Lecture#02-Understanding Legal and Ethical Considerations

Department of Computer & Information Sciences
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Umar Faiz Lecture#02- Legal and Ethical Considerations

Legal and Ethical Considerations
Lecture Outline
What is Ethics?
Types of Ethical Choices
What is legal is not always
ethical?
Principles for Ethical
Communication
Source: http://ejang.jang.com.pk
Ethics
The study of the principles of
conduct that apply to an
individual or a group.
For some people, ethics is a
matter of intuition
o what their gut feelings tell
them about the rightness or
wrongness of an act.
Ethics
Rights
Manuels
Four Moral
Care Standards Justice
about Ethical
Dilemma
Utility
Source: http:// ejang.jang.com.pk

Ethics
1. Rights
This standard concerns
individuals' basic needs and
welfare.
o When we buy a product, we
have a right to expect that the
information that accompanies it
is honest and clear.
However, not everything that is
desirable is necessarily a right.
o For example, in some countries
high-quality health care is
considered a right. In other
countries, health care is not
considered a right.
Source: Unknown
Source: http://www.jang.com.pk
Ethics
2. Justice
This standard concerns how
the costs and benefits of an
action or a policy are
distributed among a group.
o For example, justice requires
that people doing the same
job receive the same pay,
regardless of whether they
are male or female,
experienced or novice.
Ethics
3. Utility
This standard concerns the
positive and negative effects
that an action or a policy has,
will have, or might have on
others.
Pillion riding ban, VIP
protocols
Ethics
4. Care
This standard concerns the
relationships we have with
other individuals.
We owe care and consideration
to all people, but we have
greater responsibilities to
people in our families, our
workplaces, and our
communities.
The closer a person is to us, the
more care we owe that person.
Therefore, we have greater
obligations to members of our
family than we do to others in
our community.
Courtesy: online
Case Examples
Three Mile Island
The Space Shuttle Challenger
The Pentium III Chip
Types of Ethical Choices

Kants Categorical Imperative
Utilitarianism
Ethical Relativism
Kants Categorical
Imperative
Certain situations dictate
certain actions
Universally applicable
Focuses on the individuals
responsibility and the intention
of the act, not the outcome
Utilitarianism (John Stuart

Mill)
General well being, greatest
amount of happiness for the
greatest number of people
Focuses more on the outcome
than the act or the individual
Ethical Relativism
Ethics and morality are
relative to the situation,
religion, or culture
Any act could be ethical,
depending on the situation
Contradicts Kants absolutes
Increasingly popular view in
the United States
Develop reasonable criteria
Ethical Relativism -
Obligations
To act in your own best
interest and conscience
To stand by clients and
customers
To your companys goals,
policies, and confidentiality
and to expose misconduct
To ensure coworkers safety
and well-being
To preserve the local
economy, welfare, and quality
of life for your community
To consider the national and
global impact of your actions
Courtesy: Adeel Haider

Ethical Conflict
What do you do when your
obligations conflict?
What is your primary
Courtesy: http://www.express.com.pk
obligation?
Ideals
o Your values
Consequences
o The results, good or bad, of
your action or inaction
Ethical Conflict
Most people simply do what
they think is right.
o The depth of ethical thinking
varies from one person to
another.
Ethicists have described a
general set of principles that
can help people organize their
thinking about the role of ethics
within an organizational
context.
These principles form a web of
rights and obligations that
connect an employee, an
organization, and the world in
which the organization is
situated.
Obligations to Your Employer You should not steal from your employer.
Candor means truthfulness; you should
Competence refers to your report problems to your employer that
skills; you should have the Honesty might threaten the quality or safety of
training and experience to do and the products or services.
the job adequately. Diligence Candor
simply means hard work.
You should not divulge

Competence
and Diligence Obligations Confidentiality company business outside
the company.
You should act in your

