map and detailed directions to these locations described in the
records so it can be found in all future monitoring efforts (Escantilla, 2014). The exact location of the sampling
stations must be located at ridges and gullies of the watershed areas in order to capture all the data in the multi-story

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structure of the forest. The location of permanent sampling plots for forests in two Iloilo province watersheds are
illustrated in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4: Permanent Forest Monitoring Station in Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal Watershed

Figure 5: Permanent Forest Monitoring Station in Tigum-Aganan Watershed (Municipality of Maasin)

b) Steps for Establishing Permanent Sampling Plots for Upland Forests

Materials needed includes GPS, compass, notebook and pen, camera, map and meter tape. The recommended steps
are as follows:

Step 1: Determine plot sizes and shape. The shape of forest monitoring plots are commonly dictated by
customs, tradition and experience. The size of the plot that has been adopted for this application is
20m x 20m.

Step 2: A 250m line using a nested quadrat technique will be established. A meter tape will be used to layout
the 250m line along the slope to cover different elevations. Mark the transect with highly visible
flagging tape. The line is not necessarily straight. Establish transects along trails for better
accessibility.

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Step 3: Determine a 20m X 20m quadrant for measuring upper canopy diversity. For large woody plants
whose diameter is equal to or greater than 10 centimeters, measure diameter at breast height (DBH),
merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) inside the 20m x 20m quadrant. The coordinates of
the four corners must be read and recorded. The 20m X 20m quadrant is to be established using four
sets of 20-meter nylon ropes that are already pre-calibrated in the base camp. Each set has wooden
pegs on each end for easier marking.

Step 4: Determine how many plots are needed for reliable forest or timber estimates. You must know the
sample area and forest area. A minimum of two or three sampling plots need to be established for
every river system.

Step 5: Determine the sampling design. In this step, select the non-overlapping plots for field measurement.
The most common design is random, stratified and systematic sampling.

Step 6: Inventory 100% of the large woody plants (where diameter is equal to or greater than 10 centimeters)
inside the sampling plots. Record data in table format. Schedule inventories every 5 years on the same
date for consistency.

Step 7: Collect specimens. For species that cannot be identified in the field take sample specimens and
photograph each species that is collected. Record and individually tag the specimens. Each of the plant
samples collected needs to have at least three leaves with its stem. All the species are to be geotagged.
Bring collected samples to the base camp and process them at the end of the survey day to preserve
the specimens for identification at the end of the survey period.

Step 8: Identify collected specimens. Several techniques for identifying the collected plant materials are as
follows:

Include representatives from local academe who teach plant taxonomy and dendrology in the
group doing on-site plant identification.

For off-site plant identification, the collected specimens are to be studied and compared to
relevant literatures provided by resource persons. References include:

Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants and Lexicon of Philippine plants; and

Reliable taxonomic websites showcasing on-line image database and interactive


identification keys for plants.

c) Diameter Measurement

This is the most frequent tree measurement done by foresters.

a. Diameter at breast height (dbh). Dbh is defined as the stem diameter outside the bark at a point 4.5ft or 1.3m
above ground as measured from the uphill side of the stem.
b. Stem diameters for irregular trees. The following are important considerations for measuring dbh of irregular
stems.
For trees growing on slopes, dbh should be measured from the uphill side of the tree;
When swellings, bumps, depressions or branches occur at dbh, a tree diameter should be taken just below
or above the irregularity at the point where the abnormality ceases to affect normal stem form;
o If a tree forks immediately above dbh, it is measured below the swelling resulting from the double
stem;
o Stems that fork below dbh are considered as two separate trees;

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o Trees with large buttresses are measured above the pronounced swelling or bottle neck and are
referred to as normal diameters.

Dendrometers are the instruments used in determining tree diameters. Examples of diameter measuring instruments
are the following:

a. Diameter tape. Tree circumference is the variable actually measured.


C= D
D= C
= 3.1416
Where: C= circumference of the tree
D= diameter
= equivalent to 3.1416 in the graduation interval on the diameter tape.

b. Wooden or steel tree caliper. This provides a quick and simple method of directly measuring dbh.
c. Biltmore stick. A straight stick specially graduated to take direct readings of dbh. Following the principle of
similar triangles, the stick should be held horizontally against the trees dbh at a predetermined distance from
the observers eye.

d) Tree Height Measurement

a. Total Height (TH)


This refers to the linear distance from the ground to the upper tip of the tree crown. The measurement of the
total height is more applicable to conifers which have well-defined branching characteristics. Broad-leave
deciduous species with scattered branching patterns.

b. Merchantable Height (MH)


This is the usable or sound portion of the stem. For smooth, straight stems, MH maybe defined as the length
from an assumed stump height (0.5 meters from the ground) to an arbitrarily fixed upper stem diameter called a
restrictor. Some of these restrictors include large branches, crooks or other defective portions. A minimum
crown diameter may also be chosen as a percentage of dbh. For timber sized trees, upper stem diameter limits
may be set at 60%, 50% and 40% of dbh for small, medium and large trees.

An inventory of trees must be summarized using the format illustrated in Table 1.

Location: Date:
Coordinates: Sampling Plot No.
Enumerator:

Table 1: Inventory of Tree Species and Other Forest Products


Indigenous/
Local Name Common Name dbh TH MH Remarks
Exotic

The percentage of watershed area with forest cover and the documented number of disasters will be presented in a
table as illustrated in Table 2. DRRM offices of the Municipal LGUs will be the primary contact and information
source for this set of data and its analysis.

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Table 2: Percent Forest Cover and Corresponding Number of Disasters


Nature of disasters Number of Reported/Observed Occurrences
Year 1990-1999 Year 2000-2009 Year 2010-2016
% Forest Cover (ha)
Landslides
Flooding
Storm Surge

e) Steps for Establishing Sampling Plots for Mangrove

Materials needed for establishing sample plots include hand held compass for establishing transects, GPS, notebook
and pen, camera, map and meter tape.

Step 1: Establish transect lines from the forest margin at right angles to the edges of mangrove forest, and
throughout the mangrove areas of the selected monitoring sites. Lay-out 10m x 10m plots at 10m
intervals along each transect, and at right angles to the transect line. Trees within the plot that are larger
than 4cm in diameter are recorded as to number of individual species and their diameter at breast height
(dbh). Measuring tree diameter may not be typical at all times. The following guidelines are provided to
ensure measurements are done using a standard method. Also refer to Figure 6 for illustrations on how
to measure atypical trees.

a. When a stem forks below breast height, or sprouts from a single base close to the ground, measure
each branch as a separate stem.
b. When the stem forks at breast height or slightly above, measure the diameter at breast height or just
below the swelling caused by the fork.
c. When the stem has prop roots or a fluted lower trunk, measure the diameter above the prop roots or
fluted trunk.
d. When the stem has swellings, branches or abnormalities at the point of measurement, take the
diameter slightly above or below the irregularity where it stops affecting normal form.

Figure 6: Where to Measure Tree Diameter at Breast Height

Step 2: Lay out 5m x 5m plots at the corners of the 10m x 10m plots. Saplings with diameters smaller than
4cm and a height more than 1m are identified and the number of individuals by species are counted.

Step 3: Lay out 1m x 1m plots at the same corner of the 5m x 5m plots. Seedlings with heights lower than 1m
are identified and the number of individuals by species are counted.

Step 4: Determine the soil type, salinity, temperature and pH and record this information.

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Step 5: Classify species zonation by calculating the percentage of relative density, relative frequency and
relative dominance, where:

Relative density = number of individuals of species x 100


total of individuals of all species

Relative frequency = frequency of species x 100


sum of frequency of all species

Relative dominance = basal area of species x 100


total basal area of all species

5.1.2.FOREST QUALITY
Raw data gathered from sampling plots will be further evaluated and classified into indigenous and exotic species
categories. Using the Simpson index (D) for the dominance of species in a given area, the bigger the number the
greater the forest diversity. A percentage of 60% or more of indigenous species equates to good forest quality.

There are two versions of the formula for calculating D. Either method is acceptable, but be consistent.

D= (n / N)2

n = the total number of organisms of a particular species


N = the total number of organisms of all species

5.1.3. RIPARIAN AND COASTAL ZONES

Riparian areas are regional hot spots that support a disproportionately high number of wildlife species, and provide a
wide array of ecological functions and values (Naiman et al. 1993, Fischer and Fischenich 2000, National Research
Council 2002). Riparian monitoring stations are illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9. The width of riparian zone
easements is different for each ecosystem. Its 40 meters for timberland areas, 20 meters for agricultural areas and 3
meters for urban zones. This easement area is measured from the highest water level mark of the river.

The data that will be gathered for riparian zone is the percentage of the riverine areas complying with the vegetation
requirement of the easement law. This data will be collected by implementing the steps described below.

Mangrove and beach forests along coastlines have many ecological benefits as well. In addition to providing
corridors for wildlife movement they play an important role in buffering shorelines from erosion thus improving
water quality and safeguarding human lives and personal property. The coastal zone of interest is a 30 m wide buffer
along the interface between watersheds and the ocean. The coastal zone is measured seaward from the high tide
mark.

Step 1: Collate Watershed Council data regarding the length of riparian zones within their watersheds.

Step 2: Gather secondary data through Liga ng mga Barangays or other association and LGU bodies to
determine actual riparian zone compliance to easement law.

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Step 3: Triangulate data using GIS and community information to gather validated riparian compliance.

Step 4: Conduct ground validation in sampling plots marked as permanent riparian sampling zones.

Step 5: Geo-tag the area and observed vegetation for database.

Figure 7: Map of Iloilo Province with River Monitoring Stations Highlighted

Riparian and coastal zones are relatively easy to measure and monitor using Geographic Information System
technology. Use the following steps to calculate the percent of riparian and coastal zone with forest vegetation
(Conservation Ontario, 2011).

Step 1: Identify watercourses either as a single coloured line for small watercourses or a polygon for rivers
wider than 20 m. For wider rivers, the riparian zone should start at the edge of the water polygon, not
the center line of the watercourse.

Step 2: Place a 30 m buffer on both sides of the watercourse line for a total of 60 m.

Step 3: Place a 20 m buffer along the coast line seaward from the high tide mark.

Step 4: Lay out 250m x 30m permanent sampling plots every 5km of the entire riparian buffer zone for each
sub-watershed.

