Types of Precipitation: a.

Ground effect
1. Frontal Precipitation caused by b. Screening by ground effect (shadow areas)
the expansion of air on ascent along or
c. Uncertainties from variations in rainfall
near a frontal surface.
2. Convective Precipitation upward intensity
movement of air which is warmer than d. Dependency on raindrop size (cannot
its surroundings. measure drizzle)
3. Orographic Precipitation air
masses which strike the mountain e. Very huge data
barriers and rise up, causing
Satellite Estimate satellite cannot
condensation and precipitation.
measure
precipitation directly, and their use for
Measurement of Precipitation: estimating it is

1. Standard 8-in precipitation gage based on relating brightness of cloud

Rain passes from the collector into a photographs to
cylindrical measuring tube inside the
rainfall intensities.
overflow can.
2. Tipping bucket rain gauge The water
caught in the collector is funneled into a
two-compartment bucket; 0.25 mm, 0.1 Other Measurement of Precipitation:
mm 1. TRMM Rainfall estimates data from
3. Tipping bucket rain gauge The water (1998-2013). It is a joint scientific satellite
caught in the collector is funneled into a project between the United States and
two-compartment bucket; 0.25 mm, 0.1 Japan designed to monitor and study
mm tropical rainfall and the associated
4. Tower-mounted storage gauge with
release of energy to the atmosphere.
5. alter shield Storage gauges are used in
2. Synoptic stations and Doppler Radar
remote regions where frequent servicing
operated by Philippine Atmospheric,
is impracticable.
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
6. Radar Rainfall Gauge it measures
Administration (PAGASA).
radar echo from
raindrops. The echo intensity D6. This
echo is called
Radar Reflectivity Z. The relation between Variation of Rainfall
rainfall intensity R and Z is called Z-R -rainfall measurement is commonly used to
relationships expressed as: estimate the amount of water falling over the
Z=ARB
land surface, part of which infiltrates into the
Where A and B are coefficients
soil and part of which flows down to a stream
depending on the type of rainfall
of river
= Disadvantages: