Project Report

(Submitted for the Degree of B. Com. Honours in Accounting &

Finance under the University of Calcutta)

Title of the Project

Submitted by
Name of the Candidate: Jibraan Ahmed Qaiser
Registration No. :
Roll No. :
Name of College : The Bhawanipur Education Society College

Supervised By
Name of Supervisor :
Name of the College : The Bhawanipur Education Society College

Month & Year of Submission :

1
 SUPERVISOR'S CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Jibraan Ahmed Qaiser a student of B.Com.

Honours in Accounting & Finance in Business of The Bhawanipur
Education Society College under the University of Calcutta has worked
under my supervision and guidance for his/her Project Work and
prepared a Project Report with the
title ...........................................................................................................
.............................................
which he is submitting, is his genuine and original work to the best of
my knowledge.

Signature
Place:
Name:
Date:
Designation:

Name of the College: The Bhawanipur Education Society College.

2
 Student's Declaration
I hereby declare that the Project Work with the title (in
block
letters) ............................. ................................................
............................................................... submitted by
me for partial fulfilment of the degree of B.Com. Honours
in Accounting & Finance under the University of Calcutta
is my original work and has not been submitted earlier
to any other University /Institution for the fulfilment of
the requirement for any course of study. I also declare
that no chapter of this manuscript in whole or in part has
been incorporated in this report from any earlier work
done by others or by me. However, extracts of any
literature which has been used for this report has been
duly acknowledged providing details of such literature in
the references.
Signature
Name:
Address:
Registration No.
Place:
Date:

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Writing a thesis is a learning and challenging task. Without
encouragements it would be difficult to accomplish it.There, I
would like to use this opportunity to thank all the people who
helped me in accomplishing this study.
First, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. for her invaluable
efforts while guiding ,correcting and teaching me how to conduct
and write my research in a more academic way. Without her
guidance, interest, advice and time ,this study would not have
been accomplished.
Second ,I an grateful to The Bhawanipur Education Society
College for admitting me to accomplish my education
goal.Iwould have been probably administered into another
Uniersity ,but I would not have learned what I obtained from this
University.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages

INTRODUCTION
Significance Of Tourism 07

Literature Review 08-09

Need for the Study 10

Objective of the study 10

Research Methodology 10

Limitations of the Study 11

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
International Scenarios 12-13

National Scenarios 13-14

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 15-20

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion 21

Recommendations 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

5
 Introduction
Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of
touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and
entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.
[1]
Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.
The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally,
in terms which go "beyond the common perception of tourism as
being limited to holiday activity only", as people "traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes".[2]

Tourism can be domestic or international, and international

tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a
country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source
of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both
the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital
importance.[3]

Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of

the late-2000s recession, between the second half of 2008 and
the end of 2009, and the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus,[4]
[5]
but slowly recovered. International tourism receipts (the travel
item in the balance of payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (740
billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of
3.8% from 2010.[6] International tourist arrivals surpassed the
milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012,
[7]
emerging markets such as China, Russia and Brazil had
significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.
[8]
The ITB Berlin is the world's leading tourism trade fair .

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Significance of tourism :
Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for
many regions and countries. Its importance was
recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism
of 1980 as "an activity essential to the life of nations
because of its direct effects on the social, cultural,
educational, and economic sectors of national societies
and on their international relations."
Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local
economy in the form of payment for goods and
services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the
world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of
goods and services.[6] It also creates opportunities
for employment in the service sector of the
economy associated with tourism.
The service industries which benefit from tourism
include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships,
and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations,
including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues,
such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music
venues, and theatres. This is in addition to goods bought
by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other
supplies.