Step 5: 100% inventory will be conducted.

Step 6: Query the vegetation data and measure the area of the forest cover in m2 that is found within the buffer
zone for each sub-watershed and coastal zone.

Step 7: Divide the area of existing riparian and coastal forest cover by the area of the total buffer zone and
multiply by 100 to arrive at the percent of riparian and coastal zone that is forested. Use only one

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decimal point of accuracy.

Step 8: Record and monitor data on a watershed, sub-watershed and municipal basis depending on how the
information is best communicated to serve specific objectives and target audiences. Add sub-
watershed and municipal boundaries, and a sufficient number of place names as reference points to
your maps so readers can relate to the geographic context. Place names will include, watershed, sub-
watershed, and watercourse names, and some primary urban settlements as a minimum.

Figure 8: Monitoring the Quantity of Forest Cover within the Riparian Zone (Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal)

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5.2. BIODIVERSITY
5.2.1. SPECIES RICHNESS
Biodiversity is an important element in the foundation of healthy watersheds and sustainable communities. The
amount of biodiversity that exists in any given place indicates the stability and health of an ecosystem. The extent of
urban development and other human intervention reduces the diversity of habitats and the plant and animal species
that inhabit them. Non-native species, pollution and overuse are also common causes of reduced biodiversity.

Unfortunately, losses in biodiversity are often irreversible. The Philippines is one of the most heavily impacted of
the biodiversity hotspots, with over 93% of its original natural vegetation gone (Mittermeier, 2002).

BiodiversityFigure
indicators require hard data and synthesized information to make them effective communication tools.
9: Monitoring the Quantity of Forest Cover within the Riparian Zone (Tigum & Aganan)
Monitoring biodiversity change helps managers better understand what is changing in the ecosystems and why. By
integrating long-term information on species trends/cycles with other characteristics a more complete profile of a
watershed can be prepared.

Roberts-Pichette (1995) recommends a number of guidelines for monitoring biodiversity over the long-term.

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a) General Guidelines

1. Information must be comparable over time and space.


2. Employ standard protocols in the study design, sampling procedures, sample and data analysis and reporting
methods. Consider widely used international protocols such as those developed by the Smithsonian Institution
for the UNESCO Program on Man and the Biosphere (Dallmeier, 1992); and,
3. Gather relevant climatic data since this is interconnected with many watershed conditions.

b) Specific Guidelines

1. Define the reason(s) for undertaking biodiversity monitoring using indicator species in the selected location(s);
2. Define what, where and when - these questions will be answered by the objectives, the specific study design,
and the general and specific protocols for selected ecosystems and species;
3. Define how - this question will be dealt with in site planning sessions, and by study design;
4. Ensure that methods are in place for managing collected datasets and linking them to other related datasets, and
to making them available for inclusion in more extensive monitoring networks; and,
5. Ensure that the processes for analyzing, synthesizing, assessing and disseminating the results are in place.

5.2.2. ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES


Factor in the following elements when establishing priorities:
1. The availability of expertise on site, at universities, museums or elsewhere;
2. Species monitoring and research activities already under way;
3. Availability of representative species of the selected ecosystems. The selection should consider very common
and dominant species; exotic species; species identified by the general public as important; species that
represent problems for human populations, and species in ecosystems subject to intensive
management/use/pressure (e.g. agriculture, ecotourism, forestry, settlement, transportation); and,
4. Availability and integration of other data for use in compiling, synthesizing and interpreting the results
obtained from biodiversity monitoring. Examples include sources and impacts of pollutants, basic
meteorological data within as well as outside the vegetation canopy, and ecosystem structure and function.

5.2.3. CONSIDERATIONS
In setting objectives and priorities consider the following:
1. Which species or groups of species to select for concentrated or specialized study;
2. Which relevant ecosystems to include both unmodified and deliberately modified;
3. What can be routinely accomplished by researchers and technicians working in an area;
4. How results will be distributed in scientific and popular media;
5. How to attract interested specialists to undertake special studies; and,
6. How to involve volunteers.

5.2.4. TERRESTRIAL VOLUNTEER MONITORING


Properly trained staff and volunteers can be an important component of any monitoring framework established to
understand biodiversity.

The use of community partners can be incorporated into all of the recommended protocols although some require
participants to have a certain level of experience mostly involving species identification. Properly designed training
courses will help to ensure that the collection of information is accurate. Community partners engaged in monitoring
expands geographic coverage, augments the frequency of observations, builds awareness, and potentially changes
peoples attitudes and behaviours towards watersheds and biodiversity. But even with training, data collected by

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volunteers should be audited, validated by technical persons to ensure quality control, and kept separate from data
collected by science-based professionals.

a) Monitoring Site Selection

The Toronto Region and Conservation Authority (TRCA) recommends monitoring sites ten hectares in size, located
on both public and private lands, and distributed throughout the subject watershed. Sampling design should also
include rural, urban and urbanizing zones. Figure 10 illustrates sampling station locations for Iloilo province.

Figure 10: Sampling Station Map for Biodiversity

Choose sampling sites randomly within available natural cover patches. Record and describe the locations on
appropriate mapping so they can be easily found for future sampling periods. Some adjustments to the final
monitoring sites may be necessary should private landowner permission not be granted or site conditions pose
dangerous circumstances for monitors.

Use the following criteria for helping to choose Monitoring Sites.

1. Intact or partially intact wetland habitats such as marshes, swamps, flood plains, and intertidal mudflats;
2. Wetland habitats in proximity to settlements or used by local communities; and,
3. For each municipality, areas with intact wetlands or large congregation of water birds or flying foxes.

b) Establishing Indicator and Flagship Species

It is not practical or even desirable to monitor every species. Selection of monitoring indicators is necessary, and
decisions must be made about how many species to monitor, as well as which species. By doing so, the indicator
species approach reduces the time and cost invested in training, and increases its effectiveness, making this method a
good choice; particularly for volunteer-based monitoring.

The presence or long-term absence of individual species that are native to the region and their habitats provides
information about the species and the underlying habitat characteristics and conditions on which they depend.
Therefore, select a robust set of indicator species that are representative of various aspects of ecological integrity in
the area under study.

Select indicator species that have reasonably well known and understood requirements and sensitivities. The native
species selected as indicators should have been common and well distributed across the region. As a point of

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reference, TRCA (2013) collected presence data for a group of 50 indicator species at 56 fixed, 10 hectare sample
sites across a 2,500 km2 area.

Since the incidence of alien species is becoming more widespread, tracking the severity of invasive species is added
to the protocol. TRCA (2013) conducted two surveys each year to determine the extent of invasion of each site.

The following information is based on literature published by TRCA in 2013.

Select native species that represent a range of forest, wetland, grassland, riparian and coastal zone habitats as well as
the transition zones or "edge habitat" between them. The chosen species should reflect varying degrees of
specialization on specific habitat components, and ranges of ecological sensitivities.

For Iloilo province the indicator species set includes flora (trees, ferns, grasses, herbs& palms) and fauna (birds,
mammals, amphibians, reptiles, arthropods). Regionally native species and invasive species are required. Indicator
species should be recorded for future reference using Table 3 format.

Table 3: List of Indicator Species Selected for Monitoring


Common Name Scientific Name Habitat
Forest
Mangrove
Riparian
Beach, forest, other

Choose indicator species using the following species-based criteria. Record species for future reference using a
format such as that illustrated in Table 3.
1. Indicator species
A plant or animal species that can be used to infer conditions in a particular habitat.

2. Keystone species
Species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem
would change drastically.

Note: Indicator and keystone species are often habitat specialists.


In wetlands, water birds are ideal keystone and indicator species.
Choose species easily recognized by local people. These could be
species hunted for food, medicine, or as a means of livelihood.

4. Globally-mandated species
Included on International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List
National Red List
Ramsar Convention
Decline in population
>1% global population in one area

5. Invasive and disturbance species


Not historically known in a given area (alien species).
Those that invade habitats and displace (or even consume) native species.
Associated with habitat disturbances.
Indicators of declining habitat quality.

6. Suggested Priority Species:


Riverine mammals

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Flying foxes
Large Mammals (deer, pigs, macaques)
Other large mammals

For Iloilo province, the flagship species set includes the five regionally native species listed in Table 4.

Table 4: List of Flagship Species (Big Five) Selected for Monitoring


Common Name Scientific Name Habitat
Mabitang Varanus mabitang Forest
Rafflesia Rafflesia speciosa Forest
Spotted deer Rusa alfred Forest
Tarictic Penelopides panini Forest
Warty pig Sus cebifrons Forest

c) Measures of Species Diversity

Managers will determine species heterogeneity. This looks at the number of species, species abundance and the
relative proportion of the populations of different species.

Managers will also determine species richness. This is the number of existing species (s) as the simplest measure of
species diversity in relation to total abundance.

Records of species found on each fixed monitoring site are used to calculate native species richness scores by site.
Species richness scores for the total group of indicator species are reported on a 0-100 scale; where 0 reflects the
absence of all indicator species and 100 when all indicator species are found. Since pristine sites harbouring all
selected indicator species are highly unlikely, the good scores could be considered a target for ranking watershed
condition and for implementing protection, mitigation and restoration activities.

A common tool for determining species diversity is the Simpson index. The Simpson index is a dominance index
because it gives more weight to common or dominant species. A few rare species with only a few representatives
will not affect the diversity. The larger the index number the greater the diversity. Species need to be recorded as
illustrated in Table 5. The formulae used for determining diversity is provided below.

Table 5: Calculating Species Diversity


Local Name Description # of individuals (n) N(n-1)

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Simpson Index (D) = (n / N)2

or

n = the total number of organisms of a particular species


N = the total number of organisms of all species

d) Department of Environment and Natural Resources Survey Methods

The monitoring protocol requires at least 2 to 3 sites per watershed with regular data gathering at least once every 5
years around the same time of year. Each effort is focused on detecting specific species of mammals, birds,
amphibians, reptiles and plants representative of the range of ecological needs, sensitivities and habitat types.

Survey timing, length of survey, search method and observation method are tailored to suit the species. Methods are
selected to maximize the likelihood of finding and correctly identifying individual species. Furthermore, in the case
of most fauna indicators, surveys are conducted during the breeding season for each species in order to provide the
best evidence available with respect to whether the site provides breeding habitat.

