2. ~tf.?J?

r ~"Z" L- J: ?J O) ~;m1*
"s~"??t.:\"\
~!
,;t~
L-:f- O) ~
-c tJ'Afl>
~ ~ MB Bil
;tA..~J::<
(: 1~ ~ ~ .
?t.:
ft ~
9t.\~)J::?

Plain form of "c- L- J: ?" Conveys the speaker's idea in a circumlocutory manner.

Speculation
r-c-L-J:?J ~fi~%offl~~.~*~e2~.m~~~m~~
r-"Z" L- J:?J 2./ ~~};il. 'tN::: N~2./ ~2{~ B-~N){I ~~c~. ?::;.

3. ~f/) tf.?J ? tJ\

r ~ o) "Z" L- J: ? tJ, J O) ~;m1*
.;, 'J?t""
. '1= ~
v'
z: t (;I:'"Z" 1~ tJ
'JV'
n ~o ~.u",9(:
ff 'bA-
J~'
ti'b
? z: t ~T ~ (: r",9
,"10" t
l, \ tJ,

(t~
Plain form of "(f)"Z" L- J: ? tJ, ." Used in written language. A polite way of presenting

one's question
r - (f) c- L- J: ? t.J' J ~ fi ~ % o ffl ~ .:j:rmr:>c]\[. iHL ~5rJl!!J(t e 2 ~ IJ1Hk rOJ ~ ~>~ 1m

~~i~ rOJ

r- (f) c- L- J: ? tJ, J 2./ ~ ~};il . ft':~};il 011

Ai .AA'2J q. 2./ft':A c1g ::;.:! ~ ~3 o~Jil i:::
c~.

4. ~f) (ttJtf.!: (,\

~ (j: ~ ~
v'A-v'
G nf.!: l, \0 ~ (j: l' fJ~' f.I: l, \

Se inconceivable/should not be the case

~!!.1t-
X"IH~ o l' ~ -

5. rf) (ttJ~f.!:(,\J t ff) (t -r ,;tf.!: (,\J f/)!tJ.I

-!tI,. \ ~)

Review of ";tJ (1 tJ~'tJ'\, \" and ";tJ Wc' (j: tJ' \, \"

r;tJ (1 tJ~'lJ:\, \ J ;fo r;tJ (1 c- (j: lJ: \, \ J f,Jf(ffl1!

r;tJ (1 tJ~'tJ'l, \ J Qj- r;tJ (1 c- (j: tJ' l, \ J 2./ ~ 2..1

7. rV}v;::t/NJ;::-f
~$ ~oo ~ ~ 9"
'i!.<';".<'" il56to

Expresses emphasis
*:if:5g'd~

8. lb~iiJO) !i' IB&

c'", L; L;.<';'}'i'<
Omission of verb

9. J:: ~J~

PJiW J: ~) t -:J C

More than before

tU~mr~-
ol~~q Ci

1. ~t{'\?N *~-:>-r{'\?N
NO)i*J~' !'!.1*1Jtl AE~~ ~ 9" /N1 tf N21"d.l{J;:' C ~ ~ 9"
id:1.\J:'5 <' t.:l.\tLt,\ ""Cl.\{f il?St.> a?6b

Indicates what N is, provides an example, and defines it./lndicates that Ni is the
same as N2.

*:if: N ~ pg.w, ~1*.171JtD;EX / *:if: NI t-J N20

N 2.j Lfj,gOILt .:r~~I~<2.l ,~2.j~ 0:11 LtEH1!q .IN1 01 N2 ~~ LtEH\:!!C~.

2. N 'i t" ~ '1 t.H \

~J: *&~~9"
i"'l5.<"''i!IO'" i!;6to

Indicates the superlative

3. t~ f3C O) ~ IJ!O)!& IjJ
o !J'< OJ; ';(fA itC' ')
Review of expressions of comparison
bt$~*!.mB~~lf

4. ~<,E,\,'/< E,\,'
ti~~a~~Mio~~~~~~mi~~T~~
E? ~ 15cl::?t.:L\ -CI..' c: t.::l.'\"l~ tLL\ "?7J' ~&v

Shows the degree of an action or condition through metaphors and examples

~ffl~~~~$. ~~~~~~**~~~~~~~wm

5. N1J\E,99t
fft;. . *Ij wr ~
,e")J;'; I~Atc.A
tlH911
~A"'J;
i ~~ [.,/1)

Shows the grounds for speculation and judgment

*~ ;fD~Ij lm ~ 1* f.@
itHJ' =Ii 5g!~

6. (J.u"'i8~r,,t~:) ~J, ~ ci::

",' 'tA;::: ",- 'tA-S'A

7. r~
,,;
* [;
J ,;:? \,, "'C ~
J:
;tJ

1. rVT/NJ ht*
~tJ> 01~t'~ t
i!t

AII the time since ~

2. friI~'5
tJA,

~.;.
T?~~?
tffPIv\"Z..
~~
t:a: ~
~5n
9
Indicates a large amount/number of something
*~~~z.~

3. 3t ~ (])tj:I(]) rZ. . -t' J

~S{f..l..,~? ~tJ,

M
:Uo
o "Sl:.(:
,5(A,
tl:l-c ~
CO
tc. tJ 0 :a:1'~9
'"

Refers to something mentioned in a previous sentence

1~rm w Y:. ~ Il lJiI, i1 l~ :$~
~ -EE~OH qg LH.g~ qE.~'d!q.