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 Literature Review
Tourism is defined by the WTO (cited in Gregory et al, 2009) as
as the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places
outside of their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
Leslie demonstrates the extent to which Grasmere via Cumbria
depends on tourism; in addition to direct employment, tourism
supports local services such as the bus and rail network, village
shops and public houses
Primary Results The purpose of my investigation was to focus
on the varying effects of tourism in the area. Through a
questionnaire I asked multiple local people their opinions on the
influx of tourists. There seemed to be a consensus that tourism
was beneficial as it was the main source of income within the
village; indeed one person said the village could not survive
without the tourists. They were grateful that there were lots of
businesses and jobs created by the industry through hotels,
cafes and specialist shops (e.g. souvenir shops, outdoor clothing
retailers for hikers)
3. Primary Results continued However a few minority of people
asked had some problems with tourists. The second person I

8
questioned said there were hardly any local services left
(majority of businesses services are aimed at tourists). He also
said that local people have been forced out of the area as
property prices have risen. I also did notice a lot of holiday
homes throughout the village. There were some concerns about
increased traffic levels (especially in the summer) with problems
that this creates (such as noise and air pollution). It is especially
worse in Grasmere as some people said the infrastructure
cannot cope with increased traffic levels. Apart issues on the
village/people two people also expressed concerns about
damage to the fells caused by large amounts of hikers. Apart

from the questionnaire I also carried out data collection via a

land use survey, a few field sketches, photographs and general
observation.
4. Secondary ResultsTable showing tourism revenue, tourist
days, tourist numbers and tourism employment during 2010 for
each ofCumbrias sub-areas and the county as a whole (LDNPA
is not an additional component of the total)Source
http://www.cumbriatourism.org/research/surveys-data.aspx The
above table shows tourism is highly beneficial to the local
economy in Cumbria In 2010 Cumbria had a total of 40 million
visitors (35 million day trippers and 5 million overnight) who
brought in 2billion for the local economy This also provided full
time employment for 32,573 people. However most tourism jobs
are part time or seasonal so the total number of people in
tourism jobs is estimated at 56,011 - 19% of all employment in
the county.
5. Secondary Results Research on negative issues associated
with tourism found results similar to those gathered in my
questionnaire (e.g. traffic, air pollution) Traffic can negatively
affect local businesses (e.g. congestion can increase
transportation costs for famers due to delays) 25% of tourists

9
reported that overcrowding spoiled their visit which could stop
them returning in the future (Slideshare, 2008) 20% of homes
within the Lake District are holiday homes which can force up
property prices and drive local people out of the area as they
cannot afford to live there (Slideshare, 2008) This can cause
several more negative effects experienced in Grasmere such as
the lack of local services (e.g. shops, schools, buses)

NEED FOR THE STUDY

The study aims to conduct research on different aspects of
responsible community based tourism. It also promotes the
concept of socially responsible travel for environmental
awareness , conservation and sustainable use of natural
resources and the steps that are being taken to promote the
same across various states in India . This study helps us
understand the different types of tourism and their social ,
economic , educational and economic impacts in details .

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research work is undertaken with some specific objectives :
To carry out an in depth study to highlight the rich cultural
heritage of India and West Bengal in particular .
To study the major art forms and architectural forms of the
country.
To find out the emerging trends and practices of tourism
management in the country.
To investigate the major issues and challenges that impact
tourism management in the country.

10
 To suggest ways and means to promote tourism in the
country.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The data required has been collected from the secondary sources
.Published works both related and relevant to the subject under
study, works of eminent authors and personalities who have
contributed immensely to the promotion of culture in India, tourism
promotional literature , report of Ministry of Tourism , Government
of India and Department of Tourism in West Bengal , publication of
cultural organizations, manuscripts, documents, archive
information, articles and feature stories in periodicals, websites and
e resources are the sources tapped extensively for collecting
secondary data.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The following limitations were encountered by the

researcher while carrying out the research work :

The area of study is very vast and encompasses a

plethora of cultural products and expressions spread
over the premier and dynamic cultural tourism
destination, regarded highly not only in India, but also
across the globe. A microscopic study always seemed
to be a thorough limitation owing to this.
The review materials were available in abundance on
cultural tourism perspectives globally, and on West
Bengal culture. Yet, not much published literature
pertaining to tourism management as such in the
state.
The content analysis of experts view posed challenges
in narrowing down to generalizable inferences.

