Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 33

HandsOnRelaySchool

TransformerDifferentialProtection
OpenLecture
OpenLecture
TransformerDifferentialProtection

Introduction:
Transformerdifferentialprotectionschemesare
ubiquitoustoalmostanypowersystem.

Whilethebasicpremiseoftransformerdifferential
protectionisstraightforward,numerousfeaturesare
employedtocompensateforchallengespresentedby
thetransformerapplication.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatio
andDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbythe
TransformationRatioandDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios

KirchhoffsCurrentLaw:Atanynode,thesumofcurrents
flowingintothatnodeisequaltothesumofcurrentsflowingout
ofthatnode(fig1).

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

I1 I2
Node

I3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios

BecauseofthetransformationratioandprobableCTratio
mismatch,transformerwindingcurrentscannotbedirectly
compared,buttheMVAoneachsidecanbecompared.

MVA1 + MVA2 + MVA3 = 0

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
MVA1 MVA2
I1 I2 Transformer
Node

I3

MVA3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios

Tocalculatethesecondarycurrentequaltooneperunit,the
followingcalculationsareusedoneachsideofthetransformer:

ForwyeconnectedCTs: TransformerVA
WindingTap
VL L CTR * 3

TransformerVA
FordeltaconnectedCTs: WindingTap 3
VL L CTR * 3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios

Duringtesting,thedesiredstartingcurrentvaluesisdetermined
bymultiplyingthedesiredperunitcurrentbythetaptofindthe
equivalentsecondarycurrentforeachside.
PU desired WindingTap I test

Toconvertameasuredtripcurrenttoaperunitcurrent,divide
thecurrentbythetapforthatwinding.

I measured
PU measured
WindingTap
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents

Transformersfrequentlyemploy IA IB I a

DeltaWyeconnections.Not
onlydotheseconnections
introducea30degreephase
I B IC I
shift,buttheyalsochangethe b

makeupofthecurrents
measuredbytheCTs.For
differentialschemes,the
IC I A I
current cannotbedirectly c

comparedtocurrent .
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
IA IB I a

Primary
Secondary
Winding
Winding a
A

I B IC
Forelectromechanicaldifferential I b

relaysliketheHU,BDD,andCA, WB Wb

thesolutionfordeltawye
IC I A I
transformersistosimplyconnect c

theWinding2CTsecondary WC Wc

circuitsinadeltatomatchthe
primarymainwindings.
Differential A

Differential B

Differential C
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingto
theH1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees

0
11 1
2
10
9 3 Dy1 = X1 lags H1 by 1*30 = 30, or
H1 leads X1 by 30 (ANSI std.)
8 4
7 5
6
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents

Therearealsoseveraltransformerrelaymanufacturerconventionscommonly
usedfordefiningthetransformerconnections.Thefollowingareexamplesfor
ABCrotationexceptwherenoted:

SEL387Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenanumber011,
whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreeleading angleincrements.
Eachwindingiscorrectedbacktozerodegrees.

Beckwith3311CustomMethod:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivena
number011,whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreelaggingangle
incrementsrelativeofahypotheticalwyewinding.Windingcorrection
mostlymimicsoldconnectioncompensationschemes.

GET60Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenananglewhich
correspondstothelagging anglerelativetothedesignatedreference
winding.
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents

Sowhatdoesallthismeanwhiletesting?

Hereisalistofcommonrelays,commonconnections,andtestangles(assumingset
topositiveangleslead):

BeckwithCustom GE(Ref SEL TestAngles(ABCRotation)


W1 W2 IEC
W1 W2 W1) W1 W2 W1A W1B W1C W2A W2B W2C
Y Y Yy0 0 0 Yy0 12 12 0 120 120 180 60 60
DAB Y Dy1 11 1 Dy30 1 12 30 90 150 180 60 60
Y DAB Yd11 0 11 Yd330 12 1 0 120 120 150 30 90
DAC Y Dy11 1 0 Dy330 11 12 30 150 90 180 60 60
Y DAC Yd1 0 1 YD30 12 11 0 120 120 150 30 90
DAC DAC Dd0 1 1 Dd0 11 11 30 150 90 150 30 90
DAB DAB Dd0 11 11 Dd0 1 1 30 90 150 150 30 90
DAC DAB Dd10 1 11 Dd300 11 1 30 150 90 150 30 90
DAB DAC Dd2 11 1 Dd60 1 11 30 90 150 150 30 90
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
ZeroSequenceElimination

Inallwyeconnectedwindings,thegroundprovidesawayforcurrent
toenterthedifferentialzonewithoutbeingmeasuredbyaphase
differentialCT.Thiscanunbalancethedifferentialduringexternal
phasetoneutralfaults.Ifthedifferentialprotectionistoresist
improperlytrippingforexternalfaults,thiscurrenthastobe
removedfromdifferentialcalculations.