~!G
,ttJ
=F tJ ~=F tJ
M'-C
:tt
"'~?-::>?
Ji (:~Q ':) -c
L,
Iv \.@ t~-2I--
liM'
r~ J

t
-c

e: S 1.)' -15
l,.\"?f~?
:b~'
~Q ':) -c
L,.
Iv \ .Q t~ -21
Ii .:151.\
-- r f J

*' Use of "-t " and " d.> " in conversation:

When both the speaker and Iistener know the subject ---+ "d.>"

When only the speaker or Iistener knows the subject ---+ "-t"
*,~i.'&~~ r-td.>J
~m&~~~~~~~W~~~:$~M--rd.>J
~m&~~-~~~~~:$~M --r-tJ
*:2:j2j- gQj r-t.d.>J
~o~:::NEJ5: ~::: A~EJ5: Ai~ <'-.:J:1. ~l::: LH.g~ ~-'?-- r d.>J
~ g 0-1 L 2J-~V <'-.:J:1. ~l::: LH.g~ ~-'? -- r -t J

r~ t Iv \ -3 "Z.. t t'=J (i "Z.. t 'i'''?~m0;i;p*:a: :::'/::iJ'5 c' J;

~
~5n
9

"~t \,\? .:. t t~" indicates the meaning of the word or matter
r ,.......,'-~ t, \ -~~~J
'J <- c- JC- ~-~~~_I~-rn
~7J'1~ /~/C' R .9.x,-=rt FJ R'J

r~t\,\?':' tt~J ::: ~olq 0-11f1

~2.j A~~~ L~E.~'d!q.

5. V}~ * Z; '5 f.I: L\ / V }~ * z.. '5 f.I: <~ (= T ~ &\~H:j:

L}?J:?
tJ \,\)
 ~~jh1&(J) ~jt ~ . ~jt 55t(J)~1l: 1f: ~ 9"
l,\ c.'?::: t.5J:?t~L\ l5J:?~J:? ""'-AtJ, 56;b

Indicates the condition or situation of something after movement

*~f~Zi.fJ zJ~~fD~~5t 81 ~ 1-t

1. ~.g.JJJ~liJ(Vv.t~9 ;AU)
.,,< ;::':;/:':; L, :::

1) ~t~9"

~Fs~BJ ili m 1f:~ 9" *F7UiS

< :;IN.,,,,L,IO")(1h. il;Gb ti'c' L,
Indicates spatial appearance of something *' Commencement
*~~ lB] '/1 B1 tlHR *' 1H~
~0?ij~~~ LfEHJjq. *7HAI
2) ~Jl,<tJ

< ?iJ'A. -C~ t.' E? ;S:b l;!<Jl ?~S{A.

Indicates spatial movement of something *' Completely

*~~ lB] '11 81f%Zi.JJ *,1E1Jfu

2. D1:J~liJ+rQ)J
l5~ L,

3. rVlv/NQ)J ~ E:j:I ~
/: ~IO:;

7:lt~ G tJ \,\
J: ~
t \,\-).::.
.l J7 / A O) i*J ~
fJ:l,'J:?
t.J~1&
? lJ
0 (: ~
-Y5
<

Followed by a remark indicating unexpectedness or surprise

m ~ J ~~ rtJ ~ ~ I::IP.F-lin f4 z 91' 811~ ~

Ojj:JIj;1 \?-A-:=' fj~A2.j LHgol ~Ojl olo-j~q.

6. rv~t;:-3J rV~'t'tJ\~}J rv~tt.:A.J (})~JI
-ft l. \ ~)

Review of "V,> t z..7:J," "V,d;f'jJH) ," and "V,> t t.:lv"

r V '>t z..7:JJ r V '>(1'tJ\f) J r V '>t t.: Iv J ffH~JI

rV,>tz..7:JJ rV,>(;f'tJ\f)J rV,>tt.:lvJ 2.j -2:j2.1

~m ~%'=;&"".Q ~ I],
7J>Ii.JJ~\' ~:;'! (J) t}~:HfA.