Since a measure for severity of invasion is needed for the invasive plant indicator species, surveys for these
indicators should follow a more detailed protocol that categorizes the number of occurrences found as well as the
size of the largest occurrence for the indicator species present.

In all cases, participants must be trained on the correct monitoring protocols and species identification.

The Iloilo Watershed Management Council has adopted the following DENR general procedure in data gathering.

1. Establishing sampling plots for flora.


a. Establish a line transect or line intercept 5m x 5m for understory diversity.
b. Inventory species
c. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with local communities

2. Transect and opportunistic sampling for fauna


a. Establish transect cruise route
b. Walk transect
c. Inventory species
d. Focus Group Discussion with local communities

i.Establishing Sampling Plots for Flora


Step 1: Establish three plots per watershed, determine plot sizes and shape.

Shape of field plots are commonly dictated by customs, tradition and experience. In this case, the size
of the plot will be 20m x 20m.

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Step 2: A 250m line using a nested quadrat technique will be established.

A meter tape will be used to layout the 250m line along the slope to include different elevation
gradients.

Mark the line with highly visible flagging tape. The line is not necessarily straight. It can be
established along the trails for better accessibility.

Step 3: Establish 5m X 5m quadrats for understory diversity surveys.

Identify the 5m X 5m quadrats using two sets of 5 meter long nylon ropes that are pre-calibrated in the
base camp.

Attach wooden pegs to each end of the ropes for easier marking.

Identify and count the small trees (< 10 cm DBH and greater than one meter in height), poles,
saplings and shrubs found inside the 5m x 5m quadrat.

Epiphytes nesting on trees inside the 5m x 5m quadrat are to be identified.

Step 4: Establish 1m x 1m quadrats using a Biltmore stick for ground cover diversity.

Identify species and estimate the percentage of cover of grasses and other ground cover species (vines,
ferns, sedges) inside the 1m x 1m quadrat. Also record other cover types such as forest litter, barren
soil and tree base inside the quadrat.

Step 5: Inventory all large woody plants inside the sampling plot with dbh equal to and greater than 10 cm.
Record data using Table 1 format.

Step 6: For species that cannot be positively identified in the field, take sample specimens, record, tag, geo-
tag, photograph and preserve each species. Each of the plant samples must have at least three leaves
with its stem. Process at the end of the survey day at base camp.

Step 7: Identify collected specimens.


Representatives from the Academe who teach plant taxonomy and dendrology will be included
in the group for on-site plant identification.
For off-site plant identification, the collected specimens are to be studied and compared to
relevant literatures provided by resource persons, such as:
Enumeration of Philippine flowering plants and lexicon of Philippine plants; and
Reliable taxonomic websites showcasing on-line image databases and interactive identification
keys for plants.

ii. Establishment of Transect Cruise Routes on Land

Step 1: At the selected 2-3 kilometer transect cruise routes, mark the starting and end points with permanent
marker or paint. Place markers on a large rock or mature tree at the lake shore or river bank.

Step 2: Record the coordinates of the starting and end point. Plot the coordinates on a map.

Step 3: To the extent possible, establish permanent markers every 500 meters along the transect cruise routes.

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Step 4: Note the habitat types (mudflats, marsh, swamps) and describe the condition of these habitat types.
The condition may be noted as intact, disturbed, and the presence of any resource extraction every 500
meters along the transect route.

Step 5: Note the following data using Table 6 format when establishing transects.
a. Transect name. This can be the name of the sitio, or barangay where the transect is located.
b. Transect location (province, municipality, barangay, sitio).
c. Coordinates of start and end point.
d. Total length.

Table 6: Sample Data Sheet for a Transect Cruise


Observer: Transect Line:

Location: (province, municipality, Date of Sampling:


barangay, sitio)

Length of Transect:

Starting Time: End Time:

Species/ Resource Use Number/ Incidence Time Recorded Remarks on what


Recorded was Recorded

iii.Transect Walk
This method is adapted from the conventional line transect cruise which is conducted in dry areas.
This method is also applicable to wetland habitats accessible on foot.
It is ideal for wetland habitat types and mosaics of hardwood forests and marshlands which can be situated
quite far from lake shores or are not bisected by river channels as illustrated in Figure 11.
It can be used to observe wetland and forest-associated wildlife species.
The steps in selecting, establishing, and conducting transect walks are similar to transect cruises. The types
of data to be recorded is illustrated in Table 6.

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Figure 11: Illustration of a Transect Walk Alignment

iv. Conducting Transect Cruises on Water

Step 1: Survey the transect cruise route using a boat (motorized or with paddle), and sail at a low speed
(Figure 12).

Step 2: It is recommended that the two-kilometer route be finished in two hours. This translates to a sailing
speed of 15-20 meters per minute.

Step 3: In lakes, stay close to the shore (at a safe depth) so as to observe wildlife species up close.

Step 4: Always begin the transect cruise between 5:30am and 6:30am and finish before 9:00am.

Step 5: Keep noise from the observers, boat driver, and the boat motor to a minimum avoid disturbing wildlife
species.

Step 6: Record all priority species and count their numbers (Table 7).

Step 7: Record using Table 7 format any type of past and present resource extraction including its geographic
coordinates/location; number or extent of resources extracted (e.g. estimated one hectare expansion of
rice field, or 10 pieces of logs).

Step 8: Note the time when each species and resource use was observed, the habitat where species was
recorded, its behavior, and the part of the route where it was observed and recorded.

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Figure 12: Surveying Transect Cruise Routes Using a Boat

Table 7: Patrol Report/ Field Diary Form for Aquatic Transects


Observer:
Locality: (Province, municipality, barangay, sitio):
Period of Observation:

A. For people encountered and their activities


Types of products Quantity Use Market Exact Date
gathered Price Location Observed

Examples:
Fish, shells, orchids,
birds

B. Major unsustainable Practices


Activities Number of People Extent of Destruction (area, Exact Date
Conducting number of trees extracted, Location Observed
Activities number of fish caught)

Mining
Destructive Fishing

Constructing
Buildings and Roads
Without Permit

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e) Data Management and Analysis

Survey data must be maintained in a compatible, reliable and accessible electronic database. Data contributed by
volunteers needs to be audited and validated before including them into the record. In some cases, professional
science staff should make verification visits to the affected site. Always separate data supplied by volunteers from
that of science educated professionals.

5.3. AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE


Agriculture is an important contributor to the economy and the livelihoods of the Philippine people. It will always be
important for maintaining secure, safe and healthy food production close at hand to city regions to ensure a
sustainable region in the future. Having abundant agricultural land close to large populations also helps to avoid
added costs of packaging and transportation, and reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions But as
has been seen in the past, there is a constant competition between maintaining good agricultural land for food
production close to large populations and alternative urban development uses.

Monitoring and communicating how well agricultural land is being protected is important because of the need to be
able to grow healthy food close to people. Agricultural monitoring stations in the Jar-ao,Tangyan-Guimbal and
Tigum-Aganan watersheds are illustrated in Figures 13 and 14.

Figure 13: Agricultural Monitoring Stations for Jar-ao, Tangyan-Guimbal Watershed

Figure 14: Agricultural Monitoring Stations for the Tigum-Aganan Watershed.

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Relative to agriculture are the basic issues of land use conversion, quality of forest areas, conversion of forest areas
into agriculture, the farming technologies being employed by the farmers, and the optimal use of water for
agriculture. This monitoring framework will provide guidelines to help ensure technical and defensible data will be
the basis for the following agriculture and land use indicators.

1. Presence or absence of data on land conversion.


2. Percentage of prime agricultural land and non-irrigated agricultural land converted to other land uses.
3. Percentage of production and protection forests converted to agriculture.

Prime agricultural land conversion is one of the major causes of reduced food resiliency. Prime agricultural lands
are divided into two major classes as provided below.

1. Prime agricultural lands which are irrigated lands; and


2. Rain-fed areas.

5.3.1.CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS TO OTHER USES


In Iloilo, the prime agricultural areas are mostly located within the urban sprawl zones. This enhances the chance of
agricultural land being converted to residential or commercial use.

The Local Government Code of the Philippines (RA 7160) allows the Local Government Units to re-classify
agricultural lands under the following conditions:

1. When the land ceases to be economically feasible and sound for agricultural purposes as determined by the
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR).
2. Where the land shall have substantially greater economic value for residential, commercial or industrial
purposes.

The Code also allows the LGU to convert a certain percentage of agricultural land as follows.

1. Highly urbanized and independent component cities - 15%


2. Component cities and 1st to 3rd class municipalities - 10%
3. Municipalities in the 4th to 6th class category - 5%

In monitoring the conversion rate of agricultural lands, the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of the LGUs can
be used as the main source of information. Baseline information will be taken from the data of CLUP 2000.

a) Presence or Absence of Data on Land Conversion

The first set of data will verify documentation and organize information on the existence and extent of agricultural
land conversion. Based on the historical data in the CLUPs of the Municipalities within each watershed, the
following information will be used.

1. Number of member Municipalities with an updated Comprehensive Land Use Plan. The most updated version
is the 2015 but since the majority of the Municipalities have not updated their CLUPs, the 2002-2012 version
will be used until revised.
2. Documented conversion of agricultural lands to other uses.
3. Percentage of area with non-compliant land use based on existing approved land classification.

b) Rate of Conversion of Prime and Non-irrigated Agricultural Land to Other Uses

This indicator will be monitored based on land conversion data as determined according to section 5.3.1. In cases

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where the CLUPs have not captured the information on land conversion but other documentation and Key Informant
Interviews of FGDs have yielded data, field verification may be conducted to validate the information.

To monitor the extent of agricultural land conversion, the following steps will be followed.

Step 1: Data regarding the rate and percentage of conversion will be used as the basis.
Step 2: Review CLUP (at least 2 versions) and note changes in land use/classification. Use local maps, CLUP
/ Land use, FLUP maps, standard scale data maps (1:50,000 for watershed area or 1:10,000).
Step 3: For large areas that were converted, compare parcellary (tax) map with reference to tax declaration.
Step 4: Cross check with Municipal Agriculture Office or Municipal Agrarian Reform Office.
Step 5: Compare land uses through remote sensing method (current year vs 2000).
Step 6: Overlay data with current image of Google map / GIS.
Step 7: Note coordinates of converted agricultural lands and conduct field validation.

