Afro - Asian International Conference on Science, Engineering & Technology
AAICSET-2015
Literature Review on Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber
as a Sustainable Material
Ankit C. Patel Umang Patel
Student Professor
Department of civil engineering Department of civil engineering
Kadisarvavidhyalay, Gandhinagr Kadisarvavidhyalay, Gandhinagr
Ankit.patel_c@gmail.com Umangpatel13486@gmail.com
Abstract: Concrete is one of the most widely used construction
materials in the world. Cement and aggregate, which are the most
important constituents used in concrete production.This inevitably led
to a continuous and increasing demand of natural materials used for
their production. Hence to avoid demand of aggregate to make
sustainable concrete rubber crumb can be utilized in manufacturing
of concrete. Crumb Rubber was replaced by volume of aggregate in
concrete.10% to 30% volume of fine aggregate was replaced by
rubber crumb by authors in many of research papers. Mechanical
strength of concrete was observed in all research papers and
compared with normal concrete.
Keywords: Crumb Rubber, Compressive Strength, Flexural
Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Durability, And Mechanical
Properties.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, light-weight concrete composite has become
more popular constructional material owing to low density,
reduction of dead load and low handling costs. The strength,
durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon
the properties of its ingredients, size and proportions of mix,
method of compaction and curing. The adoption of light
weight concrete gives an outlet for industrial waste such as
scrap rubber tires, flash, clinkers etc. which otherwise creates
problem for disposal of waste. Scrap tire rubber and flash are
two major industrial wastes which are accumulating in huge
volume every year. Disposal of these organic and inorganic
wastes is a serious problem due to severe environmental
problems. With the development of technology, construction
industry has opened a gateway for handling these industrial
wastes. Recycling of non-degradable wastes, particularly
discarded rubbers tire has become a major issue since these
materials have been banned from landfills and also
incineration of these wastes is not environmental
friendly.Crumb Rubber is recycled rubber from automotive
and truck scrap tires. During the recycling process steel and
tire cord (fluff) is removed leaving tire rubber with a granular
consistency. Continued processing with a granulator and/or
cracker mill, possibly with the aid of cryogenics or mechanical
means, reduces the size of the particles further. The particles
are sized and classified based on various criteria including
color (black only or black and white). Since last few years,
many attempts have been made to utilize scrap tire rubber
Akshar Publication 2015
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ISBN: 9-780993-909238
(Paper ID: Bharuch2k15C0107)
B. M. Marwadi
Professor
Department of civil engineering
Kadisarvavidhyala,; Gandhinagar
Bhupendra_civil@ldrp.ac.in
after some processing, in composite concrete materials such as
asphalt pavement, water proofing systems, and membrane
liners. When dealing with asphalt overlays, reflection cracks
can arise and cause an unwanted crack pattern beneath the
pavement. Rubber-modified asphalt uses stress absorbing
membranes that reduce the reflective cracking because of its
elastic properties. With less cracks, there are fewer repairs, so
crumb rubber assists in reducing maintenance costs. The
pavement has an increased lifespan because after multiple uses
and exposure to different elements, regular asphalt loses
elasticity over time. The use of the artificial rubber resists the
formation of cracks and has an anti-aging effect that keeps the
asphalt in a better condition.Used scrap tire rubber in cement
based materials, after recycling it in coarse or fine rubber
particles. Results showed that the rubberized composite
concrete possesses lower density, higher toughness and
ductility, lower compressive and tensile strength and more
effective insulation. Mechanical behaviour of concrete
containing rubber particles has been investigated.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Gintautas Skripkiunas, AudriusGrinys, Benjaminascernius:-
The aim of investigation was to study the deformation
properties of Portland cement concrete withrubber waste
additive. Concrete mixtures with the same compressive
strength as concrete without this additive were tested. Used
tires rubber wastes were crumbed into fraction 0/1. The rubber
additive was used as fine aggregate replacement in concrete
mixtures by 3.2 % of aggregates mass. The effect of rubber
waste additive on technological properties, air content in fresh
concrete, density and deformation properties under the static
and dynamic load of concrete was investigated.
2) PitiSukontasukkul, SomyotWiwatpattanapong,
ThammasatInt:- This study provided the test results on the
mechanical and physical properties of lightweight concrete
obtained by replacing portions of the conventional fine
aggregate with crumb rubber from recycling waste tires. The
mechanical properties were compressive and flexural strength.
The physical properties were unit-weight, permeable voids,
thermal conductivity and sound absorption. Results indicated
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 Afro - Asian International Conference on Science, Engineering & Technology
that the unit-weight of crumb rubber concrete was lower than
that of plain concrete. The decrease was found to be
proportional with the crumb rubber content. In addition to the
decrease in unit-weight, the crumb rubber concrete also
exhibited better sound and thermal properties. However, due
to the low strength and stiffness of rubber, the mechanical
properties of crumb rubber concrete appeared to be lower than
that of plain concrete.