Stating one's strength of emotion at the beginning of a sentence

5t * ~ ~'t~ 81*!.m

1. Vn"?"?~.Q (=t':A.t':A.~1"(,\.Q)
~ ~ z.
tJ>
t 'tC'1~tJ -otJ>
n.Q o iMi='\'!'i=ffl tJ~'
C'? '" '" J:?
d.> .Q:/JrPJt= ~1t L, 1" \,\.Q Z.
I~?::? A.1c tJ>
t ~~
J6GIo
9

Used in written language. Indicates a movement or an operation is changing

towards a certain direction

fflT~OO~~o*~~~, ~ffl~R~~~~T~~~~
g-2J-);~IOjIA-jN~H~j . -~olq ~gol o-j~ ~gj=o~ ~9:j-o~.::!2~J~ ~~ qE.~'J

2. ~ -t l=J:I li:'- ,::

;;",?~Ic

~ ~ ~}i!iU= L,1"
~ cic
With ',,-,' as the base point
~~- JJ~}~;

4. ~;aJJJ~liJ ~~;aJJJ~liJ(})~JI
l..' L., c'oj L...
t U 1,,\ L c'-j L., itl,.\ ~}

Review of volitional and non-volitional verbs

~$~1'6JfD7C~$~1'6J 81!,u1
QjAI N9-J- Sf-2.jAI A~ 2.j -2:j 2.1
 !li! !M tJ{] t!.
-Ch,lt"-c>!

Typical
~~'11JrJ

6. ~~f' (= -t oj t!.)

1. ~i!i[,,;:t,;t:'
(t:(,:

2. N~: ?-r t
~(})1Lt.~ tp S j! {, to *IJ ~\!' ~f 1ffii(}) i*.i W 1i1~-3 ':i%7'C <
to!' I! d; 11h,tA 1}J;";iJ' :(':".1:"; ";L, -:>-:5
From the standpoint of .......-.
Preceded by content with judgment or evaluation
AJ. - JrJ
.fz. Jm *~ o j- ~ )c7JJiHr ~IjWT :sX;lm ~jif 111 JrJ
p;j ~

.......-2.1~~OjIAi !i!.\:! . E-801Q ~J~2.j LH~OI .!f-jOjI OIOi~C~.

~ ill. a~~ 'Iw ~IH: ~

>!"'"iJ>h,-C>! [;J;";I~"; 'bl::.
-:5 < *IJ ~ {~OO
11h,t.'h, c'h,.;'h,
o ~!~l
1;1:(,:
\,\ {,~ m ,: M ~ l {fuA.~ ~
;:l::.tJ'& to" to 1:h,~1::.
d.> {, C:\,\ ? ~
>!J;
, ~~ 1J~'d.> {, o
'J tJ>h,

Judgment or hearsay based on objective information. Indicates the speaker is at

a distance from what has happened or been said and referring to a third party
*m~~~.JrJ~WT. #~o~~~m~JrJ.~,~.-~~e2~*JrJ.=~JrJ
m~:~m\L
5. ~t ~to:6
11iiE *= 1*
iJ> "t"1..\(5.J:;?ttA.

Subjunctive condition
1~lJE~1tj:

6. ~ ~iiJ fIJ ifIi i1l

"'" [, [,,,,,01 l,." <-!t-?

7. ?'77~~t;
J;