Prime agricultural lands will be analyzed separately from the non-irrigated lands. For prime agricultural lands or
farm areas with irrigation systems, the data will be categorized in two less than 5% conversion, and greater than
5% conversion.

For large areas and whenever feasible, ground validation will be conducted. Most often, converting agricultural
lands are not legally documented and former rice land may have been slowly changed to residential use but its land
classification in the legal documents may still be agriculture. In cases like this, the actual land use, and not the land
classification will prevail.

Valuing the agricultural production loss due to conversion of agricultural land to other uses is important. The crop
and its potential yield prior to conversion will be documented. Crop yield based on major crops that have been
grown in the area will be presented as part of the crop and food product lost due to the conversion. This will be
documented using standard yield per hectare information for irrigated lands. The following steps need to be
addressed.

1. Conduct field interviews regarding past crops grown in the area.


2. Coordinate with the Agriculture office and solve for the average crop yields and multiply by the hectares of
lands converted.
3. Solve for the annual production loss.

The same procedure will be used to monitor conversion of non-irrigated agricultural lands. This data will be
recorded in separate monitoring reports.

For both the prime and non-irrigated agricultural lands, CLUP data will be overlaid with the real-time google map
data. The variations between the actual land use and the reported land use classification will be documented. The
data will be collected once every year.

5.3.2. RATE OF CONVERSION OF PROTECTION AND PRODUCTION FOREST LANDS TO


AGRICULTURE USE

Forest conversion to agriculture use, though beneficial for agriculture production for the first year, will ultimately do
more harm than good in terms of ecosystem services and agricultural productivity. The data on these protected
forests will be the basis for determining the conversion rates.

Timberland areas are categorized as protection forests and production forests. For protection forests, Philippine
laws strictly prohibit the conversion of protection and production to other land uses. In reality, protection forests are
increasingly being used for upland rice and corn production. In Iloilo province, the main protection forests are the
timberland areas located in the Central Panay mountain range, which are also classified as Key Biodiversity Areas
(KBA). Refer to Figure 15.

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Figure 15: Protection Forests of Central Panay Mountains

Monitoring the extent of forest conversion to agriculture will start by reviewing and documenting existing forestland
maps and comparing this with the actual land uses. The state of the timberland areas in year 2000 will be used as the
baseline. The rating method will use the percentage of total forestland areas converted to other land uses. Greater
than or less than 5% conversion will be the basis for communicating the conversion of forestland to other uses. The
percentage conversion is determined using the following equation.

% of conversion= Timberland Converted to Other Uses (ha)


Total Timberland Area (ha)

In addition to the loss of forest habitats in the timberland land use areas are the reduction in goods and services that
are being provided by this resource. Carbon sequestration, water storage, habitat of important flora and fauna, and
soil conservation are some of the major losses that must be acknowledged. A cost benefit analysis will be conducted
based on the hectares of forest area converted to agriculture.

5.4. WATER
5.4.1.GENERAL
The number of sub-watersheds should be practical to monitor on a long-term basis given the available resources of
the local partners. For example, it is preferred to have one surface water quality monitoring site per sub-watershed
that represents the quality of water at the outlet. However, it is left to the discretion of each governing jurisdictions
to determine the appropriate surface water quality site or sites to represent conditions in the sub-watershed. Where
there is not yet a monitoring site established in a particular sub-watershed, this should be indicated as a data gap and
this would qualify as a recommendation for future action. Generally, the number of sub-watersheds used by
Conservation Authorities in Ontario, Canada for watershed report cards ranges from 5 to 20.

Sampling sites are general locations from which samples are taken. Sampling sites must be marked on a map and
directions to this location described in the records so it can be found in all future monitoring efforts. The exact
location where the sample is taken is called the sampling station. This location also needs to be adequately described
so samples are taken from the same spot for consistency (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996).

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5.4.2.SURFACE WATER QUALITY

a) Selecting Surface Water Sampling Stations

i. Rivers
Select stations where the water will be sufficiently mixed so a single sample will be representative. Complete
mixing of two tributaries that join may not take place for many kilometers downstream of the confluence. Factors
such as flow, gradient and substrate will affect mixing. Table 8 provides estimates of the distance for complete
mixing in watercourses (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996).

Table 8: Estimates of the distance for complete mixing in watercourses.


Average Width (m) Mean Depth (m) Estimated Distance for Complete Mixing (km)
5 1 0.08-0.7
2 0.05-0.3
3 0.03-0.2
10 1 0.03-2.7
2 0.2-1.4
3 0.1-0.9
4 0.08-0.7
5 0.07-0.5
20 1 1.3-11.0
3 0.4-4.0
5 0.03-2.0
7 0.02-1.5
50 1 8.0-70.0
3 3.0-20.0
5 2.0-14.0
10 0.8-7.0
20 0.04-3.0

Rapids will accelerate the mixing process. However, for dissolved oxygen data, samples should be taken upstream
of rapids because the turbulence will cause the water to be saturated with oxygen. If in doubt about the degree of
mixing take multiple samples across the width and depth of the river at the beginning of the monitoring program to
see if there are any major discrepancies.

Bridges make good sampling stations because they are easily identifiable and can be easily described for repeat
visits. If sample results dont vary significantly across a river then a single station at mid-stream is satisfactory.
Otherwise a composite sample of 3-5 points is required.

Once a station is confirmed it should be permanently marked with stakes, flagging tape and the coordinates recorded
using a geographical positioning system.

General characteristics to consider when setting up monitoring stations on watercourses are as follows (Gartner Lee
Limited, 2006).

1. Where possible establish stations at or near surface water discharge gauging stations for determining constituent
transport loads.
2. Where flow gauging is not available choose a sampling location where instantaneous measurements of
discharge are possible.
3. Along straight reaches with uniform flow, uniform and stable bottom contours and where constituents are mixed
across the width of the watercourse.
4. Above and below confluences of tributary streams point source discharges, bridges or culverts and other
structures and restrictions that will prevent good mixing.

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5. At or near a location where other data such as biological, hydrological or historical data is available.
6. At a cross-section where samples can be collected safely any time of the year.

Sample Collection Techniques


The grab sampling technique is the method most commonly used. Commence sampling downstream and advance
upstream. Always collect water samples first before taking measurements such as dissolved oxygen. Collect water
samples upstream of flow measurements and other collections that will disturb the bottom and artificially affect
water quality results. A recommended procedure (Gartner Lee Limited, 2006) is summarized as follows.

1. Record station name, time, weather and air temperature.


2. Collect samples from a single point near the centre of the flow or well-mixed location.
3. Do not stir up bottom sediments to avoid contaminating the water sample.
4. Rinse sample bottle three times before filling. Leave headspace in the sample bottle for BOD analysis.
5. Immerse the sample bottle approximately 15 cm with mouth of bottle directed upstream until it fills.
6. Cap sample bottles immediately and store in a cooler.
7. Once water samples have been collected proceed to collect other parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen
following equipment instructions.
8. Refer to detailed instructions of sampling equipment and the laboratory facilities where water samples will be
analyzed.

ii.Lakes and Reservoirs


Choose sampling stations that are representative of the water body. Consider factors that will have an influence on
water quality such as inflows from watercourses or effluents, wind and shape.

Mkel and Meybeck, 1996 suggest a lake that is 10 km2 requires one sampling station, 100 km2 requires two
sampling stations, and so on.

If vertical stratification occurs water quality may differ at different depths. Stratification can be detected by
measuring temperature 1 m below the surface and 1 m off the bottom. A significant difference of 3C or more
indicates a thermocline. In cases such as this, more than one sample is necessary. The minimum samples should
consist of:
1 m below the surface,
Just below the depth of the thermocline, and
1 m above the bottom sediments.

Where the thermocline is several meters in depth several samples should be taken within the thermocline to fully
characterize the water quality.

Returning to the same location for each monitoring routine is important so describing the location electronically and
having easily identifiable landmarks makes the monitoring results more reliable.

Sample Collection Techniques


A recommended procedure (Gartner Lee Limited, 2006) is summarized as follows.

1. Sample the deepest point of the waterbody using a weighted line or other method for determining depth.
2. Avoid structures such as boat ramps, piers and fuel docks to avoid contamination of the sample.
3. Select a site with a record of historical data, if possible.
4. Select a site that is accessible year round.
5. Set a permanent marker at the station. Record landmarks and bearings on a map of the waterbody.
6. Record the GPS coordinates of the sampling station to one metre accuracy.
7. Record date, time, temperature, weather conditions, depth and water colour.
8. Collect water samples using standard grab techniques.
9. If measuring parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and conductivity do so just below the
surface and at 1meter intervals to a maximum of one meter off the bottom.

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10. Refer to detailed instructions of sampling equipment and from the laboratory facilities where water samples
will be analyzed.
11. Collecting individual samples at a station is generally acceptable on a monthly basis for characterizing water
quality for longer than a year (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996). For targeting specific issues or if significant
differences are expected then weekly, daily or continuous sampling would be more appropriate. Collect
samples at approximately the same time of day because water quality can vary over the course of the day.
Detecting daily variations or peak concentrations will require samples on an hourly basis.
12. Collect enough samples to enable an accurate calculation of the mean concentrations of the water quality
variables of interest.

b) Monitoring Variables

Water quality can be described by one variable or a combination of many variables. Deciding which variables to
monitor depends on the objectives of the project and the intended uses of the resource. Drinking water, irrigation,
industrial and recreation all have specific quality standards. Using this information in a watershed report card will
help communicate environmental conditions or health.

Baseline monitoring is the simplest and produces the bare minimum of information on which watershed condition
can be based. More sophisticated monitoring looks at other variables such as nutrients, metals and organics. These
should be added to the monitoring regiment when no baseline information exists or when a known or suspected
pollutant may be present.

Mkel and Meybeck, 1996 describes variables (Table 9) that should be monitored to detect degraded conditions or
govern uses. This information is summarized below.