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 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO :

Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of societies

all over the world. It is driven by the natural urge of every
human being for new experiences, and the desire to the
both educated and entertained. Tourism today is a leisure
activity of the masses. People today travel to national and
international destinations to break the regular monotony of
life. They are mainly attracted by either the scenic beauty
of its nature or by fascinating leisure, sports and adventure
activities offered by the destination . Over the last two
decades, Travel and Tourism has played a more and more
important role in the economic development of many
countries. Increased travel across the globe has been
driven by growth in real incomes; greater amounts of
leisure time; improved and highly accessible transportation
systems; ongoing globalization of business linkages,
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including supply chains; highly effective communication
systems that facilitate marketing; and a significant number
of new tourism services. Tourism is four dimensional
activities. First, it is environment friendly. Second, it
generates employment in the country. Third, it brings
substantial amount of foreign exchange to countrys
exchequer, fourth it further generates revenue for the
countrys economy and fifth it creates most effective and
efficient backward and forward linkages among different
components of Tourism sector. Tourism has emerged as one
of the worlds largest service industries with sizeable
economic benefits and immense opportunities. With the
emergence of technological advancement, and
competitiveness in service-based industries the tourism
sector is playing a vital role in contributing to improve
gross domestic product (GDP) and creation of employment
across the world economy . It is one of the leading job
creators in the world. The industry employs more than 98
million people directly, representing over 3 percent of all
employment. When indirect and induced impacts are
included, the industry contributes to around one in every
eleven jobs worldwide. While tourism generates a
significant amount of foreign exchange earnings that also
contribute to the economic growth of

developed countries . Tourism is an important and

flourishing industry in the world and it is termed as a useful
measure for employment generation, poverty alleviation
and sustainable human development in India. The objective
of present paper is to investigates the status and
development of tourism globally and Indian context. It also
examines the trends of Foreign Tourist Arrivals in India
which is followed by state-wise analysis. Despite turmoil in
different parts of the country, world tourism registered an
increase of 4% in the first half of 2015. Tourism destination
world over has got nearly 538 million tourists from January
and June 2015, a rise of 21 million as against the figure of
2014. Caribbean and Oceania have emerged as the most
popular tourism destination. Table 1 indicates the trends in

13
international tourist arrivals in different continents of the
world.
It is seen that the highest increase has been taken
place in case of Europe followed Middle East by Asia and
Pacific, Americas. But Africa registered a fall in the
tourist arrivals. The significant thing is that the rise in
the tourist arrivals is higher than the world average
figure of 4.1% during the period under review. This is
attributed to the positive and productive measures taken
by the Governments and corporate in their respective
continents.

National Scenario
Indian Scenario Tourism is the largest service sector
industry in India. The industry provides heritage,
cultural, medical, business and sports tourism. It is
expected that the tourism sector contribution to the
countrys gross domestic product will grow at the rate of
7.85 yearly in the period 2013- 2023. It accounts for
one-third of the foreign exchange earnings of India and
also gainfully employs the highest number of people
compared to other sectors. This sector also attracts the
domestic tourist and foreign tourist in an enthusiastic
way which resulted in improving well balanced economy
for the nation like in India . Tourism industry in India has
several positive impacts on the economy and society.
Following are the significance and importance of tourism
in India . Tourism in India has developed as an
instrument