1. N f': 6 't
~~oH)
E01 [,-?
O) tJf~ .;. ::B:1 L--r \, \ -r
to 'J.<01 'tA.~"
ci:: < id:'\, \ ~ i~
1;.< O1to"

Indicates that something has a lot of something similar, which is undesirable

~~~~tl~~*~*~~~~~~~-~~~~~

4. ~ t: hll~ ("t)
t t t
<t.>

~ "* C' ~ "? to: O) :: ~IJO) O) ~ nO ~.Q ~ ~ ;: (;f C' ci:: < 1~tJ n .Q
\,.\* r{? <::f? tJ> 'Ji

Indicates that something has been added to what already exists. Often used in
written language
~ ~ ~ E ~~ ~ $~Lt ~1mA~Ij ~ i1\.J
~, ~ ffl ~ ~ W)C~
AI;;;mAI ~<XiE:! ~()jl c~;::~~ ?J~~q. g~};~I()j1~ Ngc~.

Review of "(j:" and "ti"

rj:J 1<DrtlJ ~~ll
r tj: J Qj- Ul J Qj ~ 2.1
 ft< ~ . frJ 1;- . ~ Ji O) i*J ~ 1t ;zt "" .Q
l.' 61,\ ct)l.';f1t.\ ~A.. L- 7d:1,\J:.'5 (j)

States the content of a request, command or prohibition

mT*:lt~HL i[J~. ~lt81 J*.J~Si

7. ~*"ii~iiJ' iiiU~iiJO)flJ!
-lt?'/,,< L, ,s< L, -lto' 'J

Review of conjunctions and adverbs

J!1'6Jto m'11'6J 81 ~ II

1. ~ t:. 9" ~..f.I: L'

~8~ . ;. ~ ':~~~0)1!t ~ 1t ~$ ~ffJ T.Q
L,?,,,, 'J"'?,'" n' c 0-< "''''?"5'''?
Emphasizes the low level of something in terms of quality or quantity
5$.i~JP:--1:3 ~ ~~.1E~z 1~

2. ~~ jt~t;t:'

rIi -
KJH,\l.,\,":)
O) * 1* 1t 1& xE 9" .Q
l5J:.?~t/i. tJ' Tl.\
Presupposes an only or particular condition
xi ut - 81 *" 14' 1m ~) 1~1
JE:

Review of "~~ ," "~tJ}," and "z.-t"

r~ ~ J r ~ tJ} J r z. -t J ~ ~II
r~ ~ J r~ tJ} J r z. -t J Qj ~ 2-1

4 . ~ t L' ? ti O)"'(' ,;I: f.I: L,/ ~ t L'? ti 0)"'(' ti f.I: L'

(= ~:b (t C' (;I: tJ. \" / ~:b ,t C' tJ tJ. \, \)

d.> ~ ffll: ItSItJ> G)! l, \~~ (: 7J ~ PJtm11 tJ~' d.> ~
lfh..L'h.. b':@ lt'? tJ) fp 0"J'5-lt1,\

Indicates the possibility of a certain cause leading to an unfavorable effect

~ ~A$~ ~ ~DJ~g~3&/F~Hrg ~ *
1) ~ (f) sl:
-g- ,::
~ -ttJ\.
';J: t' Iv ;/J t (f) ti d.> f) * 9" fp o

2) -g- ~
SJ\.~<ij~~.~
~ j! t \,\oj (f) ';J:1iiJ ~ 9"
CJ\.
fp o

-g-~ ~ j!(f)$
3) sA..tJ"'<~)J::?';f? f.;:.tJl
~-.M*;/J t (f) ';J:1iiJ~
(,\'5(!A.iJ>A..t.:A.. 1;;:.1...
9" tJ'o

1) ,,'" j- 1>. (f) \, \ \, \;je * ';J:1iiJ ~ 9" tJ, o

*
;~ 15 CJ\.

2) 8 ::$; -\'9
I: I~J\.
$ ~ ~gIII
"5",~~'<;::; ItJ\.
~ ~
~s
p nl \, \ .Q ;je
;~
';J:1iiJ ~ 9" tJ, o
CJ\.

t \,\
15

3) =!= ~
*/:J/
~ r18 18J oj j- /- 1'\ - ,:: ~ \,\ 1iU~ tJ~'"":)<
to~' :/a ttJ\.
f!
'J
EtH;J: 1iiJ ~ 9" tJ, o
i<J>~ CJ\.

1) rS t ~0 \,\ t \,\oj t J z. ,j;' ';J:8 ::$; ~

I: I~J\.
';J:C' oj r~' P
s't
nl \,\ * 9" tJ, o

2) ?I)"F' I[..;j-~Iv';J:C'oj ~l r~\'\8::$;J t'=tr~'\'\* ~f;::.tJ'o

'i"; I: I~J\. s't
3) ? I) j7 I [..;j- ~ Iv ';J: 8 ::$; A..
I: I~J\.
*l ~
1O ~ ~ 9"
:/aJ\.
ti, ~ 8 "'"
::$; ,:: "":) \, \
I: I~J\.
l C' oj
~, -:J l \,\ * 9" tJ, o
s't

1) < ~ -\'" # ,;J:::$; *,

.J\.6"
1iiJ ~
>l:1: 'fl:
jH:: t~
s ~ t.= -t oj t 9" .Q t (f) ~ 9" tJ, o

2) 8::$;~
I: I~J\.
';J:< ~ -\'" # ';J:-~~r-.H:: C' Iv ;/J-g-~
".,I!J\.'~
~ ~ nl
sl: "Sb
\,\ * 9" tJ'o

1) \,\"":);::'0 ti
I:
-:J t.::q:~~
~",~J\.
9" tJ, o
2) ~ IIH;J: 1iiJ ~
~~~J\. C~
$ 1[,\ ,:: J
"5",~~J\. ~<
0> n l \, \ * 9" tJ, o

3) z. (f) A ';J: ~ III,:: "":)\,\ l C' oj r~' -:J l \,\ * 9" tJ, o
V'I: ~ ~;tJ\. s't

1) ffl
1': J:~
(f) oj ~ (f) 8 ,:: ~
V' ss < (f) A tJ~'~ r-:, .Q
V'I: to
t (f) ~;J:1iiJ ~ 9" tJ, o
CJ\.