Table 9: General Variables to Monitor (Mkel and Meybeck, 1996)


Pollution Condition Source Variables to Measure

Organic Waste Sewage, food processing and Biological oxygen demand, total phosphorus,
agricultural industries fecal coliforms
Eutrophication Nutrients from agricultural land Nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus
and other point sources
Agriculture and Irrigation Fertilizer, pesticides and Total suspended solids, boron, selenium, sodium,
herbicides calcium, magnesium and fecal coliform
Pesticides and Herbicides Agricultural chemicals Aldrin/dieldrin, chlordane, DDT, heptachlor, and
heptachlor epoxide, hexachloro benzene, lindane,
metoxychlor
Industrial Effluent Industrial processes Hydrocarbons, phenols, arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, nickel,
zinc
Effluents and Leachate Minerals being mined Dissolved and particulate fractions of metals
from Mining

Water quality variables for baseline and trend stations used by Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (2014)
have been identified in Table 10. The World Health Organization (1991) recommends similar parameters for basic
monitoring. These parameters provide a quick but comprehensive indication of the water quality at each station.
Elevated concentrations of these parameters may point to natural and/or anthropogenic sources within the watershed.
The initial Iloilo monitoring framework will concentrate on total coliforms, E. coli, chloride, nitrates and nitrites in
groundwater, total suspended solids, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium, copper, iron, manganese and E.
coli in surface water.

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Table 10: Standard Set of Water Quality Parameters (Toronto and Region Conservation Authority)
General Chemistry Nutrients Metals Microbiological

Alkalinity Ammonia Aluminum E.coli


Biological Oxygen Demand Nitrate/Nitrite Arsenic
Calcium Nitrogen Total Barium
Chloride Phosphate Beryllium
Conductivity Cadmium
Dissolved Oxygen Chromium
Hardness Cobalt
Magnesium Copper
pH Iron
Potassium Lead
Sodium Manganese
Total Dissolved Solids Molybdenum
Total Suspended Solids Nickel
Turbidity Strontium
Water Temperature Vanadium
Zinc

Numerical or narrative ambient surface water quality guidelines determined in the Philippines will represent the
desirable level of water quality for the region, province or country. Guidelines typically establish limits to protect all
forms of aquatic life and all aspects of their aquatic life cycles during indefinite exposure to the water. Guidelines
also establish limits for human consumption as well as protecting recreational water usage based on public health
considerations and aesthetics. Managers should compare the results of each parameter that is monitored to the local
water quality objectives to determine the health of current conditions.

i.Frequency of Sampling
If no advance information is available, a preliminary survey should be conducted first to understand variations. This
can then be followed by a fixed sampling routine that can be modified as the need arises.

Results are intended to provide a general characterization of surface water quality conditions. When annual sample
size is small (n=12) for each station, only one or two high values (e.g. storm events) are required to skew results
upwards. Therefore, one year of data cannot be assumed to represent normal conditions. A single year of data only
gives a general overview of conditions and a description of ranges of water quality parameters at stations across the
study area.

For more informative interpretations of results, the Ontario Ministry of Environment (2003) recommends a
minimum sample size of 30 samples per station (or 2.5 years of monthly data) to reduce the influence of unusual
conditions such as spills, extreme runoff events, and drought. Five years of water quality data is considered by
Toronto Region Conservation as a sufficient sample size to characterize conditions at stations and watersheds. This
sample size has been considered representative of typical conditions within a watershed.

Frequency of sampling guidelines recommended by WHO (1992) are provided in Table 11. Five years of water
quality data is considered by Toronto Region Conservation Authority (2014) as a sufficient sample size to
characterize conditions at stations and watersheds, and can be considered representative of typical conditions within
the jurisdiction. High concentrations of some pollutants can be expected during low flow when dilution is minimal.
Suspended solids on the other hand can be expected to be high during peak flows.

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Table 11: Sampling Frequency as Recommended in Global Environmental Monitoring System (WHO, 1992)
Waterbody Frequency
Baseline river stations Minimum 4 per year, with high and low stages included
Optimum 24 per year; weekly for total suspended solids
Trend river stations Minimum 12 per year over 100,000 km2 watershed
Maximum 24 per year under 10,000 km2 watershed
Groundwater Minimum 1 per year for large stable aquifers
Maximum 4 per year for small aquifers
Karst Aquifer Same as rivers

ii.Specific Methodologies for Surface Water Quality Sampling


Monitoring water quality requires a lot of advance preparation. This includes training for the technicians who will
collect and analyze the samples, preparation of materials and equipment needed for the sampling, and the laboratory
analysis. The following are the recommended steps in collecting water samples.

In shallow water less than 1 meter deep, samples may be taken directly using water containers. The following
procedures are to be observed.

1. Put on protective gloves and wading boots.


2. Wade into the water to the center of the river channel where the water is deepest and current has the greatest
velocity.
3. Rinse the container at least three times with the river water.
4. Lower the sample container into the water face down as illustrated in Figure 16. Do NOT touch the inner part of
the container.
5. Slowly lift the container towards the flow.
6. Cap or cover the container.

Figure 16: Method for Collecting Shallow Water Samples

Collecting samples in water deeper than 2 meters is done using a Kemmerer Sampler and Van Dorn Water Sampler
as illustrated in Figure 17.

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Figure 17: Kemmerer and Van Dorn Water Samplers for Deep Water

The Kemmerer and Van Dorn water samplers are designed with lock mechanisms using messengers to trigger the
apparatus when collecting water samples at a desired depth. The monitoring team can take water samples from
bridge crossings or in motorized boats along coastal and estuarine waters.

Safety orientation prior to field work must be conducted for the team. The health and safety of each team member
must never be compromised. Some safety precautions are as follows.

1. Always use boots and cover-alls when wading in shallow waters.


2. When the water is too deep for wading, use a dip/pond sampler or the appropriate deep water samplers.
3. Always use a life vest when taking samples along coastal areas or deep river locations.
4. Always use gloves when taking samples. Even if the water is clear, this is no guarantee that water is not
polluted.
5. Designate a person to manage vehicular traffic especially when sampling from bridges.

iii.Time and Frequency of Monitoring


1. Water samples should be collected in the morning to facilitate processing in the laboratory. The availability of
the sampling equipment and test kits must also be considered.
2. The holding time for selected parameters such as coliform bacteria must be taken into account. For instance,
water samples collected for coliform analysis must be kept cool and brought to the lab no later than 6 hours
after the sample has been collected.

iv.Sampling Equipment and Test Kits


At least three days prior to actual sampling monitoring staff need to:
3. Reserve the sampling equipment and test kits and test them to ensure they function properly.
4. Calibrate test kits (pH meter, conductivity meter, DO meter) on the day of the sampling to ensure accurate
readings.

v.Sampling Containers
Sampling containers (as per American Public Health Association Guidelines Table 12 and Figure 18) may be
provided by the laboratory where the samples will be brought for analysis. Sampling bottles must be properly
labeled, sealed and signed so as to avoid confusion and sampling errors.

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Table 12: Prescribed Water Sampling Containers


Parameters Container Sampling Volume
required
BOD P/G 1 liter
Total Coliform Sterilized Bottle 250 ml
Temperature P/G 100 ml
Color P/G 100 ml
pH P/G 100 ml
Turbidity P/G 100 ml
Conductivity P/G 500 ml
Salinity P/G 240 ml
DO BOD bottle 300 ml
TDS P/G 200 ml
TSS P/G 200 ml
Arsenic P/G 500 ml
Cadmium P/G 500 ml
Hexavalent chromium 24 hours 100 ml
Cyanide P/G 2 liters
Lead P/G 500 ml/ 100 gms
Copper P/G 500 ml/ 100 gms
Mercury P/G 500 ml
Ammonia P/G 100 ml
Oil and Grease Glass; wide mouth 1 liter
Surfactants P/G 250 ml
Nitrate-N P/G 100 ml
Phosphate Glass 100 ml
Phenols Amber Glass 500 ml
Chloride P/G 50 ml

Figure 18: Water Sampling Bottles

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vi. Transport and Handling of Samples


1. All water samples collected must be transported on ice to the EMB lab or designated DENR accredited lab.
2. Special arrangements shall be made with the laboratory in terms of sample acceptance (i.e., availability of the
lab to accept volume of samples, dates and times).
3. Refer to Table 13 for details on sample holding times and sample preservation guidelines.

Table 13: Sample Holding Time and Preservation

Parameters Holding Time Preservations


BOD 24/48 hours Refrigerate at 4C
Total Coliform Dont exceed 24 hours Cool to 4C
Temperature 15 minutes Refrigerate at 4C
Color 48 hours Refrigerate at 4C
pH 15 minutes Refrigerate at 4C
Turbidity 48 hours Refrigerate at 4C
Conductivity 28 days Refrigerate at 4C
Salinity 6 months
DO 15 minutes Analyze immediately
TDS 7 days Refrigerate at 4C
TSS 7days Refrigerate at 4C
Arsenic 6 months Add HNO3 to pH <2
Cadmium 6 months Add HNO3 to pH <2
Hexavalent chromium 24 hours Refrigerate at 4C, Analyze immediately, From
EPA reference, preservation: cool, 6C, pH = 9.3
- 9.7, maximum holding time 28days

Cyanide 14 days Add NaOH to pH >12, Refrigerate


Lead 6 months Add HNO3 to pH <2
Copper 6 months Add HNO3 to pH <2
Mercury 28 days Add HNO3 to pH <2
Ammonia 28 days Analyze as soon as possible or add H2SO4 to
pH<2, refrigerate
Oil and Grease 28 days Add HCl or H2SO4 to pH <2, refrigerate
Surfactants 48 hours Refrigerate at 4C
Nitrate-N 48 hours Analyze as soon as possible, refrigerate
Phosphate 48 hours For dissolved phosphate filter immediately,
Refrigerate
Phenols 28 days Add H2SO4 to pH <2, refrigerate
Chloride 28 days None required

vii.Quality Control Procedures


The following quality control procedures must be adopted.
1. Each field instrument must be checked and examined before sampling.
2. Follow specific preventive maintenance schedule and calibration for some equipment (e.g., DO meters,
temperature meters, and pH meters).
3. Always bring spare parts, batteries, probes, standard solutions, and glassware.
4. Clean equipment thoroughly after each sampling day.
5. Use laboratory water to rinse filters and filtration apparatus.
6. After drying, place equipment into sealed plastic bags until needed.
7. Wear latex gloves during all phases of equipment cleanup.
8. Plastic beakers used in collecting samples should be washed daily.

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9. Use field filter or cartridge blanks to determine if contamination has been introduced through contact with
sampling equipment or to verify effectiveness of equipment cleaning procedures.

viii.Chain of Custody Form


A chain of custody (COC) form (Figure 19) must be completely filled out and submitted to the testing laboratory to
ensure physical security of samples, data and records. This must contain project information, station, date and time
when the sample was collected, and parameters for analysis.

Figure 19: Laboratory Chain of Custody Form

c) Field Sampling Procedures for Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) should be collected using the following steps. Refer to other Philippine guideline
documents for specific collection methodologies for other parameters such as total suspended solids and pH,

1. Collect sample in a 250 300 ml DO Bottle.


2. Add 1 ml manganese sulfate.
3. Add 1 ml alkali-iodide-azide reagent below the surface of the liquid sample.
4. Stopper DO bottle and mix by inverting the bottle.
5. Allow the solution to settle and add 1 ml concentrated sulfuric acid.
6. Re-stopper bottle and by gentle inversion, mix until the cloudiness disappears into an amber solution.
7. Transfer 200 ml of the solution into an Erlenmeyer flask.
8. Titrate with 0.025 N Thiosulfate until the solution turns a pale straw color.
9. Add 1 to 2 ml starch solution to turn the solution to blue.
10. Titrate until the first sign of blue color disappearing.
11. Determine DO - 1 ml of 0.025 N Thiosulfate titrated is equivalent to 1 mg/L DO.

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5.4.3.FLOW

a) Measuring Monthly Flow and Mean Annual Total Discharge

Measurement of surface water flow is an important component of water quality monitoring frameworks. Flow data
can be used for a variety of purposes, including problem assessment, watershed project planning, assessment of
treatment needs, targeting source areas, design of management measures, and project evaluation.

Flooding, stream geomorphology, and aquatic life are all directly influenced by streamflow. Runoff and streamflow
drive the generation, transport, and delivery of many nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants. Discharge data are essential
for the estimation of loads of sediment or chemical pollutants exported from a river or stream. One of the most
common uses of flow data by watershed managers is pollutant load calculation.

Meals and Dressing (2008) provides a concise overview of measuring surface water flow. Determining discharge
requires one to determine the velocity of moving water (m/s) and the cross-sectional area of the water in the channel
(m2). The product of these two measurements gives discharge in m3/s.

Stream stage is an important parameter of streamflow measurement. The depth of flow (m) is most commonly
measured as stage, the elevation of the water surface relative to an arbitrary fixed point. In a particular location,
stage is often measured relative to a fixed point using a staff gauge, a rigid metal plate graduated in meters attached
to a secure backing and located in a part of the stream where water is present even at low flows. During installation,
staff gauges are usually related by survey to a fixed reference (e.g., a bridge deck) so that the elevation of the gauge
can be checked periodically and re-established if it has been disturbed. Stage measurements are taken by simply
noting the elevation of the water surface on the graduations of the staff gauge. Such instantaneous stage data are
easily collected by volunteers. Volunteers can, for example, record stage observations each time they collect a
sample or make a field measurement in order to place results in context of general flow conditions. In the case of
very large rivers, stage can also be read by measurement of the distance from a fixed overhead point to the water
surface (e.g., using a weighted wire or tape lowered from a bridge beam).

The greatest utility of stage measurements is in the construction of a stage-discharge relationship, also known as a
stream rating. A stage-discharge relationship is an equation determined for a specific site that relates discharge to
stage, based on a linear regression of a series of concurrent measurements of stage and discharge. This equation
should be based on measurements taken over a full range of streamflow conditions. With a valid stream rating,
discharge can be determined simply from a stage observation plugged into the equation or read from a table.

A network of stream gauges should be established at the discharge point of selected sub-watersheds and near the
mouth of the watershed. Bridge crossings are often a convenient and easily identifiable location for these sampling
sites. Construct stream rating charts based on depth and water velocity data. Where a project seeks to measure
pollutant load over time or to assess relationships between stream discharge and pollutant concentrations or aquatic
life, it usually becomes necessary to measure discharge continuously.

Streamflow measurements may be done using either the float method or mechanical/digital method. The float
method is highly recommended for community volunteers and watershed council technical working groups
considering that they may not have any instrument or equipment to conduct the digital methods.

The float method determines water velocity using distance travelled by a float divided by the time consumed. In its
simplest equation, it is showed as:
V=d/t
Where V= Velocity (m/s)
d= distance travelled by the float (m)
t=time of travel (seconds)

The following specific steps are recommended when using the float method.
1. On one side of the streambank, measure and mark and straight distance parallel to the centerline of the stream.

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2. A suitable float may be selected from either a fishermans buoy, tennis ball, or any material that will float. In
choosing the float, consider that a surface float will travel with at least a 1.2 correction factor compared to a
partially submerged (1/3 or of its part) float that will yield a mean velocity closer to the mean velocity of the
water column beneath the surface.
3. Observers and recorders will be stationed at the upstream and at the downstream portion of the marked
streambank. Observers/recorders will be holding blank data sheets, pen and stop watch.
4. The float will be released before the upstream mark. The upstream observer will signal at the exact time the
float passes by his marked station.
5. At the signal from the upstream station, the downstream observer will start the stopwatch and stop it when the
float reaches the downstream mark. The time will then be recorded in the data sheet.
6. Several float tests should be measured in wide watercourses.

b) Measuring Base Flow

Base flow conditions represent the lowest stream flows that are sustained in a watercourse during periods of dry
weather. Base flow is usually supplied primarily by groundwater discharge occurring along the stream corridor and
the gradual release of water from wetlands, ponds, lakes and reservoirs during periods of dry weather.

Indicator stations are usually located at the outflow of each major sub-watershed. Any other base flow monitoring
stations are distributed within each watershed and should be measured systematically every 5 to 7 years in order to
obtain a higher resolution of ground and surface water interactions.

Timing is a critical element in the measurement of base flow, as it must be ensured that all overland runoff has
ceased and river flows are comprised solely of base flow before any sampling can be done.

Discharge in a small, shallow stream can be measured using the following process described by Meals and Dressing
(2008). Refer to Figure 13.
1. Select location Choose a straight reach, reasonably free of large rocks or obstructions, with a relatively flat
streambed, away from the influence of abrupt changes in channel width. The transect should be well upstream
or downstream from any bends or meanders, and the riverbanks should not be undercut.
2. Establish cross-section Determine the width of the stream and string a cable or measuring tape across the
stream at a right angle to the flow. Divide the width into 20 to 25 panels using tape or string to mark the center
of each segment on the cable. Typically, the stream is divided into enough panels so that each one has no more
than 10 percent of the total streamflow. Alternatively, the panels should be approximately 5% of the width of
the watercourse (TRCA, 2009). Panels do not have to be uniform width along the cross section. If an area of
the river is moving significantly faster than the rest, the panels could be narrowed. If there is a slow pocket of
water the opposite is true. Streams less than 3 m wide may not allow 20 panels. If less than 20 panels is all that
is possible use as many panels that you can without them being narrower than 40mm wide (TRCA, 2009).
3. Measure depth of each segment At each mark across the stream, measure the depth from the water surface to
the bottom with a graduated rod or stick.
4. Measure water velocity At each mark, measure the velocity of the water (see below). Where depth is less
than 0.8 m, a single velocity measurement at 0.6 of the total depth below the water surface gives a reasonable
estimate of the average velocity with respect to depth. For depths of 0.8 m or more, the average of velocity
measurements taken at 20% and 80% of the depth from the surface is preferred (Meals and Dressing, 2009).
Accurate velocity measurements are a critical component of the area-velocity technique. Several simple
methods have been used to obtain rough estimates of velocity. Measuring the time required for a floating object
(usually an orange or a tennis ball) to travel a length of stream is a common technique. This approach has the
obvious limitation of measuring only velocity at or near the water surface. In most cases, velocity is best
measured using some sort of current meter.
5. Calculate discharge for each segment For each segment, stream discharge is the product of width of the
segment and the measured depth (giving area) multiplied by the velocity measured in that segment.
6. Sum discharges Total stream discharge is the sum of all segment discharges.
7. Prepare a map that clearly illustrates where monitoring stations are located.

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This final discharge figure is referenced with the closest upstream discharge and compared for accuracy and
continuity. Should the figures show a discrepancy, the site is re-assessed, and another sampling may be required.

Figure 20: Sampling Stream Cross-Section for Base Flow

5.4.4.MEASURING PRECIPITATION
An effective monitoring network includes meteorological data that covers the entire watershed. Sufficient quantity
and quality of information is necessary to allow for required analytical work.

Precipitation data is the most widely used information currently being collected in many jurisdictions. TRCA (2008)
reports precipitation gauges as a direct source of information to help understand the condition of water quantity in
rivers such as flow and annual discharge. Stream flow is also linked to water quality, as there is a correlation
between flow and contaminant levels associated with runoff. Precipitation data is very supportive in understanding
biological conditions of aquatic habitats and species. Precipitation measurements can be used in the analysis of
flooding in urban drainage systems, the design of drainage systems, agricultural irrigation needs, flood control
facility design and flood forecasting/warning needs.

Because of its usefulness precipitation monitoring is an important element in a regional database that could be
utilized by government and non-government organizations, educational institutes, and others for a multitude of
purposes.

Gauging can range from continuous sampling stations where precipitation is measured by tipping bucket or
weighing gauges on an annual basis. Monitoring can also use seasonal gauges which monitor rainfall on a
continuous basis for less than a complete year. Managers can also manually read gauges which only record the total
rainfall on a daily basis. In time, all precipitation gauges could be telemetered to provide real-time access to the
daily and continuous data. Refer national and provincial organizations whose primary task is to collect
meteorological information.

5.4.5.GROUND WATER QUALITY


Millions of people rely on groundwater from municipal and private wells as their primary source of drinking water.
Many commercial, industrial, agricultural and institutional operations are also dependent on a reliable supply of
good quality groundwater. Overdrawing and contaminating groundwater can have serious implications on
individuals and other users. Therefore, monitoring and communicating current groundwater conditions is an
important early warning system for detecting and responding to changes in water quality and water levels in wells.

Prepare maps of groundwater quality monitoring sites.

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Sampling groundwater is done where there is access to an aquifer such as in an existing well. Samples of
groundwater should usually be taken at one depth.

One sample from a deep, confined aquifer is usually enough to describe the quality of the water because of long
residence time in the well. Monthly sampling is more appropriate for shallow, unconfined wells (Mkel and
Meybeck, 1996) where contamination may be a greater threat.

