MINOR LOSS COEFFICIENT

CALCULATION

FLUID MECHANICS

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Contents
Title ............................................................................................................ Error! Marcador no definido.
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Procedure .................................................................................................. Error! Marcador no definido.
Results .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Discussion .................................................................................................. Error! Marcador no definido.
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................... 8
References .............................................................................................................................................. 9
List of Tables
Table 1 Experimental Data....................................................................................................................... 6
Table 2 Calculated Values of E and M ......................................................... Error! Marcador no definido.
Table 3 Calculated Value of Energy and Power Loss .................................... Error! Marcador no definido.
Table 4 Calculate value for y1 ..................................................................... Error! Marcador no definido.
Table 5 Calculate value for y3 ..................................................................... Error! Marcador no definido.
Minor loss coefficient calculation
The process to determinate this coefficient is given later in this report.

Objectives
Learn what is and how to calculate the minor loss coefficient
Understanding the head loss
Calculate the friction coefficient using Reynolds

Introduction

Losses due to the components of pipe systems (other than the straight pipe itself) are
termed minor losses and are given in terms of the dimensionless loss coefficient, KL.

Making an energy balance between 1 and 2.

= + ,

= + +
2

= + +
2

= + +
,
2 2

The flow rate is the same in 1 and 2, that means, = , and the height difference is
zero. The overall head loss equation is,

, = + , = ( . )

The overall head loss for the pipe system consists of the head loss due to viscous
effects in the straight pipes, termed the major loss and denoted hf, and the head loss in
the various pipe components, termed the minor loss and denoted hL minor. That is,

, = +
The head loss designations of major and minor do not necessarily reflect the relative
importance of each type of loss. For a pipe system that contains many components and
a relatively short length of pipe, the minor loss may actually be larger than the major
loss.
The above relationship between the head loss and the other physical variables can be
expressed as
"$
! =! ( . )
# %

This equation is called the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The dimensionless friction factor,
f, is a function of two other dimensionless termsthe Reynolds number based on the
pipe diameter and the relative roughness.

Minor losses can be expressed as

$
=& ( . ')
!
%

Replacing the equations 2 and 3 in the equation 1 we obtain that

) p
( ++ =
*2 2

For a fully open ball valve we assume that the pressure difference is approximately 0.
That means

)
+ +( =0
2 *2

Operating,

"
&=! ( . /)
#
We need to calculate only the friction coefficient. In order to make this calculation, we
have to know if we have turbulent flow. Using Reynolds number based on the pipe
diameter

44
012 =
5*
Then using Colebrook formula
We obtain the friction coefficient, and we have only to replace into the equation 4 this
value.

Results
Numbers of experiments were performed according to above mention procedure, with
different flow rates and data was recorded in the following table.

For a fully open ball valve as we saw in the experience we can depreciate the pressure
difference.

Table 1 Experimental Data

[in. H20] Q [ft3/h] T C 20

- 40 (20C) [ft2/s] 9,61e-6
- 80 g [ft/s2] 32,174
- 100 k/D 1,025e-7
k [mm] 0,0015 D [ft] 0,02083

Following table were generated by using the formula for Reynolds number

1 44
012 = = 141291,905
@ 5*
012 > 4000 DEFGEH1IJ (HKL

In order to calculate the friction coefficient, we are going to use the Colebrook equation
by Iteration.

1 O/* 2,51
= 2HK N + S
M( 3,7 012 M(R

X
O/* 2,51
( = TU2HK N + SV W
3,7 012 M(R

Valuating from (R = 0,015, the results are recording in the following table. In order to
select a correct value for the friction coefficient, we assume that |(Z (ZX | < 10X\
 Iteration f1 f0
1 0,0170 0,015
2 0,0167 0,017
3 0,0168 0,0167
4 0,0168 0,0168
5 0,0168 0,0168

( = 0,0168

Now, we need only the equivalent length to finalize this calculation. This value is a
dimensionless and it is expressed as 2

Ball valve, full bore is 3. 2 = 3

Using these values in the equation 4 we obtain the minor loss coefficient.

&=!
"
_, _ `a ' & _, _c_/
#
Graphics
Q [ft3/h] 40 60 80 100 120 140
Re 70645,9525 105968,929 141291,905 176614,881 211937,858 247260,834
f 0,01937375 0,01778366 0,01676833 0,01603814 0,01547564 0,01502241
K 0,05812125 0,05335097 0,050305 0,04811441 0,04642692 0,04506724

Minor loss coefficent

0,07
K, minor loss coefficent

0,06
0,05
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Q [ft3/h]

In this diagram we see the variation of the minor loss coefficient around the theoretic value of 0,05.

Friction coefficient
25

20
f, friction coefficient

15

10

0
0,00 20000,00 40000,00 60000,00 80000,00 100000,00 120000,00
Reynold number

We see a typical logarithmic graphic this result from the use of a logarithm in the Colebrook equation.
 Variation of the Reynold number with
the flow value
300000

250000
Reynolds number

200000

150000

100000

50000

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Q [ft3/h]

In this graphic we see the linear function of the Reynolds number.

Conclusion
Because the valve is full open, it is like a very short pipe. And we could to depreciate the
pressure difference in order to simply the calculations. This assumption coincides with the result
of the experimental experience.
Most of the equations have the value of the diameter in forth power, or squared. This means
that the geometry is the most important element that causes head loss in valves.

References
Dr. Khalil M. ALASTAL (n.d) Fluid Mechanics Lab Experiment 13 [online]
Available (http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-13-4-
hydraulics-lab-2.pdf )
By R. V. RAIKAR (n.d) Experiment 6.7 hydraulic jump, LABORATORY
MANUAL HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES.
Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering: Thermodynamics, Fluid
Mechanics, and Heat Transfer. Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro,
Bruce R. Munson, David P. DeWitt