2) ffl
1:' J:~
(f) oj ~ (f) 8 (f)
V'
''1i::J
-!tJ\."J\.
l::: - ';J:1iiJ~ ivH:: 1-'F0>
CJ\.:/aJ\."';t ~<
n * ~t.: tJ, o

3 ) ~ iffi ~ iJ ~ ,:: ~ r-:, 0> nl \, \ .Q ~

't(])
';J:1iiJ ~ 9" tJ, o
CJ\.

*,:: *~~
~>J\.~" -tt~",J\. to

4) ~ r iJ ~ (f) l' ~ J ~ M= t, ~~ Iv t.=(f) ';J: t.=n ~ 9" tJ, o

~'J\.I:~ -!t~,"J\. ",I: '" 't
1) 'JHt\'
iJ;"
\ z. ji~;b
;,
.Q O) '. 1iiJaif z:' 6
f.<'" l5
t' "91J~ o

2) r ~ \'" Iv Z. J t ~lHCn.Q f4J: 'J.t?

:tI ,;:::'.1iiJ
'J f.:
1J~'.A-:J
IH'
l \,\"* "9 1J~o

3) im ~~ -:J t::. Z. t c' ;ff~,;:::

1J~' Iv tJ. tJ. -:J l ~ ft "* "9 1J~o
li", IJ: ti't05 iJ;6tJ

1) E11J~S O)
/J)
'I~~~
l5.t?I~?
t \,\? t' "9 1J~
O) '. 1iiJ
f.<'"
o

2 ) ~ - ~p ~ ~ 5~ E9" .Q tJ O) O) * t', E11J~S O) 1~~~t :EJ: 1J~ S O) 1~~~ t,

t':'\"'\"\'5l,\A.GJ::? tj "?"('l.\ ~iJ~ ~ L;J::?I.i? J.;.,lj. 15J:?~.i?
c ~ S 1J~'*- 15\,\ t' 9" 1J~
;,;,
o

3) -ffl9:A{j ,;:::'.
"..,(t",c~
F139
1:",11",
'. 1iiJ1J~'*-tl.Jt.=
f.<1: to""?
t ~" ;b ft l \, \ "* "91J~o

4) IS -511J~'~
l5 ~S{fi.. l,.\
\, \ t::. \, \ Z. t ~J: ~)5dJ~~ ;:..:.5 iJ~ -r'<!
(;:::1i:;t
?t::.
.Q t::. 6b (;::: '.1iiJ
Jd::t.:
1J~'&\~
O'?J:'5
t' 9"1J~ o
I , 4. 1 ) CD z.. Iv tJ ~=~ l \,\~
.8 ?to
tJ~'~ ~ tJ \,\
?to
I\-r-'1'-
",
-,
-
~
... ,/
/
;b ~ttJ~'tJ \,\0 1J 5' :;f -T (= ~