The sampling station should be described. Important information includes location of the well, depth, depth to well
screen, length of screen, and the amount of fluctuation of the static water level when the well is pumped. Avoid
wells with damaged casings as these wells may be contaminated by surface water.

Springs are possible groundwater sampling points if adequately protected from surface contamination. Springs are
often shallow aquifers and may not share the same qualities as deep wells.

The initial groundwater quality parameters to monitor are nitrates/nitrites, chlorides, total coliform bacteria and E.
coli bacteria.

For collection procedures refer to the detailed instructions of the sampling equipment and those from the laboratory
facilities where water samples will be analyzed.

5.4.6.GROUND WATER QUANTITY


Ground water quantity is one of the data gaps in the watershed indicators. To monitor ground water quantity will
require baseline data to measure improvements or setbacks for this critical resource.

For the initial stage of monitoring, the focus should be to check the completeness of the data that have been gathered
and documented by each watershed council. To start, a complete inventory of deep wells, water levels 1 and 2 and
water taking permits should be a priority. In the future, extraction and recovery rates should to be monitored in wells
and reported.

The following needs to be done to initiate a good record on ground water quantity.

1. Map all water well sources in the watershed including shallow wells, deep wells, jetmatic pumps, and National
Water Resources Bureau (NWRB) licensed deep wells.
2. Collate data on water extraction per groundwater source.
3. Solve for the total ground water extraction per watershed per year.

Communicating the status of groundwater quantity management in the short term will be based, in part, by using
Table 14. Report well data by Municipality as recommended in Table 15.

Table 14: State of Ground Water Well Inventories


Groundwater Quantity Management
Completed Inventory of Deep Wells, Water Levels and Permits
Inventory 50% Complete
No Inventory

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Table 15: State of Ground Water Well Inventories by Municipality

Municipality Degree of Inventory Completeness

1
2
3
4 etc.

5.4.7.WATER CONSUMPTION AND WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT


The greatest pressure on water consumption in Iloilo province comes from the need to service a growing population.
From 2000 to 2010 average daily water consumption grew by almost 27%. In the next 10 years, the Metro Iloilo
Water District (MIWD) estimates that daily demand for water will be twice the MIWDs current capacity (TAWMB
and CUI, 2013).

Data on water consumption for the Metro Iloilo (liters/per capita/day) is kept by the Metro Iloilo Water District. This
information will be evaluated by MIWD and forwarded to PENRO annually or as requested to establish a
benchmark for Level III water consumption.

a) Residential and Domestic Use

1. Determine water demand:


a. Solve for water consumption per capita of the total population in the watershed based on household end
use such as toilet, kitchen, laundry, and bath.
b. Determine volume of water used/# of clients from data provided by water service providers.
c. Obtain data from Provincial Health Office and Provincial/Municipal Sanitary Inspectors on water per
household served by each water source.
2. Solve for number of government offices, hospitals, schools, airports their water consumption. This is based
on end use of water such as toilets, bath, kitchen, landscape, carwash, and cleaning.
3. Solve for residential and domestic use volume of consumption by adding (1) and (2) above and convert to
cubic meters

The Philippine per capita consumption of water is 164 liters per day. In the absence of any specific per capita
consumption data within the watershed, this figure will be used as the current benchmark.

b) Agricultural

1. Characterize the demand by solving for total agriculture land in the watershed.
2. Map agricultural land and determine the number of hectares per crop.
3. Obtain water duty per crop information and multiply this number by the number
of hectares of each crop per year.
4. Solve for total water consumption for agriculture in cubic meters.

c) Commercial and Industrial

1. Characterize the demand by listing all industrial and commercial establishments in the watershed area.
2. Solve for water consumption for every industrial and commercial establishment listed.
3. Formulate a water consumption figure for industrial and commercial use in cubic meters.

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The total water consumption can be determined using the sum of A, B, and C above. The easiest measurement to
use is cubic meters to compare supply with demand to determine if there is an excess or deficit water volume in the
watershed.

5.5. WASTE MANAGEMENT


5.5.1.RESIDENTIAL WASTE DIVERSION FROM LANDFILL SITES
To solve for the amount of wastes diverted from landfill sites, the following steps will be taken:
1. Conduct monitoring of volume of wastes dumped at landfills by LGUs per day.
2. Check schedule of wastes collection and dumping.
3. Record number of dump truck trips per day.
4. Record volume of wastes dumped per day.
5. Consolidate collected data.
6. The volume of waste will be the benchmark for the total waste per day.
7. Compare the past two years of available data to document if there are reductions in the volume of wastes
dumped at landfills.
8. Graph the reduction trend and solve for the volume of waste reduced.

5.5.2.UTILIZATION OF THE DIVERTED WASTES


1. Based on the result of step A above use the data on waste diverted from landfill as the benchmark.
2. Conduct actual sampling and analysis of wastes diverted from landfill sites (% recycled, % degraded
biologically and converted to farm inputs).
3. Consolidate data collected and submit data for use in State of Watershed Reports.

5.5.3.SANITATION
1. From Provincial Health Office data, adopt the results of the sanitation criteria being used by the Provincial
and Municipal Sanitary Inspectors.
2. Using PHO Standard formula and the zero defecation certification.
3. Ground validate data and present in maps.

5.6. GOVERNANCE
5.6.1.WATERSHED MANAGEMENT COUNCILS
Good environmental governance involves the state, market place and civil society in making decisions and taking
actions as a means of managing environmental matters. Each is bound by rules, procedures, processes and widely
accepted behaviors.

The condition of watersheds is driven by governance. In some cases, it is directed by the decisions and programs of
governments. It can also be affected by how businesses operate, and the attitudes and behaviors of all citizens whose
daily lives impact watersheds.

The condition of watersheds will be influenced by the collective efforts of all stakeholders. These efforts should be
tracked. Recognizing partners and their accomplishments is important. Key accomplishments can be communicated
through the watershed report cards. Other media opportunities should be used to periodically acknowledge
stakeholders who are making important contributions to protecting, restoring and celebrating their local watersheds.

Iloilo Province is divided into 42 Municipalities and 1 component city. These political subdivisions are within the 5
Congressional Districts of the Province. All these political divides are grouped into 26 Watershed Management
Units based on watershed boundaries as illustrated in Figure 21.

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Figure 21: Watersheds in Iloilo Province

These watersheds are not just within the political area of the Province of Iloilo. Some watershed areas have their
headwaters in the Provinces of Aklan and Antique while some include the agricultural plains of Capiz Province.

In 2001, the Iloilo Watershed Management Council (IWMC) was organized through Iloilo Province Executive Order
260 and Provincial Ordinance No. 2000-041 dated, October 2, 2000. The IWMC includes Local Chief Executives
and their Environment Offices, NGOs, Academes, and National Government Agencies. In 2000, the Tigum-Aganan
Watershed Management Council was organized under the IWMC. To date, there are 23 organized and operating
Watershed Management Councils.

The Iloilo Watershed Management Council was organized to fulfil the following objectives.
1. To facilitate the formulation, integration and adoption of a comprehensive management and development plan
covering all watersheds in the province.
2. Oversee and monitor development activities, programs and projects concerning the observation, development,
protection, rehabilitation of watersheds in the province.
3. Provide for a legal framework to rationalize watershed management in the province and provide legislative
support for watershed management programs in terms of executive orders, ordinances and resolutions.
4. Obtain technical and logistical assistance from national government agencies and other partner sources.
5. Supervise the activities of the provincial technical working group on watershed management.
6. Assist in the creation and establishment of local watershed management councils.
7. Reconcile conflicts between and among watershed stakeholders which cannot be settled among themselves.
8. Generate revenues and undertake fund raising activities, and assist LGUs in developing and marketing
investment packages for watershed development and management.

Tables 16, 17 and 18 illustrate how to report on values considered to be important elements of a functional and
effective Watershed Management Council interested in good watershed management.
a) Organizational Instruments

Monitoring organizational standards will require a review of primary data available from the Watershed
Management Councils. The set of officers, election or selection schedules, and number of members present during
the selection of the officers will be checked and recorded. Presence and appropriateness of the committees will also
be checked. Availability of funds and the system of contribution from members will likewise be analyzed. Meetings
will be monitored by their frequency, attendees and minutes of proceedings.

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Table 16: List of Key Organizational Instruments for Watershed Management Councils

Organizational
Set of Officers Committees Funds Meetings

b) Regulatory Instruments

The effectiveness of the Watershed Management Council can be judged by the number of ordinances or policies
approved and implemented. Another measure is the presence of a Memorandum of Agreement among members and
partners, and organizational or implementing guidelines.

Table 17: List of Key Regulatory Instruments to Assess Watershed Management Council Effectiveness

Regulatory Instruments
Recommended Ordinance/ or Guidelines formulated per
organizational Policy MOA indicator

c) Management Instruments

Every Watershed Management Council is expected to formulate its own State of the Watershed Report (SOWR), an
annual watershed score card and Watershed Council plans. These management instruments must be checked every
year.

Table 18: List of Important Management Instruments Existing at Watershed Management Councils

Management Instruments
State of Watershed
Management Council Report Score Card Plans

5.6.2. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT COUNCILS


Stakeholder participation in watershed management is an important indicator of strong watershed governance. In
monitoring stakeholder participation, data on the following will be gathered.

1. Number of meetings with other watershed-based interest groups.


2. Membership and attendance of government-organized watershed bodies like Water Quality Management Areas
(WQMA) and Protected Area Management Boards (PAMB); and
3. Co-management projects between watershed management councils and partner agencies or communities.

In areas of planning, assessment and evaluation, the level of stakeholder participation is crucial. To monitor this,
information must be kept that will enable managers to determine the degree of participation in Watershed
Management Councils as presented in Table 19.

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Table 19: Selected Stakeholders Participating in Watershed Management Councils


Selected Stakeholders Participating in Watershed
Management Councils
Full participation of most stakeholders
Full participation of majority of stakeholders
Full participation of some stakeholders
Participation of majority of stakeholders in consultations
Participation of some stakeholders in consultations

6. CONCLUSION
A monitoring framework is necessary to guide the collection of information on watersheds. Over time this
information may have multiple benefits and suit the needs of many stakeholders but it is intended initially to support
the preparation of periodic reports on the health or condition of watersheds.

Many partners can contribute in various aspects of the monitoring program. This is summarized in Table 20. What is
important is the need for the data to be collected using proper protocols. This way the data is reliable, consistent and
defensible. Over time the data will be comparable and will tell various stories on the condition of watersheds and
what actions and programs may be affecting the results.