of income and employment generation, poverty

alleviation and sustainable human development. It
contributes 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the
total employment in India. Almost 20 million people are
14
now in developing country like India by providing jobs,
generating income, diversifying the economy, protecting
the environment, and promoting cross-cultural
awareness. However, key challenges like adoption of
regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime
and corruption, etc, must be addressed if peace-
enhancing benefits from this industry are to be realized.
The Indian tourism sector has been flourishing in recent
years due to improved connectivity to and from the
country. Also, a better lodging facility at the tourist
destinations has been a factor which has contributes to
increase Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA). The most
alarming as well as astonishing trend is that India has
not been among the top ten tourism destinations in the
world. As a result, there has been slow growth in the
tourist arrivals in India which is demonstrate by Figure 1.
In 2010 India attracted 5.8 million tourists and this figure
went up to a level of 7.4 million in 2014. There has been
an overall increase of 29.3 between 2010 and 2014. This
means a rise of 5.9% per year during the last five years.
It shows that due to tourism sector India has gained
brand image in the mind of foreign tourist and the data
regarding tourism shows about the increasing trend of
foreign tourist arrival which resulted the boosting in
foreign exchange earnings. In order to ensure a gradual
and steady increase in the tourist arrivals in India, The
government of India, Ministry of Tourism is working really
hard planning promotional activities.

15
 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

State-wise rank and tourist fellow in 2013 and

2014

Name of the State Tourists Volume in Tourists Volume in

2013 2014
Tamil Nadu 4.16 4.66
Maharashtra 4.16 4.39
Uttar Pradesh 2.05 2.91
Delhi 2.30 2.32
Rajasthan 1.44 1.53
West Bengal 1.25 1.38
Kerala 0.86 0.92
Bihar 0.77 0.83
Karnataka 0.64 0.56
Haryana - 0.55
Goa 0.49 -
Source: Department of tourism, government of India,
New Delhi. Table 4: State-wise rank and tourist fellow in
2013 and 201

When we analyse data of 10 states in terms of foreign

tourists, then we find some very interesting facts and
trends (Table):

1. In the year 2013, the largest influx of foreign tourists

was in Maharashtra with a figure of 4.2 million tourists.

2. The Tamil Nadu attracted 4 million tourists.

3. The third place was of Delhi with a figure of 2.3 million

tourists.

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4. The lowest tourists flow was in case of Goa just 0.5
million.

5. The most astonishing fact and trend is that those

states which are having great potential and
opportunities of tourism such as Bihar, Goa Kerala the
influx of foreign tourists was at very low ebb. This means
these states have failed in attracting the foreign tourists
and the potential and opportunities were not capitalized.

In the year 2014 the facts and trends were changed a lot
and the scenario was as follows:

1. Tamil Nadu state emerged at the top replaced

Maharashtra as a top attracting destination, and the
tourists flow has also increased to a level of 4.7 million.

2. The states of Maharashtra ranked second and its

volume of foreign tourists has also increased to 4.4
million.

3. Uttar Pradesh replaced Delhi as third largest states in

terms of foreign tourists and there was an increase in
the number of tourists.

4. Haryana replaced Goa as the 10th largest attracting

state in terms of foreign tourists.

5. The most disturbing trend is that states namely-

Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala; Bihar and Karnataka
remained at the same rank as they occupied in 2013.

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6. Another alarming trend is that the Goa state did not
figure in Indias top ten destinations of tourism,
accordingly. The tenth place was occupied by Haryana.

7. The influx of foreign tourists has recorded a decline in

case of Karnataka. The state of Uttar Pradesh has the
worlds most famous wonder namely TajMahal which has
emerged the biggest tourists attraction generating
substantial amount of revenue and foreign exchange.
Uttar Pradesh top domestic tourism destinations are
Allahabad, Mathura, Ayodhya in addition to Agra and
Varanasi.

Total Foreign Tourist Arrivals In India (in nos)

2010

2011

Total Foreign Tourist Arrivals

2012 In India (in nos)

2013

2014

0
5,000,000
10,000,000

Sources : Ministry Of tourism report

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The potential and opportunities of tourism has been
confined to Indias 10 major states wherein the majority
of foreign tourists are attracted. These are namely:
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi,
Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala, Bihar and Haryana.
These states

are trying hard to attract more foreign tourists so that

they could generate more revenue, employment and
foreign exchange earnings.

