Prepared by Asst.

Professor Mohammad (AERO)

B.S. ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY

Fluid Mechanics & Machinery (ME202) B.E.-3(MECH)
Final Examination - (27.11.2013)
Answer all the questions and dont mix-up Part-A with other answers.
Only non-programmable calculator is allowed
Part A (Marks: 10 x 2 = 20)
1. Define Newtons law of viscosity.
2. What is hydrostatic law?
3. Define local acceleration.
4. What is the use of a pitot tube?
5. How can the boundary layer thickness be mentioned.
6. Draw the velocity profile for a laminar and turbulent flow in pipes.
7. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbines.
8. What is the purpose of a spear head used in a Pelton wheel turbine?
9. Write the Eulers equation for pumps.
10. What is the necessity of priming?
Part B (Marks: 5 x 16 = 80)
11 (a) (i) A capillary tube having inside diameter 6mm is dipped in CCl4 at 200C. Find the (8)
rise of CCl4 in the tube if the surface tension is 2.67 N/m, specific gravity is 1.594,
contact angle is 600 and specific weight of water at 200C is 9981 N/m3.
(ii) A fluid of specific gravity 0.9 flows along a surface with velocity profile given (8)
by = 4 8 3 , where is in m. what is the velocity gradient at the boundary,
if the kinematic viscosity is 0.36 stokes? What is the shear stress at the boundary?
(OR)
(b) (i) A square metal plate 1.8m side and 1.8mm thick weighing 60N is to be lifted (16)
through the vertical gap of 30mm of infinite extent. The oil in the gap has a specific
gravity of 0.95 and viscosity of 3.0Ns/m2. If the metal plate is to be lifted at a
constant speed of 0.12m/s, find the force and power required
12 (a) (i) Derive an expression to calculate the discharge using a venturimeter. (10)
(ii) The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given by = 4 3 10 2 + 2. Find (6)
the velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle at (2,1,3) at = 1sec.
(OR)

Page 1 of 20
 Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

(b) (i) A 25cm diameter pipe carries oil of specific gravity 0.9 at a velocity of 3m/s. At (4)
another section the diameter is 20cm. Find the velocity and the mass flow rate of
the oil at this section.
(ii) The discharge Q of the centrifugal pump depends upon the mass density of fluid , (12)
the speed of the pump , the diameter of the impeller , the monomeric head ,
gravitational acceleration g and the viscosity of the fluid . Obtain the
dimensionless expressions using Buckingham theorem.
13 (a) (i) Oil of viscosity 9poise and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe (16)
of 60mm diameter. If the pressure drop in 100m length is 2000kN/m2, determine
the rate of flow of oil, the centre-line velocity, the total frictional drag over 100m
length, the power required to maintain the flow, the velocity gradient at the pipe
wall, and the velocity and shear stress at 8mm from the wall..
(OR)
(b) (i) Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline consisting of two pipes, one is 15cm (16)
in diameter and length 6m and other of diameter 22.5cm and 16m length. If the
difference of water level in the two reservoirs is 9m, calculate the discharge and
draw the energy gradient line and hydraulic gradient line. Take = 0.02.
14 (a) (i) With a neat sketch explain the working and design aspect of Pelton wheel. (16)
(OR)
(b) (i) An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9m and (16)
0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200rpm and the width of the turbine
at inlet is 200mm. the velocity of the flow through the runner is constant and is
equal to 1.8m/s. The guide blades make an angle of 100 to the tangent of the wheel
and the discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Draw the inlet and outlet
velocity triangles and determine the absolute velocity, whirl velocity, relative
velocity at the inlet of the runner, the runner blade angle, width of the runner at
the outlet, mass of the water flowing through the runner per second, head at the
inlet of the turbine, power developed and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
15 (a) (i) Briefly explain the various losses and efficiencies of a centrifugal pump. (8)
(ii) With a net sketch explain the working of a Reciprocating pump. (8)
(OR)
(b) (i) A centrifugal pump having an outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter (16)
and running at 1000rpm works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow
through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5m/s. The vanes are set back at an
angle of 400 at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at
the outlet is 50mm, determine: vane angle at the inlet, work done by impeller on
water per second and manometric efficiency.