3)Mohammad Reza sohrabi, Mohammad karbalaie: - A lot of
rubber is produced worldwide. For example, 3.6 million tons
rubber is produced annually only in US. It is not possible to
discharge the rubbers in the environment because they
decompose very slowly and cause lots of pollution. So, it is
necessary to have a relevant use of these wastages. These
waste materials can be used to improve some mechanical
properties of concrete. Addition of rubber to concrete results
in the, improvement of some mechanical and dynamical
properties, such as more energy adsorption, better ductility,
and better crack resistance. In this paper, the 7- day and 28-
day compressive strength of concretes containing crumb
rubber; silica fume and crumb rubber; Nano silica and crumb
rubber; and Nano silica, silica fume and crumb rubber
isinvestigated. For this purpose, 216 concrete specimens were
prepared and their compressive strength was investigated.
4) Akinwonmi, AdemolaSamuel,Seckley, Emmanuel,
Akinwonmi, Ademola Samuel, Seckley, Emmanuel:- This
paper presents a research into the mechanical strength of
concrete with shredded tyre and crumb tyre as aggregate
replacement. The materials used to make concrete for this
experiment are coarse aggregate, cement, sand, shredded tyre,
crumb tyre, potable water and Ordinary Portland Cement. A
total of fifteen main mixtures were cast as solid bricks with
0% replacement as control then followed by 5%, 7.5%, 10%,
12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, 20% separately for both shred and crumb
rubber materials. The compressive tests for the concrete cubes
were carried out by applying a constant uniform pressure to
the cubes of the concrete blocks until failure occurred. The
results of the compressive test show that by replacing the
aggregate by 2.5 % shredded tyre, the compressive strength
increased by about 8.5% but at 5% replacement and beyond,
the compressive strength decreased. For the Crumb tyre
aggregates, the compressive strength decreased generally as
the percentage replacement increased. Thus, crumb tyre is not
advisable to be used as aggregate replacement due to its weak
compressive strength. Shredded tyre could be used as
replacement of aggregates in concrete production up to 2.5%
replacement in order to help reduce the cost of concrete
production arising from the increasing cost of cement, and
reduce the volume of waste generated from unused tyres.
5) Parveen, Sachin Dass, Ankit Sharma: - The disposal of used
tires is a major environmental problem throughout the world
which causes environmental hazards. Crumb rubber is a waste
material that is ideal for use in concrete applications. The aim
of this study is achieved to use of rubber waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberize concrete in
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AAICSET-2015
ISBN: 9-780993-909238
M30 mix. Different partial replacements of crumb rubber (0,
5, 10, 15 and 20%) by volume of fine aggregate are cast and
test for compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile
strength and stress-strain behavior. The results showed that
there is a reduction in all type of strength for crumb rubber
mixture, but slump values increase as the crumb rubber
content increase from 0% to 20%. Meaning that crumb rubber
mixture is more workable compare to normal concrete and
also it is useful in making light weight concrete. It is
recommended to use the rubberized concrete for non structural
applications.
6) Kotresh K.M, MesfinGetahunBelachew :-: At present the
disposal of waste tyres is becoming a major waste
management problem in the world. It is estimated that 1.2
billions of waste tyre rubber produced globally per year. It is
estimated that 11% of post consumer tyres are exported and
27% are sent to landfill, stockpiled or dumped illegally and
only 4% is used for civil engineering projects. Hence efforts
have been taken to identify the potential application of waste
tyres in civil engineering projects. In this context, our present
study aims to investigate the optimal use of waste tyre rubber
as coarse aggregate in concrete composite. A total of 24 cubes
and 12 prisms are casted of M25 grade by replacing 10, 20 and
30 percent of tyre aggregate with coarse aggregate and
compared with regular M20 grade concrete. Fresh and
hardened concrete strength were identified.
7) N. J. Azmi B. S. Mohammed, H. M. A. Al-Mattarneh:- :
The test program was carried out to develop information about
the mechanical properties of rubberized concretes. A control
Portland cement concrete mix (PCC) is designed using
American Concrete Institute mix design methods and crumb
rubber contents of 10, 15, 20 and 30% by volume were chosen
by partially replacing the fine aggregate with crumb rubber.
Totally 15 concrete mixes with three different water cement
ratio (0.41, 0.57 and 0.68) were cast and tested for
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural
strength and modulus elasticity. The results revealed that
although there is a reduction in strength for crumb rubber
mixture, but slump values increase as the crumb rubber
content increase from 0% to 30%. Means that crumb rubber
mixture is more workable compare to normal concrete and can
be acceptable to produce crumb rubber concretes. The results
also indicated that inclusion crumb rubber in concrete reduced
the static modulus elasticity. Although there is a reduction in
modulus elasticity but the deformability crumb rubber
concrete increasing compared to normal concrete.