iJr (.; L\;:: ,;t:'(1).~t EI

~S#J:
Ji -:J -r \,\ .@ 1BltJ~'~ tJ~'~ \, \ tJ ;b
#n?~ .6
1. CD~l~
to(f)
)~~~
S '?
~~~t~
l.,"'
~t tJ~'tJ \,\ o @ -g- mJ tJ
sA S
1Bl
n>n
tJ~'~ tJ~'
?to
lJ' *fJ~
i!5 I>'?
)!~ ? n l ~
tJ>?I;f'?
1~!l tJ ;b ~t tJ~'tJ \,\
: < t.'
0~ ?
tJ~''1'
o
t::. A"

7J l JJ. ~ 5~ 'I~JJ. l ~
;f-i ~ tJ 1Bl tJ~'~ ~ ~=tJ n ;b ~ttJ~'tJ .@
#~ .AS~?~. 80 to tJ>n tJ, l5~

2. 1) *fJ~ 2)) ~~ ~ 3) 1~JJ. \'\0

I>'? S '? ~.
4) ~lf' 2) CD11tl: EI;$:~i3tJ~'~j5
-tt tJ \,\
J:'O::: nc' I: '~I>- =' ,~~

19tl :
nl.,\
'* \,\
~9
@11tl::W3
:hl.,\ V'J:.? ~
~O)

~~I1E1(1).~ 019tl : ~ E19~ ~

nc' *"':S"'A"~?
l-r \,\ .@ 1Bl
tJ'n
tJ~'

1 . 2) CD ~
8C'
~Ijffl
'J J:?
19t1: 1@$5t /
nc' t> t'A
Jr ffl
V> J:?
5. 1 ) CD;b ~ tJ~'tJ \,\t ;b t
~ tJ~'tJ \,\

@19tl : -lj- /' 7' JI; ~;$: @;b ~t l" [j: tJ \,\ t
0 ;b ~ tJ~'tJ \,\

*
nc' li- I~A

2. 1) CD19t1: j~.@
nc'" J:
aFl O)
tJ>
J.&!
,.
2:' V1i titJ>to
;b ~tl" [j: tJ \,\
~=J: -:J -r ~ -:J -r ~ te. 6.1)CDt@
cJ>t Sli
19t1: ...t
nl.,\ 3S
ti -:J -r \,\ < te. 6? o CD;b te. l O) IiU ~ te. \, \ -g-~
SAtJ'<
[j: -=E-
~ '\'!>I
<~* :::? L;~?
t~ tite9" co 2t.n~~ -r
t' .,'
':I J7 JI; l'- O) r:y
l3 l" 9" o
.~<
.I
\, \ .@ tJ' 6 te. o @* Ji! ""k.li. O) 11 Iv l" \,\ .@ alT
6C'l5I;>?t'tt'S" *s
~=)Qf
1I'"
3. 1 ) CD tJ -tf EI ;$: tj: ~ < O)
I: I~A l5A 1I~
ti Ji
,~.
\,\ O) lJ' ~=ff'
c'
< -:J tf) te. o

te. 6 ? f.P o tJ -tf EI;$: [j:

I: I~Al5A
r? 2) CD?~ m [= \,\ \,\
V> t5.t?
t O) tJr l" ~ '* l
clvJ '\'!> r-f[;fJ ~-g-~.lz:-r-r te. o
st to
~
~
'" .@ O) te. 6 ? f.P o @ tJ -tf EI
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O) {j.Q ( 1$ (j .Q ) make progress
o \,\ (= 15 (;~H3) visit to Japan
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#-j-:;<, bonus
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tc. \, ";J:: Iv (::k-*) the majority
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(= Iv ltlv (AFI3~) humans
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c::ttJ? ({"*?) accompany
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L-h- stain
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l5 ~ (a~j!!~) time

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tC.l (ti) longitudinally
tc. \, \ ~'\, \ 9'"'.Q O*1:E 9'"'.Q) sojourn
tc. Iv Z: (*~g) word
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z. < it ~ (OO*i) nationality
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d.J S tJ -g (~-g) indicate
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tJ> [\,\lj'~
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j7vJI,-~- allergy
/:J) <" ;Ut -@ (S I" \ L: ~] (~;l::ft -@ (~L: ~ ] ) be blessed [with love]
tJ> tJ> -@ (j7 V JI,- ~ - L: ~ ] suffer [from an allergy]

7 '7 A ]1JI; 7 )7

tj' S Iv z: (001if~~D onomatopoeia

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t3. Iv 't) (!ill{g) apartment block
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t.:t.:1';!::\'\ atmosphere
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z: Ji. 1.5 (/j\~) path
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V- (E3) sunlight
d.>lf.Q (V-~~J (j~lf'.Q (E3 ~~J) receive [sunlight]
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st1'n.Q (ID5n.Q) visit
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(~~t.:~J)
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tli I,; \,\ ~ t ,;t(])~~

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(a; Iv 'iIv (*~) rea/ part
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tf\, \ ~ (~%.) business climate
7JI \, \ ,s' < "9.Q ( lElqj[ "9 .Q) recover
\,\ L., ~ (~~) awareness
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's' ? tf\, \ (J!l~) scenery
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C: ? ~'\,\ OlfG) the east and the west
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C: ? ~'\,\ ~ Iv '1 < (:*iffir-l!i~t) four directions
L.,fi)l C: ("~iB) capital
C: L., (iBm-) city
li-::>"9.Q O~"9.Q) be adjacent [to]
cJ) Iv li ~ ( ffii UO area
~A..\'\(a:?::t-D (~SjI1J::t-D) ~ square kilometers