Page 2 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Page 3 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Answers

Part A
1. Newtons law of viscosity states that the shear stress developed in a viscous fluid is directly
proportional to the shear strain rate.

=

2. Hydrostatic laws states that in a stationary fluid region, rate of change of pressure with respect of
altitude is directly proportional to the weight density of the fluid.

g

3. Local acceleration is defined as the rate of change in velocity with respect to time dimension.

=

4. Pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of any vehicle traveling in the air. It finds its best use in
the device called air speed indicator which is used to find the speed of aircraft travelling in the air.
5. Boundary layer thickness can be mentioned as the vertical distance from the solid surface where
99% of the free stream velocity is recovered i.e. the velocity of the fluid becomes 99% of the free
stream velocity.
6. Viscosity affects the laminar as well as turbulent flow. The velocity profile in the laminar
boundary layer and turbulent boundary layer will have different profile as shown below.

7. Following are the differences between an impulse and a reaction turbine.

Sl. Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
No.
1. All the potential energy is converted into Only a portion of the fluid energy is
kinetic energy by nozzle before entering to transferred into kinetic energy before the
turbine runner. fluid enters the turbine.
2. Flow regulation is possible without loss. Flow regulation is possible with loss

Page 4 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Sl. Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

No.
3. Flow is regulated by means of a needle Flow is regulated by means of a guide
valve fitted into the nozzle. vanes assembly.
4. Water may be allowed to enter a part or Water is admitted over the
whole of the wheel circumference. circumference of the wheel.
5. Wheel doesnt not run full of water and air Water completely fills the vane passages
has free access to the buckets. throughout the operation of the turbine.
6. Unit is installed above the tailrace. Unit is kept entirely submerged in water
below tailrace.
7. Blades are only in action when they are in Blades are in action at all the time.
front of nozzle.
8. Spear head in the Pelton wheel is used to control the water flow thus control the power generation
through the Pelton wheel. It acts by changing the area of the nozzle which throws the water jet on
the buckets on wheel.
9. Eulers equation for pump
1
= ( 2 2 )
1 1
10. Priming is necessary in running the turbines to avoid any air gap or vapor formation in the penstock
as this can lead to the low power generation for the time being and can cause harm to the electrical
appliances due to power fluctuation.
In the case of pumps, delivery valve is closed and suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery
pipe up to delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This is
called priming in pumps and is done to avoid any air pocket available in the fluid flow through the
pump.

Part B
11. (a) (i) given data are as below:
N N
= 6mm, = 2.67 , . . = 1.594, = 9981 , = 600
m m3
Specific weight of CCl4 is
N
4 = 1.594 9981 = 15909.714
m3
Rise in the level of CCl4 is:
2 cos 2 2.67 cos 600
= = = . .
3 103 15909.714
(a) (ii) given data are as below:
= 4 8 3 , = 0.36 stokes, s. g. = 0.9

Page 5 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Velocity gradient at the boundary:

= 4 24 2 ( ) =
=

Shear stress at the boundary:

kg
= 0.9 1000 = 900
m3
Ns
= = 900 0.36 104 = 32.4 103
m2

= ( ) = 32.4 103 4 = .
=0

(b) (i) Given data are:

Ns
= 1.8 m, = 1.8 mm, = 60 N, = 30 mm, =3 ,
m
m
= 0.12 , g = 0.95
s
Area of the plate:
= 2 = 1.8 1.8 = 3.24 m2
Assuming that the plate is lying in the centre of the gap, the oil thickness on either side of
the plate will be:
30 1.8
=( )= 103 = 0.0141 m
2 2
Shear stress acting on the plate will be (considering both the sides):
0.12 N
= ( ) = 2 (3 ) = 25.532 2
0.0141 m
Total viscous force acting on the plate (considering both the sides):
= 2 = 2 25.532 3.24 = .
Force of buoyancy will be:
= g
= 0.95 1000 3.24 1.8 103 9.81
= 54.35
Total force required to lift the plate:
= + g = 165.447 + 60 54.35 = .
Power required is:

Page 6 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= = 171.097 0.12 = .
12. (a) (i) The figure below shows the typical venturimeter:
Taking inlet area as station-1 and throat area as station-2, we can apply the continuity and
Bernoullis equation on these stations. Let us use the notations of parameters with subscript
1 and 2 showing the parameters relating to station-1 and station-2.

Bernoullis equation:

1 12 2 22
+ + z1 = + + z2
g 2g g 2g

Since the pipe is kept horizontal (z1 = z2 ),

there is no change in the elevation so the
datum term can be removed from the equation.

1 12 2 22 1 2 22 12
+ = + = = ()
g 2g g 2g g 2g

So if we know the difference in the liquid column in the manometer limbs, it will give the
idea about the difference in the kinetic energies at the two stations.

From continuity equation:

1
1 1 = 2 2 2 = ()
2 1

Substituting the value for 2 in the equation (i):

2
(1 1 ) 12
2
=
2g

12 12 12 12 22
= [ 2 1] = [ ]
2g 2 2g 22

22
12 = 2g [ 2 ]
1 22

Page 7 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

22
1 = 2g [ 2 ]
1 22

2
1 = 2g
12 22

We know that discharge:

2
= 1 1 = 1 2g
12 22

Above equation gives the ideal calculation for the discharge and is called theoretical
discharge. Actual discharge will be little less that theoretical discharge. So a coefficient
factor is introduced in it to account the realness of the case.

(a) (ii) The give information is:

= 4 3 10 2 + 2, (2,1,3),1 = ?, (2,1,3),1 = ?
From the above equation of velocity we can write the velocity components as below:
= 4 3 , = 10 2 , = 2

= 0, = 12 2 , = 0, =0


= 0, = 20, = 10 2 , =0


= 2, = 0, = 0, =0

At the specified point and instance:
= 4 23 = 32, = 10 22 1 = 40, = 21= 2

Page 8 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= 0, = 48, = 0, =0


= 0, = 40, = 40, =0


= 2, = 0, = 0, =0

Velocity at the specified point and instance:
(,,), = (4 23 ) (10 22 1) + (2 1) = +
Net velocity:

|| = 322 + (40)2 + 22 = .
Acceleration at the specified point and instance:

= + + + = 0 + (32 48) + {(40) 0} + (2 0) = 1536


= + + + = 0 + {32 (40)} + {(40) (40)} + (2 0) = 320


= + + + = 2 + (32 0) + {(40) 0} + (2 0) = 2

So the acceleration vector at the specified location and instance is:
= 1536 + 320 + 2
Net acceleration:

|| = (1536)2 + (320)2 + 22 = .
(b) (i) Given data are:
m
1 = 25cm, sg = 0.9, 1 = 3 , 2 = 20cm, 2 =?, =?
s
Density of the oil:
kg
= sg 1000 = 900
m3
Area at the section 1:
12 3.14159 (25 102 )2
1 = = = 0.0490 m2
4 4
Area at the section 2:
22 3.14159 (20 102 )2
2 = = = 0.031415 m2
4 4
Page 9 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Velocity at the section 2:

Using continuity equation:
1 1 = 2 2
0.0490 3 = 0.031415 2
0.0490 3
= = .
0.031415
Discharge at the section 2:
= 2 2 = 0.031415 4.6793 = 0.147 m3 /s
Mass flow rate at the section 2:
= = 900 0.147 = . /
(b) (ii) Using Buckinghams theorem:
The discharge is a function of , , , , ,
= (, , g, , , ) ()
1 (, , , g, , , ) = 0 . ()
Dimensions of variables:
= 3 1 , = 1 , = , g = 2 ,
= , = 1 1 , = 3
So total number of variables are 7 and fundamental variables are 3. This gives the number
of terms as: 7 3 = 4. Now equation (ii) can be written as below:
2 (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) = 0 . ()
Each pi term will have 3 + 1 = 4 variables. We chose the variables , and as repeating
variables. Then:
1 = 1 . 1 . 1 .
2 = 2 . 2 . 2 . g
3 = 3 . 3 . 3 .
4 = 4 . 4 . 4 .
Term:
1 = 1 . 1 . 1 .
0 0 0 = 1 ( 1 )1 (3 )1 3 1 = 1 131+3 11
1 = 0, 1 31 + 3 = 0, 1 1 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
Page 10 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

1 = 0, 1 = 1, 1 = 3

1 =
3
Term:
2 = 2 . 2 . 2 . g
0 0 0 = 2 ( 1 )2 (3 )2 2 = 2 232+1 22
2 = 0, 2 32 + 1 = 0, 2 2 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
2 = 0, 2 = 2, 2 = 1
g
2 =
2
Term:
3 = 3 . 3 . 3 .
0 0 0 = 3 ( 1 )3 (3 )3 = 3 333+1 3
3 = 0, 3 33 + 1 = 0, 3 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
3 = 0, 3 = 0, 3 = 1

3 =

Term:
4 = 4 . 4 . 4 .
0 0 0 = 4 ( 1 )4 (3 )4 1 1 = 4+1 4341 41
4 + 1 = 0, 4 34 1 = 0, 4 1 = 0
On solving these simultaneous equations, we get that:
4 = 1, 4 = 1, 4 = 2

4 =
2
On substituting the in the equation (iii)
g
2 ( , 2 , , )=0
2
3

We can replace the two s by their product as product too will be dimensionless quantity.

Page 11 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

g g
3 ( , , ) = 0 = ( , )
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2

= ( , )

13. (a) (i) The give data are:
kN
= 9.0poise, . . = 0.9, = 60mm, = 100m, = 2000
m2
It is the case of Hagen Poiseulles flow:
kg Ns 2000000 Pa
= 0.9 1000 = 900 , = 0.9 , = = 20000
m3 m2 100 m
Rate of flow of oil:
4
=
128
3.14159
= (20000) (60 103 )4
128 0.9

= .


=
(2 4)
7.0685 103 4
=
3.14159 (60 103 )2

= .

Centerline velocity:
Centerline velocity is the maximum velocity. So:
1 2
= ( )
4 2
2
1 60 103
= (20000) ( )
4 0.9 2

=

Velocity gradient at the pipe wall:
1
( ) =( ) =
= 2

Page 12 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

1 0.06
= (20000)
0.9 22
= .
Total friction drag over the length of 100m:
This drag will be due to the friction at the pipe wall:
= ()

= ( ) () = 0.9 333.33 3.14159 0.06 100

= .
This value will remain same if calculated using pressure drop over the same length and using
the cross sectional area.
Power required to maintain the flow
We can only calculate the power require to maintain the flow per unit length. We know that
the force needed per 100m of the pipe to maintain the flow is 5.654kN, so:
=
= 5.654 103 2.5
= .
Velocity and shear stress at the 8mm from the wall:
The location is 8mm from the wall mean 30-8=22mm from the centre line. We have the
velocity gradient as:
1
=
2
1 22 103
( ) = (20000)
22 0.9 2
= .