III. OVERALL CONCLUSION
1) Rubber waste additives reduce static and dynamic modulus
of elasticity.
2) Strains of the concrete with the same compressive strength
with rubber waste from used tires (3.2 percent from aggregate
by mass) deformations are 56 % 63 % higher after the static
loading, while set deformations after the unloading is 219 %
360 % higher than for the none rubberised concrete
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 Afro - Asian International Conference on Science, Engineering & Technology
3) Cyclic loading of 20 cycles have no influence on the
Prismatic compressive strength of both concrete with And
without rubber waste (3.2 percent from aggregate by mass).
4) Ultimate strains on concrete failure load are 36 % 47 %
higher for concrete with tyre rubber waste additive.
5) Compressive strength decreases by 96.5%, 96.4%, 96.3%
and 96.2% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of rubber contents
respectively at 0-30% of flyash.
6) The toughness of scrap rubber modified concrete was much
greater than the control mix. Due to the elastic nature of ubber,
rubberized concrete is able to absorb more energy when
loaded. After loading the samples, cracks starts first at the
softest areas of the specimens. At higher contents of rubber
(30-40%), the number of cracks and width of the crack
increases which leads to collapse of the sample cube.
7) Maximum decrease in bond strength is by 60.90%, 58.40%,
76.77% and 81.47% at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% rubber
content respectively. Maximum reduction in compressive
strength was at 30% flyash and 40% rubber replacement.
8) By replacing conventional fine aggre-gate with crumb
rubber, the unit-weight of concrete can be reduced from 14%
up to 28% depending on the type and the content of the crumb
rubber.
9) The lack of conventional fine aggre-gate and the presence
of the crumb rubber appear to downgrade the me-chanical
properties of concrete, as seen by the decrease of both
compressive and flexural strength. The decrease is varied from
25% to 81%.
10) The CR concrete exhibits superior thermal and sound
properties com-pared to plain concrete, as seen by the
decreased thermal conductivity coeffi-cient (K) and the
increased sound absorption coefficient () and noise reduction
coefficient (NRC).
11) The 7- day and 28- day compressive strength of the
specimens increased by addition of silica fume to concrete
containing crumb rubber. This happens because of filling
capability of silica fume fine particles as well as good
adhesion between the rubber and the cement paste.
12) Addition of 2 and 3% nano silica to rubber-containing
specimens results in the increase of 7- day and 28- day
compressive strength in comparison with those which only
contain crumb rubber. The reason of this increase is that nano
materials can fill the nano voids and provide a denser
structure, thus compensate the negative effect of crumb rubber
on the compressive strength.
13) Addition of silica fume and nano silica had not a
significant effect on the 7- day strength, while the 28- day
strength increased relatively.
14) Compressive strength increment of rubber-containing
concrete in the presence of silica fume was higher than nano
silica and their mixtures.
15) The slump decrease in concrete mixes containing nano
Silica was higher than those containing silica fumes. Addition
of rubber to concrete resulted in a more ductile failure. This
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AAICSET-2015
ISBN: 9-780993-909238
behavior indicates that these types of concretes have higher
strength and better energy adsorption capability.
16) The optimum dosage of natural rubber latex is found to be
1% by weight of cement in the concrete.There is an
improvement in the compressive strength at 1% compared
control mix, 0.5 % and 1.5% by weight.
17) The replacement of cement by metakaoline is found to be
10%.There is improvement in strengths at this percentage
replacement by metakaoline
18) Replacing the cement by MK and inclusion of NRL not
only improves the mechanical properties but also makes the
construction economical.
19) Making use of both MK and NRL in concrete there is
further improvements in the mechanical properties
20) The high CRC rubber content mix (tennis court) had a
flexural strength almost 50% less than the control mix.
However, the CRC mix had more ductility and comparable
toughness values to the control mix.
REFERENCES
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of Concrete With Rubber Waste Additives, Lithuania: Kaunas
University of Technology, 2007.
[2] Malek K. Batayneh a, Iqbal Marie b, Ibrahim Asi, Promoting the use
of crumb rubber concrete in developing countries, Science
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[3] Veretennykov, Vitaliy I.; Yugov, Anatoliy M.; Dolmatov, Andriy O.;
Bulavytskyi, Maksym S.; Kukharev, Dmytro I.; Bulavytskyi, Artem
S. (2008). Concrete Inhomogeneity of Vertical Cast-in-Place
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[4] RanaHashimGhedan, Dina MukheefHamza, Effect Of Rubber
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[10] H. Katkhuda, B. Hanayneh and N. Shatarat, Influence of Silica Fume
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