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TransformerDifferentialProtection
OpenLecture
OpenLecture
TransformerDifferentialProtection
Introduction:
Transformerdifferentialprotectionschemesare
ubiquitoustoalmostanypowersystem.
Whilethebasicpremiseoftransformerdifferential
protectionisstraightforward,numerousfeaturesare
employedtocompensateforchallengespresentedby
thetransformerapplication.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatio
andDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedbythe
TransformationRatioandDifferingCTRatios
CurrentMismatchCausedbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw:Atanynode,thesumofcurrents
flowingintothatnodeisequaltothesumofcurrentsflowingout
ofthatnode(fig1).
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1 I2
Node
I3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
BecauseofthetransformationratioandprobableCTratio
mismatch,transformerwindingcurrentscannotbedirectly
compared,buttheMVAoneachsidecanbecompared.
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
MVA1 MVA2
I1 I2 Transformer
Node
I3
MVA3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
Tocalculatethesecondarycurrentequaltooneperunit,the
followingcalculationsareusedoneachsideofthetransformer:
ForwyeconnectedCTs: TransformerVA
WindingTap
VL L CTR * 3
TransformerVA
FordeltaconnectedCTs: WindingTap 3
VL L CTR * 3
CurrentMismatchCausedbytheTransformationRatioand
DifferingCTRatios
Duringtesting,thedesiredstartingcurrentvaluesisdetermined
bymultiplyingthedesiredperunitcurrentbythetaptofindthe
equivalentsecondarycurrentforeachside.
PU desired WindingTap I test
Toconvertameasuredtripcurrenttoaperunitcurrent,divide
thecurrentbythetapforthatwinding.
I measured
PU measured
WindingTap
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Transformersfrequentlyemploy IA IB I a
DeltaWyeconnections.Not
onlydotheseconnections
introducea30degreephase
I B IC I
shift,buttheyalsochangethe b
makeupofthecurrents
measuredbytheCTs.For
differentialschemes,the
IC I A I
current cannotbedirectly c
comparedtocurrent .
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
IA IB I a
Primary
Secondary
Winding
Winding a
A
I B IC
Forelectromechanicaldifferential I b
relaysliketheHU,BDD,andCA, WB Wb
thesolutionfordeltawye
IC I A I
transformersistosimplyconnect c
theWinding2CTsecondary WC Wc
circuitsinadeltatomatchthe
primarymainwindings.
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
AngularDisplacementConventions:
ANSIYY, @0;Y ,Y@X1lagsH1by30
ANSImakeslifeeasy
Eurodesignationsuse30 incrementsofLAGfromtheX1bushingto
theH1bushings
Dy11=X1lagsH1by11*30=330
or,H1leadsX1by30
Thinkofaclock eachhouris30degrees
0
11 1
2
10
9 3 Dy1 = X1 lags H1 by 1*30 = 30, or
H1 leads X1 by 30 (ANSI std.)
8 4
7 5
6
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Therearealsoseveraltransformerrelaymanufacturerconventionscommonly
usedfordefiningthetransformerconnections.Thefollowingareexamplesfor
ABCrotationexceptwherenoted:
SEL387Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenanumber011,
whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreeleading angleincrements.
Eachwindingiscorrectedbacktozerodegrees.
Beckwith3311CustomMethod:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivena
number011,whichcorrespondstothenumberof30degreelaggingangle
incrementsrelativeofahypotheticalwyewinding.Windingcorrection
mostlymimicsoldconnectioncompensationschemes.
GET60Method:Inthisconventioneachwindingisgivenananglewhich
correspondstothelagging anglerelativetothedesignatedreference
winding.
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
Sowhatdoesallthismeanwhiletesting?
Hereisalistofcommonrelays,commonconnections,andtestangles(assumingset
topositiveangleslead):
Inallwyeconnectedwindings,thegroundprovidesawayforcurrent
toenterthedifferentialzonewithoutbeingmeasuredbyaphase
differentialCT.Thiscanunbalancethedifferentialduringexternal
phasetoneutralfaults.Ifthedifferentialprotectionistoresist
improperlytrippingforexternalfaults,thiscurrenthastobe
removedfromdifferentialcalculations.
IA IB I a
I B IC I b
IC I A I c
ZeroSequenceElimination
ThefirstremovalmethodistosimplyconnecttheCTsecondarycircuitin
delta.Thisstraightforwardmethodisusedinelectromechanicalandinsome
digitalrelayretrofitdifferentialapplications.
IA IB I a
Primary
Winding Secondary
Winding a
A
I B IC I b
WB Wb
IC I A I c
WC Wc
Differential A
Differential B
Differential C
ZeroSequenceElimination
IndigitalapplicationswithwyeconnectedCTsecondarycircuits,theground
currenthastoberemovednumerically.Thisisdonebyeitherconvertingthe
currentstodeltaquantitiesorbydirectlysubtractingcalculatedzerosequence
currentfromthedifferentialquantity.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheXaxisistheRestraintCurrentis
themeasureofcurrentinthe
transformer.Differentialrelay
sensitivityisinverselyproportionalto
restraintcurrent.Relay
manufacturersuseavarietyof
calculationslikethemaximumofthe
windingcurrentsortheaverageof
thecurrents.
TheYaxisistheDifferential/Operate
currentisthesumofallwinding
currentsafteramplitudeandangle
compensation.
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CT
Remanence,andCTTolerance
TheMinimumPickupregionisusedbetween
zeroandapproximately0.5perunitrestraint
current.ItprovidessecurityagainstCT
remanenceandaccuracyerrorsandisusuallyset
between0.3and0.5pu.
TheSlope1 regionisusedbetweentheminimum
pickupregionandtheslope2breakpoint.Slope
1providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingdueto
CTaccuracy.ClassCCTaccuracyis+/10%,
therefore20%shouldbetheabsoluteminimum
settingwithgreaterthan30%preferred.ForLTC
applications,another+/10%isadded.
TheSlope2 regionisusedabovetheslope2
breakpoint,whichisnormallysetat2pu.Slope2
providessecurityagainstfalsetrippingduring
throughfaulteventswhereCTsaturationislikely.
Above2pucurrent,asignificantDCcurrent
componentwillbepresentandtherefore
saturationislikely.Slope2isnormallysetat60
80%.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatioandby
DifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,and
CTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContent
Availability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
Whenatransformerisenergized,astepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageoccurs.
Thisstepchangeinmagnetizingvoltageresultsinoverfluxingthetransformer
core,causingmagnetizingcurrentsofupto10pu.
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
Duringinrush,transformersalsogeneratesignificantamountsofeven
harmonics.Theseevenharmonicscanbeusedtopreventundesired
differentialrelayoperationbyrestrainingthedifferentialiftheeven
harmoniccontentisaboveapresetlevel.
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
OverExcitationPhenomena
Overexcitationoccurswheneverthetransformervoltageistoohighforthe
frequency. Overexcitationisexpressedasapercentage:
100
Transformersarenormallyratedforatleast105%overexcitation.Levelsabovethis
candamagethetransformer.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Aspercentoverexcitationincreases,magnetizingcurrentwillincrease.Without
appropriatelogic,thiscanleadmisoperationofthedifferentialschemeaheadof
dedicatedV/Hzrelays.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Thisadditionalmagnetizingcurrentisrichin5th harmoniccurrent.
Thisplotshowsthesamefaultrecordfilteredfor5th harmoniccontent.
OverExcitationPhenomena
Moderndigitalrelayshavelogic
thatincreasesthedifferential
elementsminimumpickupsetting
ifsignificant5th harmoniccurrent
isdetected
ChallengestoUnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
CurrentMismatchCausedtheTransformationRatio
andbyDifferingCTRatios
DeltaWyeTransformationofCurrents
ZeroSequenceElimination
LTCInducedMismatch,CTSaturation,CTRemanence,
andCTTolerance
InrushPhenomenaandHarmonicContentAvailability
OverExcitationPhenomena
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
Ifatransformerexperiencesaninternalfaulton
energization,theharmonicrestraintfeatureona
restraineddifferentialcoulddelaytripping.
Thereforerelayscommonlyemployasecondary,
unrestraineddifferentialelement.Ofcoursethis
elementmustbesetabovethemaximum
expectedinrushcurrent,normally812pu.
SwitchOntoFaultconcerns
InGEBDDandorWestinghouseHUtypes,an
instantaneousovercurrentunitinserieswiththe
differentialprovidesthisfeature.
Indigitalrelays,aseparatesetpointisprovided.To
testtheseelements,parallelcurrentchannelsas
necessaryandapplycurrentstoonesideofthe
differential.
UnderstandingTransformer
DifferentialProtection
J.ScottCooper
MantaTestSystems,Inc.
2013MassachusettsAve.NE
SaintPetersburg,FL33703
scottc@mantatest.com