IA IB I a

I B IC I b

IC I A I c
ZeroSequenceElimination

ThefirstremovalmethodistosimplyconnecttheCTsecondarycircuitin
delta.Thisstraightforwardmethodisusedinelectromechanicalandinsome
digitalrelayretrofitdifferentialapplications.

IA IB I a

Primary
Winding Secondary
Winding a
A

I B IC I b

WB Wb

IC I A I c

WC Wc

Differential A

Differential B

Differential C
ZeroSequenceElimination

IndigitalapplicationswithwyeconnectedCTsecondarycircuits,theground
currenthastoberemovednumerically.Thisisdonebyeitherconvertingthe
currentstodeltaquantitiesorbydirectlysubtractingcalculatedzerosequence
currentfromthedifferentialquantity.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance

TheXaxisistheRestraintCurrentis
themeasureofcurrentinthe
transformer.Differentialrelay
sensitivityisinverselyproportionalto
restraintcurrent.Relay
manufacturersuseavarietyof
calculationslikethemaximumofthe
windingcurrentsortheaverageof
thecurrents.
TheYaxisistheDifferential/Operate
currentisthesumofallwinding
currentsafteramplitudeandangle
compensation.
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheMinimumPickupregionisusedbetween
zeroandapproximately0.5perunitrestraint
current.ItprovidessecurityagainstCT
remanenceandaccuracyerrorsandisusuallyset
between0.3and0.5pu.
TheSlope1 regionisusedbetweentheminimum
pickupregionandtheslope2breakpoint.Slope
1providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingdueto
CTaccuracy.ClassCCTaccuracyis+/10%,
therefore20%shouldbetheabsoluteminimum
settingwithgreaterthan30%preferred.ForLTC
applications,another+/10%isadded.
TheSlope2 regionisusedabovetheslope2
breakpoint,whichisnormallysetat2pu.Slope2
providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingduring
throughfaulteventswhereCTsaturationislikely.
Above2pucurrent,asignificantDCcurrent
componentwillbepresentandtherefore
saturationislikely.Slope2isnormallysetat60
80%.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatioandby
DifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,and
CTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContent
Availability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability

Whenatransformerisenergized,astepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageoccurs.
Thisstepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageresultsinoverfluxingthetransformer
core,causingmagnetizingcurrentsofupto10pu.
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
Duringinrush,transformersalsogeneratesignificantamountsofeven
harmonics.Theseevenharmonicscanbeusedtopreventundesired
differentialrelayoperationbyrestrainingthedifferentialiftheeven
harmoniccontentisaboveapresetlevel.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
OverExcitationPhenomena

Overexcitationoccurswheneverthetransformervoltageistoohighforthe
frequency. Overexcitationisexpressedasapercentage:

100

Transformersarenormallyratedforatleast105%overexcitation.Levelsabovethis
candamagethetransformer.
OverExcitationPhenomena

Aspercentoverexcitationincreases,magnetizingcurrentwillincrease.Without
appropriatelogic,thiscanleadmisoperationofthedifferentialschemeaheadof
dedicatedV/Hzrelays.
OverExcitationPhenomena

Thisadditionalmagnetizingcurrentisrichin5th harmoniccurrent.
Thisplotshowsthesamefaultrecordfilteredfor5th harmoniccontent.
OverExcitationPhenomena

Moderndigitalrelayshavelogic
thatincreasesthedifferential
elementsminimumpickupsetting
ifsignificant5th harmoniccurrent
isdetected
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns

Ifatransformerexperiencesaninternalfaulton
energization,theharmonicrestraintfeatureona
restraineddifferentialcoulddelaytripping.

Thereforerelayscommonlyemployasecondary,
unrestraineddifferentialelement.Ofcoursethis
elementmustbesetabovethemaximum
expectedinrushcurrent,normally812pu.
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns

InGEBDDandorWestinghouseHUtypes,an
instantaneousovercurrentunitinserieswiththe
differentialprovidesthisfeature.

Indigitalrelays,aseparatesetpointisprovided.To
testtheseelements,parallelcurrentchannelsas
necessaryandapplycurrentstoonesideofthe
differential.
UnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection

J.ScottCooper
MantaTestSystems,Inc.
2013MassachusettsAve.NE
SaintPetersburg,FL33703
scottc@mantatest.com

Вам также может понравиться