This monitoring framework is the first step. It is recognized that available resources may limit how much monitoring
gets done in the short-term. But over time it should be a priority to address gaps, broaden the investigations, and
make more sophisticated observations and recommendations that will influence watershed management in the
future.

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Table 20: Summary of Data Sources for Watershed Monitoring in Iloilo Province
Data to be Available Baseline Collection Method Frequency Responsible Documents
Collected Data of Agency Needed
Collection Collecting Data
Natural Cover

Forest Quantity
Natural Forest DENR forest Secondary data collection Every 5 WMC- MLGU/ Maps
(Upland) statistics Collection of GIS maps years PENRO-LGU Data
2010 forest cover Vegetative map DENR Actual data
map Land use map Academe gathering
NAMRIA map Topographic map Satellite images
Mangrove/Beach Watershed map Watershed map from Google
(WMC) Earth
Remote Sensing
Riparian Satellite image/ Establishment of permanent
Google Earth sampling plots
(LGU)

Secondary data collection


Built-up/Urban Ground validation based on
(Alien and reported data
Disposable Areas) Compile and compare data from
secondary data
Conduct actual site inspection.
Measure actual area and
conduct actual inventory of the
number of trees/ species in the
reported site
Document data through pictures
and geotagged information

Forest Quality
Species SOWR/WMC Permanent sampling plots Every 5 PENRO-LGU Actual data
Composition Watershed Percentage of Indigenous vs years DENR gathering
characterization Exotic WVSU
reports/DENR Ground-truthing
Indigenous DENR, LGU

Exotic

Forest Growth Permanent sampling plots Every 5 PENRO-LGU Actual data


Stages Inventory of seedlings, saplings, years DENR gathering
poles and timber WVSU

Riparian and Available Baseline Collection Method Frequency of Responsible Documents


Coastal Data Collection Agency Needed
Collecting the
Data
Compliance with Easement maps Ground-truthing Every year PENRO-LGU Actual data
easement (riparian, SMD (Mines Div.) gathering
mangrove, beach) MMT (MRFC)

Quarry compliance Municipal & Collect data re. quarry Every year PENRO-LGU Actual data
to ECC Provincial LGU operations (Mines Div.) gathering
List of quarry ECCs monitoring reports MMT (MRFC)
permits/ PENRO Compliance monitoring
LGU and EMB
Mangrove BFAR, DENR, Secondary data Every 5 PENRO- Actual data
LGU years LGU,BFAR gathering
Beach DENR, LGU Secondary data Every 5 PENRO-LGU, Actual data
years DENR gathering

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BIODIVERSITY Available Baseline Collection Method Frequency of Responsible Documents


Data Collection Agency Needed
Collecting the
Data
Species Richness SOWR/WMC, Permanent sampling plots (flora) Every 5 PENRO-LGU, Actual data
Watershed Transect and opportunistic years DENR, gathering
characterization sampling (fauna) WVSU,
reports/ DENR. Academe,
LGU, FLUP Data Concerned
Agencies

Flagship Species DENR, LGU (FLUP Focus group discussion with local PENRO-LGU, Historical
(Historical Data) Data): communities DENR, accounts/state
Academic WVSU, ments
Research, Academe,
Academe, Concerned
Historical Agencies
Accounts, National
Museum

WATER Available Baseline Collection Method Responsible Documents


Data Agency Needed
Collecting the
Data

Surface Water
Quality

TSS, TDS, DO, WQMA (IBRS, River sampling RSI, EMBI River Map, GPS
BOD, E. Coli, TAW, JRB) Bacteria test using Collilert colour
Total Coliform test
Temp, Salinity,
pH
(conductivity)
Turbidity
Pesticides
Metals
Nitrites,
Phosphates

Surface Water
Quantity

Mean Annual Spot calibration


Total Stream Float method
Flow Calibrated/computer based
and Monthly stream flow methods (with no
Flow more flow repors)
(by watershed,
Accessibility to the observer, not
by river, and
dangerous to the data gatherer,
by river class)
note format of reporting
All river systems

Ground Water
Quality

Chlorides Data from PHO Section 9060 A (SMEWW) PSI, EMB, GPS Maps,
Nitrates, for baseline data LGU, LWD LGU SMEWW,
Nitrites assessment Water PNSDW
E. coli, Total Service
Coliform* Providers GPS Maps,
(required for SMEWW,
treated water DENR/EMB PNSDW
only) Section 1060 B (SMEWW) LGU
TDS, Temp, LGU, LWD Water
pH Service

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WATER Available Baseline Collection Method Responsible Documents


Data Agency Needed
Collecting the
Data

(conductivity) Providers
Pesticides
Metals
Mercury (Hg),
Lead (Pb),
Cadmium (Cd),
Chromium (Cr),
Manganese
(Mn), Copper
(Cu), Arsenic
(As)
Iron (Fe)
Salinity,
Turbidity,
Phosphates

Potable Water MIWD Actual monitoring procedure MIWD Service area


Bacteriological Cleaning of taps, disinfection MIWD Service area
aspects Allow the water to flow for a few MIWD Service area
Physical aspects minutes MIWD Service area
Chemical Collect water sample for analysis
aspects (Note: Depends on type of
Pesticides and container and the volume PHO Monthly/ quarterly
heavy metals required) MLGU, report/ baseline
Biologicals Through provincial sanitary BLGU data
(syano bacteria) inspector
PHO Annual Through provincial and municipal
Report (A1) inspector
PIR- Program
Implementation *Suggested monitoring protocol
Review Barangay-level data
gathering/bhw as front liners
MHO- MSI- level lab analysis for
bacti and coliform
PHO technical assistance and
consolidation of municipal-level
data

Ground Water Inventory of all water sources


Quantity (shallow wells, deep wells) c/o
Well-level LGUs
monitoring NWRB list of deep wells
data. In Link with monitoring well data of
absence of NWRB especially during el Nio
such, data Listahang Tubig master list
regarding CLUP data on water resources
extractive (check updated version of CLUP)
water use PHO master list of water sources
(water district, Existing ordinance on monitoring
water vendors, water use at the
and pumps, will Municipal/barangay level
be inventoried) Comprehensive data banking on
demographics of Iloilo

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WATER Available Baseline Collection Method Responsible Documents


Data Agency Needed
Collecting the
Data

Household Water Water service Secondary data gathering of PSI,MSI, Population


Consumption providers household water consumption WMC, Water data
(volume of water Through complementary Service Water source
used/# of clients) programs such as Nurse Providers reports
PHO/PSI/MSI Deployment Program (NDP) and Water
data on water Districts
Watershed Units
SOWR
Water audit data
PHO data
(Households
served /water
source)
NWRB water
rights granted
PHO/MHO data
to be used as
source of water
consumption
Case studies

Agricultural Water Crop Statistical review and WEAP NIA, DA, Crop
Consumption consumption of software OPA, IAs,
water/ hectare (Discharge, diverted and dam WMC
Irrigation intake)
yield/hectares of Water duty x hectares x crops
croplands
Water duty per
crop
- 1.5lps/ha plus
1.65lps/ha

Commercial and EMB report for Industrial and commercial water


Industrial Water industrial water use listing
Consumption use
WQMA data on
water users
(commercial/Ind
ustrial)

Responsible
Available Baseline Frequency
WASTE Collection Agency Documents
Data/Source Steps in Data Collection of
MANAGEMENT Method* Collecting the Needed
Collection
Data

Percent of solid 10-Year Secondary Conduct monitoring of Every 3 DENR-EMB, 10-Year


waste diverted MSWMP data by volume of wastes years LGU MSWMP
from disposal data (2000) watershed dumped by LGU per and/or (Province, (2000)
facility (totality Latest 10- monitoring day every 5 Municipal, Updated 10-
on waste year SWMP Check schedule of years Brgy.), NGO, year MSWMP
management and WACS wastes collection and Private (latest)
effort) result (2014) dumping Sectors Location and
Check # of trips per area of the
day disposal sites
Check volume of Operation
wastes dumped per status
day
Consolidate data
collected

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Responsible
Available Baseline Frequency
WASTE Collection Agency Documents
Data/Source Steps in Data Collection of
MANAGEMENT Method* Collecting the Needed
Collection
Data

Percentage of 10-year SWM Secondary Collect secondary DENR- Available


diverted waste Plan (Latest) data by data per LGU EMB, LGU data per
utilized junkshops watershed Conduct ocular (Province, LGU
- % recyclable Alternative monitoring inspection and site Municipal, Picture
- % biodegraded technologies visit Brgy.), documentati
- % residuals (vermi, Conduct actual NGO, on
bioreactor, sampling/ wastes Private
recycling analysis of wastes Sectors
activities, diverted
eco-blocks, Consolidate data
etc.) collected

Percent of PENRO 2015 Interview Collect data per LGU DENR-EMB, Available
LGUs in SWM Status using through LGU data per
compliance to Report monitorin documentations (Province, LGU
four EMB EMB-R6 2015 g/ Conduct monitoring Municipal, Picture
requirements Status Report assessme and assessment using Brgy.), NGO, document
Segregation at Latest nt tool SWM Tool Private ation
source municipal Reports Conduct ocular Sectors
Presence and report submitted inspection and site
utilization of Brgy. data by LGUs visit
MRF Consolidate data
Status of collected
dumpsite
closed, full or
partial
Status and
implementatio
n of submitted
or approved
10 year action
plan)

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Dallmeier, F. (ed.). 1992. Long-term Monitoring of Biological Diversity in Tropical Areas: Methods for
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DENR, DAO 34 and 35. Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
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Escantilla, Maria Lea. 2014 LGU-Led Ridge to Reef Development Approach with Innovative Climate Change
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Escantilla, Maria Lea, 2013. Watershed Management-The Iloilo Watershed Management Experience. National
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Roberts-Pichette, P. 1995. Framework for Monitoring Biodiversity Change (Species and Species Groups) Within the
Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network in Canada. Canadian Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington,

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Tigum-Aganan Watershed Management Board and Canadian Urban Institute. 2013. State of the Tigum-Aganan
Watershed Report.

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Methodology.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2008. Regional Watershed Monitoring Program Review
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Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). 2009. Base flow and Water Use Assessment Report on
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Monitoring Program Protocols.

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