C:~\'\ (iBi*J) inside metropolitan Tokyo
l5 fi)l ? t;: < '5 (1~:t1!!) residential area
~ '* (J) T (Llf(J)=F) uptown
L.,J: ? 15' J: ? '5 \,\ ~ (rffi~:t1!!:tg\\) commercial zone
L., t;: '* '5 ( """F mJ) downtown
C: ? ,S~ OIHm) eastern part
z. ? ~ J: (~"*) Imperial Palace
*- C l5 J:? (jI? P1) Edo Castle
~ C: (~iiJ) ruins
'5 fi)l ? L.,Iv ,S~ ( .p 1[,' flB) central part
&';ltt.Q (1Rtt.Q) go through
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(J) '1 .Q (~ 7JI ~ ~ J (J:.Q (,& ~ ~ J ) go up [the hill]
'::1'7/:::] swing
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tJ' -:) ""( once
7 )'''.1 ~:::J / fashion
(nt- ~'\,\ (lJH:) nowadays
.:l'=' iz '.1 7 A 7 J7 '.1 ~:::J / unisex fashion
(f ~ d: '39.@ (1t*19.@) wear make-up
f::"YA piercing
fGf)e: forming an array
z.-:J~ (OOni) national flags
tJ> '// >? < O~ < ) shine
z: f) Iv (li~) the Olympics
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~ Iv ;I- ~' I) A" (~;I- ~. I) A ,,) gold medalist

1'10)(

tJ>lvf '3 (~Ml) comments

7' '7 A Y JI; 7 J7

\,\~ (f.ll:Ji:) location

'i ~ d: (:f;~pJf) place
tJ: tJ: 6b ( i~6b ) diagonal
~ d: '3 6b Iv CiEffi] ) front
t;' tJ> \, \ ( iPJ tJ> \, \ ) across
-:) ~ i5 t.: f) (~~ ~ t.: f)) end
tJ> Z. t;' (00 t;' ) enclose
6b1v9.@ (ffi]9.@) face
\'\~9'@ (f.ll:Ji:9.@) be situated
f'3 (5S'3) along
e: '3 ~ d: '3 tJ Iv O~:*)~) Tokyo Bay
e: (iiB) Tokyo Metropolis
n -:J e: '3 (~Ij~) archipelago

~O)~-y
l\v/91/7'- Valentine's Day
i -:) ,s' Iv (~1~) traditional end of winter
-lf'Iv;:' (M1~) around
t~?~?0~V (ffl~?0~B) day of the ox in midsummer
,S\ C:: * ~l' 0 (:t:~ ~ l' 0) thick rolled vinegared rice
:J3 it ~ f) J: ? f) (:J3 it ~ Jt4l.f) traditional New Year dishes
? ~~' eel and rice dish

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\,\~tJ.Iv15~? (1iF~) all the year round
tJ> ~i -t-> ~ (tJ> ';f:tjt ~) spitchcock
? f) ~ tf' (;yc f) J:. ,1') sales
tJ. ivA. \,\ ~ Iv (iFSfZ:t5J) yearly average
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A t l5 t2 \,\ (5Ip aif1t) Edo Era
~ -:) ';f --c ,t?
0 (!!Hf --c ~jj lC) prevention of summer lethargy
itlvC'Iv:::JI:::"- (''1~:::Jt:-) advertising copy
~ tJ> Iv OmF~9) period of time
--c\,\~,\" < 9-@ (tE~9-@) be firmly grounded
tJ> lvi:: \,\ (~jt) Kansai
A'a:?*~ (~j)~~) Ehomaki rolled sushi
A 'a:? (~j)) lucky direction
tJ< (rPJ<) face
\, \ -:J ~ i;:: (- ~ i;:: ) in one bite
z.? ? Iv ($J.i) good fortune
:J3:J3--c (**) major
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tJ> Iv C::? (~:~O Kanto
t~z.tJ (M'5~tJ) bring in
V0~-@ ([t~-@) spread
l J: ? ~' J: ? 0 ~~' (~~~~) commercialism
l J: < it\,\tJ>-:) (~~)!) food Iife

Wr L- l,\;:: t 'O)~~
ta: -:J tJ>\,\ t? (~b4iJ:):) Hokkaido
C:: ? ta: < O~:~!:) Tohoku
'5 ~ ? ,s~ (~ i!B) Chubu
~ Iv ~ (lli~) Kinki
~ ~ ? Z' < ('5 ta:? J (~OO [t-fuj))) Chugoku [Region]
l Z. < (ImOO) Shikoku
~ ~ ? 0 ~? (jL!1"") Kyushu
:J3 ~ ~:t? ()~a) Okinawa
l;.~S9 (.5!~9) review
tJ- j' curve
jj'- i" v-JI" guard rail
tJ. Iv tJ~'l5 J:? (iFjt~~) New Year's card
~BlJiEl
tJ> ~ z.. t (i' (:;: ~ t 'i') z.. written language
(j. tJ '-' z.. t (i' (~l5'-' t (i') z.. spokenlanguage
z.. -j ~ -Civ (3Z~}i!:O interseetion
-j *n tJ>;tJ.Q (~* n ~;tJ .Q) be born again
f) ~ -jtJf< 9.Q (-m~9.Q) study abroad
'-' ~ -j '-' J: < 9.Q (!t1~9.Q) get employed
c\I)\,\ '-' '-' ~ -j '-' J: < it-:l (~~iiJ1~~f!ijJ) noun qualifying elause
it Iv J: -j '-' '\" f) J: -j (Wffl]/[j'ilij) exelusive train
(1 -j (~~)
J: -j request
1t.1v/}'57 (F9/}'57) pie graph
'-'c\I).Q (~c\I).Q) oeeupy
S nit Iv /)' 5 7 (1fin*v~/)' 57) line graph
-f -j 9.Q (!~hQ 9.Q)
tJ> inerease
tf'lv '-' J: -j 9.Q (j~'9.Q) deerease
s ~ z.. t,' (~~ ~ c) go down
-j tJ ~'O) (1 f) (-j tJ ~'~ f)) spiral rise
O)rJ (1$tf') inerease
c\I) tf. -:l [ O) 7.1' ti~) (I fL -:l [1$ tJ tJ~'~ ) ) stand out
(1 '1 roughly
J: z.. ';t' \, \ ( fl (;f \, \ ) leveling out
(1-j /}'57 (~/}'57) bar graph
< S ~.Q (J;~~.Q) eompare
() tJ> < 9.Q (J;~~x9 .Q) eompare

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it \,\~ J: -j ~ (P.lt~JJj) growing period
~ J: -j '-' J: < (~J3~) breakfast
'-' ~ -j tJ> Iv tJ> (~'I'11~) habitualization
1t. \, \ ~ J: -j (wJ~) influenee
c: (j.1v ~ ( ~Jj~) vending maehine
-j.QS-j ()~-j) be swoilen
c: -:J tJ> Iv 9.Q (~ ffi& 9 .Q) realize
t: -j f) J: -j (~1f) eoileague
;tJ tJ> ~ it -j (?T tJ> ~ .g. -j ) share
?-5- air eonditioner
-tf 'Y 7J - 7- - b. soeeer team
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(};}}.-:l nMW) seeret
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(1~~11E [~\, \!tm~))
* 'Y " the Internet
J' JI.-:J - JI.- aleohol
Tvl:::' i"7~ TV drama program
3)\'\9-Q (~9-Q) love
? (~) vinegar
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Asia
8 t (:(~(:) mainly
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\, \ C: (~~) intention
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? "5 ti tJ ( pg 1JlJJ) inside
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each

7'7AY)v77
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(J -:> t:::. cheek
L,t:::. (i') tongue
\'9 (t c:' 9 -Q get burned
(' -Q (V- t/ ~ ) Uf:l -Q Lx ;1)~'~ ) ) [fire] come(s) out
dSc:dSL:: (i&P*) after taste
t;:'\'\t/< c:~(tlv (*~sH~) college entrance exam
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;1)' Iv L, Iv (MIL') interest
L, J: < ~' J:? (Ir~~) occupation
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t.:\,d) J: < (i*:1J) stamina
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(~$\,\ [A ~ V A ,;: ~ ] )
it \,\ (/~ijH tJ] )
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tJ'-::> t:? T ~ [tJ] (5!jj]'9 [tJ]) active
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&, ,;: -r' ~ (5L~T) senior disciple
it tJ tJ> (~$) back
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c:: ? 'JIv (~'i:) turn of duties
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J::?-\'>< finally
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~.Q\,\ (~tij) category
ti' J: tJ> \, \.Q \, \ (~, 1i'~:l[) fish and seafood
c:: ? 's' (B~) fermented soybeans
t.: \, \ f) J: -j t: (::k; t:) in a large amount
t.: -:> ,S~f) plentitully
t.:\'\1.5~-j (1*m) weight
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tJ> ~;/d..Q (m;/d..Q) continue
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\,\(f)tJ (-;fp) Iite
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t!- A, t -j (Bi~) warm winter
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43:tJ\,\1" U~t\,\tl) memento
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3-Q'j/'I Europe
tJ> Ji. ti t.: (~~) hairstyle
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(~t1.Q (53Z:~ ~))
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know-how
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1\7/7- balance
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f) l' tJ> only
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Jt1/t- point
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mistake
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t
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iJJ: ?I* (tlI*) energy conservation
t.:\'\ ~ < (M~) measure
l5 -:J z:? (~:fr) implementation
c' (l5 z: ? ~) (& (~1T~))
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-ti' Iv ,t Iv -r ~ t: (~~BJ t:) on the whole
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tJ, -t < (1:JQ~) acceleration
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z: ? ~ J:? (0~) public
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tJ'Iv-ti'lvt: (jB~,:) thoroughly

fJ:3t

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l5 J: ? ~ J:? (~*55l) situation
tf\, \ iJ 9.Q (~1.l1.9 .Q) make Iight of
/7 A 7 )1;77'
j'-'-r/'(- " debate
t ? 61v (~i~~) debate
Tl5 ~ Iv (=FJII~) procedure
C?9? (li5Jt) same number
~ < -ti" Iv 5l1' b. ~Jt5l1' b.)
(1-'1= strategy time
(])~~ (~~~) state
(j: Iv 6 Iv
(J~J~) refutation
~ \,\ C ({lJ!i) again
(])~if.>? (~~i;?) state to each other
z: z: (: (@ /.( (:) individually
tc. L- tJ, (: (~ tJ, (: ) for sure
l' (j: f) after all