Loyalty employer's interests,
not your own
Source: http://www.express.com.pk
Obligations to the Public
An organization is acting
ethically if its products or
services are safe and
effective.
A manufacturer has a greater
responsibility to make sure the
product complies with all the
manufacturer's claims and is
safe and effective.
Source: http://www.jang.com.pk
Obligations to the Environment
We are polluting and depleting
our limited natural resources
Our excessive use of fossil fuels
not only deprives future
generations of their use but
also causes possibly irreversible
pollution problems, such as
global warming.
Everyone (government, business,
and individuals-must work to
preserve the ecosystem.
Legal Obligations
Copyright Law
o It is the body of law that
relates to the appropriate use
of a person's intellectual
property (written documents,
pictures, musical compositions,
and the like).
o There are situations where it is
legal to use copyrighted
material without the authors
permission (i.e. educational
materials)
Legal Obligations
Trademark Law
o Companies use trademarks
and registered trademarks to
ensure that the public
recognizes the name or logo
of a product.
Source: http:// www.dawn.com

Legal Obligations
Contract Law
o Contract law deals with
agreements between two
parties.
An express warranty is a
written or oral statement that
the product has a particular
feature or can perform a
particular function.
o For example, a statement in a
printer manual that the printer
produces 17 pages per minute
is an express warranty.
An implied warranty is a
warranty that is not written or
spoken explicitly but is inferred
by the purchaser.
Legal Obligations
Liability Law
o Under product-liability law, a
manufacturer or seller of a
product is liable for injuries or
damages caused by the use of
that product.
o Liability is an important
concern for communicators
because courts frequently rule
Source: http:// www.fropki.com
that manufacturers are
responsible for providing
adequate operating
instructions and for warning
consumers about the risks of
using their products.
Plagiarism
Using someone elses words
and ideas without giving that
person proper credit.
Generally, information on the
web is publicly available.
However, you should still cite
sources.
Privacy
Have a good reason for
collecting user information.
Tell the user what that reason
is.
Give the user the option to not
provide personal information,
if possible.
Do not use the information for
anything other than the stated
reason (dont sell it to a
telemarketer).
Characteristics of an organization's culture that encourage

ethical and legal behavior.
The Direct Employees The

organization's supervisors set support peers organization
leaders set the a good who act uses informal
right tone, and example and ethically. communication
the employees encourage to reinforce
trust them. ethical formal
conduct. policies.
Principles for Ethical Communication

Abide by Relevant Laws
Do not violate copyright.
Honor the laws regarding trademarks.
Live up to the express and implied warranties on your company's products.
Abide by allows governing product liability.
Abide by the Appropriate Professional Code of Conduct
Take Advantage of Your Employer's Ethics Resources
Reconcile with organization code of conduct.
Adopt mechanism for registering complaints about unethical conduct
anonymously.
Tell the Truth
Do not lie about their own companies' products or about those of their
competitors.
Additional ways in which

actions can be unethical
Yielding to social pressure
Mistaking groupthink for
teamwork
Suppressing the knowledge
public needs to know
Exaggerating claims about
technology
Exploiting cultural differences
An effective code has three major characteristics:
For instance, the code A code is ineffective if it A code is ineffective if it

should condemn unsafe merely states that does not stipulate
building practices but people must not steal, penalties up to and
not advertising, which or if it does not address including dismissal from
increases competition typical ethical offenses the company or
and thus lowers prices. such as bribery in expulsion from the
companies that do profession.
business in other
countries.

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Department of Computer & Information Sciences

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Umar Faiz Lecture#02- Legal and Ethical Considerations

Source: http:// ejang.jang.com.pk

Types of Ethical Choices

Utilitarianism (John Stuart

Courtesy: Adeel Haider

You should not divulge

You should act in your

Source: http:// www.dawn.com

Characteristics of an organization's culture that encourage

The Direct Employees The

Principles for Ethical Communication

Additional ways in which

An effective code has three major characteristics:

For instance, the code A code is ineffective if it A code is ineffective if it

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