Tourism Satellite Account

It is important to know the contribution of tourism in the

total economy and the total jobs in the country. National
Accounts (prepared every year by Ministry of Statistics &
PI) measure the growth and contribution of various
sectors like manufacturing, agriculture, services such as
banking, transport,insurance, etc., while computing the
GDP of the country. However, the System of National
Accounts is not able to measure the growth and
contribution of tourism in GDP. This is because tourism is
not an industry in the way industry is defined in the
system of National Accounts.
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Domestic Air traffic :

Name of the July 2015 August 2015

Carrier
Air India 77.8 79.3
Jet Airways 81.0 80.1
Jet Lit 80.3 78.7
Spice Jet 93.4 72.1
Go Air 81.2 75.6
Indigo 78.4 76.8
Air Costa 81.7 77.3
Air Asia 80.2 72.1
Viistara 60.3 62.9
Air Pegasus 71.5 77.1
Tru Jet - 83.7
Sources : Directorate general of civil aviation , New Delhi

Another component of Indias tourism sector is domestic

air traffic which has registered an increase of 19% in
August 2015. Indias domestic air traffic has touched
upon a figure of 67.6 lakh passengers. The passenger
load factor in August 2015 has, however, witnessed a

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decline trend as against the last month (Table above)
and this is because of the end of tourist season. Indigo
has maintained its top place and the carrier take out
23.9 lakh passengers. Among other

carriers, the Jet Airways served nearly 16 lakh

passengers. Spice Jet and Go Air flew 8.3 lakh and 4.5
lakh passengers respectively in August 2015. Spice Jet
clocked the largest seat factor or occupancy rate in
August 2015. In regard to the market share, Indigo has
the largest share of 35.3% of the total tourist traffic and
Jet Airways accounted for nearly 23% of the total
tourists traffic. Spice Jet constituted 12.3% of the total
domestic traffic and the lowest share was of Go Air with
a figure of 8.1%. The third place is occupied by Air India
with a figure of nearly 17% of the total domestic traffic.
The second highest occupancy rate has been attained
by Jet Airways with a figure of nearly 81%.

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 CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Today, Tourism is an emerging as well as a leading
sector in the world and is now considered by some as
the number one industry. Demographic, socio-structural
and socio-cultural developments have always led to
changes in tourist demands, and service providers in
tourism are faced with a substantial need to adjust.
These constant challenges have expanded and
intensified considerably in the first few years of the new
millennium. War and tourism, extreme weather, the
ongoing internationalization of tourism and the ageing of
society (increasingly prominent in public awareness)
have emphatically demonstrated the latent vulnerability
of tourism as a boom industry . The present study found
that Tourism sector is plays a pivotal role in the
economic growth and development globally as well as in
India. It further reveals that the number of foreign tourist

22
arrival and trends in Passenger Load Factor has been
increased in India. The future of tourism in India is
certainly bright but there is a long road ahead.
Development of quality infrastructure will be the key to
Indias harnessing her full tourism potential. The Ministry
of Tourism has been very supportive to the fraternity
efforts, and now visa on arrival is slowly becoming a
reality . Hence, tourism has emerged as a key sector of
the world economy and has become a major workforce
in global trade. It has been making a revolutionary and
significant impact on the world economic scenario as
well as in India.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The success of tourism destinations should be evaluated
not only in terms of arrivals, but also in terms of
economic and social benefits that stay in the
destination, and in terms of limitation of the negative
environmental and social impacts. To improve the same
the government and the planning commissions should
focus mainly on the below mentioned factors

Tourism planning
Tourism operations and management
Tourism investment
Tourism promotion and marketing
Capacity building
Consumption of tourism products and services
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 Monitoring and evaluation of tourism development

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References: -
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.tourism.gov.in
Books Referred: -
Glimpses of tourism in India-G.D Singal, Awadh Tiwary

The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report (2013) UNWTO world

Tourism Barometer. January 2015.

Tourism : Principles, Practices, Philosophies (Hardcover)-Charles R.

Goeldner

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