Analyzer Chromatography

LEC TU R ER: S O H A I L N AWAB

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I N S T I T U T E O F P E T R O L E U M & N AT U R A L G A S
M E H R A N U N I V E R S I T Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G & T E C H N O L O G Y, J A M S H O R O
Conventional vs analytical Measurements
Temperature Gas Chromatography
Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Flow
Level
Weight
Chromatography
Chromatography separates the mixture to be analyzed into its
components by interaction between two immiscible phases

Types :
Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
 The vast majority of industrial chromatographs are of the GC type
for which reason GC is the main thrust of this lecture.
GC Chromatograph
GC parts
Mobile & Stationary Phases
Carrier Gas
Sample
Injector
Column
Detector
Computer (Data System)
Mobile and Stationary Phases
Mobile Phase
Stationary Phase

Types :
Liquid Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Carrier Gas
Chemically nonreactive gas, such as helium or nitrogen that carries
vapor through the column of a gas or liquid
OR The carrier gas must be chemically inert.
Commonly used gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, and carbon
dioxide.
The choice of carrier gas is often dependent upon the type of
detector which is used.
The carrier gas system also contains a molecular sieve to remove
water and other impurities.
Injector
Through Micro syringe the sample gas injected into the GC.
Or sample liquid
Heating System
Column
2-50 m coiled stainless steel/glass/Teflon
Detector
Detector choices include:
Flame Ionization (FID)
Electron Capture (ECD)
Flame Photometric (FPD)
Nitrogen Phosphorous (NPD)
Thermal Conductivity (TCD)
Mass Spectrometer (MS)
Computer (Data System)
The data system receives the
analogue signal from the detector
and digitizes it to form the record of
the chromatographic separation
known as the Chromatogram.
 Mechanism
An inert carrier gas, such as helium, is
supplied from gas cylinders to the GC
where the pressure is regulated using
manual or electronic (pneumatic)
pressure controls.
The regulated carrier gas is supplied to
the inlet and subsequently flows through
the column and into the detector .
The sample is injected into the (usually)
heated injection port where it is
volatilized and carried into the column by
the carrier gas.
Mechanism
The sample is separated inside the column - usually a long silica based
column with small internal diameter.
The sample separates by differential partition of the analytes between
the mobile and stationary phases, based on relative vapor pressure and
solubility in the immobilized liquid stationary phase.

Analytes is a substance whose chemical constituents are being identified

and measured.
Mechanism
On elution from the column, the carrier gas and analytes
pass into a detector, which responds to some
physicochemical property of the analyte and generates an
electronic signal measuring the amount of analyte present.
The data system then produces an integrated
chromatogram.
Heating System
Gas chromatography uses ovens that are temperature
programmable.
The temperature of the GC oven typically ranges from 5 C to 400 C
but can go as low as -25 C with cryogenic cooling .
Petrochemical
GC applications include natural gas analysis or refineries, gasoline
characterization and fraction quantitation, aromatics in benzene,
etc.
Chemical / Industrial uses include determination of product
content, determination of purity, monitoring production processes,
etc.
GCs are used to detect organic acids, alcohols, amines, esters, and
solvents.
Advantages of GC
The technique has strong separation power and even complex mixture can be
resolved into constituents
The sensitivity of the method is quite high
It gives good precision and accuracy
The analysis is completed in a short time
The cost of instrument is relatively low and its life is generally long
The technique is relatively suitable for routine analysis