22 = ( )
22
= 0.9 244.44

=

(b) (i) The give data and the situation is as shown in the picture below:
1 = 15cm, 1 = 6m, 2 = 22.5cm, 2 = 16m, = 9m, = 0.04

Page 13 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

As per the situation there will be some losses in the available head. They are as below:
a. Loss due to entrance in the pipe 1
b. Loss due friction in pipe 1
c. Loss due to sudden enlargement in pipe 1
d. Loss due to friction in pipe 2
e. Loss due to exit again
Head loss at the entrance in the pipe 1:
0.5 12 0.5 12
1 = = = 0.0255 12
2g 2 9.81
Head loss due to friction in pipe 1:
1 12 0.02 6 12
1 = = = 0.041 12
2 g 1 2 9.81 0.15
By the equation of continuity:
1 12 (0.15)2
1 1 = 2 2 2 = 1 = 2 1 = = 0.444 1
2 2 (0.225)2 1
Head loss due to enlargement at the pipe junction:
(1 2 )2 (1 0.444 1 )2
= = = 0.0157 12
2g 2 9.81
Head loss due to friction in pipe 2:
1 22 0.02 16 (0.444 1 )2
2 = = = 0.0143 12
2 g 1 2 9.81 0.225
Head loss due to exit at the pipe 2:
22 (0.444 1 )2
= = = 0.01 12
2g 2 9.81

Page 14 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

Total head loss is:

= 1 + 1 + + 2 +
= (0.0255 + 0.041 + 0.0157 + 0.0143 + 0.01) 12
= 0.1065 12
Applying Bernoulli's equation:
2 2
+ + = + + +
2 2
The situation in the first tank is denoted by subscript A and in the second tank is being
depicted by subscript B. The static pressure both the tanks are same and velocity in both can
be assumed to be zero. What differs is the head datum difference. So:
=

9 m
9 = 0.1065 12 1 = = 9.193
0.1065 s

Discharge:

= 1 1 = ( 12 ) 1 = (0.15)2 9.193 = .
4 4
There will be two sudden falls in the HGL as well as EGL and entire head will be lost at the
end. In the case of HGL, only the static pressure is considered so there will be sudden falls at
the two locations. In the case of EGL velocity is also considered and hence there will be
smooth fall in the line and at the sudden area change locations only the due to losses the
energy will change otherwise change of head into kinetic energy will maintain the energy
line.

14. (a) (i) Pelton Wheel Turbine:

Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. It is very common in use with its simplistic
design.

Page 15 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

In this, a high velocity stream of water jet strikes on the buckets which are attached to a giant
wheel. Buckets change the direction of the water jet properly and then the momentum of the
water jet is converted into an impulse and wheel starts rotating. This is the working of the
Pelton wheel turbine in the simplest way.
When turbine is supposed to stop, simply stopping the water jet is not enough as due to inertia
the wheel will keep rotating for another very long time. So another nozzle called brake nozzle
is used to pout the water on the buckets on the convex side which produces a force in
opposition to the motion of the wheel and wheel stops due to this braking effect.
Rotation of the wheel produces the mechanical energy which can be tapped off to produce
electricity by connecting it to the alternator.
Design Aspect:
Velocity of jet: The velocity of jet at the inlet is given by:

1 = 2g
Where, = Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98 to 0.99
= Net head on turbine
Velocity of wheel: It is given by:

= 2g
Where, is the speed ratio = 0.43 to 0.48
Mean diameter of wheel ():
Mean diameter is obtained by the relation:
Page 16 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

60
= =
60
The mean diameter is also known as pitch diameter.
Jet ratio (): It is defined as the ratio of mean diameter () of the Pelton wheel to the
diameter of the jet ().

=

The value of m varies between 11 and 15. Normally, m = 12 is adapted.
Number of jets: Normally Pelton wheel has one nozzle or one jet. When more power is to
be produced, the number of nozzle or jet may be employed with the same wheel.
Theoretically six nozzles can be used with one pelton wheel.
Number of jet is obtained by dividing the total rate of flow through the turbine by the
rate of flow of water through a single jet.

Bucket dimensions: Some of the main dimensions of

the bucket of pelton wheel are as shown in the figure.
They are expressed in terms of the jet diameter. The
circular area projection of jet on the buckets is known
as pitch circle. Its diameter is taken as reference and
other dimensions of the bucket are mentioned in the
terms of this diameter.
Axial width, = 4 to 5
Radial length, = 2 to 3
Depth, = 0.8 to 1.2
Angle, = 100 to 200
Number of buckets (): The number of buckets is decided mainly on the following two
principles.
a. The number of buckets should be as few as possible so that there is little loss due to
friction.
b. No water escapes without striking the buckets.

The number of buckets is usually more than 15. The formula for number of buckets was
given by Taygun.

= + 15 = 0.5 + 15
2
(b) (i) The give data is as shown below:

Page 17 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

1 = 0.9m, 2 = 0.45m, = 200rpm, 1 = 200mm,

m
1 = 2 = 1.8 , = 100
s
Now since the discharge is radial:
= 900 , 2 = 0
Tangential velocity at the inlet and outlet are:
1 200 0.9 m
1 = = = 9.424
60 60 s
2 200 0.45 m
2 = = = 4.712
60 60 s
Absolute velocity of water at inlet:
1 1.8
1 sin = 1 = = = .
sin sin 10
Whirl velocity at inlet:

= 1 cos = 10.365 cos 10 = .

Relative velocity at inlet:

2

= 1 + (1 1 )2 = 1.82 + (10.207 9.424)2 = .

Runner blade angles:
1 1.8
tan = = = 2.298 = tan1 2.298 = .
(1 1 ) (10.207 9.424)
From the outlet velocity triangle:
2 1.8
tan = = = 0.382 = tan1 0.382 = .
2 4.712
Width of runner at outlet:
1 1 1 = 2 2 2 1 1 = 2 2
1 1 0.9 0.2
= = = . =
2 0.45
Mass of the water flowing through the runner per second:
The discharge will be given by:

= 1 1 1 = 0.9 0.2 1.8 = .

Page 18 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

= = 1000 1.0178 = .

Head at the inlet of turbine:
22 1 1
= (1 1 2 2 ) = 1 1
2g g g
1 22 1 1.82
= 1 1 + = 10.207 9.424 + ( 2 = 2 )
g 2g 9.81 2 9.81
= 9.805 + 0.165 = .
Power developed:
Work done per second on runner (1 1 )
= =
1000 1000
017.8 10.207 9.424
= = .
1000
Hydraulic efficiency:
1 1 10.207 9.424
= = = 0.9834 = 98.34%
g 9.81 97.9

15. (a) (i) Various losses and efficiencies in the centrifugal pump:

(a) (ii) working of a reciprocating pump:

(b) (i) The give data is as shown below:

= 1000 rpm, = 40m,
m
1 = 2 = 2.5 , = 400 ,
s
2 = 500mm = 0.5m,
1 = 2 2 = 0.25m,
2 = 50mm = 0.05m
Tangential velocities at the inlet and outlet:
1 0.25 1000 m
1 = = = 13.09
60 60 s
2 0.5 1000 m
2 = = = 26.18
60 60 s
Discharge will be given by:
Page 19 of 20
Prepared by Asst. Professor Mohammad (AERO)

m3
= 2 2 2 = 0.5 0.05 2.5 = 0.19635
s
Vane angle at the inlet:
From the inlet velocity triangle:
1 2.5
tan = = = 0.1909 0.191
1 13.09
= tan1 0.191 = .
Work done by impeller on water per second:
From the outlet velocity triangle:
2 2.5 2.5 m
tan = = 2 = 26.18 ( ) = 23.2
2 2 26.18 2 tan 400 s
Now work done by the impeller per second
= (2 2 ) = (2 2 ) = (1000 0.19635) (23.2 26.18)

= .

Manometric efficiency:
g 9.81 40
= = = 0.646 = . %
2 2 23.2 26.18

Page 20 of 20